Thèses sur le sujet « Physical IPV »

Male-perpetrated intimate partner violence (IPV) against women remains as a pervasive and detrimental issue both in the United States and globally. Researchers, counselors, and others often develop psychological measures to help understand the causes of IPV in an effort to prevent this issue from occurring. Debate still persists within IPV research as to the definitive factors that contribute to the perpetration of IPV. The socio-feminist perspective remains as the predominant theoretical basis that drives IPV research and understanding. Despite this, no psychological measure grounded in this theory that predicts IPV perpetration proclivities has been developed and validated to date. The purpose of the current project was to develop and validate a psychological measure that predicts a likelihood to physically abuse a female intimate partner among heterosexual men – the Likelihood to Physically Abuse (LPA) scale. The development of which followed the methods of previously developed and validated measures of likelihood to rape and likelihood to sexually harass. Two studies were conducted that utilized two, independent and samples of adult, English-speaking American men. Study I involved a review of the literature to develop the LPA scale and initial internal reliability testing. Two hundred men were recruited using Qualtrics and were administered the LPA scale online. In Study II, three hundred men were recuited using Qualtrics and were administered the LPA scale along with other measures related to male-perpetrated IPV online. The purpose of the second study was to further test the internal reliability of the LPA scale and test the construct and external validity of this measure. The results from both studies demonstrated good internal reliability and initial evidence for good construct validity of the LPA scale. The LPA scale was concluded to show promising reliability and validity. However, the external validity results require further investigation. Implications for future IPV research and applications, and limitations are discussed.

BACKGROUND: This study examines characteristics and correlates of physical and emotional IPV in a college sample in southern Appalachia and further explores differences in the effect of correlates on perpetration and victimization. METHODS: Data were obtained from a health behavior questionnaire administered online at a university in southern Appalachia from July- December 2014. Sample included 992 participants who answered five questions on physical and emotional IPV; two on perpetration and three on victimization. Descriptive statistics were completed for age, race, sex, college year, rurality/ urbanicity, nine sexual risk behaviors, relationship status, sexual preference and IPV. Logistic regression models used gender, college year and sexual risk behaviors to predict IPV. RESULTS: The sample was mostly female (69.3%), Caucasian (84.2%), freshmen (56.9%), unmarried (94.7%) and heterosexual (92.6%) with average age 20 years (M=20.1, SD= 4.05). Population involved in IPV as either victim or perpetrator was 37.3%. There was no association between rurality/urbanicity and victimization or perpetration (χ2 = .13, p= .94: χ2 = .51, p= .77 respectively). Predictors of perpetration were: female (OR: 3.01, CI: 1.61- 5.65), college junior (OR: 2.96, CI: 1.61- 5.43), early sexual debut (OR: 2.19, CI: 1.35 -3.55) and illicit drug use during sex (OR: 1.92, CI: 1.144- 3.22). IPV victims were female (OR: 1.96 CI: 1.36- 2.83) with early sexual debut (OR: 1.50, CI: 1.05-2.14) using alcohol during sex (OR: 1.50, CI: 1.04- 2.16) and whose previous partner had multiple sexual partners (OR: 1.61, CI: 1.06-2.44). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of IPV victimization or perpetration in this sample was significantly increased by being female and involvement in sexual risk behaviors. Seniority in college increased the risk of perpetration. IPV awareness programs should integrate sexual risk behavior modules and be conducted in the early college years to be maximally effective.

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a major public health issue occuring in the United States and globally. While little is known in general about IPV, understanding about the prevalence of physical IPV among gay men is even more obscure. Scientific literature indicates that harmful lifestyle health behaviors (alcohol and drug abuse, smoking, and risky sexual behaviors) are associated with the increased occurenece of IPV. Intimate Partner Violence in same-sex relationships is often unreported due to society's emphasis on "moral closets" or the fear of potential repercussions. As a result, very few empiracal researches have been conducted on the phenomenon of same-sex partner abuse. this study was conducted to examine the feasibility of enrolling 100 gay men from Atlaqnta into an IPV survey study. The survey was administered via Facebook. Ninety-nine usable surveys were collected. Chi-square tests reveal that being Non-White, using substaces (alcohol, tobacco, and elicit drugs) and non-disclosed orientation staus were all significantly associated with positive IPV reports. Overall, the study sample believes IPV is a health problem in the Atlanta gay community. These findings bear importance for the Atlanta gay community and public health professionals who must address this nearly invisible yet increasing public health issue.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health issue that transcends cultures and nationalities. Women and men have been impacted by sexual violence through rape and other types of IPV. Each year, women experience IPV before and during pregnancies and are impacted by physical and psychological outcomes as a result. The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of IPV on the health outcomes of diabetes (Types 1, 2, and gestational), high blood pressure before pregnancy, and depression/anxiety among adult women before and during pregnancy. The social ecological model provided the framework for this quantitative cross-sectional study that included national data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System between 2012 and 2015. A series of binary logistic regressions was conducted. Findings indicated significant predictive relationships between IPV and diabetes before pregnancy (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.01-1.43), high blood pressure before pregnancy (OR = 1.65, 95% CI =1.47-1.85), and depression/anxiety before and during pregnancy, respectively (OR = 3.14, 95% CI 2.91-3.35 and OR = 9.03, 95% CI 7.37-11.05) after controlling for age, income, and race. A social change implication of this study is that results from this project may assist in increasing societal knowledge of what IPV is and its physical and psychological impacts on women before and during pregnancy.

Intimate partner violence is the most prevalent category of violence that women are experiencing and, globally, 30% of women are estimated to have suffered physical, emotional, or sexual IPV. Nigeria lacks clear anti-IPV legislation, and the proportion of IPV has received widespread attention from a human rights perspective. This study aims to investigate whether or not women’s level of education is related to their experience of intimate partner violence. The study was a quantitative cross-sectional study that used secondary data analysis from the population-based 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). Data on 2728 ever-married women were used and logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the effect women’s level of education has on their experience of Intimate partner violence. The key findings of the results concluded that women with secondary education had higher odds of experiencing any form of intimate partner violence compared to uneducated women. Women’s education was not found associated significantly with emotional IPV. Education has a protective effect on physical IPV and sexual IPV for women with primary education. Women’s level of education had a protective effect on some aspects of the violence.

Located in the south-west region of Spencer Gulf, South Australia, a multi-million dollar aquaculture industry based on the ranching of southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) contributes significantly to the regional economy. The interaction between aquaculture activities and the environment is of significant interest to industry stakeholders, management authorities and the broader science community. No studies, to the best of my knowledge, have investigated the relationships between the hydrodynamics and biogeochemistry of the system and the ability of the benthic ecosystem to deal with the increased loads of organic material from aquaculture activities. This thesis uses a multi-disciplinary approach combined with modern statistical techniques to explore the linkages between hydrodynamics, sediment geochemistry, sedimentary nutrient cycling and the aquaculture industry. Modelling results have identified that swell entering the mouth of Spencer Gulf from directly south causes the greatest swell heights in the central tuna farming zone. Winds from the north-east through to south-east generate the greatest wind-wave heights in the central tuna farming zone. This is directly related to the available fetch. The energy contained in the locally generated wind waves was the same order of magnitude as that of the dissipated oceanic swells. Yet the incoming swell poses the greatest risk to aquaculture activities as the increased wave length causes swell energy to penetrate to the seafloor. The results of this work suggest that the sediment geochemistry is tightly coupled to both the hydrodynamic regime and the buildup of silt originating from aquaculture activities. In the more exposed regions of the tuna farming zone, periodic resuspension events caused by swell propagating into the area from the Southern Ocean, resuspend fine unconsolidated sediments into the lower 10 m of the water column. This material is then advected through the region by the residual (low-frequency) currents until it settles out in areas of lower energy. This process has created two distinct provinces within the region that can either be classified as depositional or erosional. The combined effect of wave action and tidal currents have generated a heterogeneous distribution of biogeochemical properties within the sediments. Denitrification rates were measured in these heterogeneous sediments using a novel technique based on Bayesian statistics to explicitly account for the spatial variability of the sediment biogeochemistry. The denitrification rates were found to be generally low, largely due to the lack of organic matter entering the sediments. However, adjacent to aquaculture activities, the high organic loads stimulate sedimentary denitrification, with rates reaching values of up to three orders of magnitude greater than the control sites. Denitrification efficiencies were high adjacent to the aquaculture activities, with up to 95% of the dissolved inorganic nitrogen produced from the breakdown of organic matter in the sediments being removed. Variability in the denitrification efficiencies was related to the textural characteristics of the sediments, with high efficiencies in finer sediments. It is proposed that this is due to the lower permeability of these sediments restricting the advective exchange of porewater nutrients.

Evidence synthesis is considered a corner stone of modern health care and clinical practice. Systematic reviews of randomised trials, when undertaken with meta-analysis provide summary estimates on the effectiveness of interventions. However, the findings of meta-analysis are often limited by the selective reporting of primary studies, and the variations in population, intervention and outcomes. Furthermore, difficulties in disentangling the study and individual level associations in meta-analysis make them susceptible to ecological fallacy, and may lead to incorrect conclusions. Meta-analysis using Individual Participant Data (IPD) has the potential to overcome many of the above limitations, by using raw trial data. Access to IPD minimises problems from incomplete or incorrect reporting of trial outcomes, by verifying reported results, and by standardising the definition of outcomes where possible. Importantly, this allows detecting any variation in the effects of interventions according to characteristics of the participants. Amalgamated individual datasets assembled to address the effectiveness question, can be further used to explore secondary objectives such as the relationship between surrogate and clinical outcomes. This maximises the use of available clinical data, and addresses the problem of research waste. In this thesis, I evaluated the effects of diet and physical activity based interventions in pregnancy on maternal and offspring outcomes using both study-level and IPD meta-analyses, and assessed the differential effects of interventions on outcomes according to mother's BMI pre or in early pregnancy. I reviewed the variation in outcomes reported in this field, and developed composite outcomes for IPD meta-analysis. I also evaluated the relationship between weight gain in pregnancy and clinical outcomes in pregnancy using the IPD meta-analysis methodology. Aims The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the effects of diet and physical activity based interventions in pregnancy on clinical outcomes using standard and advance methods of evidence synthesis; assess the variation in outcomes and their clinical importance in a trial with those interventions and examine the relationship between gestational weight gain and important clinical outcomes. Methods Delphi methodology, systematic reviews of literature, and meta-analyses using study-level and individual participant data of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Results Composite outcomes Developed composite outcomes comprise of four maternal (gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, preterm birth, caesarean section) and four offspring outcomes (stillbirth, small for gestational age, large for gestational age, and admission to neonatal intensive care unit). The components to assess maternal composite outcome were available in two-thirds (66.7%, 24/36) and for offspring composite in half (50%, 18/36) of the studies in the IPD meta-analysis. The effect of interventions was not statistically significant neither on the maternal nor on the offspring composite - Odds Ratio (OR) 0.90 (95% CI 0.79, 1.03) and OR 0.94 (95% CI 0.83, 1.08), respectively. The direction of the pooled effect was consistent between the composite and its components for the maternal composite and variable for the offspring outcomes. 6 Effects of diet and physical activity based interventions The IPD meta-analysis of 36 RCTs (>12 500 women) showed a significant effect of diet and physical activity based interventions in pregnancy in reducing gestational weight gain (Mean Difference -0.70 kg, 95% CI -0.92, -0.48) and chance of caesarean section delivery (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.83, 0.99) in comparison to routine antenatal care. There was no effect of the interventions on any of the offspring complications. Incorporation of outcome data unavailable on study-level returned more modest magnitude of the summary estimates in comparison to effects obtained using study-level data of trials that shared IPD. The addition of study-level data from non-IPD trials changed the magnitude and the statistical significance of the summary effects on GDM - from OR 0.89 with only IPD (95% CI 0.72, 1.10; 27 studies, 9 427 women) to OR 0.76 (95% CI 0.65, 0.89; 59 studies, 16 885 women). It has also changed the funnel plot structure in the meta-analysis for gestational weight gain (Egger's test p = 0.04 with only IPD to p= 0.61). The IPD meta-analysis shows that the effects of diet and physical activity based interventions on the maternal and the offspring outcomes did not differ by women's BMI status. While the study-level meta-regression indicated that the interventions might reduce gestational weight gain stronger for the obese women - coefficient -0.22 (95% CI -0.33, -0.11) for each 10% change in the proportion of women in the obese class. Outcomes in trials with diet and physical activity based interventions 66 primary publications from trials with diet and physical activity based interventions in pregnancy reported 142 outcomes. Half of those outcomes appeared in the publications once (72/142). 'Critically important' outcomes are reported less often in comparison to 'non-critical' ones (15.5%, 22/142 vs 68.3%, 97/142). The overall quality of outcome reporting varied between trials with the least frequently provided information on the methods to improve the quality of outcome measures (33.3%, 22/66 publications). 7 Gestational weight gain and pregnancy outcomes IPD from 4 429 pregnant women randomised to the control arms of RCTs with diet and physical activity based interventions were available for the analysis. Women who most often exceeded the IOM recommendation belonged to the overweight (51.5%, 641/ 1 245 women) and the obese groups (44.5%, 695/ 1 562 women) while women with normal BMI most often gained below the recommended amounts (40%, 649/1 622 women). Each kilogram of gestational weight gain within the IOM ranges was not link with a change in the chances of preterm birth, caesarean section, or birth of LGA and SGA infant. Not achieving of the recommended weight was associated with the decreasing chance of giving birth to LGA infant with each kilogram below the lower limit among the obese women (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.65, 0.99). Each kilogram of weight gain above the upper limit was associated with an increase in the chance of caesarean section (adjusted 1.04, 95% CI 1.01, 1.08) and delivering LGA infant (adjusted 1.08, 95% CI 1.05, 1.12) regardless on women's BMI status. Conclusions Diet and physical activity based interventions in pregnancy moderately reduced gestational weight gain and decrease the odds of caesarean delivery. Overall, IPD meta-analysis improved the robustness of the evidence synthesis of RCTs with diet and physical activity based interventions. However, more attention is needed for the data-related issues in IPD meta-analysis as the purported benefits of the method are not always practically realised. The use of the composite outcomes was hampered by the variable availability of important clinical outcomes. The introduction of minimal core outcome set would facilitate the comparison of the wide range of the evaluated interventions and improve implementation of the composite outcomes. Gestational weight gain was found to be associated with the odds of delivering LGA infant and caesarean section. Future research should aim to collect and report a minimal set of outcomes, and ensure better reporting of study conduct and its findings.

Rationale: Cigarette cravings are one of the most important clinical phenomena in tobacco addiction. A wide range of studies and research designs may help to increase understanding of the relationship between physical activity (PA) and cigarette cravings. Aims: (i) To investigate the acute effects of walking and isometric exercise on cigarette cravings, withdrawal, and attentional bias among temporarily abstaining smokers. (ii) To quantify the effects of short bouts of PA on cigarette cravings among temporarily abstaining smokers. (iii) To examine who most benefits from PA, whether changes in affect mediate these effects, and whether a specific attribute of PA is associated with cravings. (iv) To investigate whether any association between habitual PA and cravings in smokers could be found. Methods: A randomised controlled crossover trial with three arms addressed aim (i). A systematic review of literature and individual participant data meta-analysis using hierarchical modelling addressed aims (ii) and (iii). Aim (iv) was achieved by using linear regression modelling of cross-sectional data from a smoking cessation study. Results: No difference in cravings, withdrawal, and attentional bias between walking and isometric exercise versus control was found. Bouts of PA decreased cigarette cravings by approximately 30%. Moderate intensity PA provided increased benefit when compared with light intensity, whereas vigorous intensity did not confer additional benefits compared with moderate intensity PA. Also bouts of medium (10 minutes) and longer duration (≥15minutes) appeared to be more effective than short duration (≤ 5 min). No moderators and mediators of this association were identified. Habitual moderate intensity PA was the strongest predictor of cigarette cravings in smokers, MPSS was an additional predictor and alcohol consumption moderated the effects of habitual PA on cravings. Conclusion: Moderate intensity PA could be recommended to smokers to help decrease cigarette cravings.

Using the International Violence Against Women Survey (IVAWS), this paper identifies factors contributing to women’s individual risk of being victimized by their current intimate partner. Additionally, this analysis examines the overlap of physical and sexual violence within intimate relationships. Past research into IPV has identified a numerous predictor variables. Adapting nine such variables (controlling behaviours, male heavy drinking, female only income, female past marriage, female past IPV, respondents’ age, relationship duration, relationship status and violence outside the home) to the IVAWS dataset, a framework identifying risk patterns for physical and sexual violence was developed. The results identify a number of variables that performed as expected and increased a women’s risk of being a victim of IPV; however, some variables decreased women’s risk and therefore acted as protective factors. These findings suggest that IPV at the country level is more complex and requires additional research to fully explain the variation observed.

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) and Electric Vehicles (EVs) are crucial technologies for the automotive industry to meet society's demands for cleaner, more energy efficient transportation. Meeting the need to provide power which sustains HEVs and EVs is an immediate area of concern that research and development within the automotive community must address. Electric batteries and electrical motors are the key components in HEV and EV power generation and transmission, and their performance plays very important role in the overall performance of the modern high efficiency vehicles. Therefore, in this dissertation, we are motivated to study the electric batteries, interior permanent motor (IPM), in the context of modern hybrid electric/electric drive systems, from both multi-physics and system level perspectives. Electrical circuit theory, electromagnetic Finite Element Analysis (FEA), and Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) finite volume method will be used primarily in this work. The work has total of five parts, and they are introduced in the following. Firstly, Battery thermal management design is critical in HEV and EV development. Accurate temperature distribution of the battery cells during vehicle operation is required for achieving optimized design. We propose a novel electrical-thermal battery modeling technique that couples a temperature dependent battery circuit model and a physics-based CFD model to meet this need. The electrical circuit model serves as a heat generation mechanism for the CFD model, and the CFD model provides the temperature distribution of the battery cells, which can also impact the heat generation of the electrical battery model. In this part of work, simulation data has been derived from the model respective to electrical performance of the battery as well as the temperature distribution simultaneously in consideration of the physical dimensions, material properties, and cooling conditions. The proposed model is validated against a battery model that couples the same electrical model with a known equivalent thermal model. Secondly, we propose an accurate system level Foster network thermal model. The parameters of the model are extracted from step responses of the CFD battery thermal model. The Foster network model and the CFD model give the same results. The Foster network can couple with battery circuit model to form an electric-thermal battery model for system simulation. Thirdly, IPM electric machines are important in high performance drive systems. During normal operations, irreversible demagnetization can occur due to temperature rise and various loading conditions. We investigate the performance of an IPM using 3d time stepping electromagnetic FEA considering magnet's temperature dependency. Torque, flux linkage, induced voltage, inductance and saliency of the IPM will be studied in details. Finally, we use CFD to predict the non-uniform temperature distribution of the IPM machine and the impact of this distribution on motor performance. Fourthly, we will switch gear to investigate the IPM motor on the system level. A reduced order IPM model is proposed to consider the effect of demagnetization of permanent magnet due to temperature effect. The proposed model is validated by comparing its results to the FEA results. Finally, a HEV is a vehicle that has both conventional mechanical (i.e. internal combustion engine) and electrical propulsion systems. The electrical powertrain is used to work with the conventional powertrain to achieve higher fuel economy and lower emissions. Computer based modeling and simulation techniques are therefore essential to help reduce the design cost and optimize system performance. Due to the complexity of hybrid vehicles, multi-domain modeling ability is preferred for both component modeling and system simulation. We present a HEV library developed using VHDL-AMS.
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Engineering and Computer Science
Electrical Engineering

Ce document décrit en détail les étapes importantes de R&D dans la conception et mise au point de la chambre proportionnelle à lecture cathodique hautement segmentée de la station1 du Spectromètre Bras Dimuons de l'expérience ALICE, récemment implantée au LHC. Plusieurs aspects expérimentaux sont résumés - comprenant l'électronique, la construction mécanique, la modélisation du détecteur, les simulations de la physique et les faisceaux tests, les méthodes de cartographie en langue Orientée Objet et les résultats des prototypes en faisceaux test. Ce document est écrit à destination des jeunes expérimentateurs.

Objective—To explore the experience of psychological distress and wellbeing in emergency medicine (EM) consultants. Methods— A qualitative, Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) study based on interviews with EM consultants working in emergency departments (EDs) across South West England. 18 EM consultants were interviewed, representing a response rate of 54.55% across 5 EDs. The mean (SD) age of participants was 43.17 (5.8) years. All participants worked full-time as EM consultants, with the average years-in-role being 7.64 (5.76). The personal meanings that participants attached to their experiences were inductively analysed and explored alongside their perceived psychological health. Results— The analysis formed three super-ordinate themes: systemic pressures, physical and mental strain, and managing the challenges. Pressures within the ED and healthcare system contributed to participants feeling undervalued and unsatisfied when working in an increasingly uncontrollable environment. Participants described working intensely to meet systemic demands, which inadvertently contributed to a diminishing sense of achievement and self-worth. Consultants perceived their experience of physical and emotional strain as unsustainable, as it negatively impacted: functioning at work, relationships, personal wellbeing and the EM profession. Sustainability was promoted by the presence of social support and through evolving with the consultant role. Conclusions— EM consultants experience considerable physical and mental strain. This strain is dynamically related to consultants' experiences of diminishing self-worth and satisfaction, alongside current socio-political demands on EM services. Recognising the psychological experience and needs of EM consultants through promoting a sustainable EM consultant role could have wide-reaching benefits for the delivery of emergency care and physician wellbeing.

De nombreuses applications industrielles nécessitent le dépôt de films métalliques à la surface de polymères afin de conférer une fonction de conduction électrique à ces matériaux isolants. Cette étude a été motivée par la volonté de la société Radiall, dont une partie de l'activité concerne la réalisation de connecteurs à haute performance, de remplacer le procédé de métallisation par voie humide par un procédé de dépôt par voie sèche plasma. Le travail présenté ici porte ainsi sur l'étude du procédé de pulvérisation cathodique magnétron avec ionisation de la vapeur par plasma radiofréquence (RF-IPVD) pour le dépôt de couches minces de cuivre sur substrats de formes complexes en poly-sulfure de phénylène. Cette thèse regroupe d'une part les résultats concernant la métallisation des connecteurs et d'autre part l'analyse de la phase plasma. La validation du procédé RF-IPVD a comporté plusieurs étapes : i) le développement du traitement du polymère par plasma ICP avant dépôt du film de cuivre afin que l'adhérence satisfasse la norme ISO 2409. ii) la détermination des paramètres d'élaboration permettant d'optimiser la conductivité des films et leur conformité sur les substrats 3D. Ces travaux se sont concrétisés par la définition d'un réacteur pilote dans l'optique de réaliser la transposition à l'échelle industrielle du procédé RF-IPVD. Plusieurs études à caractère fondamental ont également été menées afin, d'une part, de comprendre les mécanismes régissant l'adhérence (analyses XPS) et ceux régissant la résistivité (analyses DRX). D'autre part, l'utilisation de divers diagnostics de la phase plasma ont été employés afin de comprendre les mécanismes de transfert d'énergie prenant place dans le milieu gazeux et responsables des propriétés des dépôts.

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As rodovias constituem importante instrumento para o desenvolvimento do Estado do Mato Grosso, sendo o modal mais utilizado para efetuar a logística de escoamento da produção bem como efetua a interligação entre os municípios. O crescimento do Estado de Mato Grosso acima da média nacional gerou a necessidade de uma grande demanda por infraestrutura, e em especial, por adequações e melhorias no sistema viário. Atualmente, o Governo tenta minimizar esta conjuntura através da execução de várias obras rodoviárias a fim de melhorar a trafegabilidade e consequentemente estruturar a sua logística do transporte. Paralelamente, esta escolha pelo transporte rodoviário acarreta impactos ambientais significativos embora a Engenharia Rodoviária tenha avançado no que diz respeito a tecnologia de construção e o conceito de preservação ambiental. A maioria das obras rodoviárias, durante a sua fase executiva, não possuem um rigor e uma metodologia apropriada para minimizar e controlar os impactos gerados principalmente aos processos ligados à dinâmica superificial e em especial as instabilizações dos taludes provenientes dos cortes. Os Estudos acerca dos EIA/RIMA previstos no Artigo 10 da Lei 6.938/81 da Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente objetivando o Licenciamento Ambiental são extremamente abrangentes e genéricos e não se constituem como ferramenta adequada para o correto monitoramento ambiental dos processos do meio físico durante o processo executivo destas rodovias. Diante desta realidade, este trabalho de pesquisa tem por objetivo subsidiar procedimentos metodológicos com o intuito de analisar e aplicar a Instrução de Proteção Ambiental (IPA-08), a fim de servir de ferramenta técnica para a avaliação dos impactos ambientais nos taludes de corte presentes na rodovia em execução e provocados pelas modificações no meio físico e em particular nos processos da dinâmica superficial, gerados na área de influência direta (AID). Para tanto, adotou-se como área de estudo um segmento pertencente a duplicação da rodovia BR-163/364/MT - Rosário Oeste ao Posto Gil com o intuito de acompanhar e inspecionar os impactos na área delimitada objetivando avaliar o desempenho do trecho rodoviário em estudo. Nesse trabalho foram apresentados como resultados a delimitação da área de estudo, sua compartimentação e caraterização geotécnica, a caraterização e apresentação das instabilizações nos taludes de corte assim como uma análise e proposta de aplicação da IPA-08 como forma de controle preventivo e corretivo.
The highways are an important tool for the development of the State of Mato Grosso, the most widely used modal to make the production flow logistics and makes the interconnection between the municipalities. The growth of the State of Mato Grosso above the national average generated the need for a large demand for infrastructure, and in particular for adjustments and improvements in the road system. Currently, the Government tries to minimize this situation through implementation of various road works to improve the trafficability and consequently structure their transport logistics. In parallel, this choice by road transport entails significant environmental impacts although the Road Engineering has advanced with regard to construction technology and the concept of environmental preservation. Most road works during their execution phase, not of a rigor and an appropriate methodology to minimize and control the impacts generated primarily to surface water resources ephemeral, intermittent and perennial directly influenced by the construction. Studies on the EIA / RIMA provided for in Article 10 of Law 6938/81 of the National Environmental Policy aiming Environmental Licensing are extremely comprehensive and generic and does not constitute as a proper tool for the proper environmental monitoring of surface water resources during executive these highway. Given this reality, this research has the objective to subsidize methodological procedures in order to anlyze and apply the Instruction of Environmental Protection (IPA-08) in order to serveas a technical tool for the evaluation of environmental impacts on cutting slopes present on the road in construction and caused by changes in the physical environment and in particular in the processes of dynamic surface, generated in the area of direct influence (AID). Therefore, it was adopted as the study area belonging to a segment duplication of BR-163/364 / MT - Rosario Oeste Posto Gil for the purpose of monitor and inspect the area bounded on the impacts to evaluate the performance of the road stretch in study. In this work results are presented as the delimitation of the study area, its subdivision and geotechnical characterization, the characterization and presentation of instability in cutting slopes as well as an analysis and proposed application of the IPA-08 as a form of preventive and corrective control.

Grâce à ses excellentes propriétés physiques et chimiques (stable thermiquement, bon conducteur électrique et de chaleur, ductile, très dur mécaniquement, bonne inertie chimique), le matériau tantale et son nitrure TaNx sont utilisés comme revêtement de surface des outils, résistance électrique, barrière de diffusion au cuivre, croissance de nanotubes par un procédé chimique catalytique en phase vapeur. C'est ce matériau et son nitrure que nous avons étudiés lors de cette thèse.Aujourd'hui les exigences des industriels nécessitent que la pulvérisation cathodique magnétron (PCM) puisse être appliquée aux pièces de formes complexes. La principale limitation de cette méthode de dépôt est que la plupart des particules pulvérisées sont neutres. Pour contrôler l'énergie et la trajectoire des particules pulvérisées, des nouveaux procédés IPVD (Ionized Physical Vapor Deposition) ont été développés pour ioniser les atomes pulvérisés. Le procédé RF-IPVD (Radio-Frequency Ionized Physical Vapor Deposition) permet, grâce à une boucle placée entre la cible et le substrat et polarisée en RF, de créer un second plasma permettant d'ioniser la vapeur pulvérisée. Un autre procédé a été développé : nommé HIPIMS (High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering), ce procédé utilise une alimentation fournissant des impulsions de courte durée et de forte puissance au lieu d'une alimentation DC. Les particules pulvérisées peuvent être ionisées dans le plasma magnétron qui est très dense lors des impulsions. Nous avons réalisé des couches minces de Ta par PCM, RF-IPVD et HIPIMS, et des couches minces de TaNx par PCM et HIPIMS. Les différentes propriétés des décharges et des couches minces sont étudiées et comparées dans ce mémoire.

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A metodologia Peer Instruction (PI), conhecida no Brasil também como Instrução pelos Colegas (IpC), é uma metodologia de ensino ativo originalmente pensada para salas de aula com um grande número de alunos e que se baseia no aprendizado pela interação entre os estudantes. Esta metodologia exige um estudo prévio dos alunos no tema a ser abordado, para reduzir as aulas expositivas pelo professor. Durante a aula, após uma breve explicação do conteúdo, são apresentadas questões conceituais de múltipla escolha para que os alunos votem na resposta correta, inicialmente sem interação com outros alunos. Dependendo da porcentagem de acertos o professor pode colocar a questão em discussão entre os alunos e realizar uma nova votação. Essa metodologia proporciona uma melhor interação entre os estudantes, onde os estudantes podem explicar os conceitos aprendidos uns para os outros e diminui o tempo de aula expositiva. O processo de votação pode ser feito por placas de votação, também chamados de flashcards, por gestos ou por clickers, que são pontos eletrônicos que armazenam as respostas em um computador de forma automatizada. Apesar da metodologia não exigir o uso de clickers, esse sistema de votação apresenta algumas vantagens em relação aos outros, como por exemplo, ele dificulta o plágio das respostas entre os estudantes durante o processo de votação, a aquisição de dados é mais rápida e facilita o armazenamento de dados para o professor. Contudo, os clickers são dispositivos relativamente caros, o que não corresponde à realidade da maioria das escolas públicas de ensino médio do Brasil. O objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver um sistema de votação eletrônico mais barato que os clickers comerciais no qual os alunos utilizam seus dispositivos móveis que possuem acesso à rede Wi-fi como uma alternativa para substituir os clickers. Esse sistema foi desenvolvido em linguagem HTML e PHP e é, basicamente, um website que funciona localmente no computador do professor. Para a sua implementação é necessário um computador, um roteador Wi-fi, que não necessita estar conectado à internet, e os dispositivos dos alunos. O sistema foi implementado na Escola Estadual de Ensino Médio “Monsenhor Miguel de Sanctis”, localizada na cidade de Guaçuí no estado do Espírito Santo, em um total de 155 alunos e foi abordado como tema as Leis de Newton. O sistema funcionou de maneira adequada durante as aulas, criou um ambiente de aula diferenciado e curioso para os alunos e também permitiu o registro das respostas individuais dos alunos em cada questão, permitindo uma análise posterior sobre as questões com maiores índices de erros e acertos, bem como o comportamento dos alunos em termos da participação nas discussões.
The Peer Instruction technique (PI), known in Brazil as “instrodução pelos colegas” (IPC), is an active teaching methodology originally designed for classrooms with a large number of students. It is based on active learning through the interactions among students. This methodology requires a prior study of students in the topic to be addressed in the classroom to reduce the long lectures by the teacher. During class, after a brief explanation of the content, conceptual multiple choice questions are presented to students. After one or two minutes initially without interaction with other students, the students report their answer to the teacher through a voting system. Depending on the percentage of correct answers the teacher can put the question under discussion among the students and hold a new round of voting. This methodology provides a better interaction between students, where students can explain the concepts learned one to the other and reduces the time of lecture. The voting process can be done by voting cards, also called flashcard, gesture or clickers, which are electronic points that store the answers in a computer in an automated fashion. Although the methodology does not require the use of clickers, this voting system has some advantages over other. For example, it minimizes plagiarized responses among students during the voting process, the data acquisition is faster and it facilitates data storage for further analyzes. However, the clickers are relatively expensive devices, which does not correspond to the reality of most public high schools in Brazil. The aim of this study was to develop a cheaper electronic voting system that commercial clickers, which students use their mobile devices with access to the Wi-Fi network as an alternative to replace clickers. This system was developed in HTML and PHP language and is, basically, a website that runs locally on the teacher's computer. For its implementation a computer is required, a Wi-Fi router without connection to the internet, and the students' mobile devices. The system was implemented in school E. E. E. M. "Monsignor Miguel de Sanctis", located in Guaçuí in the state of Espirito Santo, in a total of 155 students. The system worked properly during class, created a distinctive and curious class environment for students and registered individual students’ responses to each question, allowing further analysis of the voting results and the student’s participation during the discussions.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
In this work we propose an interdisciplinary modular teaching sequence on the measurement of the speed of light which is compatible with the traditional basic education’s sillabus. Based on the Römer method to measure the time difference between the occultation of Jupiter's moons in different orbital configurations with respect to the Earth, we developed educational activities that include: (a) observations of Jupiter's moons occultations through amateur telescopes; (b) data analysis using professional Astronomy softwares; (c) simulations using the software Stellarium and (d) the use of spreadsheets for the calculations involved to explore the physics contents. The modules can be applied independently and they are associated to educational products like didactic sequences, tutorials, video tutorials and info-animation in PowerPoint to support the lectures. We add three extra classes to the usual curriculum, which however can be easily adapted to the usual lecture. For these classes we prepared two info-animations employing the Peer Instruction and Just-in-time teaching methods besides practical activities centered on the students, following the Meaningful Learning approaches. With these resources we explore kinematics concepts (linear and circular movements), systems of reference, vectors and scientific epistemology. By mean of a pre and post-tests using questions from the High School National Exams (ENEM) involving the topics of Physics and Astronomy proposed in this work, we verified a considerable progress in the pattern of responses before and after our intervention to more than 90% of the addressed questions. Based on publicly available data by the National Institute for Studies and Educational Research (INEP) we identify a significantly higher yield of right answers of our students when compared with the average responses of all students from Sergipe who participated of the National Exams. Methodological corrections to this work based on the problems identified during the application of our products are proposed.
Neste trabalho propomos uma sequência didática modular, de caráter interdisciplinar e compatível com o currículo do ensino básico, sobre a medida da velocidade da luz. Inspirados no método de Römer para medir a diferença de tempo entre as ocultações das luas de Júpiter em configurações orbitais distintas com relação à Terra, elaboramos atividades que contemplam: (a) observações das ocultações das luas de Júpiter por meio de telescópios amadores; (b) análise de dados por meio de softwares profissionais da Astronomia; (c) simulações das observações utilizando o software Stellarium e (d) o uso de planilhas tanto para os cálculos quanto para explorar a física envolvida. Os módulos podem ser aplicados de forma independente e têm como produtos, além da sequência didática, tutoriais, vídeo-tutoriais e info-animações em PowerPoint para apoio às aulas teóricas. Utilizando três aulas complementares à grade tradicional, mas que podem ser facilmente adaptadas à grade de aulas normais, elaboramos duas info-animações em que, empregando a técnica de Instrução pelos Colegas – IpC, Ensino sob Medida - EsM e atividades práticas centradas no aluno, com base nas abordagens da Aprendizagem Significativa, exploramos os conceitos de cinemática (retilínea e circular), sistemas de referência, vetores e epistemologia científica. Por meio das asserções de um pré-teste e um pós-teste, utilizando questões do ENEM envolvendo os tópicos de Física e Astronomia, pudemos constatar uma evolução considerável no padrão de respostas antes e depois de nossa intervenção para mais de 90% das questões abordadas, com um rendimento significativamente superior à média das respostas apresentadas por todos os alunos de Sergipe participantes do ENEM, com base nos dados publicamente disponíveis pelo INEP. Correções metodológicas com base nos acerto e erros aferidos também são exploradas.

The purpose of this master’s thesis is foremost to provide a simple guide how to build elements of optical metropolitan area network. The basic model consists to sequence of construction, network topology, passive and active parts. The collection contains examples of alternative technology such as Wireless LAN with different frequency. The optical network construction based on optical cable, fibres, splices, trays, adapters, connectors and active parts for example a lot of media convertor models. After that there are demonstrating type of wavelength division multiplexer used in metropolitan area network – passive planar PCL splitter. One of the passive planar splitter are used to increase optical fibre channel. At the end of the collection a simplified examples of used measurements – optical time domain reflectometry and optical fibre transmission. Contains standard protocols or reflectogram. The conclusion of this thesis summarizes costs of FTTb (Fibre To The Building) model of optical metropolitan area network in Czech republic and future contribution for society.

博士
國立臺灣科技大學
高分子工程系
94
The objective of this study is to investigate the IPN structure and semi-IPN structure by blending two kinds of polymers. In our study, Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) were used in this study to detect and simulate cure behavior of UP, Phenolic resin and UP/Phenolic resin blends as well as to calculate and predict the cure rate, cure temperature, conversion and changes of the glass temperature along with various cure orders so as to obtain the optimum parameters for processing. Through the help of dynamic scanning and isothermal procedures of DSC as well as B&D dynamic software, cure data of UP resin were obtained, which was 90% of the conversion rate at 100oC was achieved after 15 minutes. However, for Phenolic resin and UP/Phenolic resin blends, gradual temperature increasing process for curing should be selected according to the test results of DSC and DMA. The thermal degradation and combustion behavior for the interpenetration network (IPN) structure of unsaturated polyester resin and resole type of phenolic resin was studied in this report. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to monitor the degree of thermal decomposition for the UP/Phenolic resin IPN structure and measuring the change of the oxygen index (OI) was to describe the variation of the combustion behavior, also the smoke density was measured via a non-flaming process to detect the amount of smoke generated during the combustion. On the other hand, a homemade cone calorimetric Dynamic Flammability Evaluation System was assembled to analysis the gas evolved and to measured the heat release rate (HRR) during the combustion. Under the simulated condition for a burning field at the temperature of 757℃, the variation of the concentration of monoxide (CO) and the HRR of the UP/Phenolic resin IPN structure was studied. The results show that the essentially flammable UP resin is modified by phenolic resin structure to form an IPN system not only can remarkably improve the heat resistance but help to suppress the smoke, toxic and heat release during the combustion process. As for study of semi-IPN structure, the thermoplastic nylon powder with a low melting point is added to Biphenyl Epoxy to serve as a forming stress release agent that is intended to reduce the stress resulted from Epoxy Molding Compound (EMC). The purpose of this study is to explore the physical impact and effect of the forming object after adding nylon powder unto Biphenyl Epoxy. Mechanical properties are explored through the Izod impact test and the 3-point bending test for the experiment. Thermal Mechanical Analysis and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis are conducted to probe the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and the glass transition temperature (Tg). The rate of water absorption is measured via the test of pressure cook test (PCT) and insulation resistance is assessed through the insulating destruction experiment. The results indicated that adding nylon powder could increase the fracture energy of the epoxy formed material; however, mechanical properties were decreased slightly. The TMA result showed that the CTE (α1) reduced while nylon was added and the DMA result revealed heat resistance decreased a little. The water absorption rate test and the PCT test showed the rate of water absorption increased to a small extent; however, the breakdown voltage (BDV) decreased a little bit. In our study, we used thermoplastic nylon powder is added to Naphthalene Epoxy matrix to serve as a forming stress release agent that is intended to reduce the stress and shrinkage resulted from curing of liquid Naphthalene epoxy encapsulant. The purpose of this study is to explore the physical impact and effect of the forming object after adding nylon powder unto Naphthalene Epoxy. Mechanical properties are explored through the Izod impact test, the 3-point bending test, tensile test and lap shear adhesion test for the experiment. Thermal Mechanical Analysis and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis are conducted to probe the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and the glass transition temperature (Tg). The rate of water absorption is measured via the test of pressure cook test (PCT) and insulation resistance is assessed through the insulating destruction experiment. The results indicated that adding nylon powder could increase the Izod impact strength of the epoxy formed material; however, mechanical properties (lap shear strength、flexural strength、tensile strength) were decreased slightly. The TMA result showed that the CTE (α1) increased while nylon was added and the DMA result revealed heat resistance decreased a little. The water absorption rate test after PCT showed the rate of water absorption increased to a small extent; however, the breakdown voltage (BDV) decreased a little bit.

碩士
聖約翰科技大學
電機工程系碩士在職專班
97
During the medical treatment process, the relationship between a doctor and his/her patient is very important. Such relationship sometimes varies due to different interpretation on certain knowledge. Thus, a considerably large degree of misunderstanding resulting from miscommunication would often cause medical disputes to occur. According to the “2007 Medical Institution Facts and Medical Services Quantitative Statistic Analysis” report of the Health Bureau of R.O.C. Executive Yuan, there were 2,595,639 persons stayed in major domestic medical institutions, which was a 4.2% increase from 2006. Moreover, 95,143,360 persons made doctors’ appointments in hospitals and clinics during 2007, which shows that the health indication of people in Taiwan is generally quite low. It can be burdensome for a doctor to treat a great number of patients. Therefore, it might be worthy of trying to establish a good platform to enable patients to better interact with doctors, and consequently, to improve the doctor-patient relationship and decrease medical disputes. Taiwan Academic network opened IPv6 backbone's academic network in May of 2008.The platform will use IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6) as the internet’s major construction environment, applying the design of the IPv6 Service Quality Control System. Such characteristics can be used to provide high quality videos of some medical instruction for basic medical caring. In addition, through members who interact on this platform, even those patients who are under homecare can still send their basic daily physical figures back to the platform to have their health condition be evaluated each day.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
Background: Elucidating the lithium disilicate system like the popular IPS e.max® CAD (LS2), made specifically for Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD-CAM), as a function of temperature unravels new ways to enhance material properties and performance. Objective: To study the effect of various thermal processing on the crystallization kinetics, crystallite microstructure, and strength of LS2. Methods: The control group of the LS2 samples was heated using the standard manufacturer heating-schedule. Two experimental groups were tested: (1) an extended temperature range (750-840 °C vs. 820-840 °C) at the segment of 30 °C/min heating rate, and (2) a protracted holding time (14 min vs. 7 min) at the isothermal temperature of 840 °C. Five other groups of different heating schedules with lower-targeted temperatures were evaluated to investigate the microstructural changes. For each group, the crystalline phases and morphologies were measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) respectively. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used to determine the activation energy of LS2 under non-isothermal conditions. A MTS universal testing machine was used to measure 3-point flexural strength and fracture toughness, and elastic modulus and hardness were measured by the MTS Nanoindenter® XP. A one-way ANOVA/Tukey was performed per property (alpha = 0.05). Results: DSC, XRD, and SEM revealed three distinct microstructures during LS2 crystallization. Significant differences were found between the control group, the two aforementioned experimental groups, and the five lower-targeted-temperature groups per property (p<0.05). The activation energy for lithium disilicate growth was 667.45 (± 28.97) KJ/mole. Conclusions: Groups with the extended temperature range (750-840 °C) and protracted holding time (820-840 °C H14) produced significantly higher elastic-modulus and hardness properties than the control group but showed similar significant flexural-strength and fracture-toughness properties with the control group. In general, explosive growth of lithium disilicates occurred only when maximum formation of lithium metasilicates had ended.

The purpose of the study was to describe factors contributing to mortality among HIVinfected people on Isoniazid Preventive Therapy (IPT) in Botswana. A quantitative, explorative, descriptive study was used and 80 records of deceased IPT respondents were reviewed through the use of a checklist. The demographic factors, baseline physical examination, hospitalisation and drug history were taken into consideration. Out of the deceased patients, 75% were female. The major findings showed that 100% (N=80), the most highly indicated causes of death were gastroenteritis (18.75%), cryptococcal meningitis (17.5%) andpneumonia (16.25%). Of the patients (28.75%) who died before completing the six months of IPT. The causes of death were gastroenteritis (21.7%), symptoms and signs of bacterial pneumonia (17.4%), cryptococcal meningitis (13%), Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) (13%), septicaemia (13%), and murder (13%). It has been recommended that there should be reorganisation of services of care for HIV-infected persons, such as provision of Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis Therapy (CPT) and Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) to ensure holistic approach care. The future study should include HIV-infected children on IPT using the same or modified objectives. The conclusion drawn was that disintegrated interventions of IPT, CPT and ART and lack of holistic care for PLHIV lead to opportunistic infections that caused mortality on patients on IPT.
Department of Health Studies
M.A. (Public Health)