Articles de revues : « PID - proportional plus integral plus derivative »

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Wu, Li et Xue. « A New PID Controller Design with Constraints on Relative Delay Margin for First-Order Plus Dead-Time Systems ». Processes 7, n^o 10 (8 octobre 2019) : 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7100713.

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The maximum sensitivity function as the conventional robustness index is often used to test the robustness and cannot be used to tune the controller parameters directly. To reduce analytical difficulties in dealing with the maximum sensitivity function and improve the control performance of the proportional-integral-derivative controller, the relative delay margin as a good alternative is proposed to offer a simple robust analysis for the proportional-integral-derivative controller and the first-order plus dead-time systems. The relationship between the parameters of the proportional-integral-derivative controller and the new pair, e.g., the phase margin and the corresponding gain crossover frequency, is derived. Based on this work, the stability regions of the proportional-integral-derivative controller parameters, the proportional gain and the integral gain with a given derivative gain, are obtained in a simple way. The tuning of the proportional-integral-derivative controller with constraints on the relative delay margin is simplified into an optimal disturbance rejection problem and the tuning procedure is summarized. For convenience, the recommended parameters are also offered. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed methodology has better tracking and disturbance rejection performance than other comparative design methodologies of the proportional-integral/proportional-integral-derivative controller. For example, the integrated absolute errors of the proposed proportional-integral-derivative controller for the tracking performance and disturbance rejection performance are less than 91.3% and 91.7% of the integrated absolute errors of other comparative controllers in Example 3, respectively. The proposed methodology shows great potential in industrial applications. Besides, the proposed method can be applied to the design of the proportional-integral-derivative controller with filtered derivative which is recommended for practical applications to weaken the adverse influence of the high-frequency measurement noise.

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Tabak, Abdulsamed. « A novel fractional order PID plus derivative (PIλDµDµ2) controller for AVR system using equilibrium optimizer ». COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 40, n^o 3 (13 juillet 2021) : 722–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-02-2021-0044.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to improve transient response and dynamic performance of automatic voltage regulator (AVR). Design/methodology/approach This paper proposes a novel fractional order proportional–integral–derivative plus derivative (PIλDµDµ2) controller called FOPIDD for AVR system. The FOPIDD controller has seven optimization parameters and the equilibrium optimizer algorithm is used for tuning of controller parameters. The utilized objective function is widely preferred in AVR systems and consists of transient response characteristics. Findings In this study, results of AVR system controlled by FOPIDD is compared with results of proportional–integral–derivative (PID), proportional–integral–derivative acceleration, PID plus second order derivative and fractional order PID controllers. FOPIDD outperforms compared controllers in terms of transient response criteria such as settling time, rise time and overshoot. Then, the frequency domain analysis is performed for the AVR system with FOPIDD controller, and the results are found satisfactory. In addition, robustness test is realized for evaluating performance of FOPIDD controller in perturbed system parameters. In robustness test, FOPIDD controller shows superior control performance. Originality/value The FOPIDD controller is introduced for the first time to improve the control performance of the AVR system. The proposed FOPIDD controller has shown superior performance on AVR systems because of having seven optimization parameters and being fractional order based.

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Dey, C., R. K. Mudi et D. Simhachalam. « An Auto-Tuning PID Controller for Integrating Plus Dead-Time Processes ». Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (novembre 2011) : 4934–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.4934.

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We propose an auto-tuning PID (APID) controller with nonlinear gain. Its proportional, integral, and derivative gains are parameterized online by a nonlinear updating factor. Both performance and stability robustness of APID are studied with reasonable perturbations in model as well as controller parameters. Effectiveness of the proposed APID is tested through simulation study as well as its real-time implementation on a practical position control system.

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Qiu, H., et Q. Zhang. « Feedforward-plus-proportional-integral-derivative controller for an off-road vehicle electrohydraulic steering system ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D : Journal of Automobile Engineering 217, n^o 5 (1 mai 2003) : 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440703321645089.

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This paper presents the use of a feedforward-plus-proportional-integral-derivative (FPID) controller for improving the control performance of the electrohydraulic steering system on an offroad vehicle. The FPID controller used an inverse valve transform in the feedforward loop to compensate for an electrohydraulic steering system deadband and used a conventional PID feedback loop to minimize the tracking error in steering control. On-simulator evaluation tests verified that the FPID resulted in a superior steering rate tracking performance over both a feedforward controller and a PID controller. On-vehicle evaluation tests verified that this FPID controller could achieve prompt and accurate steering angle tracking for agricultural vehicle automated guidance applications.

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Omatu, Shigeru, Michifumi Yoshioka et Toru Fujinaka. « Neuro-PID Control for Electric Vehicle ». Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 15, n^o 7 (20 septembre 2011) : 846–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2011.p0846.

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In this paper we consider the neuro-control method and its application to control problems of an electric vehicle. The neuro-control methods adopted here is based on Proportional-plus-Integral-plus-Derivative (PID) control, which has been adopted to solve process control or intelligent control problems. In Japan about eighty four percent of the process industries have used the PID control. After deriving the self-tuning PID control scheme (neuro-PID) using the learning ability of the neural network, we will show the control results by using the speed and torque control of an electric vehicle.

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Alkargole, Hazim M., Abbas S. Hassan et Raoof T. Hussein. « Analyze and Evaluate the Performance Velocity Control in DC Motor ». Radioelectronics. Nanosystems. Information Technologies 12, n^o 4 (1 décembre 2020) : 507–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17725/rensit.2020.12.507.

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A mathematical model of controlling the DC motor has been applied in this paper. There are many and different types of controllers have been used with purpose of analyzing and evaluating the performance of the of DC motor which are, Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC), Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), Fuzzy Proportional Derivative (FPD) ,Proportional Integral Derivative (PID), Fuzzy Proportional Derivative with integral (FPD plus I) , and Fuzzy Proportional Integral (FPI) with membership functions of 3*3, 5*5, and 7*7 rule bases. The results show that the (FLC) controller with 5*5 rule base provides the best results among all the other controllers to design the DC motor controller.

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Raheem, Raghda S., Mohammed Y. Hassan et Saleem K. Kadhim. « Simulation Design of Blood-pump Intelligent Controller Based on PID-like fuzzy logic Technique ». Engineering and Technology Journal 38, n^o 8A (25 août 2020) : 1200–1213. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v38i8a.534.

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This paper presents a blood pump with a bearingless brushless DC motor, supported by speed, torque, and suspension force controllers. Simulation of the pump motor and its controllers tested by MATLAB/Simulink. Two Proportional plus Integral (PI) controllers are employed for controlling the rotational speed and torque of the motor. For controlling the suspension force a comparative study is presented between the Proportional plus Integral plus Derivative (PID) controller and two inputs PID-like Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC). A particle swarm optimization technique is used to find the best values for the controller’s parameters. The results of the speed and torque controllers exhibit a good time response to reach the desired speed with a short period of time and to decrease the distorting effects of the load torque successfully. Under similar conditions, the PID-like FLC that controls the suspension forces shows a better time response compared to the PID controller. An enhancement in the responses is rated between 18% and 49%, measured using the absolute integral of error criteria on the x and y axes, and in the processing, time rated between 38% and 47%, very high oscillation suppression capability is observed in the PID-like FLC response

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Gu, Jun, Zhi Hua Feng, Xian Dong Ma et Jun Fang Ni. « Proportional-Integral-Plus Control of Robotic Excavator Arm Utilising State-Dependent Parameter Model ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 48-49 (février 2011) : 1323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.48-49.1323.

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This paper is concerned with the design of a control system for a robotic excavator known as the Lancaster University Computerised and Intelligent Excavator (LUCIE). A nonlinear proportional-integral-plus (PIP) control algorithm is developed for regulating movement of excavator arm. The nonlinear dynamics of the hydraulic driven arm is represented using the quasi-linear state-dependent parameter (SDP) model, in which the parameters are functionally dependent on other variables in the system. The model is subsequently utilised to develop a new approach to control system design, based on nonlinear PIP pole assignment. Implementation results demonstrate improved tracking performance of excavator arm in comparison with both linear proportional-integral-derivative (PID) and conventional (linearised) fixed-gain PIP control.

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COELHO, LEANDRO DOS SANTOS, et ANTONIO AUGUSTO RODRIGUES COELHO. « Automatic tuning of PID and gain scheduling PID controllers by a derandomized evolution strategy ». Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 13, n^o 5 (novembre 1999) : 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060499135042.

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This paper evaluates an evolution strategy to tune conventional proportional plus integral plus derivative (PID) and gain scheduling PID control algorithms. The approach deals with the utilization of an evolution strategy with learning acceleration by derandomized mutative step-size control using accumulated information. This technique is useful to obtain the following characteristics: (1) freedom of choice of a performance index, (2) increase of the convergence speed of evolution strategies to get a local minimum to determine controller design parameters, and (3) flexibility and robustness in the automatic design of controllers. Performance analysis and experimental results are carried out using a laboratory scale nonlinear process fan and plate. The practical prototype contains features such as nonminimum phase, dead time, resonant, and turbulent disturbance behavior that motivate the utilization of intelligent control techniques.

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Hossain, Alamgir, et Md Arifur Rahman. « Comparative Analysis among Single-Stage, Dual-Stage, and Triple-Stage Actuator Systems Applied to a Hard Disk Drive Servo System ». Actuators 8, n^o 3 (3 septembre 2019) : 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act8030065.

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In modern times, the design and optimization of different actuator systems for controlling a high-precision position control system represent a popular interdisciplinary research area. Initially, only single-stage actuator systems were used to control most of the motion control applications. Currently, dual-stage actuation systems are widely applied to high-precision position control systems such as hard disk drive (HDD) servo systems. In the dual-stage system, a voice coil motor (VCM) actuator is used as the primary stage and a piezoelectric micro-actuator is applied as the secondary stage. However, a dual-stage control architecture does not show significant performance improvements to achieve the next-generation high-capacity HDD servo system. Research continues on how to fabricate a tertiary actuator for a triple-stage HDD servo system. A thermal positioning controller (TPC) actuator is considered promising as the tertiary stage. The triple-stage system aims to achieve greater bandwidth, track density, and disk speed, with minimum sensitivity and greater error minimization. In this work, these three actuation systems with different combinations of proportional plus integral (PI), proportional plus derivative (PD), and proportional plus integral plus derivative (PID) controller, lag-lead controller, lag filter, and inverse lead plus a PI controller were designed and analyzed through simulation to achieve high-precision positioning. The comparative analyses were done on the MATLAB/Simulink simulation platform.

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Al, S., L. C. Dülger et A. Kirecci. « Hybrid actuator : Motion control using genetic algorithms ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C : Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 223, n^o 7 (24 mars 2009) : 1657–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes1358.

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A hybrid actuator refers to a configuration combining the motions of two different electric motors with a mechanism to obtain a programmable output. This article presents an application of the genetic algorithm (GA) to determine optimal proportional-plus-integral-plus-derivative (PID) controller parameters to drive a seven link mechanism with an adjustable crank. A previously built model for a hybrid actuator system is used to explore the application. Simulation results are included to show how position control on both servomotors is achieved using GAs in off-line implementation.

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Sato, Takao, Itaru Hayashi, Yohei Horibe, Ramon Vilanova et Yasuo Konishi. « Optimal Robust PID Control for First- and Second-Order Plus Dead-Time Processes ». Applied Sciences 9, n^o 9 (10 mai 2019) : 1934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9091934.

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The present study proposes a new design method for a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control system for first-order plus dead-time (FOPDT) and over-damped second-order plus dead-time (SOPDT) systems. What is presented is an optimal PID tuning constrained to robust stability. The optimal tuning is defined for each one of the two operation modes the control system may operate in: servo (reference tracking) and regulation (disturbance rejection). The optimization problem is stated for a normalized second-order plant that unifies FOPDT and SOPDT process models. Different robustness levels are considered and for each one of them, the set of optimal controller parameters is obtained. In a second step, suitable formulas are found that provide continuous values for the controller parameters. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed through numerical examples.

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Sahu, Prakash Chandra, Ramesh Chandra Prusty et Sidhartha Panda. « A gray wolf optimized FPD plus (1+PI) multistage controller for AGC of multisource non-linear power system ». World Journal of Engineering 16, n^o 1 (11 février 2019) : 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-05-2018-0154.

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Purpose The paper has proposed to implement gray wolf optimization (GWO)-based filter-type proportional derivative with (FPD) plus (1+ proportional integral) multistage controller in a three-area integrated source-type interlinked power network for achieving automatic generation control. Design/methodology/approach For analysis, a three area interconnected power system of which each area comprises three different generating units where thermal and hydro system as common. Micro sources like wind generator, diesel generator and gas unit are integrated with area1, area2 and area3 respectively. For realization of system nonlinearity some physical constraints like generation rate constraint, governor dead band and boiler dynamics are effected in the system. Findings The supremacy of multistage controller structure over simple proportional integral (PI), proportional integral, derivative (PID) and GWO technique over genetic algorithm, differential evolution techniques has been demonstrated. A comparison is made on performances of different controllers and sensitivity analysis on settling times, overshoots and undershoots of different dynamic responses of system as well as integral based error criteria subsequent a step load perturbation (SLP). Finally, sensitive analysis has been analyzed by varying size of SLP and network parameters in range ±50 per cent from its nominal value. Originality/value Design and implementation of a robust FPD plus (1 + PI) controller for AGC of nonlinear power system. The gains of the proposed controller are optimized by the application of GWO algorithm. An investigation has been done on the dynamic performances of the suggested system by conducting a comparative analysis with conventional PID controller tuned by various optimization techniques to verify its supremacy. Establishment of the robustness and sensitiveness of the controller by varying the size and position of the SLP, varying the loading of the system randomly and varying the time constants of the system.

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Ruz, Mario, Juan Garrido, Francisco Vazquez et Fernando Morilla. « Interactive Tuning Tool of Proportional-Integral Controllers for First Order Plus Time Delay Processes ». Symmetry 10, n^o 11 (1 novembre 2018) : 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym10110569.

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Engineering education and, particularly, control engineering, has shown growth in research and development activities during last years. Currently, proportional–integral (PI) and proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controllers are the most commonly used in industrial process applications. Nonetheless, it is reported that many of them are badly tuned. From an educational perspective, it is crucial for the student to understand the importance of tuning a control loop correctly. This paper presents an interactive tool focused on the study of PI controllers. The tool provides a set of tuning rules for both open-loop stable and unstable first order plus time delay processes. The different tuning rules can be compared interactively by the user, allowing a critical analysis of basic concepts about stability, robustness, and performance in PI control loops. In addition to educational purposes, the tool has been developed, taking into account practical considerations, such as simulation with a controller discrete implementation, process input saturations, and windup effect. We evaluated students’ achievement in the final examination in the Automatic Control course of the Electronics Engineering degree. Students showed significant improvement in their understanding of PI controller design. A survey and a practical case study were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed tool.

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Tan, Gong Quan, Yong Hui Chen et Shu Chuan Gan. « PID Controller Design Based on Modified IMC and Optimal Robust Performance Based on Applied Mechanics ». Advanced Materials Research 485 (février 2012) : 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.485.114.

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In this work, PID design with acceptable performance and robustness of closed-loop system was introduced. With the normalized time constant of internal model control (IMC) replaced by a damping ratio and a new time constant, a modified IMC was proposed and could be equivalent to a proportional integral derivative (PID) control. Since the control systems always have a dilemma between performance and robustness, the robust performance index was created with the integral of absolute error (IAE) weighted by the maximum sensitivity (Ms) with an exponential factor and the PID parameters were optimized through it. As an example, an empirical weighted factor 1.5 was selected to obtain the self-tuning PID formula for first-order plus delay time (FOPDT) processes. Simulation results show that the proposed PID control achieves good closed-loop performance and robustness.

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Tanaka, Tadayoshi. « Application of Model Reference Adaptive Control to Solar Thermal Utilization Systems ». Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 112, n^o 2 (1 mai 1990) : 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2929643.

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A proportional plus integral plus derivative (PID) controller is used to obtain usable energy from the sun in almost all the solar systems in Japan. However, it is difficult to collect the heat continuously close to a prescribed temperature using a PID controller because the solar radiation is often interrupted by passing clouds. We investigated, therefore, a Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC) system. In order to demonstrate its effectiveness, we constructed a MRAC system and introduced it into the collector loop of a solar system. This paper gives an outline of the MRAC algorithm and describes the experimental results for the outlet fluid temperature response of the loop by the MRAC and PID. From these results, it is shown that the MRAC algorithm is suitable for controlling a system affected by irregular disturbances in the insolation.

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Hornychová, Alžbeˇta, et Milan Hofreiter. « Use of the shifting method results for PID controllers parameters estimation ». MATEC Web of Conferences 292 (2019) : 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929201017.

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This paper presents the use of the results of the shifting method of relay feedback identification for tuning the Proportional-Integral-Derivative controllers. Parameters of the second order plus time delay models estimated by the shifting method of relay feedback identification were used to compute controller parameters. Behaviour of closed loop systems with tuned controllers was tested and compared for three simulated systems and one real laboratory system. All tests were performed on the programmable logic controller Tecomat Foxtrot. In all the studied cases the use of the tuned controllers resulted in correct control of the system.

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Ko, Young-Rae, et Tae-Hyoung Kim. « Feedforward Plus Feedback Control of an Electro-Hydraulic Valve System Using a Proportional Control Valve ». Actuators 9, n^o 2 (15 juin 2020) : 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act9020045.

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The output feedback signal of the electro-hydraulic valve system (EHVS) affects the activation of its right or left envelope function; thus, even weak measurement noise can cause high-frequency switching between the two envelope functions, leading to chattering in the control input. Consequently, feedforward and feedback controllers in a cascaded configuration generate undesirable chattering in the output signal. We propose a practical and reliable control approach for an EHVS actuated by a proportional control valve. The proposed controller has a parallel structure comprising an inverse generalized Prandtl–Ishlinskii (P–I) model-based feedforward controller, with both hydraulic dead-zone and flow saturation limits, for compensating asymmetric hysteretic behavior. Further, the proposed controller comprises a robust proportional-integral-derivative (PID) feedback controller for achieving robustness against disturbances and noises. The proposed parallel structure is independent of the output feedback of the EHVS. Moreover, the proposed robust PID feedback controller guarantees EHVS stability by precisely selecting the cutoff frequency for the sensitivity and complementary sensitivity functions based on the amplitude spectrum of the inverse-model-based feedforward compensation error. The results verify the high reliability of the proposed EHVS control scheme for the precise control of an EHVS actuated by a proportional control valve in practice.

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Awtoniuk, Michał, Łukasz Ślizak et Marcin Daniun. « AUTOTUNING OF PID CONTROLLER BY MEANS OF HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE DEVICE ». Journal of Technology and Exploitation in Mechanical Engineering 2, n^o 1 (26 décembre 2016) : 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/jteme.513.

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More and more control systems are based on industry microprocessors like PLC controllers (Programmable Logic Controller). The most commonly used control algorithm is PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) algorithm. Autotuning procedure is not available in every PLC. These controllers are typically used in cooperation with HMI (Human Machine Interface) devices. In the study two procedures of autotuning of the PID controller were implemented in the HMI device: step method and relay method. Six tuning rules for step methods and one for relay method were chosen. The autotuning procedures on simulated controlled object and PLC controller without build-in autotuning were tested. The object of control was first order system plus time delay.

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Gerov, Radmila, et Zoran Jovanović. « TUNING PD AND PID CONTROLLERS VIA THE LAMBERT W FUNCTION FOR DOUBLE INTEGRATOR PLUS DEAD TIME PROCESSES ». Facta Universitatis, Series : Automatic Control and Robotics 18, n^o 1 (24 septembre 2019) : 001. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fuacr1901001g.

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The paper explores the Proportional-derivative controller for a double integrator plus dead time processes, which is a challenging control problem, that is designed based on the existing Proportional-integrative controller for integrator plus dead time processes. The PD controller is extended with an integral action and an ideal PID controller is received. The parameters of both controllers are received by using the pole placement technique, whereby the transcendent characteristics equation of the closed loop system is solved by using the Lambert W function. The paper also examines the influence of the desired poles of the system with a closed feedback as well as the influence of the disturbance and the change of the DIPTD processes parameters onto the received control system performances. The results received by simulation, and the quantitative indicators, show that the proposed control system has better performances in comparison to the control systems obtained by other methods in literature.

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Ibaraki, Soichi, et Masayoshi Tomizuka. « Tuning of a Hard Disk Drive Servo Controller Using Fixed-Structure H∞ Controller Optimization ». Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 123, n^o 3 (9 juin 2000) : 544–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1386391.

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As the storage capacity of hard disk drives (HDDs) increases dramatically, the demand for positioning control accuracy of a read/write head of HDD is becoming more stringent. This paper presents a tuning methodology for fixed-structure controllers using the H∞ optimization. The tuning of a PID (Proportional plus Integral plus Derivative) controller for head positioning of an HDD is presented as an application example. The H∞ optimization problem of fixed-structure controllers can be locally solved by using the transformation into an H∞ synthesis problem of static output feedback control. Simulation and experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach as a fine tuning method to improve controller performance without requiring profound knowledge and experiences in manual loop-shaping.

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Kurokawa, Ryo, Takao Sato, Ramon Vilanova et Yasuo Konishi. « Discrete-Time First-Order Plus Dead-Time Model-Reference Trade-off PID Control Design ». Applied Sciences 9, n^o 16 (7 août 2019) : 3220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9163220.

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The present study proposes a novel proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control design method in discrete time. In the proposed method, a PID controller is designed for first-order plus dead-time (FOPDT) systems so that the prescribed robust stability is accomplished. Furthermore, based on the control performance, the relationship between the servo performance and the regulator performance is a trade-off relationship, and hence, these items are not simultaneously optimized. Therefore, the proposed method provides an optimal design method of the PID parameters for optimizing the reference tracking and disturbance rejection performances, respectively. Even though such a trade-off design method is being actively researched for continuous time, few studies have examined such a method for discrete time. In conventional discrete time methods, the robust stability is not directly prescribed or available systems are restricted to systems for which the dead-time in the continuous time model is an integer multiple of the sampling interval. On the other hand, in the proposed method, even when a discrete time zero is included in the controlled plant, the optimal PID parameters are obtained. In the present study, as well as the other plant parameters, a zero in the FOPDT system is newly normalized, and then, a universal design method is obtained for the FOPDT system with the zero. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through numerical examples.

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Latif, Abdul, S. M. Suhail Hussain, Dulal Chandra Das et Taha Selim Ustun. « Optimum Synthesis of a BOA Optimized Novel Dual-Stage PI − (1 + ID) Controller for Frequency Response of a Microgrid ». Energies 13, n^o 13 (3 juillet 2020) : 3446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133446.

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A renewable and distributed generation (DG)-enabled modern electrified power network with/without energy storage (ES) helps the progress of microgrid development. Frequency regulation is a significant scheme to improve the dynamic response quality of the microgrid under unknown disturbances. This paper established a maiden load frequency regulation of a wind-driven generator (WG), solar tower (ST), bio-diesel power generator (BDPG) and thermostatically controllable load (heat pump and refrigerator)-based, isolated, single-area microgrid system. Hence, intelligent control strategies are important for this issue. A newly developed butterfly algorithmic technique (BOA) is leveraged to tune the controllers’ parameters. However, to attain a proper balance between net power generation and load power, a dual stage proportional-integral- one plus integral-derivative PI − (1 + ID) controller is developed. Comparative system responses (in MATLAB/SIMULINK software) for different scenarios under several controllers, such as a proportional-integral (PI), proportional-integral-derivative (PID) and PI − (1 + ID) controller tuned by particle swarm optimization (PSO), grasshopper algorithmic technique (GOA) and BOA, show the superiority of BOA in terms of minimizing the peak deviations and better frequency regulation of the system. Real recorded wind data are considered to authenticate the control approach.

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Tang, Wei, Xu Zhong Niu et Wen Juan Shan. « Application of IMC-PID in the Hydraulic Headbox Total Pressure Control ». Advanced Materials Research 462 (février 2012) : 789–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.462.789.

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It is very difficult to obtain perfect performance to apply the conventional PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controller, because hydraulic headbox needs high precision total pressure control. Transfer function of total pressure control system was identified by using the direct identification method which is based on the least square method for the first-order plus delay time model. Then combined with IMC (Internal-Model-control) –PID method, an IMC-PID controller was designed, which is simple and only needed to adjust one parameter-the time constant of low pass filter. Acceptable performance can also be obtained by tuning time constant of the low pass filter when the model doesn't match with the real process. The algorithm was applied to total pressure control system of hydraulic headbox. Simulation and practical application show that, IMC-PID is of strong robustness and good dynamic characteristics. Finally, the control system is implemented by S7-300 PLC.

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Zhu, Q. M., et K. Warwick. « A neural network enhanced generalized minimum variance self-tuning proportional, integral and derivative control algorithm for complex dynamic systems ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I : Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 216, n^o 3 (1 mai 2002) : 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095965180221600305.

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A neural network enhanced proportional, integral and derivative (PID) controller is presented that combines the attributes of neural network learning with a generalized minimum-variance self-tuning control (STC) strategy. The neuro PID controller is structured with plant model identification and PID parameter tuning. The plants to be controlled are approximated by an equivalent model composed of a simple linear submodel to approximate plant dynamics around operating points, plus an error agent to accommodate the errors induced by linear submodel inaccuracy due to non-linearities and other complexities. A generalized recursive least-squares algorithm is used to identify the linear submodel, and a layered neural network is used to detect the error agent in which the weights are updated on the basis of the error between the plant output and the output from the linear submodel. The procedure for controller design is based on the equivalent model, and therefore the error agent is naturally functioned within the control law. In this way the controller can deal not only with a wide range of linear dynamic plants but also with those complex plants characterized by severe non-linearity, uncertainties and non-minimum phase behaviours. Two simulation studies are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the controller design procedure.

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Gao, Xinqing, Jie Zhang, Fan Yang, Chao Shang et Dexian Huang. « Robust Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) Design for Parameter Uncertain Second-Order Plus Time Delay (SOPTD) Processes Based on Reference Model Approximation ». Industrial & ; Engineering Chemistry Research 56, n^o 41 (6 octobre 2017) : 11903–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b03155.

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Wang, Ming-Shyan, Seng-Chi Chen, Po-Hsiang Chuang, Shih-Yu Wu et Fu-Shung Hsu. « Neural Network Control-Based Drive Design of Servomotor and Its Application to Automatic Guided Vehicle ». Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015) : 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/612932.

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An automatic guided vehicle (AGV) is extensively used for productions in a flexible manufacture system with high efficiency and high flexibility. A servomotor-based AGV is designed and implemented in this paper. In order to steer the AGV to go along a predefined path with corner or arc, the conventional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control is used in the system. However, it is difficult to tune PID gains at various conditions. As a result, the neural network (NN) control is considered to assist the PID control for gain tuning. The experimental results are first provided to verify the correctness of the neural network plus PID control for 400 W-motor control system. Secondly, the AGV includes two sets of the designed motor systems and CAN BUS transmission so that it can move along the straight line and curve paths shown in the taped videos.

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Camcıoğlu, Ş., B. Özyurt, İ. C. Doğan et H. Hapoğlu. « Application of response surface methodology as a new PID tuning method in an electrocoagulation process control case ». Water Science and Technology 76, n^o 12 (26 septembre 2017) : 3410–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.506.

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Abstract In this work the application of response surface methodology (RSM) to proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller parameter tuning for electrocoagulation (EC) treatment of pulp and paper mill wastewater was researched. Dynamic data for two controlled variables (pH and electrical conductivity) were obtained under pseudo random binary sequence (PRBS) input signals applied to manipulated variables (acid and supporting electrolyte flow rates). Third order plus time delay model parameters were evaluated through System Identification Toolbox™ in MATLAB®. Four level full factorial design was applied to form a design matrix for three controller tuning parameters as factors and to evaluate statistical analysis of the system in terms of integral of square error (ISE), integral of absolute error (IAE), integral of time square error (ITSE) and integral of time absolute error (ITAE) performance criteria as response. Numerical values of the responses for the runs in the design matrices were determined using closed-loop PID control system simulations designed in Simulink®. Optimum proportional gain, integral action and derivative action values for electrical conductivity control were found to be 1,500 s, 0 s and 16.4636 s respectively. Accordingly, the same optimization scheme was followed for pH control and optimum controller parameters were found to be −8.6970 s, 0.0211 s and 50 s, respectively. Theoretically optimized controller parameters were applied to batch experimental studies. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency and energy consumption of pulp and paper mill wastewater treatment by EC under controlled action of pH at 5.5 and electrical conductivity at 2.72 mS/cm was found to be 85% and 3.87 kWh/m3 respectively. Results showed that multi input–multi output (MIMO) control action increased removal efficiency of COD by 15.41% and reduced energy consumption by 6.52% in comparison with treatment under uncontrolled conditions.

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Kanagaraj, N., et Vishwa Nath Jha. « Design of an enhanced fractional order PID controller for a class of second-order system ». COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 40, n^o 3 (8 juin 2021) : 579–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-08-2020-0267.

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Purpose This paper aims to design a modified fractional order proportional integral derivative (PID) (FO[PI]λDµ) controller based on the principle of fractional calculus and investigate its performance for a class of a second-order plant model under different operating conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is compared with the classical controllers. Design/methodology/approach The fractional factor related to the integral term of the standard FO[PI]λDµ controller is applied as a common fractional factor term for the proportional plus integral coefficients in the proposed controller structure. The controller design is developed using the regular closed-loop system design specifications such as gain crossover frequency, phase margin, robustness to gain change and two more specifications, namely, noise reduction and disturbance elimination functions. Findings The study results of the designed controller using matrix laboratory software are analyzed and compared with an integer order PID and a classical FOPIλDµ controller, the proposed FO[PI]λDµ controller exhibit a high degree of performance in terms of settling time, fast response and no overshoot. Originality/value This paper proposes a methodology for the FO[PI]λDµ controller design for a second-order plant model using the closed-loop system design specifications. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is demonstrated under different operating conditions such as external load disturbances and input parameter change.

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Kasireddy, Idamakanti, Abdul Wahid Nasir et Arun Kumar Singh. « Non-integer IMC based PID Design for Load Frequency Control of Power System Through Reduced Model Order ». International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, n^o 2 (1 avril 2018) : 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i2.pp837-844.

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This paper deals with non-integer internal model control (FIMC) based proportional-integral-derivative(PID) design for load frequency control (LFC) of single area non-reheated thermal power system under parameter divergence and random load disturbance. Firstly, a fractional second order plus dead time(SOPDT) reduced system model is obtained using genetic algorithm through step error minimization. Secondly, a FIMC based PID controller is designed for single area power system based on reduced system model. Proposed controller is equipped with single area non-reheated thermal power system. The resulting controller is tested using MATLAB/SIMULINK under various conditions. The simulation results show that the controller can accommodate system parameter uncertainty and load disturbance. Further, simulation shows that it maintains robust performance as well as minimizes the effect of load fluctuations on frequency deviation. Finally, the proposed method applied to two area power system to show the effectiveness.

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Kim, J., H. D. Choi, J. H. Lee et D. S. Lee. « An anti-wind-up controller design for rocket control systems with control input saturation ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G : Journal of Aerospace Engineering 212, n^o 4 (1 avril 1998) : 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954410981532423.

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An anti-wind-up controller for the attitude control of a two-stage sounding rocket has been designed. Once the actuator comes up to saturation limits, a feedback signal is generated in this controller from the difference between the compensator output and the actuator control input, and is used to make the actuator work in linear ranges. When this type of controller was applied to the two-stage sounding rocket attitude control system, a remarkable improvement was made in the control performance as compared with the PID (proportional, integral, plus derivative) controller case. Since the performance of this anti-wind-up controller was sensitive to the variation of control gains, a modified anti-wind-up controller has been also proposed to compensate for this.

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Hernández-Riveros, Jesús-Antonio, et Jorge-Humberto Urrea-Quintero. « SOSPD Controllers Tuning by Means of an Evolutionary Algorithm ». International Journal of Natural Computing Research 4, n^o 2 (avril 2014) : 40–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijncr.2014040103.

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The Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller is the most widely used industrial device to monitoring and controlling processes. There are numerous methods for estimating the controller parameters, in general, resolving particular cases. Current trends in parameter estimation minimize an integral performance criterion. Therefore, the calculation of the controller parameters is proposed as an optimization problem. Although there are alternatives to the traditional rules of tuning, there is not yet a study showing that the use of heuristic algorithms it is indeed better than using the classic methods of optimal tuning. In this paper, the evolutionary algorithm MAGO is used as a tool to optimize the controller parameters. The procedure is applied to a range of standard plants modeled as a Second Order System plus Time Delay. Better results than traditional methods of optimal tuning, regardless of the operating mode of the controller, are yielded.

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Goseberg, Nils, et Torsten Schlurmann. « NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON TSUNAMI RUN-UP AND INUNDATION INFLUENCED BY MACRO ROUGHNESS ELEMENTS ». Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n^o 32 (29 janvier 2011) : 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.currents.13.

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This research study considers long wave run-up experimentally and numerically. At first, an alternative methodology in long wave physical modeling is presented by means of a set of pipe pumps forcing the inflow of a controlled volume of water into a wave channel mimicking a tsunami-like wave shape that is consistently contained by a proportional plus integral plus derivative controller (PID) controller. Arbitrary wave lengths are persistently generated by means of the proposed methodology. First results are compared to tsunami data stemming from conventional experimental configurations with solitary waves as well as with recent numerical modeling results. Comparisons are thoroughly discussed and – in a second step – numerical simulations are accomplished taking the interaction of long wave run-up and macro-roughness elements into account. Four different experimental configurations of macro-roughness elements are carried out while spacing between elements and numbers of obstacle rows are alternated. A fundamental correlation analysis reveals that a correlation of the number of macro-roughness rows, effective area of flow cross section and a grouping factor of different element configurations exists in principle.

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Zeng, Deliang, Yanqiu Zheng, Wei Luo, Yong Hu, Qingru Cui, Qing Li et Chen Peng. « Research on Improved Auto-Tuning of a PID Controller Based on Phase Angle Margin ». Energies 12, n^o 9 (6 mai 2019) : 1704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091704.

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In order to realize fast and efficient tuning of the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller parameters in thermal power plants, this paper thoroughly analyzes the problems existing in the relay characteristic method based on the phase angle margin auto-tuning method (PM method), and proposes an improved PM auto-tuning method for the most common first order plus dead time (FOPDT) model in practical engineering applications. The improved algorithm proposes the design of the target phase angle margin and the method of plant identification. Then, the optimization algorithm is used to calculate the correction coefficient of the setting formula to obtain the PID controller parameters that minimize the integrated time absolute error (ITAE) index of the control system. Finally, through the auto-tuning experiment on the generalized control model of the main steam temperature system in thermal power plants, it is verified that the improved algorithm is superior to the traditional PM method and Ziegler–Nichols method (Z-N method), and can obtain a fast and stable control performance.

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Latif, Abdul, S. M. Suhail Hussain, Dulal Chandra Das et Taha Selim Ustun. « Design and Implementation of Maiden Dual-Level Controller for Ameliorating Frequency Control in a Hybrid Microgrid ». Energies 14, n^o 9 (23 avril 2021) : 2418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092418.

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It is known that keeping the power balance between generation and demand is crucial in containing the system frequency within acceptable limits. This is especially important for renewable based distributed hybrid microgrid (DHμG) systems where deviations are more likely to occur. In order to address these issues, this article develops a prominent dual-level “proportional-integral-one plus double derivative {PI−(1 + DD)} controller” as a new controller for frequency control (FC) of DHμG system. The proposed control approach has been tested in DHμG system that consists of wind, tide and biodiesel generators as well as hybrid plug-in electric vehicle and an electric heater. The performance of the modified controller is tested by comparing it with standard proportional-integral (PI) and classical PID (CPID) controllers considering two test scenarios. Further, a recently developed mine blast technique (MBA) is utilized to optimize the parameters of the newly designed {PI − (1 + DD)} controller. The controller’s performance results are compared with cases where particle swarm optimization (PSO) and firefly (FF) techniques are used as benchmarks. The superiority of the MBA-{PI − (1 + DD)} controller in comparison to other two strategies is illustrated by comparing performance parameters such as maximum frequency overshoot, maximum frequency undershoot and stabilization time. The displayed comparative objective function (J) and JFOD index also shows the supremacy of the proposed controller. With this MBA optimized {PI − (1 + DD)} controller, frequency deviations can be kept within acceptable limits even with high renewable energy penetration.

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Seraji, H. « An Approach to Multivariable Control of Manipulators ». Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 109, n^o 2 (1 juin 1987) : 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3143832.

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The paper presents simple schemes for multivariable control of multiple-joint robot manipulators in joint and Cartesian coordinates. The joint control scheme consists of two independent multivariable feedforward and feedback controllers. The feedforward controller is the minimal inverse of the linearized model of robot dynamics and contains only proportional-double-derivative (PD2) terms—implying feedforward from the desired position, velocity and acceleration. This controller ensures that the manipulator joint angles track any reference trajectories. The feedback controller is of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) type and is designed to achieve pole placement. This controller reduces any initial tracking error to zero as desired and also ensures that robust steady-state tracking of step-plus-exponential trajectories is achieved by the joint angles. Simple and explicit expressions for computation of the feedforward and feedback gains are obtained based on the linearized model of robot dynamics. This leads to computationally efficient schemes for either on-line gain computation or off-line gain scheduling to account for variations in the linearized robot model due to changes in the operating point. The joint control scheme is extended to direct control of the end-effector motion in Cartesian space. Simulation results are given for illustration.

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Sharma, Deepesh. « Automatic generation control of multi source interconnected power system using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system ». International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology 12, n^o 3 (15 septembre 2020) : 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijest.v12i3.7.

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LFC (Load Frequency Control) difficulty is created by load of power system variations. Extreme acceptable frequency distinction is ±0.5 Hz which is extremely intolerable. Here, LFC is observed by PID controller (PID-C), Fuzzy and ANFIS controller (ANFIS-C). To control different errors like frequency and area control error (ACE) in spite of occurrences of load disturbance and uncertainties of system is checked by MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Proposed Controller offers less, and small peak undershoot, speedy response to make final steady state. LFC is mandatory for reliability of large interconnected power system. LFC is used to regulate power output of generator within specified area to maintain system frequency and power interchange. Here, two area multi source LFC system is analyzed. ANFIS is utilized for tie-line power deviation and controlling frequency. Proposed controller is compared with other controller and it is found that proposed controller is better than other controller. Proposed controller is better in terms of Robustness. The output responses of interconnected areas have been compared on basis of peak-undershoot, peak-overshoot and settling time (Ts). Result of FLC is compared to that of with classical controller such as proportional derivative plus integral (PID) controller which suggests that conventional controller is slow. Keywords: LFC, Fuzzy, PID, ANFIS, LFC; FLC; ACE; PID-C, AGC.

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Grigorie, T. L., R. M. Botez, A. V. Popov, M. Mamou et Y. Mébarki. « A hybrid fuzzy logic proportional-integral-derivative and conventional on-off controller for morphing wing actuation using shape memory alloy Part 2 : Controller implementation and validation ». Aeronautical Journal 116, n^o 1179 (mai 2012) : 451–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000006989.

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Abstract The paper presents the numerical and experimental validation of a hybrid actuation control concept – fuzzy logic proportional-integral-derivative (PID) plus conventional on-off – for a new morphing wing mechanism, using smart materials made of shape memory alloy (SMA) as actuators. After a presentation of the hybrid controller architecture that was adopted in the Part 1, this paper focuses on its implementation, simulation and validation. The PID on-off controller was numerically and experimentally implemented using the Matlab/Simulink software. Following preliminary numerical simulations which were conducted to tune the controller, an experimental validation was performed. To implement the controller on the physical model, two programmable switching power supplies (AMREL SPS100-33) and a Quanser Q8 data acquisition card were used. The data acquisition inputs were two signals from linear variable differential transformer potentiometers, indicating the positions of the actuators, and six signals from thermocouples installed on the SMA wires. The acquisition board’s output channels were used to control power supplies in order to obtain the desired skin deflections. The experimental validation utilised an experimental bench test in laboratory conditions in the absence of aerodynamic forces, and a wind-tunnel test for different actuation commands. Simultaneously, the optimised aerofoils were experimentally validated with the theoretically-determined aerofoils obtained earlier. Both the transition point real time position detection and visualisation were realised in wind tunnel tests.

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Kusumaningtyas, Ratna Dewi, Haniif Prasetiawan, Daniel Setiyo Nugroho, Ajeng Riswanti Wulandari, Istadi Istadi et Anwaruddin Hisyam. « Steady-State and Dynamic Simulation Study of Reactive Distillation for FFA Esterification in Biodiesel Synthesis ». Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & ; Lingkungan 16, n^o 1 (31 mai 2021) : 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.23955/rkl.v16i2.19857.

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Reactive distillation (RD) holds promise for process intensification in biodiesel production since it integrates reaction and separation. It simplifies the process and enhances the conversion of the equilibrium limited reactions. To ensure the stability in RD operation, sensitivity study and process control simulation are necessary. In this work, RD was employed for free fatty acid (FFA) esterification of mixed non edible oils in biodiesel synthesis. Non edible oils used were waste cooking oil, crude jatropha oil, and crude nyamplung oil (Calophyllum inophyllum L). Simulation was conducted using ASPEN Plus V8.8. Sensitivity study was carried out to determine the effects of the operating condition alteration. A dynamic simulation was performed as a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller tuning. It was revealed that the highest FFA conversion was 85%, achieved at the feed stage of 7, distillate rate of 0.22 kmol/hr, and oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:5. Level, pressure and temperature controls were installed in RD. Then, a dynamic simulation was applied as a PID controller tuning. Three different controller tuning methods, viz. Ziegler-Nichols, Cohen-Coon, and Internal Model Control, were studied. The best PID parameter was obtained by using Cohen-Coon method which provided fastest rise time, lowest settling time and lowest overshoot.

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Nasir, A. W., I. Kasireddy et A. K. Singh. « Real Time Speed Control of a DC Motor Based on its Integer and Non-Integer Models Using PWM Signal ». Engineering, Technology & ; Applied Science Research 7, n^o 5 (19 octobre 2017) : 1974–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.1292.

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This paper exploits the advantage of non-integer order modeling of a process over integer order, in those cases where the process model is required for control purpose. The present case deals with speed control of a DC motor. Based on the real time open loop response, DC motor is being modeled as integer and non-integer order first order plus delay system. Both these models are then separately used for determining two sets of Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller parameters through Ziegler Nichols (ZN) closed loop tuning method. In addition to this, a model based control technique i.e. Internal Model Control (IMC) is also implemented using both integer and non-integer model respectively. For carrying out the real time speed control of DC motor, LabVIEW platform has been used. After going through the results, it is observed that the controller performance considerably improves, if non-integer order model is used for controller design rather than integer order model.

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Kumar, Varun, Ajay Shekhar Pandey et Sunil Kumar Sinha. « Stability Improvement of DFIG-Based Wind Farm Integrated Power System Using ANFIS Controlled STATCOM ». Energies 13, n^o 18 (10 septembre 2020) : 4707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184707.

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The stability of the control grid is a critical prerequisite for a safe and efficient power system service. A thorough knowledge of the effects of the power system volatility is essential for the effective study and control of power systems. This paper presents the simulation outcome of a multimachine power network implemented by a wind farm (WF) utilizing a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) for better stability control objectives. A similarly aggregated double-fed induction generator (DFIG) powered by a gearbox analogy with an equally aggregated wind turbine (WT) determines the operating output of the wind farm. A proportional–integral–derivative controller (PID)-based damping controller, PID including Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC), and an adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) controller of the proposed SATCOM are intended to add sufficient damping properties to the dominating modes of the examined system during diverse working circumstances. To assess the feasibility of the suggested control schemes, a frequency-domain method concentrated on a linearized mathematical structure layout utilizing a time-domain strategy centered on a nonlinear configuration of the device that is subjected to severe fault on the attached bus was carried out consistently. A STATCOM damping controller is configured using the ANFIS method to apply appropriate damping properties to the device’s decisive modes being evaluated under various test conditions. From the findings of the comparative simulation, it can be inferred that the suggested STATCOM along with the planned ANFIS is seen as comparable to STATCOM with PID and STATCOM with PID plus FLC to increase the stability of the studied device.

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Brookfield, D. J., et Z. B. Dlodlo. « Robot torque and position control using an electrorheological actuator ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I : Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 212, n^o 3 (1 mai 1998) : 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0959651981539424.

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An electrorheological (ER) clutch driven from a constant speed motor provides a steady torque independent of shaft angle and can be controlled by control of the applied field. Such an actuator avoids the ‘cogging’ variation in torque observed in d.c. servo-motors and is thus well suited to robot control applications, particularly in view of the very rapid time response of ER clutches (≍ 10−3 s). However, the relationship between applied field and torque is difficult to model, being both non-linear and time varying. Whereas the non-linearity can be shown to be relatively small, the time-varying characteristic has remained a problem. In most controlled plants, a non-linear or time-varying characteristic can be mitigated by providing a closed control loop around the plant. A PID (proportional plus integral plus derivative)-based torque controller was developed and tested. This was shown to be stable with at least critical damping and to exhibit low steady state error. Design of the controller was facilitated by the identification of the open-loop transfer function of the ER actuator. The ER actuator with torque feedback was used to position a small robot link. A second PID control loop responding to the error in the link position and tuned using the standard Ziegler and Nichols method was designed and tested. A steady state error of less than 0.75 mm was achieved with a 2 per cent settling time of 2.0 s. Finally, the link position was controlled using a single-loop controller with no torque feedback and a similar steady state error achieved with a 2 per cent settling time of 1.4 s. It is argued that the ER torque actuator is ideally suited to the actuation of robot joints where precise smooth movement is required.

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Kumar, Badal, et Sandeep Bhongade. « Load Disturbance Rejection Based PID Controller for Frequency Regulation of a Microgrid ». Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 7, n^o 3 (8 septembre 2017) : 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v7.i3.pp625-642.

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<p>Today’s world is very much concerned to reduce green house gas emission from the conventional thermal power plants as cutting down emissions from transport and heating sector may not be realistic in the near future. To reduce pollution from electrical power sources, the world is now marching towards usage of renewable energy sources (RESs). These sources being small in capacity are mostly connected at the distribution voltage level. This indirectly reduces transmission and distribution losses as the sources are around the load. This distribution system having small scale energy sources is called as a microgrid or active distribution network. Microgrid operates generally in a grid connected mode. However, circumstances such as fault, voltage sag and large frequency oscillations in the main grid may force the active distribution network to be disconnected from the main grid and operate as an isolated microgrid . During this isolation there will be change in power output from the controllable microsources which are to be regulated properly to have a stable operation in regard to power balance and frequency of operation within the isolated microgrid. An autonomous isolated microgrid comprising both controllable & uncontrollable sources. Like solar, wind, diesel generator(DG), aqua electrolyzer(AE), fuel cell(FC), a battery energy storage system(BESS), and fly wheel(FW) are considered. Solar, wind, DG and FC are power generating source & BESS, FW, AE as energy storage element. The generated hydrogen by an AE is used as fuel for a FC. The power system frequency deviates for the sudden change in load demand and the real power generation. The output power of DG, FC, BESS, FW and power absorbed by AE is regulated by using controller such that frequency of the system is controlled. Controller used is proportional plus integral plus derivative (PID). Load Disturbance Rejection(LDR) is used for tuning of controller gains of the proposed hybrid system. This uses the chien-hornes-resnick(CHR) setting with 20% overshoot. Design of p-f droop(frequency regulation parameter) for different controllable source in microgrid using bode plot stability criterion. The system response with Modified LDR based controller, LDR based controller and classical controller are compared. Investigation shows that Modified LDR based controller gives best response amongst these three methods.</p>

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Zhang, Shuzhong, Su Li et Tatiana Minav. « Control and Performance Analysis of Variable Speed Pump-Controlled Asymmetric Cylinder Systems under Four-Quadrant Operation ». Actuators 9, n^o 4 (28 novembre 2020) : 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act9040123.

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Since the energy crisis, the further development of a variable speed pump-controlled hydraulic system driven by an electric machine has attracted increasing attention during the past few years. As a response to this, an innovative double pump-controlled asymmetric cylinder system (DPC) and its control method are proposed in this study. The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of two variable speed pump-controlled systems for asymmetric cylinders under a four-quadrant operating condition, in comparison with single pump control (SPC). The four-quadrant operating principles of the two systems are analyzed by simulation. Simulation models for both systems are introduced, and a position control method is proposed, with a tracking differentiator and speed feedforward, plus proportional-integral-derivative (PID) for four-quadrant operation. The DPC model was validated with the measurement of a crane. The simulations using the validated model were performed with a position reference and a varying load (four-quadrant operating arm of an excavator). The results demonstrated that the velocity fluctuation is eliminated by using the DPC instead of the SPC, and the position control performance of the DPC is better compared to the SPC, although the energy efficiency decreases slightly. Hence, the proposed DPC and its position control method are feasible for the four-quadrant operation of asymmetric cylinders.

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Appukuttan, K. K., et K. Ramar. « Pole Assignment using Proportional-Plus-Integral-Plus- Derivative Output Feedback ». IETE Technical Review 8, n^o 5 (septembre 1991) : 289–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02564602.1991.11438776.

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Huang, Peichen, Zhigang Zhang et Xiwen Luo. « Feedforward-plus-proportional–integral–derivative controller for agricultural robot turning in headland ». International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 17, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2020) : 172988141989767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881419897678.

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Traveling along straight lines and headland turning are two common motions during the automatic guidance of agricultural machines. However, most studies focus on accurately following parallel tracks in the field and seldom consider the maneuvers at the end of each row. Moreover, numerous studies have mainly focused on planning the global trajectories in the entire field to increase field efficiency, and very few works are related to maneuver generation and vehicle control in headlands. In this study, a feedforward-plus-proportional–integral–derivative controller for a differential drive robot in headland turning was developed. The feedforward-plus-proportional–integral–derivative controller consisted of a feedforward and a feedback loop. The feedforward loop was designed based on the heading errors of a lookahead point on the planning path. The feedback loop was designed based on radial errors to improve the tracking accuracy. Field comparison tests of feedforward, feedback, and feedforward-plus-proportional–integral–derivative controllers were conducted. Experimental results showed that the feedforward-plus-proportional–integral–derivative had better tracking results and took less turning time.

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Wang, Wenming, Jianqiang Guo, Jinchao Fan, Shimin Zhang, Xiaoxiao Zhu et Caidong Wang. « Research on the proportional-integral-derivative synchronous control method of the marine spherical isolation plug in the rotation process ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M : Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 234, n^o 4 (2 mai 2020) : 810–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475090220913704.

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The emergency pipeline repair technology is crucial to the maintenance and safety of pipelines under the emergency condition. In the offshore industry, the marine spherical isolation plug, a novel active plug device, is a significant emergency repair equipment of the hot tapping and line stop operation. In this article, the structure scheme and operation process of the marine spherical isolation plug are designed. A mathematic model is extracted from the proposed structure, and then the coordinates of the center of the spherical plug head is calculated using the D–H method. The displacements of the inserting hydraulic cylinder and the rotation hydraulic cylinder are investigated to provide the remote control data for the upper computer controller during the torsion process of the plug head. Moreover, a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) synchronous control method simulated by MATLAB is presented to reduce the rotation error of the plug head. To discuss the control strategy, a numerical model using ADAMS software is built. The results show that the error of the PID synchronous control method is more precise than that of the signal step-by-step control method; the number of steps of 90 is recommended in the actual operation. This article will provide theoretical guidance for the optimization design of the marine spherical isolation plug system.

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Wei Li. « Design of a hybrid fuzzy logic proportional plus conventional integral-derivative controller ». IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems 6, n^o 4 (1998) : 449–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/91.728430.

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Ganesh, C., et SK Patnaik. « Artificial neural network based proportional plus integral plus derivative controller for a brushless DC position control system ». Journal of Vibration and Control 18, n^o 14 (10 janvier 2012) : 2164–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546311429840.

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Gowthaman, E., V. Vinodhini, Mir Yasser Hussain, S. K. Dhinakaran et T. Sabarinathan. « Speed Control of Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor Using Hybrid Fuzzy Proportional plus Integral plus Derivative Controller ». Energy Procedia 117 (juin 2017) : 1101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.05.234.

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