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Articles de revues sur le sujet "PIRB (Program)"
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Simon, Marielle, Catherine Turcotte, and Renée Forgette-Giroux. "Impacts du pirs en milieu scolaire." Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation 21, no. 1 (2006): 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjpe.021.008.
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Abstract: This article examines the impact of the School Achievement Indicators Program (SAIP) on the educational system. SAIP is a Canada-wide program involving the large-scale assessment of student achievement in mathematics, science, reading, and writing. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews conducted with the SAIP’s jurisdictional coordinators (n = 20) and from surveys sent to participating school boards across Canada (n = 147). SAIP’s impact is described using two dimensions: intrinsic versus extrinsic and positive versus negative. Results revealed that poor communication between the coordinators and various educational stakeholders plays an important role in the level of impact. Recommendations are made for learning evaluation programs.
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Cane, Karen, Merrin Spackman, and H. A. Eagles. "Puroindoline genes and their effects on grain quality traits in southern Australian wheat cultivars." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, no. 1 (2004): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar03108.
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Grain hardness is a major determinant of the classification and end-use of wheat. Two genes, Pina-D1 and Pinb-D1, have a major effect on this trait, so for wheat breeding programs it is important to identify the alleles of these genes present in elite germplasm. This study was conducted to identify the alleles present in southern Australian germplasm, and to determine if they affected quality characteristics other than grain hardness.Only 3 genotypes were identified. These were Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a producing soft grain, Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b producing moderately hard grain, and Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a producing very hard grain. WW15 was the probable source of Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b in most cultivars; however, Halberd represented another source. An important source of Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a was the CIMMYT line Pavon, with sources from the old Australian cultivars Gabo and Falcon probably still present in modern germplasm.In an analysis of grain quality data from the Victorian Institute for Dryland Agriculture breeding program, the Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a genotype had a significantly higher water absorption and significantly lower milling yield than the Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b genotype, which indicates that these genes will impede the development of hard-grained cultivars that combine high water absorption and high milling yield.
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Fong, Jennifer. "An evaluation of an education abroad program on the intercultural learning and cross-cultural adaptability skills of university undergraduates." Higher Education Evaluation and Development 14, no. 2 (2020): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/heed-01-2020-0002.
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PurposeThe purpose of this case study is to explore to what extent US university undergraduates participating in a research abroad program through US–Taiwan Partnerships for International Research and Education (PIRE) developed intercultural awareness and cross-cultural adaptability skills. It also suggests additional program design features to enhance students' international experiences.Design/methodology/approachTo better understand participants' experiences in the PIRE program, this study adopts a mixed-methods approach. Demographic questionnaires, pre- and postsurveys, observational field notes and individual interviews were conducted for data collection and analysis.FindingsStudents perceived the experience abroad to improve their intercultural awareness and skills such as openness to cultural differences, coping with challenges abroad and effectively working in diverse teams. Specifically, quantitative findings reflected group gains in the areas of flexibility/openness and perceptual acuity, whereas qualitative findings indicated growth in students' emotional resilience and personal autonomy.Research limitations/implicationsAdditional data collection methods, such as pre-/postinstruments or a longitudinal study would provide a more comprehensive assessment of the impact of education abroad on students' intercultural learning.Social implicationsEvaluation of programs and outcomes can help identify areas to maximize student learning and assess the value of education abroad.Originality/valueThis is original research and makes a contribution to education abroad programs in postsecondary education.
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Huertas-García, Ana B., Carlos Guzmán, Facundo Tabbita, and Juan B. Alvarez. "Allelic Variation of Puroindolines Genes in Iranian Common Wheat Landraces." Agriculture 12, no. 8 (2022): 1196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081196.
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Wheat is one of the most widely grown crops in the world. One of the traits that defines wheat quality is grain hardness, which is determined by puroindolines (PINA and PINB) proteins encoded with Pina-D1 and Pinb-D1 genes. In this study, the diversity of Pina-D1 and Pinb-D1 was evaluated in a collection of 271 Iranian common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ssp. aestivum) landraces, whose kernels had previously been classified as hard or semi-hard based on PSI analysis. Three alleles previously described as associated with hard grain were detected in the collection: Pinb-D1b in 11 accessions, Pinb-d1ab in 175 accessions, and Pinb-d1p in 80 accessions. In addition, a novel allele tentatively named Pinb-d1ak was detected in Pinb-D1 and was characterized by a change at position 140 of the deduced protein (cysteine/tyrosine). On average, the accessions with this allele showed a lower PSI value than the accessions with other Pin allele. This means that this novel allele may be associated with harder grains than other Pin alleles and could be used by breeding programs targeting different grain hardness levels. This study highlights the importance of conserving and characterizing wheat genetic resources that could be used as sources of genetic variability in breeding programs.
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Matus-Cádiz, M. A., C. J. Pozniak, and P. Hucl. "Puroindoline allele diversity in Canadian and northern US hard spring wheat varieties differing in kernel hardness." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 88, no. 5 (2008): 873–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps07168.
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Kernel hardness, one of the most important factors in determining the end-use suitability of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), is largely influenced by puroindoline proteins a (PINA) and b (PINB). Soft texture is wildtype (Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a) with hard texture being determined by either Pina-D1 gene deletion or point mutations in Pinb-D1a. The objectives of this study were to determine kernel hardness indices (HI) and Pina-D1/Pinb-D1 allelic diversity in a diverse set of 81 Canadian (representing eight wheat classes) and 49 US hard spring wheat varieties. Varieties were grouped into two experimental sets grown in replicated trials in 2004–2006 at Saskatoon, SK. Variation existed among varieties with HI means ranging from 21.7 (CDC Zorba) to 72.7 (AC Morse) in exp. 1 and from 25.0 (HY320) to 66.1 (Norlander) in exp. 2. Only AC Andrew, CDC Zorba, and Red Fife were soft kernel textured and carried the wildtype Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a alleles. The majority of Canadian varieties were Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b (69%), while a greater frequency of US varieties was Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a (55%). Only four varieties, all from Quebec-based breeding programs, carried the Pinb-D1c allele. On average, varieties with the Pina-D1b allele had significantly harder kernels than those carrying the Pinb-D1b mutation. Durum wheat (T. turgidum L. var durum) varieties, included as hard-kernelled controls, possessed significantly harder kernels (average HI = 71.2) than spring wheat varieties with Pina-D1b (65.3). Varieties carrying Pina-D1b (null PINA) were harder than those carrying hardness mutations at the Pinb-D1 locus, but considerable overlap in hardness was evident among genotypic classes. This work represents the first extensive Pin genotyping combined with HI phenotyping survey of Canadian wheat varieties, which is expected to aid breeders in understanding how Pina-D1/Pinb-D1 allele composition is currently associated with kernel hardness across Canadian wheat classes. Key words: Triticum aestivum, kernel hardness, puroindolines
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Johnson, Robert L. "Consultation with the specialist." Pediatrics In Review 16, no. 5 (1995): 197–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.16.5.197.
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The wide array of therapeutic responses to substance use/abuse suggests that there is not one best approach to solve the problems of any one adolescent or young adult. Indeed, most young people require a variety of therapeutic interventions, which may include inpatient treatment, ambulatory therapeutic groups, and individual counseling, as well as self-help groups. In choosing a therapeutic program, the physician must be circumspect when interpreting the reported success or "cure" rates of any of these modalities. Such citations often are misleading because frequently they fail to reflect accurately the therapeutic influence of several important patient population variables that distinguish the programs. For example, an outpatient program may report better "cure" rates than an inpatient program because the ambulatory program may have enrolled clients who have more limited substance use patterns and who are more committed to abstinence. Furthermore, there is no standard methodology for reporting "rates of success." Some programs simply report a compliance rate for clients who attend meetings or scheduled therapeutic sessions, some report the numbers of clients who complete the program without any reference to recidivism, and some report the numbers of clients who are "drug-free" after 1 year. Given these caveats, the experience of most clinicians suggests that many adolescents who experiment with the traditional "gateway" drugs (eg, tobacco, alcohol, marijuana) respond well to outpatient group and individual therapy, those adolescents committed to a substance use/abuse pattern respond best to inpatient or residential programs, and adolescents who have a psychiatric/behavioral problem complicated by substance use/abuse require formal psychiatric treatment. Single-drug programs such as methadone maintenance or Alcoholics Anonymous have limited applicability for treatment of most adolescents who suffer from substance abuse.
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Sklaire, Martin W., and Thomas K. McInerny. "The Role of the Pediatrician in School Health." Pediatrics In Review 12, no. 3 (1990): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.12.3.69.
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Education and health are mutually dependent. If the child is not healthy, then he or she cannot be educated due to increased absenteeism. If the child is a failure in school, lack of self-esteem affects health and the relationship to the family and community. School health programs exist to support the education process. Most schools require that these programs be directed by a physician. Because of his or her training and interest in school children, the pediatrician thus takes on the responsibility of planning a school health program or acting as a liaison between the school, the child, and the family.1 SCHOOL HEALTH PROGRAM Administration and Planning
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De Sousa, Luciana Alves, Gabriel Mascarenhas Maciel, Fernando Cezar Juliatti, Igor Forigo Beloti, Ana Carolina Silva Siquieroli, and Andressa Alves Clemente. "Genetic dissimilarity between biofortified lettuce genotypes for leaf carotenoid levels." Comunicata Scientiae 11 (August 24, 2020): e3348. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v11i.3348.
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Lettuce is the main leafy vegetable, presenting the highest consumption and economic importance in the world. In the recent decades, concerns about vitamin A deficiency have led Brazilian researchers to develop cultivars with higher levels of carotenoids provitamin A. Therefore the experiment aimed to verify the genetic dissimilarity of biofortified lettuce genotypes, investigating the correlation between agronomic characteristics and the potential for use to increase the carotenoid content in future breeding programs. Ninety one genotypes were evaluated, with 86 lettuce strains from hybridization between cultivars Pira 72 versus Uberlândia 10000 (rich in carotenoids) followed by three successive self-fertilizations and 5 commercial cultivars (Grand Rapids; UFU MC BIOFORT1; Pira 72; Uberlândia 10000 and Robusta).During the course of the trial, were evaluated characteristics as chlorophyll content of the leaves, plant diameter, stem diameter and the number of leaves per plant were counted. Genetic diversity was represented by a dendrogram that was obtained using the hierarchical method of UPGMA and the optimization method of Tocher. There is genetic divergence between the lettuce genotypes analyzed, and the carotenoid content character contributed most significantly to the divergence between the evaluated genotypes. The UFU215#12 genotypes; UFU215#14; UFU215#2; UFU 215#1; UFU215#4; UFU199#3 and UFU199#2 have good agronomic characteristics and high levels of carotenoids, being promising to continue the biofortified lettuce breeding program, aiming to obtain new cultivars rich in carotenoids pro vitamin A.
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Henny, Lexi, Lauriana C. Gaudet, Kevin M. Lupo, Kenya Goods, Shadya Sanders, and Yanda Zhang. "Recommendations for Interinstitutional and Interdisciplinary Research Informed by a PIRE Graduate Student Cohort Perspective." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 103, no. 5 (2022): E1270—E1281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-21-0057.1.
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Abstract The U.S.–Taiwan Partnership for International Research and Education (PIRE) “Building Extreme Weather Resiliency through Improved Weather and Climate Prediction and Emergency Response Strategies” was an NSF-funded grant between universities and institutions in the United States and Taiwan that intended to understand 1) weather forecast uncertainty during extreme precipitation events and 2) how emergency managers use such information to make decisions. In this reflective paper, graduate students from the project’s working groups, including climate, ensemble, microphysics, and decision science, share their experiences of being involved in this ambitious program. A notable strength of this PIRE was its opportunities for international collaboration and related cultural experiences; however, despite direct student involvement in PIRE, student experiences varied considerably (e.g., research experiences, cultural exposure). Recommendations for improvement are informed predominantly by U.S.-based graduate student experiences and are discussed with the intention of bolstering future interdisciplinary research for students and investigators. To this end, projects of this scale and scope could benefit from more frequent communication among leadership and research groups, as well as explicitly outlining and prioritizing interactions between groups to focus and strengthen collaboration toward the completion of interdisciplinary research goals.
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Veraksa, Aleksander N., Anastasia N. Sidneva, Margarita S. Aslanova, and Valeria A. Plotnikova. "Effectiveness of Different Teaching Resources for Forming the Concept of Magnitude in Older Preschoolers with Varied Levels of Executive Functions." Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, no. 4 (2022): 62–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11621/pir.2022.0405.
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Background. Studies have shown the great importance of early mathematical development as a predictor of subsequent success, which poses the question of how to organize preschool mathematical education with a view to the children’s age characteristics, including their cognitive development. In other words, mathematical concepts and actions should be formed with the help of teaching resources appropriate to the child’s development. Objective. To determine the e" ectiveness of three teaching resources (examples, models, and symbols) in formation of the concept of magnitude in older preschoolers (ages 6–7) with di" erent levels of executive function. Design. Four training programs (with 15 twenty-minute lessons each) were developed and conducted in a formative experiment for older preschoolers with di" erent levels of development of executive functions. ! e lessons addressed the concept of magnitude (length, area, volume), using di" erent types of teaching resources: exemplars (in traditional and game variants), models, and symbols. ! e total sample of 116 subjects (44% boys) was divided into 4 groups for each of the programs, plus a control group in which no sessions were conducted. ! e groups were equalized according to the initial level of development of concepts of magnitude and the level of development of executive functions. Results. ! ere was a statistically signi# cant increase in the quality of mastery of the concept of magnitude in three experimental groups (“symbolic,” “traditional,” and “traditional with imaginary characters”) compared with the control group. ! e formative e" ect of the “model-building” program showed no signi# cant di" erences from the e" ect of the child’s natural development (the control group). We also showed that children with a low level of regulation learned mathematical concepts more e" ectively with the “symbolic” program; children with a medium level of regulation with the “symbolic” and any variant of the “traditional” program; and children with a high level of regulation with the “symbolic” and “model-building” programs. Conclusion. ! e # ndings underline the importance of both the type of teaching resources used and the level of development of voluntary regulation, when teaching mathematics to preschoolers.
Thèses sur le sujet "PIRB (Program)"
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Graça, Sirley Maclaine da. "O Programa Bolsa Família e o seu impacto no PIB dos municípios sergipanos (2004 - 2012)." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2015. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4554.
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This paper discusses on the Family Grant Program, framed as a public policy of
institutionalized income distribution in 2004. Whereas the GMP contributes to the
distribution of income in the poorest regions of Brazil, like the municipalities in
Sergipe, this study aims answer is no impact of direct income transfer GMP in GDP
(Gross Domestic Product) of municipalities in Sergipe. It has been in this study the
application of a model that checks among the variables values allocated to
municipalities with reference to the Family Grant Program - VPBF, revenues from
royalties, share of the ICMS, added value - agriculture, industry, services, transfers
received concerning the benefits paid by Social Security (retirement and
survivorship), population numbers and the independent variable (to be explained) -
GDP of each municipality, which more impact on the GDP of municipalities in
Sergipe. The analysis consists in the use of data analysis techniques in panel
combination with transverse time series analysis, considering the aforementioned
variables. The results, considering the various applied demonstrate that GMP has no
impact on GDP of the cities studied. For future work the proposal to hold a regional
study considering the economics site.<br>Esta dissertação aborda sobre o Programa Bolsa Família, enquadrado como política
pública de distribuição de renda institucionalizada no ano de 2004, esse tem como
objetivo ajudar famílias que tem filhos com idade entre zero e quinze anos ou
gestantes que estejam em situação de pobreza ou de extrema pobreza.
Considerando que o PBF contribui para a distribuição de renda nas regiões mais
pobres do Brasil, a exemplo dos municípios sergipanos, o presente estudo busca
responder se há impacto de transferência de renda direta do PBF no PIB (Produto
Interno Bruto) dos municípios sergipanos. Tem-se na realização deste estudo a
aplicação de um modelo que verifica dentre as variáveis: valores repassados aos
municípios com referencia ao Programa Bolsa Família - VPBF, receitas
com royalties, quota parte do ICMS, valor adicionado – agropecuária, indústria,
serviços, transferências recebidas referentes aos benefícios pagos pelo INSS
(aposentadoria e pensão por morte), número da população e a variável
independente (a ser explicada) - PIB de cada município, qual a que mais impacta no
PIB dos municípios sergipanos. A análise consiste na utilização da técnica de
análise de dados em painel, com combinação de análise transversal com série de
tempos, considerando as citadas variáveis. Os resultados obtidos, considerando as
variáveis aplicadas demonstram que o PBF não tem impacto significativo no PIB dos
municípios estudados. Sugere-se para trabalhos futuros a proposta de realizar um
estudo econométrico separado por regiões considerando suas especificidades
econômicas.
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Henry, Julien. "Static analysis of program by Abstract Interpretation and Decision Procedures." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENM037/document.
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L'analyse statique de programme a pour but de prouver automatiquement qu'un programme vérifie certaines propriétés. L'interprétation abstraite est un cadre théorique permettant de calculer des invariants de programme. Ces invariants sont des propriétés sur les variables du programme vraies pour toute exécution. La précision des invariants calculés dépend de nombreux paramètres, en particulier du domaine abstrait et de l'ordre d'itération utilisés pendant le calcul d'invariants. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons plusieurs extensions de cette méthode qui améliorent la précision de l'analyse.Habituellement, l'interprétation abstraite consiste en un calcul de point fixe d'un opérateur obtenu après convergence d'une séquence ascendante, utilisant un opérateur appelé élargissement. Le point fixe obtenu est alors un invariant. Il est ensuite possible d'améliorer cet invariant via une séquence descendante sans élargissement. Nous proposons une méthode pour améliorer un point fixe après la séquence descendante, en recommençant une nouvelle séquence depuis une valeur initiale choisie judiscieusement. L'interprétation abstraite peut égalementêtre rendue plus précise en distinguant tous les chemins d'exécution du programme, au prix d'une explosion exponentielle de la complexité. Le problème de satisfiabilité modulo théorie (SMT), dont les techniques de résolution ont été grandement améliorée cette décennie, permettent de représenter ces ensembles de chemins implicitement. Nous proposons d'utiliser cette représentation implicite à base de SMT et de les appliquer à des ordres d'itération de l'état de l'art pour obtenir des analyses plus précises.Nous proposons ensuite de coupler SMT et interprétation abstraite au sein de nouveaux algorithmes appelés Modular Path Focusing et Property-Guided Path Focusing, qui calculent des résumés de boucles et de fonctions de façon modulaire, guidés par des traces d'erreur. Notre technique a différents usages: elle permet de montrer qu'un état d'erreur est inatteignable, mais également d'inférer des préconditions aux boucles et aux fonctions.Nous appliquons nos méthodes d'analyse statique à l'estimation du temps d'exécution pire cas (WCET). Dans un premier temps, nous présentons la façon d'exprimer ce problème via optimisation modulo théorie, et pourquoi un encodage naturel du problème en SMT génère des formules trop difficiles pour l'ensemble des solveurs actuels. Nous proposons un moyen simple et efficace de réduire considérablement le temps de calcul des solveurs SMT en ajoutant aux formules certaines propriétés impliquées obtenues par analyse statique. Enfin, nous présentons l'implémentation de Pagai, un nouvel analyseur statique pour LLVM, qui calcule des invariants numériques grâce aux différentes méthodes décrites dans cette thèse. Nous avons comparé les différentes techniques implémentées sur des programmes open-source et des benchmarks utilisés par la communauté<br>Static program analysis aims at automatically determining whether a program satisfies some particular properties. For this purpose, abstract interpretation is a framework that enables the computation of invariants, i.e. properties on the variables that always hold for any program execution. The precision of these invariants depends on many parameters, in particular the abstract domain, and the iteration strategy for computing these invariants. In this thesis, we propose several improvements on the abstract interpretation framework that enhance the overall precision of the analysis.Usually, abstract interpretation consists in computing an ascending sequence with widening, which converges towards a fixpoint which is a program invariant; then computing a descending sequence of correct solutions without widening. We describe and experiment with a method to improve a fixpoint after its computation, by starting again a new ascending/descending sequence with a smarter starting value. Abstract interpretation can also be made more precise by distinguishing paths inside loops, at the expense of possibly exponential complexity. Satisfiability modulo theories (SMT), whose efficiency has been considerably improved in the last decade, allows sparse representations of paths and sets of paths. We propose to combine this SMT representation of paths with various state-of-the-art iteration strategies to further improve the overall precision of the analysis.We propose a second coupling between abstract interpretation and SMT in a program verification framework called Modular Path Focusing, that computes function and loop summaries by abstract interpretation in a modular fashion, guided by error paths obtained with SMT. Our framework can be used for various purposes: it can prove the unreachability of certain error program states, but can also synthesize function/loop preconditions for which these error states are unreachable.We then describe an application of static analysis and SMT to the estimation of program worst-case execution time (WCET). We first present how to express WCET as an optimization modulo theory problem, and show that natural encodings into SMT yield formulas intractable for all current production-grade solvers. We propose an efficient way to considerably reduce the computation time of the SMT-solvers by conjoining to the formulas well chosen summaries of program portions obtained by static analysis.We finally describe the design and the implementation of Pagai,a new static analyzer working over the LLVM compiler infrastructure,which computes numerical inductive invariants using the various techniques described in this thesis.Because of the non-monotonicity of the results of abstract interpretation with widening operators, it is difficult to conclude that some abstraction is more precise than another based on theoretical local precision results. We thus conducted extensive comparisons between our new techniques and previous ones, on a variety of open-source packages and benchmarks used in the community
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Bettonte, Gabriella. "Quantum approaches for Worst-Case Execution-Times analysis of programs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASG026.
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L'informatique quantique gagne en popularité dans la communauté informatique. La prise de conscience du potentiel de l'informatique quantique a commencée en 1981, lorsque Richard Feynman a imaginé la construction d'un ordinateur quantique. Cependant, le domaine a connu beaucoup de scepticisme quant à ses capacités pratiques à long terme pour résoudre les problèmes. En particulier, les chercheurs tente de relever le défi de construire des ordinateurs quantiques scalables et fiables. Dernièrement, de nombreuses entreprises ont obtenu des résultats encourageants et ont construit des machines quantiques avec suffisamment de qubits pour commencer à mener des expériences intéressantes dessus. Nous avons choisi l'évaluation du pire temps d'exécution (WCET) comme application de nos recherches sur l'informatique quantique, car elle est cruciale pour diverses applications temps réel. L'analyse WCET garantit que le temps d'exécution d'un programme respecte toutes les contraintes d'ordonnancement et de timing. Dans l'histoire des algorithmes quantiques, l'attention a souvent été accordée aux problèmes avec une structure mathématique particulière. L'évaluation des WCET, à l'opposé, n'est pas un problème a priori favorable au contexte quantique, et possède des solutions classiques efficaces déjà éprouvées. Ainsi, il est intéressant d'explorer l'impact de l'informatique quantique sur ce type de problèmes, dans l'esprit de trouver des domaines nouveaux et concrets dans lesquels l'informatique quantique pourrait apporter sa contribution. Si ce n'est pas le cas, la recherche dans ces domaines spécifiques peut aider à définir les limites des applications qui pourraient bénéficier de l'informatique quantique. Cette thèse présente différentes approches quantiques pour effectuer des évaluations WCETs de programmes pour des modèles simplifiés<br>Quantum computing is gaining popularity in the computer science community. The awareness of the potential of quantum computing started in 1981, when Richard Feynman first speculated about building a quantum computer. However, until recently, the field has known much skepticism about its long-term practical capabilities to solve problems. In particular, researchers are still facing the challenge of building scalable and reliable quantum computers. Lately, many companies have obtained encouraging results and built quantum machines with enough qubits to start conducting interesting experiments. We chose the worst-case execution-time (WCET) evaluation as the application of our research on quantum computing, as it is crucial for various real-time applications. WCET analysis guarantees that a program's execution time matches all the scheduling and timing constraints. In quantum algorithms history, attention was often given to problems with a particular mathematical structure. The WCETs evaluation, as an opposite, is not a particularly quantum-friendly problem, and it has already proven efficient classical solutions. Hence, it is worth exploring the impact of quantum computing on those kinds of problems, with the spirit of finding new and concrete fields to which quantum computing could bring its potential. If not, research on such specific fields will help to set the boundaries of which applications could benefit from quantum computing. This thesis presents different quantum approaches to perform WCETs evaluations of programs under simplified assumptions
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Tarroni, Stefano. "Valutazione dell'adeguatezza del programma di gestione dell'invecchiamento negli stabilimenti a rischio di incidente rilevante: un caso di studio." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022.
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L’invecchiamento delle installazioni industriali è stato oggetto di una crescente attenzione nell’ultimo decennio, sia da parte delle autorità pubbliche che dall’industria, legata al fatto che molte delle installazioni industriali attualmente in esercizio hanno raggiunto o superato la fine della loro vita nominale di progetto. Tale constatazione solleva la questione di come gestire in modo sicuro gli impianti datati e come rallentare l’invecchiamento di quelli più recenti. È compito del gestore dello stabilimento sincerarsi delle condizioni degli elementi presenti e mettere in atto un adeguato piano ispettivo e manutentivo, per ridurre al minimo la possibilità che si verifichi un incidente rilevante imputabile all’invecchiamento degli elementi stessi.
Questo elaborato di tesi si propone di valutare l’adeguatezza del programma di gestione dell’invecchiamento degli elementi critici di uno stabilimento a rischio di incidente rilevante, applicando un metodo ad indici descritto all’interno di una Linea Guida messa a punto da un gruppo di lavoro inter-istituzionale coordinato dall’Istituto Nazionale Assicurazione contro gli Infortuni sul Lavoro (INAIL).
Il presente lavoro di tesi si compone di 6 capitoli. Il Capitolo 1 è di carattere introduttivo. Il Capitolo 2 tratta il fenomeno dell’invecchiamento, spiegando come questo si manifesti, da dove si origini e quali apparecchiature ne sono maggiormente interessate. Il Capitolo 3 descrive il metodo INAIL per la valutazione della gestione dell’invecchiamento delle apparecchiature. Il Capitolo 4 descrive lo stabilimento presso il quale è stato sviluppato il lavoro di tesi, che rappresenta il caso di studio, a cui il metodo INAIL è stato applicato. Il Capitolo 5 presenta l’applicazione del metodo INAIL allo stabilimento assunto come caso di studio. Infine, il Capitolo 6 contiene alcune considerazioni conclusive.
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Luo, Hu. "Quantified PIRT and uncertainty quantification for computer code validation." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/35475.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study is intended to investigate and propose a systematic method for uncertainty quantification for the computer code validation application. Uncertainty quantification has gained more and more attentions in recent years. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) requires the use of realistic best estimate (BE) computer code to follow the rigorous Code Scaling, Application and Uncertainty (CSAU) methodology. In CSAU, the Phenomena Identification and Ranking Table (PIRT) was developed to identify important code uncertainty contributors. To support and examine the traditional PIRT with quantified judgments, this study proposes a novel approach, the Quantified PIRT (QPIRT), to identify important code models and parameters for uncertainty quantification. Dimensionless analysis to code field equations to generate dimensionless groups (�� groups) using code simulation results serves as the foundation for QPIRT. Uncertainty quantification using DAKOTA code is proposed in this study based on the sampling approach. Nonparametric statistical theory identifies the fixed number of code run to assure the 95 percent probability and 95 percent confidence in the code uncertainty intervals.<br>Graduation date: 2013<br>Access restricted to the OSU Community, at author's request, from Dec. 5, 2012 - Dec. 5, 2013
Livres sur le sujet "PIRB (Program)"
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de, Assumpção Eracilda, and Costa Marinês Ulbriki, eds. Resgate histórico do PIEB. Editora da Uri, 2005.
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de, Assumpção Eracilda, and Costa Marinês Ulbriki, eds. Resgate histórico do PIEB. Editora da Uri, 2005.
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Borbolla, Francisco Manuel Acuña, Jorge Ramos Hernández, and Mario Ortiz Villacorta Lacave. Nuestro destino común: El Programa Integral de Repavimentación de Tijuana (PIRE). XIX Ayuntamiento de Tijuana, 2010.
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Borbolla, Francisco Manuel Acuña, Jorge Ramos Hernández, and Mario Ortiz Villacorta Lacave. Nuestro destino común: El Programa Integral de Repavimentación de Tijuana (PIRE). XIX Ayuntamiento de Tijuana, 2010.
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Giorgio La Pira e il "piano latte": La funzione sociale della Centrale. Polistampa, 2010.
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Indonesia. Direktorat Jenderal Pengerahan dan Pembinaan., ed. Laporan penyusunan rancangan program penempatan transmigrasi KKLK, sisipan, dan swakarsa di 14 propinsi daerah transmigrasi: Transmigrasi PIR khusus. Departemen Transmigrasi, Direktorat Jenderal Pengerahan dan Pembinaan, 1990.
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Victoria, Castro R., and Universidad de Chile. Programa Interdisciplinario de Estudios en Biodiversidad., eds. Ciencia indígena de los Andes del norte de Chile: Programa Interdisciplinario de Estudios en Biodiversidad (PIEB), Universidad de Chile. Editorial Universitaria, S.A., 2004.
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Indonesia. Direktorat Jenderal Penyiapan Pemukiman. Direktorat Bina Program., ed. Rencana kerangka satuan kawasan pengembangan (RKSKP) (PIR-TRANS) lokasi Timpeh, WPP XVII/SKP G, Kota Baru, Propinsi Sumatera Barat: Program tahun 1988/1989 : final report. Departemen Transmigrasi, Direktorat Jenderal Penyiapan Pemukiman, Direktorat Bina Program, 1988.
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Pureza, José Manuel, Maria Raquel Freire, and Paula Duarte Lopes. A Multidimensionalidade da Paz: Dinâmicas de Política Internacional e Resolução de Conflitos. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-1262-1.
Texte intégralRésumé :
No ano em que se celebra o décimo quinto aniversário do programa de doutoramento em Política Internacional e Resolução de Conflitos (PIRC), este livro recolhe contributos dos/as nove primeiros/as doutores/as nele formados/as. Os ensaios agora publicados são sínteses das teses de doutoramento defendidas no programa e dão nota, por isso, do património de reflexão inicial construído neste contexto e que, desde então, tem vindo a ser acrescentado e aprofundado temática e metodologicamente. Através destes nove estudos, é partilhada com a comunidade de leitores uma leitura do mundo que tem a construção de uma paz multidimensional como seu foco e que exprime os caminhos percorridos nos primeiros quinze anos por este laboratório de debate e de reflexão que é o Doutoramento PIRC. Expressando a pluralidade de abordagens que é assumida por este programa doutoral, este conjunto de estudos adota ângulos diversos de abordagem da centralidade dessa paz exigente e multidimensional no sistema internacional contemporâneo.
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Varela Villegas, Rodrigo, and Carlos Arango. Actividad emprendedora. Colombia un país en reactivación: 2021-2022. Universidad Icesi, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18046/eui/gem.2022.
Texte intégralRésumé :
En este libro se ha dado énfasis a los entornos económicos y empresariales, pues es allí donde la política pública de apoyo a los procesos de creación y desarrollo de empresas tiene el mayor efecto. El hecho de que la economía colombiana se haya recuperado y presente, a la fecha de escritura de este informe, cifras muy favorables de crecimiento de algunos indicadores económicos (PIB, PIB-PC, tasa de empleo, índice GINI, porcentaje de población bajo línea de pobreza, etc.), aun con respecto a momentos prepandemia, es el resultado de un esfuerzo conjunto entre el gobierno y los empresarios y por ello se investigaron los programas y las acciones, que tanto el Gobierno como los empresarios pusieron en marcha para iniciar el proceso de recuperación [Rodrigo Varela Villegas].
Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "PIRB (Program)"
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Huang, Xiaobing, Tian Zhao, and Yu Cao. "PIR." In Web Design and Development. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8619-9.ch035.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Multimedia Information Retrieval (MIR) is a problem domain that includes programming tasks such as salient feature extraction, machine learning, indexing, and retrieval. There are a variety of implementations and algorithms for these tasks in different languages and frameworks, which are difficult to compose and reuse due to the interface and language incompatibility. Due to this low reusability, researchers often have to implement their experiments from scratch and the resulting programs cannot be easily adapted to parallel and distributed executions, which is important for handling large data sets. In this paper, we present Pipeline Information Retrieval (PIR), a Domain Specific Language (DSL) for multi-modal feature manipulation. The goal of PIR is to unify the MIR programming tasks by hiding the programming details under a flexible layer of domain specific interface. PIR optimizes the MIR tasks by compiling the DSL programs into pipeline graphs, which can be executed using a variety of strategies (e.g. sequential, parallel, or distributed execution). The authors evaluated the performance of PIR applications on single machine with multiple cores, local cluster, and Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) platform. The result shows that the PIR programs can greatly help MIR researchers and developers perform fast prototyping on single machine environment and achieve nice scalability on distributed platforms.
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Sina D., Ilyass. "Microcrédits aux plus pauvres et sécurité sociale a Pira (Bénin)." In Aux carrefours de la langue, de la littérature, de la didactique et de la société : la recherche francophone en action. Observatoire européen du plurilinguisme, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/oep.agbef.2021.01.0171.
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La pauvret&#233; est un ph&#233;nom&#232;ne qui touche en majorit&#233; les populations des zones rurales dans les pays en d&#233;veloppement tel que le B&#233;nin. Dans le souci d&#8217;&#233;radiquer ce fl&#233;au, le gouvernement du B&#233;nin a entrepris une politique d&#233;nomm&#233;e &#171;&#160;microcr&#233;dits aux plus pauvres&#160;&#187;. Ce programme consiste &#224; octroyer des cr&#233;dits d&#8217;une valeur basique de 30.000fcfa aux femmes vivant dans des situations &#233;conomiques difficiles. Cet article analyse les effets sociaux du programme sur les femmes b&#233;n&#233;ficiaires. Pour conduire cette recherche, la d&#233;marche qualitative a &#233;t&#233; consid&#233;r&#233;e. Les entretiens semi-structur&#233;s et l&#8217;observation directe ont &#233;t&#233; utilis&#233;s pour collecter les donn&#233;es aupr&#232;s de 138 femmes b&#233;n&#233;ficiaires reparties en 27 associations. L&#8217;analyse des donn&#233;es montre que le programme a plus particip&#233; au renforcement de la vie associative qu&#8217;&#224; la r&#233;duction de la pauvret&#233;. Par ailleurs, les femmes b&#233;n&#233;ficiaires interrog&#233;es ont une vision du bien-&#234;tre, diff&#233;rente de celle du gouvernement qui s&#8217;en est appropri&#233; &#224; des fins &#233;lectorales.
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Cholet, Théo. "Annuaire français de relations internationales." In Annuaire français de relations internationales. Éditions Panthéon-Assas, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/epas.ferna.2024.01.0181.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Traitant de l’interventionnisme militaire américain à la lumière de l’invasion de l’Ukraine par la Russie, l’article défend l’idée que l’aide militaire accordée à Kiev est plus qu’une aide : elle serait en soi une forme d’intervention voilée. Pour ce faire, sont étudiés dans un premier temps l’adoption du programme Lend-Lease , le déclenchement de la première guerre du Golfe et leur inaction au pire du génocide Rwandais ainsi que lors de l’annexion illégale de la Crimée en 2014. Ceci dans l’objectif de constituer une grille de lecture permettant de comprendre les ressorts de l’aide à l’Ukraine et sa caractérisation en tant qu’intervention.
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Garcia Junior, Nelson Calsavara. "A POLÍTICA ECONÔMICA DO GOVERNO LULA: UMA ANÁLISE DO I PLANO DE ACELERAÇÃO DO CRESCIMENTO." In Perspectivas e reflexões em Sociologia. Bookerfield Editora, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53268/bkf21091601.
Texte intégralRésumé :
O objetivo desse artigo foi analisar o Plano de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC), em sua primeira versão (2007-2010), utilizando como base de informações os relatórios disponibilizados no site do programa. Nesse material foram encontrados vários problemas que impediram uma avaliação precisa, como a falta de dados macroeconômicos sobre o reflexo do programa na economia, a ausência de uma relação e o acompanhamento de todas as obras, a falta de identificação de quais estavam a cargo da iniciativa pública e privada, a supressão de justificativas tanto para os atrasos, como para aquelas que não foram realizadas, os apontamentos do Tribunal de Contas da União (TCU) e ainda a discordância dos indicadores elaborados e dos resultados apresentados, uma vez que os dados disponibilizados, apontaram que na primeira versão, 82% dos valores previstos foram realizados. Para situar o programa, optou-se pela breve reconstrução da política econômica dos mandatos presidenciais de Lula, que contou com o cenário internacional oportuno, favoreceu o crédito e o consumo interno, adotou políticas sociais focalizadas, aumentou a dívida interna e reduziu a externa, promoveu isenções fiscais, com reflexos positivos para o PIB, o IDH e o índice de Gini.
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Fischer, G., and J. U. Rahfeld. "Escherichia coli parvulin." In Guidebook to Molecular Chaperones and Protein-Folding Catalysts. Oxford University PressOxford, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198599494.003.00171.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Parvulin (latin: parvulus, very small) is the first member of a new family of PPIases, sharing no sequence homology in their amino acid sequence to the cyclophilins or FKBPs. The enzyme was purified from Escherichia coli cells by monitoring the enzymatic activity with the protease-coupled PPIase assay. The mature enzyme consists only of 92 amino acid residues. To our knowledge parvulin represents the smallest known enzyme being enzymatically active as a monomer. The amino acid sequence of parvulin was determined by Edman degradation (Rahfeld et al., 1994a). The corresponding gene was identified by translation from the amino acid sequence using the TFASTA (Rahfeld et al., 1994a) or TBLASTN (Rudd et al., 1995) program. It was localized in the E. coli genome between 84.5 and 86.5 minutes, a previously unidentified open reading frame between the E. coli ilvC and rep genes in the ECOUW85U sequence (Daniels et al., 1992). This gene encodes a protein consisting of 93 amino acid residues (PIR accession number S45525).
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Di Carvalho, Maria Angélica, Michelly Casagrande Stragliotto, José Alves dos Santos Júnior, and Dáfilla Yara Oliveira de Brito. "AVANÇOS NA HIBRIDAÇÃO E POLINIZAÇÃO CONTROLADA: IMPULSIONANDO O SETOR DE FLORESTAS PLANTADAS NO BRASIL." In Tópicos Especiais em Engenharia Florestal - Volume 1. Editora Científica Digital, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.37885/240416456.
Texte intégralRésumé :
O setor de florestas plantadas no Brasil desempenha um papel crucial na economia, representando uma parcela significativa do PIB e gerando milhões de empregos. Para atender à crescente demanda por madeira de alta qualidade, são necessários métodos avançados de melhoramento genético, como a hibridação. Essa técnica, que combina diferentes progenitores para aumentar a heterose, é fundamental para obter árvores superiores em crescimento, adaptação e qualidade da madeira. Programas de melhoramento envolvem diversas etapas, desde a seleção de espécies até a formação de pomares de sementes e a realização da polinização controlada. Neste contexto, a polinização controlada, especialmente no gênero Eucalyptus, desempenha um papel fundamental na produção de sementes híbridas. Técnicas como a One Stop Pollination (OSP) e a Protoginia Artificialmente Induzida (PAI) surgiram para aumentar a eficiência operacional dos cruzamentos. Esses avanços são essenciais para garantir a produtividade e qualidade das florestas plantadas, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento sustentável do setor florestal brasileiro.
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M, Santhiya, Siva Rathnam M, Radha Krishnan T, and Nishanth S. "Smart Forest Fire Identification and Notification System Using Iot Based Wireless Sensor Networks." In Intelligent Systems and Computer Technology. IOS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/apc200203.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Wildlife and wildlife authorities face the problem of animal migration from woodland to residential areas in the present environment. Natural calamities triggered by nature, wind and dry undergrowth will destroy acres of land and consume everything in their way that causes significant harm to both natural and human capital. The proposed system to design an IoT-based system that will be able to detect the fire as soon as possible before the fire spreads over the wide area and prevent poaching. Raspberry interfacing with a temperature sensor, a smoke sensor, webcam and a buzzer. GSM gateway is used to conduct this project to provide the user with the final SMS via given number in simulation program. The temperature sensor used to indicate high and low temperatures, the PIR sensor designed to track human activity on the LCD display, the flame sensor used to signify the intensity of flames and the forest fire observed on the LCD display. Once large, image processing is used to determine the accuracy of the fire rate. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) for data processing to be used as input data in our control system. WSN comprising of temperature sensor system and GPS module to sense forest fire by measuring the level and sending its position to the server utilizing GSM communication contact and GPS functionality. Raspberry Pi cluster, a complicated computation is broken into multiple parts using MPI, and each component runs on separate raspberry pi device. Such sections will be analysed in sequence and then MPI must merge the output and turn it over to the user, essentially they operate as individual units (but in tandem and together) to produce very quick results.
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Camberos Castro, Mario, and Joaquín Bracamontes Nevárez. "La crisis del COVID-19 y su impacto en la economía de México y Sonora: la efectividad de la política social de la 4T para combatirla." In Política social en tiempos de la Cuarta Transformación. Continuidad o cambio de paradigma. Ediciones Comunicación Científica, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52501/cc.081.12.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A nivel mundial la pandemia ha dejado más de 236 millones de contagios y alrededor de 3 millones de muertos (OMS, 3 de octubre 2021), de los cuales 44 millones de contagios, así como poco más de 700 000 muertos corresponden a los Estados Unidos (John Hopkins University, 12 de octubre 2021); es necesario destacarlo porque incluso en este aspecto México ha observado un comportamiento similar en la ola de la pandemia con cerca de 3 730 millones de contagios y poco más de 283 000 muertos (John Hopkins University, 12 de octubre 2021). En lo económico, como consecuencia de la pandemia el mundo sufrió la caída de alrededor de 4% del producto interno bruto (PIB) (FMI), la pérdida de más de 400 000 empleos formales y de 2.5 billones de dólares de ingresos de los trabajadores (ILO, 2020); mientras que en el país del norte se estimó la caída de 2% del PIB y alrededor de 40 millones de desempleados o a medio sueldo que recibían apoyo del gobierno norteamericano (CNN News, 2020). ¿Qué sucedió en México? ¿Qué medidas se tomaron para combatir la pandemia? Para responder esto nos planteamos como objetivo de este trabajo mostrar el impacto del COVID-19 en el bienestar y las medidas de política social que implementó la Cuarta Transformación (4T) para enfrentarlo. Para enfrentar la crisis y proteger el bienestar de la población el gobierno de la 4T implementó la Nueva Política Social (NPS) basada en la filosofía “Primero los Pobres”, apuntalada por las transferencias monetarias directas a los hogares y los programas de empleo y construcción de mega-obras en la regiones más pobres del sur y sureste de México, permitieron reducir el impacto de la pandemia a 66 millones, 50.19% de la población, 6 millones más que en el 2018, pero la mitad de lo estimado inicialmente en más de 71 millones de pobres por la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) y el propio Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo (Coneval), incluso menor al incremento alcanzado en las crisis del “error de diciembre” y de las “hipotecas;” por lo tanto, es recomendable continuar con la NPS, que en efecto funciono como una red de protección para los más vulnerables y las clases medias.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "PIRB (Program)"
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Hassanien, Sherif, Len Leblanc, Javier Cuervo, and Karmun Cheng. "Pipeline Integrity Reliability Analysis Levels." In 2016 11th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2016-64423.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Reliability engineering science is a mature discipline that has been used extensively in industries such as aviation, nuclear energy, automobiles, and structures. The application of reliability principles (especially structural reliability) in oil and gas transmission pipelines is still an active area of development. The advent of high resolution in-line inspections tools (ILI) facilitates a formal application/utilization of reliability methods in pipeline integrity in order to safely manage deformation, metal loss, and crack threats. At the same time, the massive amount of ILI data, their associated uncertainties, and the availability/accuracy of failure prediction models present a challenge for operators to effectively implement the use of reliability analysis to check the safety of integrity programs within available timeframes. On the other hand, approximate reliability techniques may affect the analysis in terms of both accuracy and precision. In this paper, a Pipeline Integrity Reliability Analysis (PIRA) approach is presented where the sophistication of the reliability analysis is staged into three levels: PIRA levels I, II and III. The three PIRA levels correspond to different representations of integrity uncertainties, uses of available validated/calibrated data, uses of statistical models for operating pressure and resistance random variables, implementation of reliability methods, and consideration of failure modes. Moreover, PIRA levels allow for improved integration of reliability analysis with the existing timelines/stages of traditional integrity programs, such that integrity data are updated as the integrity program progresses. The proposed integrity reliability approach allows for the delivery of safety checks leveraging all types of information available at any given point in time. In addition, the approach provides a full understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of each PIRA level. Pipeline corrosion case studies are provided herein to illustrate how the PIRA Levels can be applied to integrity programs.
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Nie, Wenjing. "Research on PIR Technology Program." In 2022 2nd International Conference on Electronic Information Technology and Smart Agriculture (ICEITSA). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceitsa57468.2022.00055.
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Othman, Hisham, Khoi Vu, Atri Bera, Cody Newlun, and James Ellison. "Probabilistic Integrated Resource Planning (pIRP)." In Proposed for presentation at the DOE Energy Storage Program Peer Review held October 11-13, 2022 in Albuquerque, NM. US DOE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2005435.
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Calderón, Roberto, Jorge Augusto Arredondo, Erasmo Cadenas, and Fernando Mayagoitia. "Vivienda net-zero en Mexicali, B.C, un camino hacia las políticas energéticas en desarrollos habitacionales sustentables." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7634.
Texte intégralRésumé :
En México, la energía es considerada una de las actividades económicas más importantes; además de constituir la fuente principal del ingreso público. El sector energético contribuye al PIB en un 3%; las exportaciones petroleras representan el 8.4% del total nacional y los impuestos de los hidrocarburos aportan el 37% de los ingresos fiscales.
 En esta investigación, se realizó una evaluación térmica de dos viviendas ubicadas en Mexicali, B.C.; una denominada caso base y otra Net-Zero. La primera es la vivienda con el sistema constructivo tal y como el desarrollador la entrega, y la segunda, es una vivienda a la cual se le aplicaron los sistemas de aislamientos propuesto por Norma 460 de eficiencia energética mexicana (NMX-460), además de los electrodomésticos de alta eficiencia, focos ahorradores y sistemas de aire acondicionado EER 13.
 Las viviendas evaluadas son de interés medio alto, con una superficie aproximada de 137 m2; los objetivos generales de esta investigación se centraron en reducir la vivienda caso base con un consumo eléctrico anual de 15,000 kWh a una línea base de consumo mínima (Net-Zero) de 8000 kWh, consumo que permitirá diseñar un sistema fotovoltaico que servirá para autoabastecer a la propia vivienda; aunado a esto, el programa REEP (Renewable Energy Efficiency Program), fondo canadiense se involucró en la financiación del programa piloto de monitoreo de vivienda Net-Zero, sumándose a este esfuerzo la CONAVI (Comisión Nacional de Vivienda) y apoyando con la validación y factibilidad de dicho proyecto en la parte técnica-operativa la CFE (Comisión Federal de Electricidad) subdivisión Mexicali.
 Los resultados mostraron que la vivienda Net-Zero es posible desarrollarla bajo el contexto Mexicano, con el sentido de generar políticas energéticas que direccionen desde la construcción del sistema físico, las tecnologías aplicadas, los electrodomésticos utilizados, los sistemas de aire acondicionado eficientes, el patrón de uso de la misma, así como las características de la energía fotovoltaica y sus técnicas de aplicación, tanto de interconexión a la red como los sistemas de medidores bidireccionales aplicados a este tipo de sistemas. Finalmente, la investigación muestra el costo beneficio y el retorno de inversión de un sistema fotovoltaico aplicado a una vivienda con estas características. In Mexico, energy is considered one of the most important economic activities; besides constituting the main source of public inputs, the power sector contributes the PIB in a 3%; petroleum exports represent the 8 4% of the national total and the hydrocarbon taxes contribute 37% of the fiscal income. In this investigation, a thermal evaluation of two houses located in Mexicali, B.C. was made; one denominated as case base and the other as Net-Zero. First we have the house with the constructive system as the developer delivers it and the second, is a house to which insulation systems were applied, proposed by Mexican energy efficiency norm 460 (NMX-460), besides the electric home appliances of high efficiency, saving and air conditioned systems EER 14. The evaluated dwellings are medium high interest, with an approximated surface of 137 m2, the general purpose of this research consists in reducing the dwelling case base with an annual electrical consumption of 15.000 kWh to a minimum consumption (Net-Zero) of 8000 kWh, allowing to design a photovoltaic system that will serve to self supply the house; combined to this, REEP (Renewable Energy Efficiency Program) Canadian funds, that became involved in the financed test monitoring program of Net-Zero dwelling, included to this effort the CONAVI (National Commission of Dwelling) and supported with the validation and feasibility of this project in the technique-operative part by CFE (Federal Commission of Electricity) Mexicali’s subdivision.
 The results showed that it is possible to develop the Net-Zero house under a Mexican context, with the intention of generating energetic policies that conduct the construction of the physical system, the applied technologies, the used electric home appliances, the efficient air conditioned systems, the factor use, the characteristics of photovoltaic energy and their technicians meaning the ones in charge of interconnection to the network like the systems of bidirectional measurers applied to this type of systems. Finally the research shows the cost benefit and the reinvestment applying photovoltaic systems to a house with these characteristics and the energy policies that must be considered.
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Kawada, Ken-ichi, Ikken Sato, Yoshiharu Tobita, Werner Pfrang, Laurence Buffe, and Emmanuelle Dufour. "Development of PIRT (Phenomena Identification and Ranking Table) for SAS-SFR (SAS4A) Validation." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30679.
Texte intégralRésumé :
SAS-SFR (derived from SAS4A) is presently the most advanced computer code for simulation of the primary phase of the Core Disruptive Accident (CDA) of MOX-fueled Sodium-cooled Fast Reactors (SFR). In the past two decades, intensive model improvement works have been conducted for SAS-SFR utilizing the experimental data from the CABRI programs. The main target of the present work is to confirm validity of these improved models through a systematic and comprehensive set of test analyses to demonstrate that the improved models has a sufficient quality assurance level for applications to reactor conditions. In order to reach these objectives, an approach of PIRT (Phenomena Identification and Ranking Table) on a set of accident scenarios has been applied. Based on the fact that there have been a significant amount of validation studies for decades, development of the code validation matrix concentrated on key issues. Different accident scenarios have been chosen for the PIRT considering typical SFR accident transients that address a large range of phenomena. As the most important and typical Core Disruptive Accident scenarios leading to generalized core melting and to be addressed with SAS-SFR in the present study, ULOF (Unprotected Loss Of Flow), UTOP (Unprotected Transient OverPower) and ULOHS (Unprotected Loss Of Heat Sink) are selected. The PIRT process applied to a given accident scenario consists in an identification of the phenomena involved during the accident, the evaluation of the importance of the phenomena regarding to the evolution and consequences, and the evaluation of the status of knowledge based on the review of available experimental results. The identified phenomena involved in ULOF are explained as follows for the primary phase. Starting from initiating events, a loss of grid power leading to flow coast down without scram is assumed. The scenario up to coolant boiling is the main point within the first part of the ULOF phenomenological chart. Those elements related to reactivity feedback, such as heat up of coolant, fuel and various structures and their deformation due to the thermal transient are picked up. Depending on the time scale before boiling starts, primary, secondary and tertiary loop heat transfer including the DHR (Decay Heat Removal) system response is concerned since it defines the core inlet coolant temperature. Core inlet coolant temperature gives direct impact on the thermal condition of the core. It also affects reactivity through thermal expansion of the grid plate. In the second part of the ULOF phenomenological chart, elements such as coolant boiling, mechanical response of the fuel pin leading to cladding failure, FCI (Fuel-Coolant Interaction) and post-failure material relocation are picked up. This part of the chart is basically common to the ULOHS. Respective identified phenomena are to be simulated in the SAS-SFR code. To validate the function of the models in the code, ten high priority CABRI experiments are selected. Validation studies on these tests are underway. With the present study, important phenomena involved in ULOF, UTOP and ULOHS were identified and an evaluation matrix for the selected CABRI experiments was developed.
6
Jurado Paz, Irina Margarita. "Articulación de la proyección social con la gestión universitaria en innovación social. Una mirada hacia la realidad del entorno y la contribución hacia él." In INNODOCT 2018. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/inn2018.2018.8831.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A partir de la experiencia vivida en el Programa de Internado Rural Interuniversitario –PIRI-, ejercicio académico interinstitucional y extracurricular que ha permitido fortalecer la gestión de emprendimiento e innovación social al interior de la Corporación Universitaria Autónoma de Nariño; nace la necesidad de hacer un análisis sobre la innovación social, y cómo ésta contribuye a resolver problemas que afectan a una comunidad en particular, centrándose en las comunidades conectado a las personas con el objetivo de crear valor, así como, en conjunto visibilizando el conocimiento las oportunidades y alternativas desde una perspectiva interdisciplinaria y abierta. En Latinoamérica se ha empezado a realizar a través de un contexto académico, en especial por parte de las universidades, desde los ejercicios de proyección social, para vincular a los estudiantes con el entorno y la sociedad, a partir de los cuales es posible sintetizar lecciones aprendidas de cara a la configuración de modelos de gestión integral de los dos conceptos como herramientas pedagógicas para el fortalecimiento de las competencias propias de un profesional del siglo XXI. Con base en la estructura generada dentro de esta práctica académica, se permite que los futuros profesionales fortalezcan sus competencias ciudadanas, básicas y potencializar las técnicas o específicas a partir de un trabajo participativo.
7
Fong, Jeffrey T., N. Alan Heckert, James J. Filliben, and Steven R. Doctor. "Three Approaches to Quantification of NDE Uncertainty and a Detailed Exposition of the Expert Panel Approach Using the Sheffield Elicitation Framework." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84771.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Section XI Committee is currently developing a new Division 2 nuclear code entitled the “Reliability and Integrity Management (RIM) program,” with which one is able to arrive at a risk-informed, NDE-based engineering maintenance decision by estimating and managing all uncertainties for the entire life cycle including design, material selection, degradation processes, operation and non-destructive examination (NDE). This paper focuses on the uncertainty of the NDE methods employed for preservice and inservice inspections due to a large number of factors such as the NDE equipment type and age, the operator’s level and years of experience, the angle of probe, the flaw type, etc. In this paper, we describe three approaches with which uncertainty in NDE-risk-informed decision making can be quantified: (1) A regression model approach in analyzing round-robin experimental data such as the 1981–82 Piping Inspection Round Robin (PIRR), the 1986 Mini-Round Robin (MRR) on intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) detection and sizing, and the 1989–90 international Programme for the Inspection of Steel Components III-Austenitic Steel Testing (PISC-AST). (2) A statistical design of experiments approach. (3) An expert knowledge elicitation approach. Based on a 2003 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) report by Heasler and Doctor (NUREG/CR-6795), we observe that the first approach utilized round robin studies that gave NDE uncertainty information on the state of the art of the NDE technology employed from the early 1980s to the early 1990s. This approach is very time-consuming and expensive to implement. The second approach is based on a design-of-experiments (DEX) of eight field inspection exercises for finding the length of a subsurface crack in a pressure vessel head using ultrasonic testing (UT), where five factors (operator’s service experience, UT machine age, cable length, probe angle, and plastic shim thickness), were chosen to quantify the sizing uncertainty of the UT method. The DEX approach is also time-consuming and costly, but has the advantage that it can be tailored to a specific defect-detection and defect-sizing problem. The third approach using an expert panel is the most efficient and least costly approach. Using the crack length results of the second approach, we introduce in this paper how the expert panel approach can be implemented with the application of a software package named the Sheffield Elicitation Framework (SHELF). The crack length estimation with uncertainty results of the three approaches are compared and discussed. Significance and limitations of the three uncertainty quantification approaches to risk assessment of NDE-based engineering decisions are presented and discussed.
8
White, Jeff J., James N. Carroll, and Howard E. Haines. "Emissions From Snowmobile Engines Using Bio-based Fuels and Lubricants." In Small Engine Technology Conference & Exposition. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/978483.
Texte intégralRésumé :
<div class="htmlview paragraph"> </div> <div class="htmlview paragraph"> </div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Snowmobile engine emissions are of concern in environmentally sensitive areas, such as Yellowstone National Park (YNP). A program was undertaken to determine potential emission benefits of use of bio-based fuels and lubricants in snowmobile engines. Candidate fuels and lubricants were evaluated using a fan-cooled 488-cc Polaris engine, and a liquid-cooled 440-cc Arctco engine. Fuels tested include a reference gasoline, gasohol (10% ethanol), and an aliphatic gasoline. Lubricants evaluated include a bio-based lubricant, a fully synthetic lubricant, a high polyisobutylene (PIB) lubricant, as well as a conventional, mineral-based lubricant. Emissions and fuel consumption were measured using a five-mode test cycle that was developed from analysis of snowmobile field operating data. Emissions measured include total hydrocarbons (THC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO<sub>x</sub>), carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), particulate matter (PM), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH, both particulate bound and vapor-phase), and individual hydrocarbon species (C<sub>1</sub>-C<sub>12</sub>). Emissions and fuel consumption using bio-based fuels and lubricants were compared to results using a conventional fuel and lubricant. Promising candidates were identified and recommended for further study in a field demonstration in Yellowstone National Park.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph"> </div>
9
Choi, Yong-Joon. "Technical Maturity Assessment of Risk-Informed Safety Analysis Tools." In 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering collocated with the ASME 2020 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone2020-16700.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Ensuring maximum safety while enhancing economic benefit is one of most important goal of In the of US Light Water Reactor Sustainability (LWRS) program. Optimization of the safety margins will provide best practice to achieve this goal which can also lead to cost reduction. Under the LWRS framework, the Risk-Informed Systems Analysis (RISA) Pathway has been focusing on the optimization of safety margin and minimization of uncertainties to ensure both safety and economics at the highest level. One of the important activities of the pathway is to deploy risk-informed analysis tools to related nuclear industry to support precise representation of safety margins and factors that contribute to cost and safety. The tools therefore need highest technical maturity so that industry can use immediately with strong credibility. The tools should have a capability to support risk-informed decision making for both probabilistic and deterministic elements of safety. The RISA Pathway, therefore, have been performing a comprehensive assessment of technical maturity and verification and validation (V&V) status of selected tools to improve adaptability to the industry. The technical maturity assessment includes three work scope: (a) define requirements based on risk-informed concept; (b) investigate and review development and V&V status for technical maturity assessment; and (c) identify technical gap and propose improvement to meet RISA toolkit requirements. The Requirement Traceability Matrix (RTM) concept was used to capture the requirements from user and developer of the project and/or software. The importance of each requirements was evaluated by Phenomena Identification and Ranking Technology (PIRT) which systematically gathers information and ranks the importance of the information. Finally, degree of the maturity was measured by Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for estimating the maturity of the technologies during the development and acquisition phase of certain technology. This paper summarizes development of assessment method and technical evaluation of multi-purpose probabilistic risk analysis tool RAVEN.
10
Estrella Engelmann, Jaime. "FUENTES DE FINANCIAMIENTO NACIONALES E INTERNACIONALES PARA INVESTIGACIÓN." In V Congreso de Investigación Desarrollo en Innovación de la Universidad Internacional de Ciencia y Tecnología. Universidad Internacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47300/978-9962-5599-8-6-01.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Esta conferencia presentó la importancia de las fuentes de financiamiento, disponibles a nivel nacional e internacional, para el desarrollo de la investigación científica en Panamá. El contenido de la presentación se centró en describir: (1) datos de contexto, (2) acciones en marcha y (3) algunas reflexiones. En cuanto a los datos de contexto internacional, se inició presentado la definición de investigación científica y desarrollo (I+D) dentro del marco del Manual de Frascati (séptima edición, año 2015). A continuación, se presentaron las cifras del gasto mundial en I+D reportadas en el “Informe de la UNESCO sobre la Ciencia: hacia 2030” y su rápido crecimiento por encima del porcentaje de la economía mundial, con una tendencia global que se mantiene hasta la actualidad. Adicionalmente, de acuerdo con dicho informe, los investigadores representan aproximadamente un 0.1% del total de la población mundial. Con este escenario de gasto y de disponibilidad de recurso humano, la investigación ha logrado grandes avances. Entre éstos se destacan los aproximadamente 2.5 millones de artículos en revistas científicas y técnicas, por año (según datos del Banco Mundial). A continuación, se describió el contexto de I+D para Panamá, presentando indicadores tales como la inversión nacional expresada en porcentaje con respecto al PIB, la cantidad de investigadores por millón de habitantes y los aspectos de formación de recurso humano e infraestructura. También se presentaron las tendencias de publicación de la comunidad científica, categorizadas por áreas de conocimiento, así como las cantidades (crecientes) de artículos científicos desde el año 2000 hasta la fecha. En cuanto a las acciones de I+D en marcha, la ponencia presentó avances significativos en Panamá, especialmente en la última década. Se presentaron datos relativos a la comunidad científica panameña, la misma que – entre otros apoyos – se ha visto fortalecida por las numerosas adjudicaciones y proyectos que han derivado del apoyo de la Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT), así como también de fuentes internacionales. La ponencia continuó con la descripción de los esfuerzos desarrollados en el campo de I+D, publicaciones, proyectos tangibles y escenarios científicos en Panamá. Entre otros aspectos, se hizo relación a las 83 convocatorias públicas (2004 a 2019) lanzadas por la SENACYT, con al menos 567 proyectos de I+D desarrollados, para fines de fortalecer el sistema en Panamá. A continuación, se realizó también una descripción de las fuentes nacionales e internacionales de financiamiento. En esta sección se realizó la observación de que, desde ya varios años atrás, los financiamientos se hicieron disponibles (y siguen siéndolo) para todas las áreas y disciplinas de conocimiento, en su más amplia concepción. En el cierre de esta conferencia, se presentaron algunas reflexiones las mismas que están encaminadas a fortalecer la ciencia en Panamá, así como a promover el desarrollo y bienestar de la sociedad. En ese sentido, se sugirió, entre otros aspectos, lo siguiente: • Continuar los esfuerzos y la campaña para promover una mayor asignación de fondos del Estado hacia las actividades de I+D. El aumento de la inversión pública es una tarea de todos. • Dada la alta variabilidad de los datos de los indicadores nacionales e internacionales sobre I+D, se recomendó continuar con el trabajo de homologar procesos, definiciones, conteos y periodos de registro. • Alinear mejor el ecosistema de investigación – innovación – educación superior, con estos tres elementos que ofrecen grandes ventajas de colaboración. • Continuar el fortalecimiento de las acciones para retener localmente el capital humano formado en el exterior (ejemplos: el Programa de Inserción de Becarios, Convocatorias de Repatriación, estímulos a la movilidad nacional/internacional, etc.). • Promover de manera efectiva la aplicación de incentivos fiscales por el desarrollo de actividades de I+D+i en las entidades en Panamá. • Ampliar la aplicación del modelo universidad – empresa – Estado, que, si bien ha mostrado avances, debe fortalecerse. • Promocionar la colaboración entre actores del sector empresarial y el sector académico, con evidentes y permanentes sinergias. • La ponencia cerró con una recomendación a todos los presentes, quienes en su calidad de nuevos investigadores deben sumarse al motor de hacer ciencia, tecnología e innovación en Panamá.
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "PIRB (Program)"
1
Casper, Gary, Stefanie Nadeau, and Thomas Parr. Acoustic amphibian monitoring, 2019 data summary: Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore. National Park Service, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2295509.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Amphibians are a Vital Sign indicator for monitoring long-term ecosystem health in seven national park units that comprise the Great Lakes Network. We present here the results for 2019 amphibian monitoring at Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore (PIRO). Appendices contain tabular summaries for six years of cumulative results. The National Park Service Great Lakes Inventory and Monitoring Network established 10 permanent acoustic amphibian monitoring sites at PIRO in 2013. Acoustic samples are collected by placing automated recorders with omnidirectional stereo microphones at each of the 10 sampling sites. Temperature loggers co-located with the recorders also collect air temperature during the sampling period. We expanded analyses and reporting in 2018 to address calling phenology and to provide a second metric for tracking changes in abundance across years. Occupancy analyses track whether or not a site was occupied by a species. Abundance is tracked by assessing how the maximum call intensity changes on sites across years, and by how many automated detections are reported from sites across years. Using two independent survey methods, manual and automated, with large sample sizes continues to return reliable results, providing a confident record of site occupancy for most species. The monitoring program detected five of the six species of frog and toad known to occur at PIRO in 2019, with Eastern American Toad, Gray Treefrog, Green Frog, and Spring Peeper occurring at almost every site sampled. Wood Frog was found at five sites. Mink Frog is known to occur at Sand Point but has never been confirmed at sites monitored by this GLKN program. Additional species of potential occurrence remain hypothetical (i.e., Northern Leopard Frog). The only significant data collection issue in 2019 was at PIRO02, where the equipment recorded only intermittently resulting in only partial data analysis possible. Remaining sites successfully collected data as programmed. Cumulative program result summaries since inception are provided in appendices. Temperature logs in 2019 showed that the threshold of ≥40°F was uniformly exceeded by 1 May, hence we recommend making 10 April the target start date for data collection in future. This could be accomplished by fall deployment of recorders on delayed starts. We also recommend making sure that recorders are mounted 6–10 feet high to better survey the soundscape with less interference from foliage, and that temperature loggers be placed within solar shields.
2
Borregaard, Nicola. Programa País de Eficiencia Energética: ¡Con la energía de todos! Inter-American Development Bank, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007742.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Esta presentación fue comisionada por la Red de Medio Ambiente del Diálogo Regional de Política para la 5a Reunión Hemisférica celebrada el día 30 de noviembre de 2006. El documento expone los objetivos del Programa País de Eficiencia Energética: crear una cultura de eficiencia energética en el país; crear una institucionalidad público-privada en materias de Eficiencia Energética (EE); proporcionar un marco legal e implementar instrumentos de fomento y de educación; lograr el desacoplamiento entre el crecimiento del PIB y el consumo energético. Se incluye una tabla de actividades en 2006; primeros "caballos de batalla"; capital actual del PPEE; comunicaciones que se hicieron sobre el tema de la eficiencia energética; desafíos/riesgos potenciales; y cooperación/contacto a nivel regional.
3
Alcázar, Lorena, and Alan Sánchez. El gasto público en infancia y niñez en América Latina y el Caribe: ¿Cuánto y cuán efectivo? Inter-American Development Bank, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007693.
Texte intégralRésumé :
El objetivo del estudio es analizar los niveles, la evolución, la composición y la calidad del gasto público social en la infancia y la niñez en América Latina y el Caribe. Para ello se analiza una muestra de ocho países: Chile, Colombia, Guatemala, Jamaica, México, Nicaragua, Perú y República Dominicana. Entre los principales resultados se encuentra que el gasto social en infancia (0-5 años) de los países seleccionados representa 0,4% del PIB en promedio en 2012. Este gasto tuvo una tendencia creciente entre 2005 y 2009, desacelerándose posteriormente. El estudio destaca la importancia relativa de los programas de transferencias condicionadas de dinero y la educación preescolar. Los programas de cuidado infantil tienen una importancia relativa mucho menor, con la excepción de Chile y Colombia. En lo que se refiere al gasto social en niñez (0-12 años), representó 2,0% del PIB en promedio en 2012 y se compone principalmente de gasto en educación primaria, y programas de transferencias condicionadas y de alimentación escolar. El estudio revela que aquellos países con un porcentaje menor de niños pobres gastan más por cada niño pobre. Sobresale el caso de Chile, que en 2011 gastaba US$2.818 por cada niño pobre, mientras que del otro lado del espectro se encuentra Nicaragua, que en el mismo año gastaba US$92. El estudio revela también limitaciones de información presupuestal en la mayoría de los países, por lo que se realizó un importante esfuerzo en la construcción de las series de datos para responder adecuadamente a las preguntas planteadas.
4
Do Canto, Odilon Antônio Marcuzzo. Incentivos para apoyar la innovación en el sector privado: La experiencia brasileña. Inter-American Development Bank, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007787.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Esta presentación presenta el estado y la evolución de la promoción de la innovación en las empresas industriales brasileñas. A través de una serie de indicadores cuantitativos se puede observar la inversión en ciencia y tecnología en relación al PIB, el nivel de la producción científica, y los desembolsos para este sector, entre otros. Se incluye una serie de datos de los programas de la FINEP (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos). Esta presentación fue presentada en la Primera Reunión Hemisférica de la Red de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación del BID en Washington, DC en Abril 16-17, 2007.
5
Mac Dowell, Maria Cristina, André Martínez Fritscher, Renata Motta Café, Ana Lúcia Dezolt, and Luis Felipe De Oliveira Silva Araújo. Impulsionando as receitas locais por meio da modernização da gestão fiscal: o caso do PNAFM III. Inter-American Development Bank, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0013034.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Diante da necessidade de diminuir a evasão fiscal e aumentar receitas, os países da América Latina e o Caribe estão empenhados em modernizar suas administrações tributárias, embora os efeitos dessas ações de modernização ainda não sejam claros, especialmente no caso de governos locais. Esta nota técnica examina o impacto da execução intermediária do Programa Nacional de Apoio à Gestão Administrativa e Fiscal dos Municípios Brasileiros (PNAFM III), financiado pelo Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento, sobre a receita tributária dos municípios brasileiros. Com produtos focados no fortalecimento institucional, na expansão da capacidade do fisco em detectar inconsistências e incrementar a base tributária, os resultados desta avaliação indicam que investimentos na modernização da gestão fiscal pelo PNAFM III têm um impacto positivo na arrecadação própria dos municípios. Observou-se um aumento significativo de 28,6% na arrecadação tributária real per capita dos municípios que atingiram ao menos 50% da implementação do PNAFM III. A metodologia utilizada foi o método de diferenças em diferenças, comparando a arrecadação dos municípios que participam do programa com os que não participam (grupo controle), ao longo do tempo. O grupo de controle foi criado utilizando a técnica de propensity score matching, considerando variáveis observáveis relacionadas à capacidade e ao potencial arrecadatório, como PIB e população.
6
De Groote, Roberto. Extensionismo tecnológico en Centroamérica, Panamá y República Dominicana. Inter-American Development Bank, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007695.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Centroamérica, Panamá y República Dominicana presentan tasas de crecimiento económico positivas e importantes incrementos de sus exportaciones, pero el PIB sigue siendo relativamente bajo, y los indicadores de pobreza, productividad e innovación reflejan importantes rezagos. Una alternativa que podría contribuir a aumentar la productividad y competitividad de las empresas, especialmente de las PYMES, es la incorporación de conocimientos y tecnología por medio de políticas de extensión tecnológica consistentes en la adecuación y adopción de tecnologías ya desarrolladas. Implementarlas requiere de: (i) instituciones con capacidades de liderazgo y coordinación; (ii) instrumentos acordes a las necesidades empresariales; (iii) capital humano para la ejecución de proyectos; y (iv) capacidades para prestar servicios tecnológicos. Los países analizados presentan diferentes fortalezas y debilidades para desarrollar e implementar programas de extensión tecnológica, pero se sugiere realizarlos bajo una misma metodología y plataforma de apoyo, lo que podría generar beneficios técnicos y financieros.
7
Lema, Daniel, Marcos Gallacher, César Bustamante, et al. Políticas agrícolas en México: una visión agregada y un análisis de programas clave. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004439.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Este trabajo busca presentar los diversos análisis realizados por el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo para el sector agrícola mexicano durante el período 2018-2020. Aún con sus diversas perspectivas el objetivo común es examinar la eficacia y eficiencia del gasto público sectorial para identificar la dirección en la cual podrían ajustarse las políticas hacia el futuro. El sector agrícola mexicano mantuvo, en los últimos treinta años, tendencias de cambio estructurales comunes a países en desarrollo, tales como la reducción de la participación del PIB sectorial en el total, la reducción de la participación de la población rural en la población total, cambios en la canasta de alimentos consumidos hacia una mayor participación de productos de origen animal, frutas y verduras en respuesta a los incrementos del ingreso per cápita. Los cambios y reformas de los años noventa implicaron importantes reasignaciones presupuestarias y de orientación de las políticas agrícolas, lo que llevó a una considerable reducción de los apoyos y un cambio en su composición. El Estimado de Apoyo a los Productores (EAP) se redujo de 25 % a inicio de los noventa al 10 % del último trienio analizado (2018-20); la participación de los apoyos vía precios (APM) en el EAP, especialmente de los originados en restricciones al comercio, se redujo considerablemente, de 50 % en 2004 a 25 % en 2017 y, en consecuencia, aumentó la participación de los apoyos directos en este período. Sin embargo, los cambios de políticas luego de 2018 implicaron un incremento del APM que llegaron al 50 % del EAP en el período 2018-20. Los gastos en servicios generales son aproximadamente el 1 % del valor agregado agrícola y el 8 % de los apoyos totales (EAT), lo que resulta menor al promedio de la OCDE. Además, los análisis efectuados muestran que las políticas sectoriales se asocian con problemas ambientales significativos como la sobreexplotación de recursos pesqueros y el incremento en las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. El análisis de ciertos programas importantes muestra algunas ineficiencias económicas, así como las dificultad de llegar a grupos menos favorecidos, pero también la necesidad de combinar instrumentos de política para obtener mejores resultados.
8
Arias Ortiz, Elena, Fernando Vargas, Maren Vairo, et al. La innovación y la nueva economía de servicios en América Latina y el Caribe: Retos e implicaciones de política. Inter-American Development Bank, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006495.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Los servicios se han convertido en el sector económico mas importante de la economía mundial, tanto en los países desarrollados como en la mayoría de las economías en desarrollo. Hoy en día, la economía de servicios proporciona más del 60% del empleo y del PIB en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC). Sin embargo, el lento avance de la productividad en el sector servicios ha sido un obstáculo para el crecimiento de la productividad en ALC. En este contexto, la innovación en los servicios es particularmente necesaria. A pesar del creciente interés en el proceso de innovación en el sector servicios y en la comprensión de los vínculos entre la innovación y la productividad en los países desarrollados, no hay ninguna investigación sistemática para los países de la región. El desarrollo en la región de políticas y programas para apoyar la innovación y el crecimiento de la productividad en el sector servicios requiere una mejor comprensión de estos procesos. En este libro se analizan la economía y productividad de los servicios en América Latina y el Caribe, los determinantes y los obstáculos para la innovación, los vínculos entre la innovación y la productividad y el marco de referencia para llevar a cabo políticas de innovación. El mismo es el resultado de un esfuerzo de investigación único y amplio llevado a cabo en ocho países de la región con el apoyo financiero del Centro Internacional de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo (IDRC) de Canadá y el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) y con la coordinación técnica de la División de Competitividad e Innovación del BID y del Centro de Investigaciones Económicas (CINVE).
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Rohwerder, Brigitte. Equitable Support for Livelihoods and Food. Institute of Development Studies, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/core.2023.008.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Covid-19 pandemic and policy responses to contain its spread had severe impacts on people’s livelihoods and food security. It exposed weaknesses and inequities in social protection systems, food production and distribution, job security, and economic policies, with those already marginalised and vulnerable most affected (Bolton and Georgalakis 2022; Thompson et al. 2021; Rohwerder 2020). Lockdowns, the closure of borders, and the shutting or scaling down of businesses and public offices led to economic recessions, loss of livelihoods, and pushed millions of people to the brink of poverty and destitution (Thompson et al. 2021). The pandemic majorly impacted on households’ production and access to quality, nutritious food due to losses of income combined with increasing food prices and restrictions to movements of people, inputs and products (ibid.). Women and those working in informal economies were hardest hit in both rural and urban areas as a result of deep-rooted inequalities (ibid.; Bolton and Georgalakis 2022; Juárez Padilla, Machorro and Pira 2021). These effects continue four years on with the Global Report on Food Crises 2023 identifying the lingering socioeconomic impacts of the pandemic as one of the key factors in driving up acute food insecurity (FSIN and Global Network Against Food Crises 2023). The socioeconomic impacts of the pandemic have negatively affected poor people’s resilience, resulting in longer recovery periods and an inability to cope with future shocks (ibid.). Drawing on research supported by the Covid-19 Responses for Equity (CORE) Programme – which is supported by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) – this guide highlights key lessons and priority actions that need to be taken to respond to food and livelihood security challenges for food systems to become equitable and resilient. This includes supporting immediate needs; building flexibility, resilience and inclusion into food systems and social protection, and developing economic policies that are equitable and gender responsive (Bolton and Georgalakis 2022).
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Rohwerder, Brigitte. Apoyo equitativo para la obtención de medios de sustento y alimentos. Institute of Development Studies, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/core.2023.009.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La pandemia de Covid-19 y las políticas públicas creadas para contener su propagación tuvieron repercusiones serias en la seguridad alimentaria y los medios de sustento de las personas. La pandemia expuso las deficiencias y desigualdades de los sistemas de protección social, la producción y la distribución de alimentos, la seguridad laboral, las políticas económicas, y afectó más que nada a aquellos que ya se encontraban en una situación de marginación y vulnerabilidad (Bolton and Georgalakis 2022; Thompson et al. 2021; Rohwerder 2020). Los aislamientos obligatorios, el cierre de fronteras, el cierre o la reducción de negocios y oficinas públicas causaron recesiones económicas y pérdidas de medios de sustento, y arrastraron a millones de personas al borde de la pobreza y la indigencia (Thompson et al. 2021). La pandemia tuvo repercusiones significativas en la producción y el acceso de los hogares a alimentos nutritivos de calidad debido a la pérdida de ingresos, el aumento en los precios de los alimentos y las restricciones de movimiento de personas, insumos y productos (ibid.). Las mujeres y aquellos que trabajan en las economías informales fueron los más afectados en zonas urbanas y rurales a causa de desigualdades profundamente arraigadas (ibid.; Bolton and Georgalakis 2022; Juárez Padilla, Machorro and Pira 2021). Estas repercusiones continúan cuatro años después. Así, el Informe Mundial sobre las Crisis Alimentarias 2023 identifica que los efectos socioeconómicos prolongados de la pandemia son uno de los factores que aumenta la inseguridad alimentaria aguda (FSIN and Global Network Against Food Crises 2023). Los efectos socioeconómicos de la pandemia han tenido consecuencias negativas en la resiliencia de las personas y ha dado lugar a períodos de recuperación más extensos y a una incapacidad para afrontar futuras crisis (ibid.). De acuerdo con la investigación respaldada por el Covid-19 Responses for Equity Programme (CORE), que cuenta con el apoyo del Centro Internacional de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo (IDRC), esta guía destaca las lecciones clave y acciones prioritarias que se deben realizar para abordar los desafíos en torno a la seguridad alimentaria y los medios de subsistencia a fin de transformar los sistemas alimentarios en sistemas resilientes y equitativos. Esto incluye apoyar las necesidades inmediatas; construir flexibilidad, resiliencia e inclusión en los sistemas alimentarios y de protección social, y desarrollar políticas económicas que sean equitativas y que tengan una perspectiva de género (Bolton and Georgalakis 2022).