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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Pit-to-crack transition »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 4 juin 2021

Mis à jour le 1 février 2022

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Pit-to-crack transition"

Goswami,, Tarun, et David W. Hoeppner,. « Transition Criteria - From a Pit to a Crack ». Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials 10, n^o 5-6 (décembre 1999) : 261–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmbm.1999.10.5-6.261.

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Huang, Xuejun, Lun Yu et Ronald Ballinger. « Alternating Current Potential Drop Technique to Detect Pit-to-Crack Transition ». MRS Advances 1, n^o 17 (2016) : 1241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.262.

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ABSTRACTPitting and localized corrosion can occur under various conditions and accelerate the subsequent cracking and the failure of a component. Pit-to-crack transition is considered a critical transition process and has a significant impact on the total lifetime of a component. In this study, an alternating current potential drop (ACPD) system is built and applied the detection of the pit-to-crack transition. The results show that the ACPD system is capable and sensitive to crack initiation and that the sensitivity increased with increased frequency. Crack initiation sites from pits are characterized and discussed.

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Mantha, Divakar, et Scott A. Fawaz. « Standardized Test Method for Corrosion Pit-to-Fatigue Crack Transition for AA7075-T651 Aluminum Alloy ». Advanced Materials Research 891-892 (mars 2014) : 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.891-892.205.

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Corrosion damage (pit) is a stress raiser that can have deleterious effects on the fatigue life of airframe structural components. A better understanding and method for modeling the corrosion pit to fatigue crack transition would advance the fidelity of aircraft structural integrity estimates and fleet management decision making. Here, the focus is on developing a standardized fatigue test method for investigating the transition of a corrosion pit to fatigue crack in aluminum alloy AA 7075-T651 specimens. The standardized test method requires the development and validation of two sub-protocols (1) a pitting protocol to create a corrosion pit less than 200 μm diameter at the intersection of the central hole bore and planar surface of sheet and (2) a spot welding protocol for attaching the direct current potential drop (dcPD) probes on either side of the corrosion pit for fatigue crack growth measurement. A dcPD fatigue test method coupled with a unique 10-4-6 marker load sequence is used to measure the fatigue crack growth. The crack shape evolution and crack growth life are predicted using AFGROW.

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Huang, Xiao-guang, et Jin-quan Xu. « 3D analysis for pit evolution and pit-to-crack transition during corrosion fatigue ». Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE A 14, n^o 4 (avril 2013) : 292–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1631/jzus.a1200273.

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Jakubowski, Marek. « Influence of Pitting Corrosion on Fatigue and Corrosion Fatigue of Ship and Offshore Structures, Part II : Load - Pit - Crack Interaction ». Polish Maritime Research 22, n^o 3 (1 septembre 2015) : 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pomr-2015-0057.

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Abstract In the paper has been discussed influence of stresses on general corrosion rate and corrosion pit nucleation rate and growth , whose presence has been questioned by some authors but accepted by most of them. Influence of roughness of pit walls on fatigue life of a plate suffering pit corrosion and presence of the so called „ non-damaging” pits which never lead to initiation of fatigue crack, has been presented. Possibility of prediction of pit-to-crack transition moment by two different ways, i.e. considering a pit a stress concentrator or an equivalent crack, has been analyzed. Also, influence of statistical distribution of depth of corrosion pits as well as anticorrosion protection on fatigue and corrosion fatigue has been described.

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Turnbull, Alan. « Corrosion pitting and environmentally assisted small crack growth ». Proceedings of the Royal Society A : Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 470, n^o 2169 (8 septembre 2014) : 20140254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2014.0254.

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In many applications, corrosion pits act as precursors to cracking, but qualitative and quantitative prediction of damage evolution has been hampered by lack of insights into the process by which a crack develops from a pit. An overview is given of recent breakthroughs in characterization and understanding of the pit-to-crack transition using advanced three-dimensional imaging techniques such as X-ray computed tomography and focused ion beam machining with scanning electron microscopy. These techniques provided novel insights with respect to the location of crack development from a pit, supported by finite-element analysis. This inspired a new concept for the role of pitting in stress corrosion cracking based on the growing pit inducing local dynamic plastic strain, a critical factor in the development of stress corrosion cracks. Challenges in quantifying the subsequent growth rate of the emerging small cracks are then outlined with the potential drop technique being the most viable. A comparison is made with the growth rate for short cracks (through-thickness crack in fracture mechanics specimen) and long cracks and an electrochemical crack size effect invoked to rationalize the data.

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Amiri, M., A. Arcari, L. Airoldi, M. Naderi et N. Iyyer. « A continuum damage mechanics model for pit-to-crack transition in AA2024-T3 ». Corrosion Science 98 (septembre 2015) : 678–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2015.06.009.

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Jones, K., DW Hoeppner et SW Dean. « Effect of Microstructure on Pit-to-Crack Transition of 7075-T6 Aluminum Alloy ». Journal of ASTM International 3, n^o 7 (2006) : 100485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jai100485.

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Sabelkin, V., S. Mall et H. Misak. « Investigation into Corrosion Pit-to-Fatigue Crack Transition in 7075-T6 Aluminum Alloy ». Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 26, n^o 6 (1 mai 2017) : 2535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-017-2697-4.

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Balbín, J. A., V. Chaves et N. O. Larrosa. « Pit to crack transition and corrosion fatigue lifetime reduction estimations by means of a short crack microstructural model ». Corrosion Science 180 (mars 2021) : 109171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2020.109171.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Pit-to-crack transition"

Huang, Xuejun Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. « Experimental and modelling studies of pit-to-crack transition under corrosion fatigue conditions ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/113720.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2017.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 184-205).
Corrosion fatigue cracking is a material degradation mechanism which occurs when materials are under cyclic loading and in a corrosive environment. The joint effect of both mechanical and environmental factors makes it one of the most challenging topics in the study of material degradation. The corrosion fatigue cracking process can be separated into four phases, namely development of crack initiation sites (e.g. film breakdown, compositional inhomogeneity, processing variables), development of crack precursors (e.g. pit initiation/growth, grain boundary or localized corrosion), short crack growth and long crack growth. While the mechanism in the long crack growth regime is relatively well understood, the other three regimes are still the subject of much research. The primary goal of this project is to study the transition from the phase 2 to 3, specifically, initiation of cracks from a pit. The material under current investigation is X65 pipeline steel. A galvanostatic method was applied to artificially generate pits on a smooth surface of the material to produce a pitted specimen. The specimen was then cyclically loaded in four-point bending in air, NaCl solution and CO2-saturated NaCl solution at room temperature and 120°C. An alternating current potential drop (ACPD) system was developed and used to detect crack initiation from an existing pit and thus the incubation time to pit-to-crack transition was experimentally obtained. An autoclave system was built in order to apply the desired corrosive environment. Pit-to-crack transition has been successfully captured under fatigue loading and in the environments identified above. Results of experiments in different environments show that the pit-to-crack transition is dominated by a combination of mechanical factors and corrosion processes that facilitate subsequent crack initiation and growth by promoting microstructural barrier removal. A finite element isotropic model with kinematic hardening has been developed to simulate local fatigue ratcheting around the pit up to large strain levels. An approximate value for the plastic strain level at crack initiation was experimentally determined using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques. Given the critical strain level, the model can be used to predict the number of cycles of pit-to-crack transition. Based on the experimental and modelling results, the underlying mechanism of pit-to-crack transition under current test conditions is proposed to be local ratcheting around the pit that provides sufficient strain accumulation when coupled to an appropriate corrosive environment. This combination provides the necessary crack "precursors". Environmental effects on crack propagation are also identified and discussed.
by Xuejun Huang.
Ph. D.

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Fatoba, Olusegun Oludare. « Experimental and modelling studies of corrosion fatigue damage in a linepipe steel ». Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/experimental-and-modelling-studies-of-corrosion-fatigue-damage-in-a-linepipe-steel(075ec5a1-f7a1-4b1c-b5d7-99ff3472d21d).html.

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The work is concerned with the development of a multi-stage corrosion fatigue lifetime model, with emphasis on pitting as a precursor to cracking. The model is based upon the quantitative evaluation of damage during the overall corrosion fatigue process. The fatigue response of as-received API 5L X65 linepipe steel has been investigated in terms of the evolution of damage during pit development, pit-to-crack transition and crack propagation. Micro-potentiostatic polarisation was conducted to evaluate role of stress on pit development. Crack growth rate measurements were conducted on pre-pitted specimens, which were tested in air and brine, to evaluate the initiation and propagation behaviour of cracks emanating from artificial pits. Finite element analysis was undertaken to evaluate the stress and strain distribution associated with the pits. A cellular automata finite element model was also developed for predicting corrosion fatigue damage. Pit growth rate was enhanced under stress. It was considered that the strain localisation effect of the pit facilitated strain-assisted dissolution. In air, cracks initiated predominantly from the pit mouth. FEA results indicated that this was due to localisation of strain towards the pit mouth. In corrosion fatigue, cracks tended to initiate at the pit base at low stress and at the pit mouth at higher stresses. Crack initiation lifetimes were shorter in the aggressive environment compared to air and the effect of the environment on crack initiation lifetime was lower at higher stress levels. Crack initiation lifetime for double pits generally decreased with decreasing pit-to-pit separation distance. The microstructure was observed to influence crack growth behaviour in air particularly in the early stages when cracks were short. The acceleration and retardation in crack growth were attributed to the resistance of grain boundaries to crack advance. Cracks sometimes arrested at these barriers and became non-propagating. Introduction of the environment for a short period appear to eliminate the resistance of the microstructural barriers thus promoting re-propagation of the previously arrested crack. The continued crack propagation after the removal of the environment suggests that the influence of the environment is more important in the early stages of crack growth. Crack growth rates were higher in the aggressive environment than in air. The degree of environmental enhancement of crack growth was found to be greater at lower stress levels and at short crack lengths. Oxide-induced crack closure and crack coalescence were two mechanisms that also affected crack growth behaviour.2-D cellular automata finite element simulation results, with and without stress, show good agreement agreed with experiments i.e. pit depth and pit aspect ratio increase with time. Results from 3-D cellular automata simulations of pits are also consistent with experiments. Fatigue lifetimes were significantly shorter (i) in the brine environment than in air and (ii) for specimens with double pits compared to single pits of similar depth. Fatigue strength in air was found to decrease with increasing pit depth. Corrosion fatigue lifetimes predicted based upon the developed model showed good agreement with the experimental lifetimes.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Pit-to-crack transition"

Turnbull, A., L. N. McCartney et S. Zhou. « A model to predict the evolution of pitting corrosion and the pit-to-crack transition incorporating statistically distributed input parameters ». Dans Environment-Induced Cracking of Materials, 19–45. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-008044635-6.50006-6.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Pit-to-crack transition"

De Meo, Dennj, Luigi Russo, Erkan Oterkus, Dayalan Gunasegaram et Ivan Cole. « Peridynamics for Predicting Pit-to-Crack Transition ». Dans 58th AIAA/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. Reston, Virginia : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2017-0568.

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Fang, B., R. L. Eadie et M. Elboujdaini. « Blunt Crack Initiation and its Transition to Sharp Cracks in Pipeline Steel in Near-Neutral pH Solution ». Dans 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90088.

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This paper reviews our research into pipeline stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in near-neutral pH (NNpH) environment to help understand the mechanisms on pit-to-crack transition and early growth to contribute to pipeline integrity management so that the risk of failure can be avoid or reduced. Pitted specimens by using two different techniques (passivation/immersion and electrochemical methods) were cyclically loaded in NNpH environment sparged with 5% CO2 / balance N2 gas mixture at high stress ratios (minimum stress/maximum stress), low strain rates and low frequencies which are close to the operational pipelines in the field. Blunt cracks initiation was seen first and associated with the pit geometry, and most of the blunt cracks were observed to have initiated from the corrosion pits that had the pit depth to surface width aspect ratios greater than 0.5. The blunt crack growth was engendered by anodic dissolution, which was facilitated by stress. So it was called as stress facilitated dissolution crack growth. These blunt cracks had considerably large crack tip width to crack mouth width aspect ratios, and the majority were below 0.5 to 0.6 mm deep, and considered dormant. Once cracks surpassed the critical value, around 0.5 to 0.6 mm, the cracks would be reactivated and the crack tip width to crack mouth width ratios became significantly smaller. Meanwhile, more hydrogen would be trapped in the plastic zones. Thus, hydrogen would play an important role in the crack propagation. So in this stage, cracks tended to become sharp and the mechanism was referred to hydrogen facilitated cracking. The observations from the field can be interpreted very well by using the proposed models. It was proposed that two different mechanisms are responsible for the early-stage crack growth and sharp cracks be removed to reduce the risk of failure in pipelines.

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Fang, B., R. Eadie, W. Chen, M. Elboujdaini et E. H. Han. « The Effect of Microstructure on Pit-to-Crack Transition and Crack Growth in an X-52 Pipeline Steel in Near-Neutral pH Environment ». Dans 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64112.

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X-52 pipeline steel specimens that had been pitted using a passivation/immersion technique were cyclically loaded in a near-neutral pH solution sparged with 5% CO2/balance N2 gas mixture at a peak normal stress of 109% of the yield strength (YS), a stress ratio, R, of 0.8, and a frequency of 0.0001 Hz. Blunt cracks were seen to have initiated from the corrosion pits. There were many more cracks on the radial transverse (R-T) surface than on the axial transverse (A-T) surface. On the R-T surface, there were a lot of non-metallic inclusions particularly at mid-wall in this steel and these resulted in the nucleation of large pits that were particularly prone to pit-to-blunt-crack transition. At higher peak normal stress, 109% of YS, compared to previous studies at a little lower stresses, there was more rapid crack formation on the R-T surface. In the end, the cracks along the large elongated inclusions penetrated into the steel samples and led to failure. The crack path was transgranular in nature and the fracture surface displayed quasi-cleavage features. Analysis revealed that the pit depth to width ratio for individual pits was a little higher than that for linked pits, however, the ratio of crack depth to crack mouth width was observed to be much larger than the ratio for the linked pits. Strong preferential dissolution was believed to be responsible for the pit nucleation from these non-metallic inclusions, with the plastically deformed regions at the pits acting as the anodic phases.

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Larrosa, Nicolas O., Mirco D. Chapetti et Robert A. Ainsworth. « Assessing Fatigue Endurance Limit of Pitted Specimens by Means of an Integrated Fracture Mechanics Approach ». Dans ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45562.

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From an operator/engineering perspective, the correct assessment of the severity of corrosion defects (e.g., pits) can have enormous economic, social and environmental benefits; therefore the development of a generally applicable and simple to apply procedure for fatigue assessment of key components is recognised as a valuable tool, seeking to reduce the current overly conservative procedures whilst maintaining structural integrity. The critical condition for a crack emanating from a pit (pit-to-crack transition) to start to propagate is analysed in this paper. The pitcrack configuration is re-characterized into that of a hemispherical crack of length equal to the pit depth, and this assumption is analysed by detailed 3D FEA. A propagation threshold approach is used to estimate the fatigue resistance from intrinsic material properties. The proposed approach is validated by comparison with experimental results available in the open literature.

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DeGiorgi, Virginia G., Siddiq M. Qidwai et Nithyanand Kota. « Computational Evaluation of Incomplete Coating Coverage ». Dans ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37952.

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Corrosion is a major cause of removal from service for many industries. Pitting, which involves localized corrosion of metals, can result in catastrophic failures because of resulting crack initiation and failure. The transition from pit to crack is influenced by the pit shape, which in turn is affected by the microstructure of the corroding material. In this work the authors investigate the importance of understanding the construction of a coating layer that may be present over the pit mouth. The coating layer may be by-products of another activity or a repair coating meant to prevent further damage. Stable pit growth occurs under diffusion control at rate that depends upon the extent of protective coating over the opening of the pit. The two extreme cases are: 1) no cover due to total loss of coating and 2) full cover over an existing pit. The cases in between would represent break in coating cover over an evolving pit. To investigate the effect of coating loss, a parametric study based on coating coverage percentage on the metal is investigated. The coating sample length and gap length are taken to be the same for all cases. Coverage percentages of 0% (no coating), 50%, 75% and 100% (fully coated) are analyzed for a set growth time. Severe numerical complications are discovered in the course of these analyses. The movement of the corrosion front parallel to the spatially fixed coating causes considerable mesh distortion that terminates the simulation prematurely requiring an impractically large number of re-meshing steps. The computational concepts investigated will be discussed in addition to evaluating the influence of pit coverage.

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Salzman, Ronald, David Gandy, Neville Rieger, Bernd Schönbauer, Stefanie Tschegg, Shengqi Zhou et Alan Turnbull. « Corrosion-Fatigue Prediction Methodology for 12% Cr Steam Turbine Blades ». Dans ASME 2013 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2013-98026.

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The useful life of a steam turbine and the establishment of turbine outage schedules are often determined by corrosion fatigue to the low pressure (LP) blades in the phase transition zone (PTZ). Developing an effective corrosion damage prediction methodology is an important step to successfully reduce the number of unscheduled steam turbine outages. Tests with dual certified 403/410 12% Cr martensitic steel were performed to quantify the influence of corrosion pits on the fatigue life during testing in environments that are comparable to operational conditions. Threshold stress intensity factors ΔKth and fatigue limits Δσ0 were determined in air and two aqueous solutions. Additionally, stress-life tests were performed with pre-pitted specimens in air and aqueous solutions. The data for transition from a pit-to-a-crack have been correlated using the Kitagawa Diagram. This presentation of the data relates the steady stress, cyclic stress and pit width to the prediction of fatigue failure. Ultrasonic fatigue testing was an essential aspect of this program. This testing technique makes it possible to accumulate cycles at a rate of approximately 20 kHz. At this rate one billion (109) cycles are accumulated in less than 14 hours. One billion cycles has been used as the definition for non-progressive crack or specimen run-out life. All of the data for the survival and failure stress intensity factor was well represented by the El Haddad refinement to the Kitagawa Diagram. Based on these test results a comprehensive methodology has been developed to quantify the risk of corrosion-fatigue failure at a pit.

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Chan, Kwai S., Michael P. Enright et Jonathan P. Moody. « Development of a Probabilistic Methodology for Predicting Hot Corrosion Fatigue Crack Growth Life of Gas Turbine Engine Disks ». Dans ASME Turbo Expo 2013 : Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-95057.

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Advanced Ni-based gas turbine disks are expected to operate at higher service temperatures in aggressive environment for longer time durations. Exposures of Ni-based alloys to alkaline-metal salts and sulfur compounds at elevated temperatures can lead to hot corrosion fatigue crack growth in engine disks. Type II hot corrosion involves the formation and growth of corrosion pits in Ni-based alloys at a temperature range of 650°C to 750°C. Once formed, these corrosion pits can serve as stress concentration sites where fatigue cracks can initiate and propagate to failure under subsequent cyclic loading. In this paper, a probabilistic methodology is developed for predicting the corrosion fatigue crack growth life of gas turbine engine disks made from a powder-metallurgy Ni-based superalloy (ME3). Key features of the approach include (1) a pit growth model that describes the depth and width of corrosion pits as a function of exposure time, (2) a cycle-dependent crack growth model for treating fatigue, and (3) a time-dependent crack growth model for treating corrosion. This set of deterministic models is implemented into a probabilistic life-prediction code called DARWIN. Application of this approach is demonstrated for predicting corrosion fatigue crack growth life in a gas turbine disk based on ME3 properties from the literature. The results of this study are used to assess the conditions that control the transition of a corrosion pit to a fatigue crack, and to identify the pertinent material parameters influencing corrosion fatigue life and disk reliability.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Pit-to-crack transition"

Sankaran, Krishnan K., et Gary E. Weaver. Corrosion Pit to Crack Transition. Delivery Order 0051 : Task 2. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, décembre 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada414049.

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