Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Plant protection product »

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Plant protection product"

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de Pastors, Alice. "Plant protection product supplementary protection certificates." World Patent Information 22, no. 1-2 (2000): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0172-2190(00)00030-2.

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Williams, Sidney B. "Utility product patent protection for plant varieties." Trends in Biotechnology 4, no. 2 (1986): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-7799(86)90151-4.

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James, EE, DA Mulholland, MK Langat, et al. "Development of a botanical plant protection product from Larix by-products." Planta Medica 81, S 01 (2016): S1—S381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1596140.

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Kutchan, Toni M. "Natural product munitions — new prospects for plant protection." Trends in Plant Science 2, no. 12 (1997): 449–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(97)90034-0.

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Gorelova, O. M., L. V. Kurtukova, and S. G. Rusakov. "Preparation of product for environmentally friendly plant protection." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 408 (January 14, 2020): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/408/1/012020.

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BAŠA ČESNIK, Helena, Špela VELIKONJA BOLTA, and Ana GREGORČIČ. "PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCT RESIDUES IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS OF SLOVENE ORIGIN FOUND IN 2008." Journal of Central European Agriculture 12, no. 4 (2011): 648–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5513/jcea01/12.4.970.

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De Benedetti, Stefano, Valeria Girlando, Matias Pasquali, and Alessio Scarafoni. "Valorization of Okara by Enzymatic Production of Anti-Fungal Compounds for Plant Protection." Molecules 26, no. 16 (2021): 4858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164858.

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Okara is a soybean transformation agri-food by-product, the massive production of which currently poses severe disposal issues. However, its composition is rich in seed storage proteins, which, once extracted, can represent an interesting source of bioactive peptides. Antimicrobial and antifungal proteins and peptides have been described in plant seeds; thus, okara is a valuable source of compounds, exploitable for integrated pest management. The aim of this work is to describe a rapid and economic procedure to isolate proteins from okara, and to produce an enzymatic proteolyzed product, active against fungal plant pathogens. The procedure allowed the isolation and recovery of about 30% of okara total proteins. Several proteolytic enzymes were screened to identify the proper procedure to produce antifungal compounds. Antifungal activity of the protein digested for 24 h with pancreatin against Fusarium and R. solani mycelial growth and Pseudomonas spp was assessed. A dose-response inhibitory activity was established against fungi belonging to the Fusarium genus. The exploitation of okara to produce antifungal bioactive peptides has the potential to turn this by-product into a paradigmatic example of circular economy, since a field-derived food waste is transformed into a source of valuable compounds to be used in field crops protection.
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Valiullin, Lenar R., Ascar R. Gibadullin, Vladislav I. Egorov, et al. "Ensuring Tree Protection, Growth and Sustainability by Microbial Isolates." Sustainability 16, no. 17 (2024): 7837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16177837.

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Antimicrobial properties of the new strains of micro-organisms isolated from natural sources of various ecological niches in the Moscow region and the Republic of Tatarstan were studied. Antifungal activity of isolates was detected in a test culture of toxin-producing microscopic fungi that can cause animal and plant diseases: Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans, Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium spp. Of the 46 studied micro-organisms of genera Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus and Streptomyces isolates, there are four strains (Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Propionibacterium freudenreichii and Streptomyces spp.) that showed an ability to produce biologically active metabolites with a pronounced antimicrobial potential against phytopathogenic fungi metabolites. Based on the selected four strains, a Bacterial product LRV composition has been created. Scots pine, pedunculate oak and small-leaved linden seedlings with single and double foliar treatment and Bacterial product LRV at a concentration of 10 mL/L led to an increase in the growth of the aboveground part by 31.8, 51.9 and 25.4%, respectively, and the underground part by 25.0, 37.2 and 25.7%, respectively, compared to the control. The weight of seedlings at the end of the study exceeded the control variant by an average of 26.0, 44.0 and 78.0%, respectively. Plant protection Bacterial product LRV use did not have a significant effect on the group of molds that caused the powdery mildew and Schütte disease damage to trees. The Biological product LRV provided plant protection from fungal diseases caused by Lophodermium pinastri Chev. and Microsphaera alphitoides.
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Maciag, Tomasz, Edmund Kozieł, Małgorzata Dudkiewicz, and Katarzyna Otulak-Kozieł. "Microbial Nanoparticles in Biological Plant Protection." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 6 (2025): 2492. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26062492.

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Nanoparticles are small structures that differ in terms of their shape and composition; their high surface-to-volume ratio is responsible for their unique properties that make them perfect mediators for the delivery of substances. Nanoparticles do not only include metallic spheres but also complex polysaccharides capsule viruses or bacterial protein complexes (which can be considered bionanoparticles), which are 1–100 nm in size. Although nanoparticles are most widely studied from medical perspectives, their potential applications are almost limitless. One such promising use of functional nanoparticles is for plant protection against diseases. Although the precise use of nanoparticles decreases the need for the use of other chemical compounds, thanks to their increased product stability and delivery to a target site, the production of nanoparticles is often burdened by large quantities of toxic wastes. This problem can be limited if we apply the bioreactor green synthesis method, which includes the production of nanoparticles with the use of microorganisms. Bacteria can produce nanoparticles internally, externally, by only producing metabolites used for nanoparticle production directly, e.g., polysaccharides or surfactants, or indirectly as reducing agents for metal nanoparticle production. Regardless of the source of the nanoparticles, they can be widely used in processes from plant disease/pathogen detection to disease suppression. The endless variety of materials for nanoparticle production and the possible modifications that nanoparticles can be subjected to makes it impossible to predict how their structures will be used in the future. Nevertheless, in this study, we would like to turn attention to the fact that although nanoparticles are viewed as synthetic structures, they are ever-present in the microbial world and play an important part in intermicrobial interactions. As nanoparticle usefulness has been tested over years of co-evolution, it may be useful to look for potential future directions for this fascinating technology.
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Baker, Sarah, and Jon Knight. "What Will Happen to Plant Protection Product Regulation After Brexit?" Outlooks on Pest Management 28, no. 2 (2017): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/v28_apr_13.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Plant protection product"

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James, Emily E. "Development of an organic botanical plant protection product from larix by-products." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2018. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/848727/.

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Control of pathogens by means of plant-derived plant protection products (PPPs) can be an effective, sustainable and environmentally friendly method of crop protection in organic agriculture. Larix decidua (European larch) bark is a by-product of the wood processing industry and provides a readily available, low cost and sustainable raw material. It was therefore planned to commercialise Larix extracts, containing two highly active diterpenoids (larixyl acetate and larixol) into a marketable PPP, Larixyne®, to combat grapevine downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) in organic farming. This thesis outlines the processes and knowledge developed in order to facilitate the commercialisation of Larixyne®: (i) Analytical protocols using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC-FID) techniques to quantify larixyl acetate, larixol and epimanool (the primary impurity) in Larix extracts were developed. (ii) Methods for large scale extraction and purification of active compounds from Larix were optimised in line with EU specifications for products with organic agricultural use. Through extraction with 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP), Larix bark contained extract compositions of up to 30.53% larixyl acetate and 8.45% larixol. Larixyl acetate and larixol extracts were isolated in sufficient quantity (8.0 kg) for large scale field trials. (iii) High-yield sources of larixyl acetate and larixol were evaluated and identified through screening a range of plant samples from central and northern Europe. Larix samples were found to vary in content of larixyl acetate (median 0.017% w/w, range 0.000 – 4.544% w/w), larixol (median 0.003% w/w, range 0.000 – 0.578% w/w), and epimanool (median 0.009% w/w, range 0.000 –0.752% w/w). (iv) The activity of larixyl acetate, larixol, epimanool and formulated products of Larix extracts against P. viticola on Vitis vinifera were demonstrated. Larixyl acetate and larixol exhibited excellent activity in vitro (mean MIC100 of 7 and 16 μg/mL) and in planta (EC50 0.2 – 0.7 mg/mL).
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BARMAZ, STEFANIA. "Plant protection product risk assessment: distribution and experimental validation in terrestrial ecosystems." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/7503.

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Risk assessment process is complex because it requires a multidisciplinary approach. In official European procedures, risk is assessed on standardised scenarios, where the territory, at different scale levels is described without taking into account the spatial variability of parameters. These approaches represent a powerful tool to characterize potential risk, anyway results obtained are not representative of actual site-specific conditions. The aim of this research was to analyse the main critical issues of agrochemicals risk assessment in terrestrial ecosystems. Different steps of agrochemicals risk assessment were considered and evaluated coupling field studies with predictive approaches. Different scale levels of risk assessment, with particular attention on exposure evaluation, were considered. Risk for pollinators was selected as a specific case of study and a procedure to assess exposure and risk for these organisms was developed.
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IPPOLITO, ALESSIO. "Plant protection product risk assessment for aquatic ecosystems: evaluation of effects in natural communities." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/30471.

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The level of alteration in response to the same level of exposure can vary greatly among different ecosystems: in particular, effects provoked by chemicals are not only relying on their “absolute toxicity” and on their concentration, but also on the ecological vulnerability of the system. Vulnerability is often overlooked in current risk assessment procedure, but its knowledge is pivotal in site-specific studies, where the object of the protection is shifted from a generic scenario to a real ecological system. The study of ecological vulnerability confirms that risk assessment, as becoming site-specific, needs more ecological knowledge. In this path, the use of ecological and biological traits of organisms has proven to be a promising approach to evaluate the ecological vulnerability at different level of biological organization. In this work the issue of the ecological vulnerability has been considered from several different perspectives, using multiples methodologies and working at completely different scales. The leading thread is to show how an ecologically based approach can enhance our understanding of environmental processes and thus improving risk assessment methodologies.
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Davies, Lawrence O. "The effect of non-UV light on crop protection product degradation and soil microbial community structure and function." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/60282/.

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The use of crop protection products (CPPs) is essential to improve crop production levels and feed the rising global population. Safety testing of CPPs is also essential to ensure that their use does not adversely affect human health or the environment. Currently, laboratory-based studies typically over-estimate the environmental persistence of CPPs in the environment. The inclusion of environmental variables that are currently omitted from laboratory studies, such as non-UV light, could reduce the disparity between laboratory and field degradation studies. The inclusion of light resulted in a significant reduction in extractable parent compound for benzovindiflupyr, chlorotoluron, prometryn, imidacloprid, and fludioxonil compared to dark conditions. In contrast, a significantly slower rate of cinosulfuron transformation was observed under light compared to dark conditions. In a separate experiment, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism showed that under light conditions, the soil surface (0-3 mm) harboured distinct phototroph, bacterial and fungal communities compared to the underlying bulk soil (3-12 mm), or dark incubated soil. 454 pyrosequencing revealed that light selected for diazotrophs at the soil surface, including Nostoc punctiforme, in addition to heterotrophic bacteria, particularly within the phylum Firmicutes. Metatranscriptomic analysis showed that light also selected for actively transcribing photosynthetic eukaryotes at the soil surface, such as Chlorophyceae and Saccharomycetes, in addition to heterotrophs, such as Nostocaceae. Finally, light selected for major soil functions such as photosynthesis, and reduced the alpha and beta diversity of predicted protein coding regions at the soil surface. This work has important implications for CPP regulatory studies and soil surface management practices.
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Farah, Abdiqani Ahmed. "The development of a commercially-available Neem seed kernel extract as a soil-applied systemic granular plant protection product." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2010. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1849/.

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Crude extracts of the seed kernels of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) are widely used as plant protection products. The active ingredient (a.i.) of these extracts is azadirachtin A (aza A). aza A is a phytochemical (botanical) complex secondary metabolite which, with it is multiple toxic effects on insects, protects the plant against predation. Aza A is present in only low concentration in neem oil, but makes up 20-50% in the NSKEs extracted by polar solvents from the kernels. However, when used as foliar sprays it is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, and might be more effective if it is used systemically. Therefore the aim of the project was to extend previous work and to prepare a pelleted version of the main commercially-available neem-seed kernel extract, NeemAzal®-Technical (NAT) produced by Trifolio GmbH, in preparation for the expected registration of the product in the UK in 2011. It was first necessary to purify a quantity of aza A for quantification of the a.i. pelleted material and in soil and plants in the rest of the project. In achieving high purity (over 98%) aza A, reverse phase chromatographic methods were used, and mass spectrometery was used to confirm purity and identification. A final quantity of 6.2 mg of azadirachtin A was obtained from 4 gm of NAT, a yield of 0.15%. If aza A and the other neem terpenoids are to be used to plant protection, they must have a low phytotoxicity. Effect of NAT on the germination and its ensuing seedling development of two commercially important crops, sugar beet and cabbage was examined. NAT did have an inhibitory effect on seedling growth at 10-3 M aza A. In order to explore the inhibitory affect of aza A, the second part of the chapter was to examine effect of aza A on mitosis of onion root tips. The limonoids in concentration of 10-3 M adversely affected the mitotic activity of onion root tip cells. This could be failure of microtubules polymerisation into microtubules, or some other biochemical effect. From the findings in this part of the project, it can be concluded that only at a concentration of 10-3 M is aza A toxic to plant young seedlings, but in practice this is unlikely to be a significant problem. The first part of Chapter 4 of the project was to lay the foundations for the behaviour of aza A in soil environment in both powder form and in 2 types of granular formulations. The half-life of azadirachtin in soil from this work was found to be 1.6 days which is consistent with the previous reports. This short half-life of aza A may be problematic in use as a PPP. The short persistence might be overcome by formulating neem materials in granules to achieve environmental stability and biological efficacy of application. The granular formulations used in the project showed controlled release characteristics. The release of azadirachtin into the soil water was in fact delayed by encapsulating it in pellets. Systemic uptake of aza A by roots and subsequent presence in the vascular system of plants was assessed. Aza A was transported and was more stable in the leaf areas of cabbage and sugar beet plants than in the soil, as the half-life was found to be 9 days. The concentration of aza A in the leaf-water was less than 10% of the solution bathing the roots. The final part of the project, the application of the pelleted NSKE to protect cabbage, in both glass house and field conditions, demonstrated that neem products in pelleted formulations could be used as effective, systemically applied PPP to control pests of cabbage. In the field tests, the protective effect of the neem extract could be shown over a period of at least 5 weeks after addition of the pellets to the soil. In conclusion, the short soil half-life of the neem a.i., aza A, in PPP could be overcome by a pelleted formulation, the composition of which can delay release of the a.i. The technology allows protection of crops from soil-borne, as well as foliar sucking and biting pest damage by controlled release into the soil to allow uptake into plant vascular system.
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Gabaston, Julien. "Stilbènes de la vigne et d’essences forestières (pin, épicéa) : Etude phytochimique et recherche d’activités anti-oomycète et insecticide." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0302/document.

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De nos jours, il y a une volonté générale de se tourner vers une agriculture plus respectueuse de l’environnement et du consommateur se traduisant notamment par une démarche de réduction des intrants chimiques. Dans un contexte de développement durable, la recherche de produits naturels pour lutter contre les maladies et les ravageurs suscite un regain d’intérêt. Dans cette thèse, des extraits hydro-alcooliques issus de coproduits de la vigne (sarment, cep, racine) et d’essences forestières (écorce d'épicéa, nœud de pin) se sont révélés être une excellente source de polyphénols bioactifs, en particulier en stilbènes complexes. En effet, ces extraits ont démontré un large spectre d’activités contre différentes maladies végétales. En particulier, un potentiel oomycide contre le mildiou de la vigne et une capacité insecticide contre un parasite des Solanacées sont rapportés. En outre, la pertinence de l'utilisation de la « chimie verte » pour extraire les stilbènes comme méthode alternative aux solvants organiques a été mise en évidence. Les présents résultats renforcent une voie de recherche originale pour faire progresser une viticulture et une agriculture plus durables, en utilisant des produits de biocontrôle moins toxiques et biodégradables, constituant ainsi une solution possible et réaliste pour lutter contre les pathogènes des plantes<br>Nowadays, is a priority to turn towards a more eco- and consumer friendly agriculture resulting in the reduction of the chemical inputs. In a context of a sustainable development, the investigation of natural products to fight against diseases and pests raised a renewed interest. In this thesis, hydroalcoholic extracts derived from grapevine (cane, wood, root) and forest species (spruce bark, pine knot) by-products have demonstrated to be a great source of bioactive polyphenols, and particularly in complex stilbenes. Indeed, these extracts have proved to confer a broad spectrum of activities against different major plant diseases. In particular, an oomycide potential against downy mildew of the vine and an insecticidal capacity against Solanaceae pest were reported. Furthermore, the relevant use of “green chemistry” to extract stilbenes as an alternative method of organic solvents has been highlighted. The present findings strengthen an original line of research to advance in a more sustainable viticulture and agriculture, using less toxic and biodegradable biocontrol products, being this a possible and realistic solution to combat plant pathogens
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Böcker, Thomas [Verfasser]. "Farm-level impacts of policy instruments targeting plant protection products / Thomas Böcker." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1170872328/34.

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Faiçal, Bruno Squizato. "The Use of Computational Intelligence for Precision Spraying of Plant Protection Products." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/55/55134/tde-02032017-155603/.

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Protection management with the aid of plant protection products makes it possible to carry out pest control programs in agricultural environments and make them less hazardous for the cultivation of products on a large scale. However, when these programs are put into effect, only a small proportion of the sprayed products is really deposited on the target area while much of it is carried to neighboring regions. The scientific literature includes studies on the use of mathematical techniques to calculate the physical transformation and movement and provide a deposition estimate of the product. On the basis of this prediction, it is possible to configure a system which can allow the spraying to be carried out in normal weather conditions in the region for a satisfactory performance, although these conditions can undergo changes and make any statistical configuration unreliable. An alternative way of overcoming this problem, is to adapt the spray elements to the meteorological conditions while the protection management is being undertaken. However, the current techniques are operationally expensive in computational terms, which makes them unsuitable for situations where a short operational time is required. This thesis can be characterized as descriptive and seeks to allow deposition predictions to be made in a rapid and precise way. Thus it is hoped that the new approaches can enable the spray element to be adapted to the weather conditions while the protection management is being carried out. The study begins by attempting to reduce costs through a computational model of the environment that can speed up its execution. Subsequently, this computational model is used for predicting the rate of deposition as a fitness function in meta-heuristic algorithms and ensure that the mechanical behavior of the spray element can be adapted to the weather conditions while the management is put into effect. The results of this approach show that it can be adapted to environments with low variability. At the same time, it has a poor performance in environments with a high variability of weather conditions. A second approach is investigated and analyzed for this scenario, where the adaptation requires a reduced execution time. In this second approach, a trained machine learning technique is employed together with the results obtained from the first approach in different scenarios. These results show that this approach allows the spray element to be adapted in a way that is compatible with what was provided by the previous approach in less space of time.<br>O manejo de proteção com uso de produtos fitofarmacêuticos possibilita o controle de pragas em ambientes agrícolas, tornando-o menos nocivo para o desenvolvimento da cultura e com produção em grande escala. Porém, apenas uma pequena parte do produto pulverizado realmente é depositado na área alvo enquanto a maior parte do produto sofre deriva para regiões vizinhas. A literatura científica possui trabalhos com o uso de técnicas matemáticas para calcular a transformação física e movimento para estimar a deposição do produto. Com base nessa predição é possível configurar o sistema de pulverização para realizar a pulverização sob uma condição meteorológica comum na região para um desempenho satisfatório, mas as condições meteorológicas podem sofrer alterações e tornar qualquer configuração estática ineficiente. Uma alternativa para esse problema é realizar a adaptação da atuação do elemento pulverizador às condições meteorológicas durante a execução do manejo de proteção. Contudo, as técnicas existentes são computacionalmente custosas para serem executadas, tornando-as inadequadas para situações em que é requerido baixo tempo de execução. Esta tese se concentra no contexto descrito com objetivo de permitir a predição da deposição de forma rápida e precisa. Assim, espera-se que as novas abordagens sejam capazes de possibilitar a adaptação do elemento pulverizador às condições meteorológicas durante a realização do manejo de proteção. Este trabalho inicia com o processo de redução do custo de execução de um modelo computacional do ambiente, tornando sua execução mais rápida. Posteriormente, utiliza-se este modelo computacional para predição da deposição como função Fitness em algoritmos de meta-heurística para adaptar o comportamento do elemento pulverizador às condições meteorológicas durante a realização do manejo. Os resultados desta abordagem demonstram que é possível utilizá-la para realizar a adaptação em ambientes com baixa variabilidade. Por outro lado, pode apresentar baixo desempenho em ambientes com alta variabilidade nas condições meteorológicas. Uma segunda abordagem é investigada e analisada para este cenário, onde o processo de adaptação requer um tempo de execução reduzido. Nesta segunda abordagem é utilizado uma técnica de Aprendizado de Máquina treinada com os resultados gerados pela primeira abordagem em diferentes cenários. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que essa abordagem possibilita realizar a adaptação do elemento pulverizador compatível com a proporcionada pela abordagem anterior em um menor espaço de tempo.
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Luttik, Robert. "Risk assessment scheme for the impact of plant protection products on birds and mammals : proefschrift /." Enschede : Febodruk BV, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39930989v.

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Proefschrift--Faculteit der Wiskunde en Natuurwetenschappen en die der Geneeskunde--Universiteit Leiden, 2003.<br>Mention parallèle de titre ou de responsabilité : Schema voor het inschatten van de risico's van het gebruik van gewasbeschermingsmiddelen voor vogels en zoogdieren. Résumés en anglais et néerlandais. Bibliogr. en fin de chap.
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Mingo, Valentin [Verfasser], and Stefan [Akademischer Betreuer] Lötters. "The use of plant protection products and its impact on reptiles / Valentin Mingo ; Betreuer: Stefan Lötters." Trier : Universität Trier, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1197808094/34.

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Livres sur le sujet "Plant protection product"

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Gahukar, R. T. Neem in plant protection. Agri-Horticultural Pub. House, 1995.

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1915-, Raychaudhuri S. P., and Maramorosch Karl, eds. Biotechnology and plant protection in forestry science. Science Publishers, 1999.

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Food & Rural Affairs Great Britain. Department for Environment. Pesticides: Code of practice for using plant protection products. Dept. for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs, 2006.

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FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Specifications, Registration Requirements, and Application Standards. Group of Experts on Pesticide Specifications., ed. Manual on the development and use of FAO specifications for plant protection products. 3rd ed. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1987.

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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations., ed. Manual on the development and use of FAO specifications for plant protection products. 5th ed. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1999.

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FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Specifications, Registration Requirements, Application Standards, and Prior Informed Consent. Group of Experts on Pesticide Specifications., ed. Manual on the development and use of FAO specifications for plant protection products. 4th ed. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1995.

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Luttik, Robert. Risk assessment scheme for the impact of plant protection products on birds and mammals. Robert Luttik, 2003.

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United States. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Plant Protection and Quarantine Programs. Title 7, Agriculture. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, 1989.

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United States. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Plant Protection and Quarantine Programs. Title 7, Agriculture. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, 1992.

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G, Copping Leonard, ed. Crop protection agents from nature: Natural products and analogues. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1996.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Plant protection product"

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Schenkel, Werner, and Achim Gathmann. "Regulatory aspects of RNAi in plant production." In RNAi for plant improvement and protection. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248890.0014a.

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Abstract Technologies based on RNA interference (RNAi) may be used in plant production in different contexts. With respect to applicable regulations, a major distinction is to be made between plants producing small RNA molecules due to modifications of the genome and topically applied plant protection products (PPPs) based on double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The first group may be further divided into those using RNAi technology to achieve changes in the plant's metabolism and those where plant-produced RNA molecules are intended to impact other organisms that interact with the plant. For PPPs, relevant aspects are whether the product contains living organisms or only purified molecules. The intended use of the product is another relevant aspect with respect to regulation. It is expected that PPPs will be among the first products utilizing the RNAi mechanism in the European Union. This chapter discusses the regulation of modified RNAi plants and the regulation of PPPs utilizing RNAi mechanisms.
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Schenkel, Werner, and Achim Gathmann. "Regulatory aspects of RNAi in plant production." In RNAi for plant improvement and protection. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248890.0154.

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Abstract Technologies based on RNA interference (RNAi) may be used in plant production in different contexts. With respect to applicable regulations, a major distinction is to be made between plants producing small RNA molecules due to modifications of the genome and topically applied plant protection products (PPPs) based on double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The first group may be further divided into those using RNAi technology to achieve changes in the plant's metabolism and those where plant-produced RNA molecules are intended to impact other organisms that interact with the plant. For PPPs, relevant aspects are whether the product contains living organisms or only purified molecules. The intended use of the product is another relevant aspect with respect to regulation. It is expected that PPPs will be among the first products utilizing the RNAi mechanism in the European Union. This chapter discusses the regulation of modified RNAi plants and the regulation of PPPs utilizing RNAi mechanisms.
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Athanassiou, Christos G., Pathipati Usha Rani, and Nickolas G. Kavallieratos. "The Use of Plant Extracts for Stored Product Protection." In Advances in Plant Biopesticides. Springer India, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2006-0_8.

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Cragg, Gordon M., Michael R. Boyd, Rita Khanna, David J. Newman, and Edward A. Sausville. "Natural Product Drug Discovery and Development." In Phytochemicals in Human Health Protection, Nutrition, and Plant Defense. Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4689-4_1.

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Mohd Zainudin, Nur Ain Izzati, Nur Baiti Abd Murad, and Fatin Nabila Shaari. "Utilisation of Plant-Based Product in Post-harvest Disease Management of Fruits." In Advances in Tropical Crop Protection. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-59268-3_9.

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Viret, Olivier, and Katia Gindro. "Disease Control." In Science of Fungi in Grapevine. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-68663-4_8.

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AbstractFungal disease control in grapevine is essential for the production of high-quality grapes. Regardless of the strategies and modes of production implemented (organic, biodynamic, integrated) and whatever the climatic conditions, growing sensitive Vitis vinifera cultivars depends on the success of disease control. Since the arrival of downy and powdery mildew in Europe over 150 years ago, no alternative to spraying the vines with fungicide at regular intervals has been found. Active ingredients in the fungicides were based on copper and sulphur until the development of newly synthesised molecules in the late 1950s, followed by the release onto the market of several plant protection products. Their regular use raises environmental and human health issues for scientists and practitioners, still searching for more natural and effective alternatives. Despite major research efforts on this front, even naturally occurring molecules used as plant protection products must be applied precisely on the leaves and grape surfaces, requiring the right product, the right dosage and the right timing of the application depending on the biological development of the pathogens and sensitivity of the vine. Success also ultimately depends on the technical performance of the sprayer and its calibration to guarantee efficacy, as well as the protection of the environment and the user.
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Warne, Michael St J., and Amanda Reichelt-Brushett. "Pesticides and Biocides." In Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10127-4_7.

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AbstractPesticides are chemicals that have been specifically synthesised to “kill pests, including insects, rodents,fungiand unwanted plants” (WHO, WHO (World Health Organisation) (2020) The WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard and guidelines to classification, 2019 edition. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240005662 [Accessed 19 Aug 2020]). They are generally used with the aim of protecting plants or plant products and this is why they are referred to in European Union legislation as Plant Protection Products. Biocides are chemicals that are also designed to have the same properties as pesticides but they are not used to protect plants or plant products.
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Trillas, M. I., E. Casanova, and G. Segarra. "The Development of a Biological Plant Protection Product: From Patent to Commercialisation: Trichoderma asperellum Strain T34." In Progress in Biological Control. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53238-3_18.

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Naegeli, Hanspeter, Gijs Klete, and Antje Dietz-Pfeilstetter. "Food and feed safety assessment of RNAi plants and products." In RNAi for plant improvement and protection. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248890.0013.

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Abstract This paper evaluates the potential hazards of food and feed derived from RNAi plants including: adverse changes of plant metabolism; mechanisms and potential for non-target gene silencing in humans and livestock, including gut microbiome; bioinformatics tools for predictionof off-target sequences of interfering RNA; the possible non-specific effects of dsRNA and siRNA in mammals; and the comparison of data requirements for safety assessment of food and feed from RNAi plants and from plants expressing recombinant proteins. It also discusses exposure and RNAi-specific risk assessment.
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Naegeli, Hanspeter, Gijs Klete, and Antje Dietz-Pfeilstetter. "Food and feed safety assessment of RNAi plants and products." In RNAi for plant improvement and protection. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248890.0131.

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Abstract This paper evaluates the potential hazards of food and feed derived from RNAi plants including: adverse changes of plant metabolism; mechanisms and potential for non-target gene silencing in humans and livestock, including gut microbiome; bioinformatics tools for predictionof off-target sequences of interfering RNA; the possible non-specific effects of dsRNA and siRNA in mammals; and the comparison of data requirements for safety assessment of food and feed from RNAi plants and from plants expressing recombinant proteins. It also discusses exposure and RNAi-specific risk assessment.
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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Plant protection product"

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Andrew, B. E., and D. F. Marshall. "Microbiological Intervention in the Corrosion Protection of Steel Sheet." In CORROSION 1986. NACE International, 1986. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1986-86413.

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Abstract The Westernport plant has had an intermittent corrosion problem on uncoated temper-rolled steel for some years. This problem was distinctive in terms of its apparently random occurrence, the small proportion of product affected, corrosion pattern, and distribution on the steel strip surface. A logical problem-solving process was used to define the causes of the corrosion problem. The hypothesis that corrosion was caused by a combination of bacterial action, and entrapped moisture derived from nitrite-based inhibitor solution, has been verified by laboratory and field tests. Addition of a triazine-type biocide to inhibitor has been effective to date in preventing corrosion.
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AlRadhi, Fatma, Nausha Asrar, Abdulrahman AlEnezi, and Ali AlSahary. "Flow Accelerated Corrosion in Heat Recovery Steam Generator of a Desalination Plant." In MECC 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/mecc2023-20090.

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Abstract In thermal desalination plants, high temperature processes are taking place in order to desalinate seawater. In these harsh environments, corrosion is more likely to happen due to accelerated reaction between the material and the surrounding at elevated temperature conditions. Failures due to Flow Accelerated Corrosion (FAC) were experienced in multiple heat recovery steam generators (HRSG)-economizer tubes made of carbon steel. Likely causes of the FAC of the economizer tubes could be improper corrosion protection of the steam side of the boiler tubes which could be due to poor chemical treatment of the boiler feed water (BFW), water chemistry (pH level &amp; dissolved oxygen), temperature, flow velocity, flow pattern geometry, material selection, etc. Thorough failure analyses were performed to identify the failure mechanisms and root causes of the problem. Results showed carryover of elements with higher potential than iron, which might increase the severity of the corrosion. Also, corrosion product layers were analyzed and causes of these failures were approached.
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Adams, David, and Michael Donne. "Large-Scale Pilot Test Leads to Successful Coating Specification and Application in a Major Wastewater Rehabilitation Facility." In CONFERENCE 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2023-19033.

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Abstract Passaic Valley Sewerage Commission (PVSC) manages the sixth-largest wastewater treatment plant in the U.S., processing up to 350 million gallons per day (MGD) at peak flow. To restore the degraded condition of the facility’s clarifiers, PVSC administered a test program to evaluate the performance of concrete repair and coating alternatives. Five protective coatings were subjected to intensive, side-by-side testing for periods up to eight to twelve months to test for delamination in multicoat systems, pinholes, holidays, and adhesion in an active setting. Three of the participating manufacturers scored the minimum ranking of eight on a scale of ten. With one manufacturer pulled from the study, two coatings in total were approved and specified. Of the two specified, one product scored the highest possible rank—the only product that could be applied without a resurfacing material and could be sprayed up to 500 mils in a single coat. Applied to PVSC’s infrastructure, the quick cure epoxy offered structural enhancement and long-term protection to prevent concrete degradation. This project emphasizes the importance of testing coatings under live field conditions to better understand their long-term performance instead of solely relying on a product’s technical data sheet (TDS) that only reflects laboratory testing.
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Horng, Y. T., J. H. Lin, J. W. Hsu, et al. "Corrosion Behavior of Zinc- and Aluminum-Coated Steels in Marine Environments of Taiwan." In CORROSION 2003. NACE International, 2003. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2003-03244.

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Abstract Hot-dip galvanized (zinc coating) steel has been used as a stable outdoor material for many years. It has good corrosion resistance in many atmospheric environments. But in coastal areas metal-coated steel corroded can fail in a short time. Atmospheric corrosion exposure tests were made on galvanized steel, and aluminum-coated steel strands at different sites over ten years. Test sites covered rural, sulfur, industrial and marine areas of the islands of Taiwan. The exposed steels were used in outdoor, telecommunication outside plant applications. The plant is always exposed to polluted air and to severe corrosive environments, and the mutual interaction of the plant metal components and the corrosive environments leads to the failure of the outside plant. In this paper, the atmospheric behavior of three classes of hot-dip galvanized steel wire strands, and one class of aluminum-coated steel wire strand from long-term exposure tests were studied. The corrosion behaviors and products were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDS) and Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA). The major corrosion product of Class A zinc-coated steel (zinc coating thickness is 32μm) in severe marine environment was found to be Fe2O3, and no zinc coating was left for the protection on the base steel after two years. The role of salinity and other weathering parameters were also analyzed by multi-regression analysis. A two-step laboratory test, salt spray after sand blast, was designed to simulate the windy and salty coastal environments and this test was adopted to evaluate the zinc- and aluminum-coated steels.
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Burda, Paul A. "Molybdates as Chromate Replacement for Closed Cooling Water Systems in Nuclear Industry." In CORROSION 1992. NACE International, 1992. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1992-92118.

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Abstract Corrosion evaluation of sodium molybdate-based products shows that selection of inhibitive blends as chromate replacements needs to be carefully considered. The inhibitor efficiency of some products depends on oxygen concentration and the passivation of aluminum is not always stable in their presence. Also, radioactivity due to Na24 was found when sodium molybdate-based products were applied in nuclear component cooling water systems (CCW). Therefore, a more radioactivity resistant new molybdate-based product of high purity reagents grade formulation was developed for nuclear application and it was verified to be as effective as chromate for corrosion protection of mild and cast steels, cast iron, and copper alloys in deionized and non-potable waters under turbulent and static conditions. The results from corrosion evaluations in the laboratory and in the field in closed cooling water systems are described in this work. This new molybdate-based inhibitor design program considerably decreased the plant operation and maintenance costs, compared to previously used less expensive chromate chemical. In addition, there was also an indirect cost savings due to elimination of potential problems with chromate of environmental impact. Procedure for chromate removal and its conversion to a new molybdate-based blend in nuclear CCW is also presented. Described nonchromate treatment requires relatively simple field monitoring, measure and control.
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Richter, Sonja, Jay Locklear, Mohsen Achour, Thomas Baugh, Probjot Singh, and Ross Goff. "Control of Corrosion Inhibitor Fouling in a Highly Sour System." In CORROSION 2018. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-10918.

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Abstract Black tar-like fouling material was driving frequent shut-downs and increasing corrosion in the inlet area of a gas plant that processes lean gas with high acid gas content (68%CH4, 20%CO2 and 12%H2S). Analytical work indicated that the nitrogen containing corrosion inhibitor (CI) polymerized with sulfur compounds (polysulfides, elemental sulfur and/or H2S) in a type of a vulcanization process resulting in a hard-to-clean insoluble fouling product. Corrosion testing confirmed the role of the CI in creating this fouling. A customized autoclave testing was designed to include powdered elemental sulfur circulating in the bulk fluid. This allowed for a recreation of the condition in the plant where solid elemental sulfur comes out of solution and fouling occurs. The tests reproduced the tar-like fouling substance in the presence of the incumbent corrosion inhibitor. The data showed that a surfactant (wetting agent) used to keep elemental sulfur from depositing would also protect the steel from elemental sulfur corrosion. Other CIs were tested, but none provided protection at an acceptable dosage level without forming this foulant material.
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Reith, Hans-Juergen. "Dual Laminate Pipework and Vessels with a Bonded PTFE Lining Suitable for Corrosive Media at High Temperature." In CORROSION 2007. NACE International, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2007-07543.

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Abstract Components used in chemical plants are exposed to extreme stresses due to process conditions. Aggressive media, pressure differences and marked changes in temperature require corrosion protection systems combining high chemical resistance, good mechanical strength and high thermal stability to insure permanently reliable plant operation. Conventional metal equipment and pipe work systems often fail to meet expectations for lasting reliability. For many decades now, glass fiber-reinforced unsaturated polyester and vinylester resins (FRP) have been a familiar and highly appreciated alternative to metal materials. With their chemical-resistant layer and thermoplastic liner they offer good corrosion resistance and are thus ideal materials for equipment and pipe work construction. Up to the 1990s, the media usually handled and stored were aqueous liquids, so that materials with dimensional stability of up to 125°C were adequate. Since then, increasing use has been made of plastic components, especially in constructing equipment and plant components exposed to high thermal stresses in chemical process engineering. Consequently, the demand for higher thermal and chemical stability of the construction materials has increased as well. The product found to meet such demands is a composite system comprising a load-bearing FRP layer and, firmly bonded to it, a modified polytetrafluoroethylene liner. This paper outlines the development of this relatively new composite material. It also describes the practical experience the chemical process engineering industry has gained with this material. Such experience relates in particular to demanding applications combining both aggressive media and high temperatures.
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Franco, R. J., N. Dinielli, and R. J. Nowicki. "Solving an Unusual Problem with Molybdates." In CORROSION 1985. NACE International, 1985. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1985-85133.

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Abstract Pitting corrosion and fouling were encountered in an open, recirculating cooling water system which employs live steam injection as a heating medium in a jacketed reactor. Deposits consisted of iron oxide corrosion product and precipitated components (PO4, Zn) of two previous water treatment programs. The water treatment was changed to a molybdate-tolyl-triazole dispersant program due to its greater stability at high temperature and elevated pH, and its environmental acceptability. The molybdate program has been successful since its inception more than two years ago in controlling corrosion and fouling at this chemical plant. The paper describes the relationship between molybdenum concentration and general and pitting corrosion rate in the system. Corrosion rates, determined at various locations by coupons and an instantaneous corrosion rate meter, verify the effectiveness of the inhibitor at a concentration in the range of 8-15 ppm Mo (13-25 ppm MoO4). Higher concentrations (15-3U ppm Mo) provide excellent protection of carbon steel in the areas exposed to steam injection.
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Sirnes, Helene, and Thorsten Gundlach. "Black Powder in Pipeline, Cleaning Program." In CORROSION 2012. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01528.

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Abstract Experience with Black powder in pipelines on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) is limited to a few pipelines. The cleaning of one of the pipelines has recently started and the analysis of the dust is on-going. Pipeline cleaning or operational pigging is a part of the maintenance program. The business driver for cleaning the pipeline is to be able to perform an inline inspection and avoid under deposit corrosion in the pipeline.1 First operational cleaning runs after pipeline commissioning gave slurry as the pigging product. Some years later the slurry changed to black powder and caused operational challenges. Due to the low radioactivity (LRA) and the composition of the dust some restrictions for the receiving facility were identified. Modifications at the receiving facilitys have been performed to be able to clean the pipeline in a safe manner. The main business driver for the modifications at the receiving facilities is to ensure an environmentally friendly and safe operation. The dust has not given any problems in daily operation. After the first incident with black powder the Gas Processing Plant installed filter modules to handle the dust in daily operation. Prior to the start of the pipeline cleaning activities, additional filter capacity has been installed in order to ensure a proper protection of the Gas Processing Plant. This paper describes some of the history for the pipeline, the cleaning history, challenges and limitations and the analysis of the dust compared to previous analysis.
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Taj, Shaheen, Aisha Siddekha, Sankara Papavinasam, and R. Winstone Revie. "Some Natural Products as Green Corrosion Inhibitors." In CORROSION 2007. NACE International, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2007-07630.

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Abstract Pipelines are the safest and most economical means of transporting oil and gas in offshore and onshore production facilities. Corrosion inhibitors continue to play a significant role in protecting the pipelines from internal corrosion. A number of corrosion inhibitors have been developed with low environmental impact without compromising on their inhibitor efficiency. Recently geographical location specific-regulations for several regions have been implemented. The most prominent of these are the environmental regulations for the North Sea (UK, Norway, Denmark, The Netherlands), US Gulf Coast, Eastern Canada etc. This paper describes the investigations using aqueous extracts of leaves of medicinal plants A, B and C; and root of plant D as environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors of mild steel in synthetic ocean water by weight loss method. These natural products were designed for application in Indian oil and gas industry and other environmentally sensitive platforms; exploiting their low toxicity-as medicinal plants and ease of biodegradation-as water soluble extracts. Aqueous extracts of plant materials A, B, C and D were investigated for Bioaccumulation. All the extracts exhibited low bioaccumulation and good corrosion protection. These preliminary investigations conducted to select green inhibitors revealed that aqueous extracts of C and D exhibited better corrosion performance than A and B. Weight loss studies results at 50ppm and 100ppm in the absence and presence of Hydrogen sulfide further support this fact. This paper also presents a brief overview of the principal criteria the inhibitor developers must follow to determine whether a given corrosion inhibitor is environmentally acceptable in a given region. It also presents the criteria for green corrosion inhibitors for Indian oil and gas industry pertinent to the characteristic marine biodiversity, local priority issues like major sources of pollution, demography, the nature of regional and international environmental agreements etc.
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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Plant protection product"

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Cytryn, E., Sean F. Brady, and O. Frenkel. Cutting edge culture independent pipeline for detection of novel anti-fungal plant protection compounds in suppressive soils. United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2022.8134142.bard.

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Fusarium oxysporum spp. causes Panama disease in bananas and crown and root rot in an array of vegetables and field crops, but increased regulations have restricted the use of many conventional chemical pesticides, and there are a limited number of commercially available products effective against them. The soil microbiome represents a largely untapped reservoir of secondary metabolites that can potentially antagonize fungal pathogens. However, most soil bacteria cannot be cultivated using conventional techniques and therefore most of these compounds remain unexplored. The overall goal of this two-year project was to extract and characterize novel secondary metabolites from "unculturable" soil microbiomes that antagonize Fusarium and other fungal plant pathogens. Initially, the Cytryn lab at the Volcani Institute (ARO) identified candidate biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) encoding for potentially novel antifungal compounds (specifically non-ribosomal peptides and polyketides) in soil and plant root microbiomes using cutting-edge metagenomic platforms. Next, the Brady lab at Rockefeller University (RU) screened archived soil metagenomic cosmid libraries for these BGCs, and heterologously expressed them in suitable hosts. Finally, the Frenkel and Cytryn labs at ARO assessed the capacity of these heterologous expressed strains to antagonize Fusarium and other fungal plant pathogens. Initially tomato and lettuce were analyzed, and subsequently roots of cucumbers grown in suppressive (biochar amended) soils were targeted. We found that the composition of tomato and lettuce root BGCs are similar to each other, but significantly different from adjacent bulk soil, indicating that root bacteria possess specific secondary metabolites that are potentially associated with rhizosphere competence. BGC linked to known metabolites included various antimicrobial, (e.g., streptazone E, sessilin), antifungal (heat-stable antifungal factor- HSAF, II and ECO-02301), and insecticidal (melingmycin, orfamide A) compounds. However, over 90% of the identified BGCs were moderately to significantly different from those encoding for characterized secondary metabolites, highlighting the profusion of potentially novel secondary metabolites in both root and soil environments. Novel BGCs that were abundant in roots and remotely resembled those of antifungal compounds were transferred to RU for subsequent screening and five were identified in RU soil metagenomic cosmid libraries. Two of these clusters (BARD-1711 BARD-B481) were heterologously-expressed in a Streptomyces albus J1074 strain, and transferred to ARO. The strain harboring BARAD-B481 was found to antagonize Fusarium significantly more than the host strain, indicating that this BGCs product has antifungal activity. Future studies will need to work on chemically characterizing the BARAD-B481 BGC and progress with the above described pipeline for other interesting BGCs.
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Freeman, Stanley, and Russell J. Rodriguez. The Interaction Between Nonpathogenic Mutants of Colletotrichum and Fusarium, and the Plant Host Defense System. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573069.bard.

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The intent of this proposal was to study the interaction between nonpathogenic mutants of Colletotrichum magna and Fusarium oxysporum, and the cucurbit host defense system. We had shown previously that a nonpathogenic endophytic mutant path- 1 of C. magna, caused no visible disease symptoms but protected watermelon seedlings from disease caused by the wildtype isolate and F. o. niveum. Objectives were: 1) Determine the microscopic, biochemical and molecular genetic interaction between "protected" (path- 1 colonized) cucurbit hosts and wildtype isolates of C. magna; 2) Isolate non-pathogenic mutants of F.o. melonis and test feasibility for protecting plants against fungal diseases. We found that path-1 caused no visible disease symptoms in cucurbit seedlings but conferred disease resistance against pathogenic isolates of C. magna, C. orbiculare, and F. oxysporum. Disease resistance conferred by path-1 correlated to a decrease in the time of activation of host defense systems after exposure of path-1 colonized plants to virulent pathogens. This was determined by monitoring the biochemical activity of PAL and peroxidase, and the deposition of lignin. It appears that path-1-conferred disease resistance is a multigenic phenomenon which should be more difficult for pathogen to overcome than single gene conferred resistance. Based on the benefits conferred by path-1, we have defined this mutant as expressing a mutualistic lifestyle. REMI (restriction enzyme-mediated integration) nonpathogenic mutants were also isolated using pHA1.3 plasmid linearized with Hind III and transformed into wildtype C. magna. The integrated vector and flanking genomic DNA sequences in REMI mutant R1 was re-isolated and cloned resulting in a product of approximately 11 kb designated pGMR1. Transformations of wildtype C. magna with pGMR1 resulted in the same non-pathogenic phenotype. A nonpathogenic mutant of F.o. melonis (pathogenic to melon) was isolated that colonized melon plants but elicited no disease symptoms in seedlings and conferred 25 - 50% disease protection against the virulent wildtype isolate. Subsequently, nonpathogenic mutant isolates of F.o. niveum (pathogenic to watermelon) were also isolated. Their protection capacity against the respective wildtype parent is currently under investigation. This research has provided information toward a better understanding of host-parasite interactions; specifically, endophytes, pathogens and their hosts. It will also allow us to assess the potential for utilizing nonpathogenic mutants as biological control agents against fungal pathogens and isolating molecular genetic factors of pathogenicity in Fusarium.
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Mudge, Christopher, Glenn Suir, and Benjamin Sperry. Unmanned aircraft systems and tracer dyes : potential for monitoring herbicide spray distribution. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47705.

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Chemical control of nuisance aquatic vegetation has long been the most widely utilized management tool due to its high level of efficacy, limited environmental impacts, and relatively low cost. However, unprecise application of herbicides can lead to uncontrolled invasive plants and unintended management costs. Therefore, precision herbicide delivery techniques are being developed to improve invasive plant control and minimize impacts to non-target plants. These technological advancements have the potential to enhance aquatic ecosystem protection from invasive species while reducing associated management costs. Despite the benefits of using registered herbicides for aquatic plant control in efforts to restore aquatic habitats, their use is often misunderstood and opposed by public stakeholders. This can lead to significant challenges related to chemical control of nuisance aquatic vegetation. Thus, US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Districts seek improved methods to monitor and quantify the distribution (i.e., amount of herbicide retained on plant foliage compared to those deposited into the water column) of herbicides applied in aquatic systems. Monitoring herbicide movement in aquatic systems can be tedious and costly using standard analytical methods. However, since the inert fluorescent tracer dye Rhodamine WT (RWT) closely mimics product movement in the aquatic environment it has been used as a cost-effective surrogate for herbicides tracing. The use of RWT (or other inert tracer dyes) can be an efficient way to quantify herbicide retention and deposition following foliar treatments. However, the collection of operational spray deposition data in large populations of invasive floating and emergent plant stands is labor intensive and costly. One proposed solution is the use of remote sensing methods as an alternative to traditional in situ samples. Specifically, using unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) in conjunction with RWT could provide more efficient monitoring and quantification of herbicide spray distribution and in-water concentrations when using RWT in combination with herbicides. A better understanding of UAS capabilities and limitations is key as this technology is being explored for improved and integrated management of aquatic plants in the U.S. This technical note (TN) provides a review of literature to assess the state of knowledge and technologies that can assist USACE Districts and partners with tracking herbicide movement (using RWT as a surrogate or additive), which could improve operational monitoring, thus reducing the level of uncertainty related to chemical applications and non-target impacts, and thus improve management in aquatic systems.
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Dawson, William O., Moshe Bar-Joseph, Charles L. Niblett, Ron Gafny, Richard F. Lee, and Munir Mawassi. Citrus Tristeza Virus: Molecular Approaches to Cross Protection. United States Department of Agriculture, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570551.bard.

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Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) has the largest genomes among RNA viruses of plants. The 19,296-nt CTV genome codes for eleven open reading frames (ORFs) and can produce at least 19 protein products ranging in size from 6 to 401 kDa. The complex biology of CTV results in an unusual composition of CTV-specific RNAs in infected plants which includes multiple defective RNAs and mixed infections. The complex structure of CTV populations poses special problems for diagnosis, strain differentiation, and studies of pathogenesis. A manipulatable genetic system with the full-length cDNA copy of the CTV genome has been created which allows direct studies of various aspects of the CTV biology and pathology. This genetic system is being used to identify determinants of the decline and stem-pitting disease syndromes, as well as determinants responsible for aphid transmission.
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Harman, Gary E., and Ilan Chet. Discovery and Use of Genes and Gene Combinations Coding for Proteins Useful in Biological Control. United States Department of Agriculture, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568787.bard.

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The objectives of the research in this proposal were to (A) identify synergy among proteins that provide enhanced activity over single proteins for control of plant pathogenic fungi, (B) clone and characterize genetic sequences coding for proteins with ability to control pathogenic fungi, (C) produce transgenic organisms with enhanced biocontrol ability using genes and gene combinations and determine their efficiency in protecting plants against plant pathogenic fungi. A related objective was to produce disease-resistant plants. Fungal cell wall degrading enzymes from any source are strongly synergistic with any membrane active compound and, further, different classes of cell wall degrading enzymes are also strongly synergistic. We have cloned and sequenced a number of genes from bacterial and fungal sources including five that are structurally unrelated. We have prepared transgenic fungi that are deficient in production of enzymes and useful in mechanistic studies. Others are hyperproducers of specific enzymes that permit us, for the first time, to produce enzymes from T. harzianum in sufficient quantity to conduct tests of their potential use in commercial agriculture. Finally, genes from these studies have been inserted into several species of crop plants were they produce a high level of resistance to several plant pathogenic fungi.
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Arts, Gertie, Jos Boesten, Theo Brock, and Ivo Roessink. Arable weeds and non-target plants in prospective risk assessment for plant protection products : Specific protection goal and exposure assessment goal options. Wageningen Environmental Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/424504.

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Brunton, Jack, Vance Furukawa, Grant Frost, Mike Danna, Al Figueroa, and Joseph Scroppo. Molten carbonate fuel cell product development test environmental assessment/protection plan. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6498596.

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Brock, Theo, Paulien Adriaanse, and Ivo Roessink. Non-target terrestrial arthropods in prospective environmental risk assessment for plant protection products : specific protection goal options. Wageningen Environmental Research, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/511522.

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Chen, Yona, Jeffrey Buyer, and Yitzhak Hadar. Microbial Activity in the Rhizosphere in Relation to the Iron Nutrition of Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7613020.bard.

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Iron is the fourth most abundant element in the soil, but since it forms insoluble hydroxides at neutral and basic pH, it often falls short of meeting the basic requirements of plants and microorganisms. Most aerobic and facultative aerobic microorganisms possess a high-affinity Fe transport system in which siderophores are excreted and the consequent Fe complex is taken up via a cognate specific receptor and a transport pathway. The role of the siderophore in Fe uptake by plants and microorganisms was the focus of this study. In this research Rhizopus arrhizus was found to produce a novel siderophore named Rhizoferrin when grown under Fe deficiency. This compound was purified and its chemical structure was elucidated. Fe-Rhizoferrin was found to alleviate Fe deficiency when applied to several plants grown in nutrient solutions. It was concluded that Fe-Rhizoferrin is the most efficient Fe source for plants when compared with other among microbial siderophores known to date and its activity equals that of the most efficient synthetic commercial iron fertilizer-Fe EDDHA. Siderophores produced by several rhizosphere organisms including Rhizopus Pseudomonas were purified. Monoclonal antibodies were produced and used to develop a method for detection of the siderophores produced by plant-growth-promoting microorganisms in barley rhizosphere. The presence of an Fe-ferrichrome uptake in fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. was demonstrated, and its structural requirements were mapped in P. putida with the help of biomimetic ferrichrome analogs. Using competition experiments, it was shown that FOB, Cop B and FC share at least one common determinant in their uptake pathway. Since FC analogs did not affect FOB or Cop-mediated 55Fe uptake, it could be concluded that these siderophores make use of a different receptor(s) than FC. Therefore, recognition of Cop, FOB and FC proceeds through different receptors having different structural requirements. On the other hand, the phytosiderophores mugineic acid (MA and DMA), were utilized indirectly via ligand exchange by P. putida. Receptors from different biological systems seem to differ in their structural requirements for siderophore recognition and uptake. The design of genus- or species-specific drugs, probes or chemicals, along with an understanding of plant-microbe and microbe-microbe relationships as well as developing methods to detect siderophores using monoclonal antibodies are useful for manipulating the composition of the rhizosphere microbial population for better plant growth, Fe-nutrition and protection from diseases.
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Vänninen, I., and R. J. M. Meijer. Adapting greenhouse climate for enhanced biocontrol and better performance of plant protection products. BioGreenhouse, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/373604.

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