Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Plurality of information »

When discussing about "plurality" of nouns in Turkish, it reminds /+lar/ affix after nouns (morpheme) and the subject is undervalued. Whereas, plurality and formation of plurality is not simple as it is thought as well as it is not made up of /+lar/ affix. It is because /+lar/ affix is only one of the linguistic elements in the morphological plurality used for making plural in Turkish.Out of /+lar/ affix, /+An+/, /+Ar+/, /+(ş)Ar+/, /+GIl+/, /+GUn+/, /+ºK+/, /+lA+/, /+ºs+/, /+ºş+/, /+ºT+/, /+ºz+/ affixes have given plurality, plus, double, group, generalization, exaggeration, respect etc. to the words they are added in the historical process of Turkish. However, a major part of affixes used in plurality by morphological ways in Turkish has lost their function of plurality etc. in the historical process and combined with the base, origin, and body of their words.The plurality in Turkish is a name of category (as it is in all world languages) and made in three ways: Morphological plurality, semantic plurality, and syntactic pluralityIn this article, information is given primarily in "generality" and "singularity" and secondarily in plurality in Turkish, ways of forming this category, and some problems in learning it.

Information on the management of local administrations and the actions of the political leaders who govern them is essential for citizens to exercise their political rights. It is therefore necessary for these administrations to provide quality information that the media can use as sources for their news stories. At the same time, these media outlets have to compare and report while taking into account the plurality of their audiences. However, in local settings, collusion exists between political power and media owners that restricts the plurality of news, favoring the dominant political interests and hiding the demands, interests and protagonism of other social actors. We study this problem in the Caribbean Region of Colombia. We analyze the information that the town halls of the main cities in the region provide to the media and how the largest print newspapers and main regional television news broadcasters report on local politics. We compare these news stories to establish whether there is a plurality of news reports. In addition, we analyze the key elements of the news items disseminated by private media outlets to establish whether they report a limited vision of reality: the topics covered, the protagonists referred to in headlines and news stories, and the sources against which the news and images are compared. The results reveal shortcomings that result in similar information between public information and private media content, thus limiting the plurality of news reports and the social protagonism of other social agents. Ultimately, this hinders quality journalism that satisfies the interests of citizens.

Methodological pluralism or plurality is considered as the employment of more than one method in an inquiry. Methodological pluralism can be categorised into mixed methods and multi-method. The current study explored the use of methodological pluralism in Library and Information Science (LIS) research produced by Pakistani authors. Qualitative content analysis was used to explore latent and manifest use of methodologies in research articles authored by Pakistani published between 2001 and 2016 in national and international journals. Multiple searching strategies were used to identify the articles published in international journals. Findings show that high majority of Pakistani authors did not use the terms mixed methods and multi-method in the description of methodology. Nearly one third (30%) research articles used more than one method. The share of multi-method research (16%) is slightly higher than mixed methods research (14%). In multi-methods articles, combining of quantitative methods was less prevalent as compared to qualitative methods. Multi-method quantitative was used in only six articles. In case of multi-method qualitative design, interviews, personal communication and discussion with experts, literature review and content analysis are the most popular methods. In mixed methods research, interview and questionnaire are the most used methods. Growth in methodological pluralism is half than growth of articles with single method. Knowing and elaboration of the differentiation in mixed methods and multi-method can help in the education and use of methodological pluralism among LIS researchers. Authors should use and explore methodological plurality by treating multi-method designs as separate from mixed method designs.

The article reveals the nature and manifestations of Ukrainian religious pluralism. Despite the constant interest in the topic - the plurality of religious life in Ukraine, science has not yet clarified the causes and roots of this phenomenon. The author analyzes the historical, psychological, socio-political factors that caused the religious diversity of Ukraine. The presence of many religious traditions within one ethnic and state territory promotes tolerant relations between bearers of different religious beliefs. Ukraine's religious plurality distinguishes Ukrainians from other nations. This gives grounds to consider Ukraine a unique religious phenomenon of the European level (Casanova). Religious plurality is a condition for the establishment of the principles of freedom of religion, freedom of choice. The author derives worldview plurality and polydenominationalism in Ukraine from the history of the Ukrainian people, looking for their origins in the pre-Christian and later early Christian era. The presence of heresy in Ukraine as a generalized form of coexistence of different worldviews explains the current richness of religious traditions, their syncretization. The article makes an intermediate conclusion that the history itself, living conditions, national character of the people formed Ukraine denominationally plural. Based on such a historical foundation, since gaining state independence in 1991, Ukraine has been self-determined in its priorities regarding the country's spiritual / religious development. The Law “On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Organizations” adopted by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine created a legal basis for the equal existence and development of different religions in Ukraine. The plurality of Ukrainian society is enshrined in law. The basic principles of the plurality of religious life are confirmed by specific digital data that illustrate the richness of religious traditions in Ukraine quantitatively and qualitatively. The author provides statistics on all religions and denominations that exist in Ukraine, giving the number of communities, monasteries, schools, priests, publications and more. Detailed information seeks to form a holistic picture of the religious life of Ukraine. The analyzed data give grounds to single out the factors that determine the religious plurality of Ukraine. According to the author, at the beginning of the XXI century the denominational network of Ukraine has largely already formed. The mass emergence of new religious movements is unlikely. Nevertheless, Ukraine has not yet exhausted all the possibilities of religious pluralism. It can grow not only due to the emergence of some exotic, technological, syncretic religions, but also because of intra-confessional division or unity of communities. In Ukraine, there are structures (public, scientific, state, educational, and interreligious) that cultivate interreligious tolerance, which will ensure a high level of religious freedom. However, religious pluralism in Ukraine is periodically threatened by various circumstances - internal and external, general and local, collective and personal. In conclusion, religious pluralism is determined as a guarantor of religious freedom, the right of everyone to profess his chosen system of spiritual values.

The COVID-19 pandemic necessitates the use of all sectors in communication through online media based on using Internet networks and audio-visual technology. Gedog Tuban Batik fabric has the potential to develop the motifs and coloring of the fabric that can be done by batik artisans. Meanwhile, the impact of COVID-19 has resulted in a decline in the economic activity of artisans. To overcome this, a method of empowering the Tuban community is needed so that they can continue to produce Tuban batik. The community is equipped to express themselves through audio and visual media as well as coloring and motifs for developing Gedog batik with the citizen journalist method and applied art. This is an ethnographic research using qualitative methods. The data collection techniques were done through in-depth interviews and observations. The results of the study show that through the empowerment of local resources, the Tuban community has an alternative activity, namely batik making in order to survive during the pandemic. The residents of Tuban are agents of information in terms of how to produce, distribute, and exhibit Gedog batik through their smart phone technology.

AbstractWitnesses encoding a crime are likely to feel negative emotions with high arousal, e.g., anxiety or fear. Negative emotions improve memory for central information and impair memory for peripheral information. In this study we explored the effects of emotional arousal and type of information in the regulation of accuracy. The regulation of accuracy allows participants to maximize accuracy, for example, by deciding on the number of alternatives in their response (the plurality option). Participants were induced with high-and low-arousal negative emotions and then shown a slideshow of a crime. Afterwards, they answered questions about central and peripheral contents of the event. Questions followed the basic plurality option procedure. First, participants selected one alternative (single answer); second, they selected three alternatives (plural answer); and, finally, they decided on reporting either the single or the plural answer. Results showed successful manipulation of arousal, and that the regulation of accuracy led to a greater increase in accuracy for peripheral than for central information, but no differences depending on the level of arousal. We also identified two factors that increased accuracy in the plurality option: the ability to discard answers with low chances of being correct and the addition of answers with higher chances of being correct. Either one, or both, can increase witness accuracy.

Data are increasingly important in central facets of modern life: academics, professions, and society at large. Educating aspiring minds to meet highest standards in these facets is the mandate of institutions of higher education. This, naturally, includes the preparation for excelling in today’s data-driven world. In recent years, an intensive academic discussion has resulted in the distinction between two different modes of data related education: data science and data literacy education. As a large number of study programs and offers is emerging around the world, data literacy in higher education is a particular focus of this paper. These programs, despite sharing the same name, differ substantially in their educational content, i.e., a high plurality can be observed. This paper explores this plurality, comments on the role it might play and suggests ways it can be dealt with by maintaining a high degree of adaptiveness and plurality while simultaneously establishing a consistent educational “essence”. It identifies a skill set, data self-empowerment, as a potential part of this essence. Data science and literacy education are still experiencing changeability in their emergence as fields of study, while additionally being stirred up by rapid developments, bringing about a need for flexibility and dialectic.

This article briefly reviews the long-lasting commitment of Social Science Information to the critical analysis of orders of knowledge and the conditions for their creation to, subsequently, reflect on the current co-existence of a plurality of orders of justification across society, including the institutions of knowledge production. Furthermore, it suggests that recent social transformations have accentuated an asymmetry within this plurality, namely towards those forms of judgement that operate with quantitative measures and that are geared towards enhancing performance.

This research aims to reveal the concept of religious pluralism expressed by Nurcholish Madjid in his renewal ideas and Nurcholish Madjid's interpretation of the verses of the Qur’an about religious pluralism is like. This research is library research is research that makes books that discuss the themes studied as a source of data in research. The object to be studied in this research is Nurcholish Madjid. The results of this study indicate that religious pluralism in the idea of Nurcholish Madjid is a plurality of paths leading to one truth, namely the truth of God. This is based on his belief that the One Truth is only God, so only God cannot be more than one, while the path to God as the One Truth certainly varies, according to human ability to obtain and reason information from the procedures to God. Nurcholish Madjid, interprets religious pluralism from two contexts, namely, First, the Indonesian context and modernity. Second, the context of the meaning of the word al-Islām "an attitude of surrender to God" as a meeting point of semitic religions.

Freedom of speech as a basic right is the starting point of the article. The Inter-American legal framework contributes pondering on the importance plurality and the vast array of information have in the validity of this right and democracy in general. This consideration is done from the standards given by the Commission reports and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights case law. The article ponders on how and how much the exercise of freedom of speech right is affected by the excessive concentrationof personal property and control over the media.
El artículo toma como punto de partida que la libertad de expresión forma parte del corpus de derechos fundamentales que el marco jurídico interamericano para reflexionar sobre la importancia de la pluralidad y la diversidad de la información tienen para la vigencia de este derecho y de la democracia en general. Esta reflexión se realiza a partir de los estándares construidos por los informes de la Comisión y la jurisprudencia de la Corte interamericanas. El texto reflexiona sobre cuánto y cómo afecta, al pleno ejercicio de la libertad de expresión, la excesiva concentración de la propiedad privada y del control de los medios de comunicación.

Le présent travail de recherche s'est penché sur les nouveaux défis des médias, notamment du service public, après le vent de démocratisation qui a engendré la libéralisation de l'espace médiatique en Afrique au début des années 1990.Cette thèse porte la gestion de l'information gouvernementale en milieu sur journalistique à la télévision nationale du Bénin en Afrique francophone. L'objectif principal ici est d'une part d'explorer les méandres qui conduisent à la production des informations diffusées sur la chaîne, d'en évaluer d'abord la rigueur professionnelle par rapport aux principes du métier du journalisme, et d'autre part l'analyse des journaux télévisés et la perception par les consommateurs des produits de la télévision nationale du Bénin enfin.En choisissant ce média public comme terrain d'étude, ce travail propose un cadre d'analyse des journaux télévisés, de la production et de la réception de l'information gouvernementale au sein de cette télévision.Cette enquête approfondie, entre questionnaires, entretiens collectifs, étudie le traitement et les angles de traitements adoptés face à l'information politique à caractère gouvernemental au regard du code de la déontologie de la presse Béninoise et de la loi n° 2015-07 portant code de l'information et de la communication en République du Bénin.Les résultats obtenus soulignent ensuite le rôle du décret n°2005-252 du 6 mai 2005 portant approbation des statuts de cette télévision ; en ses articles 3 et 25 dans le traitement de l'information gouvernementale. Ces deux articles confient respectivement à ce média de : «Réaliser des émissions d'information générale et des programmes de Radiodiffusion et de Télévision répondant aux objectifs politiques, économiques, et socio-culturels de l'Etat béninois » et indique ensuite que le DG, s'il est responsable de la gestion quotidienne est surtout chargé de « veiller à la mise en œuvre de la politique de l'information gouvernementale ainsi qu'à la diffusion de tous les courants de pensée pour autant qu'ils ne portent pas atteinte à l'ordre et à la « sécurité publique. »Enfin, cette thèse permet de revenir sur les effets de la communication politique, ses liens et influences sur l'information journalistique à la télévision du point de vue de la production et de la réception.Sur la base des résultats de notre recherche, ce travail préconise une formation du personnel, une révision des textes régissant le fonctionnement de la télévision nationale du Bénin, et un travail de sensibilisation des acteurs politiques sur le rôle d'un organe de presse nationale
This thesis examines the management of government information in a journalistic environment on Benin national television in French-speaking Africa. The main objective here is to explore the meanders that lead to the production of news broadcast on the channel, to assess its professional rigor in relation to the principles of the journalistic profession, and to analyze newscasts and consumers' perception of the products of Benin's national television.By choosing this public medium as the field of study, this work proposes a framework for analyzing newscasts, the production and reception of government information within this television.This in-depth investigation, between questionnaires, group interviews, studies the treatment and angles of treatment adopted in the face of political information of a governmental nature with regard to the code of ethics of the Beninese press and law no. 2015-07 on the information and communication code in the Republic of Benin.The results then highlight the role of Decree no. 2005-252 of May 6, 2005, approving the statutes of this television station, in articles 3 and 25, in the treatment of government information. These two articles respectively entrust this medium with: "Produce general information broadcasts and radio and television programs in line with the political, economic and socio-cultural objectives of the Beninese state", and go on to state that the CEO, while responsible for day-to-day management, is above all charged with "overseeing the implementation of government information policy, as well as the dissemination of all currents of thought, insofar as they do not undermine public order and security".Finally, this thesis examines the effects of political communication, its links and influences on journalistic information on television, from the point of view of production and reception.On the basis of the results of our research, this work recommends staff training, a revision of the texts governing the operation of Benin's national television station, and work to raise awareness among political players of the role of a national media outlet

Intellectual property affects an increasingly large range of social life. Despite the breadth of goods and activities affected by intellectual property schemas, policy-makers, legislators, jurists and even many social theorists have a narrow understanding of the basis for instituting intellectual property rights and understanding their limits: most see intellectual property rights only as a means to create more intellectual goods in society. My dissertation argues that our intellectual property schemas and policies need to be more sensitive to the diversity of values involved in the social meanings of different intellectual goods and activities. Contrary to those who claim that "information wants to be free," I defend a property-based approach to the protection and regulation of intellectual goods. I argue that intellectual property schemas need to do a better job responding to the diversity of value that characterizes intellectual activities and goods. Finally, I argue that context is an important tool for marking out which values are to be promoted in different circumstances and communities.

L'objectif de la recherche est de mettre à l'épreuve une conception pluraliste du fonctionnement et du développement cognitifs. L'exemple choisi est celui de la genèse de la conservation. On rappelle, tout d'abord, les conceptions "unitaires" de la conservation. On présente ensuite une analyse critique de deux controverses : celle qui a opposé Piaget et Bruner sur la nature du processus en jeu dans la résolution des épreuves de conservation ; celle qui surgit à propos d'un décalage génétique postule entre conservation de l'identité et conservation de l'équivalence. Un bilan de ces controverses conduit à postuler deux modes de traitement différents : une analyse des dimensions perceptibles du changement de forme de l'objet et un processus de généralisation fonde sur l'identité qualitative de l'objet. Un modèle pluraliste de la conservation est proposé. Il prévoit que les deux processus peuvent intervenir simultanément, dans le jugement des sujets, mais avec des pondérations différentes selon les sujets et selon les situations. Il suppose, en outre, que l'une des sources du développement réside dans la dynamique du système qui peut être enclenchée lorsque des processus différents entrent en interaction. La contribution expérimentale est composée de sept expériences. Les deux premières vérifient que la conception de Bruner présente une alternative plausible au modèle propose par Piaget. La troisième est une étude longitudinale dont les résultats confirment l'hypothèse de cheminements différents dans le développement de la conservation. Les trois expériences suivantes mettent à l'épreuve l'hypothèse d'une interaction entre les traitements dimensionnels et identité. Deux paradigmes différents sont utilisés. Le premier s'inspire de la théorie de l'intégration de l'information de N. Anderson ; le second utilise une situation de double-tache ou l'épreuve de conservation tient lieu de tache interférente. Les résultats de ces expériences montrent que les jugements des sujets nonconservants sont susceptibles de varier selon le jeu des pondérations entre les deux modes de traitement de l'information. La dernière expérience tend à montrer que l'incertitude du jugement de conservation augmente lorsque la compétition entre les deux modes de traitement de l'information est importante. L'ensemble des résultats est discuté par référence à deux interprétations concurrentes
This research examines a pluralistic approach to cognitive functioning and development. The development of conservation of quantity is used as a test case. First, the "unitary" models of conservation are discussed. Then a critical analysis of two historical controversies follows : one controversy focuses on the nature of the process involved in conservation tasks, and the other focuses on the postulated decalage between identity conservation and equivalence conservation. A synthesis of these controversies leads to two hypothesized information processing modes : (a) an analysis of the object's dimensions that are subject to change and (b) a generalization process based on the object's qualitative identity. A pluralistic model of the development of conservation is proposed. This model states that both processes can be activated simultaneously when subjects make conservation judgments ; however, these processes are activated with different weights for different individuals and for different situations. It is also assumed that one source of cognitive development could be a selforganizing dynamic which is engaged when different processes interact. Seven experiments were conducted. The first three experiments confirm that Bruner's theory is a viable alternative to the Piagetian one. The third experiment is a longitudinal study which shows different pathways for different individuals during the development of conservation. Three further experiments address the issue of interaction between information processing modes. Two different paradigms are used. The first is inspired by N. Anderson's information integration theory ; the second is a dual-task paradigm in which conservation is the interfering task. The results show that nonconserving subjects'judgments tend to vary with the weights given to the two information processing modes described above. The last experiment shows that the uncertainty of judgments increases when competition between both information processing modes is substantial. Possible theoretical interpretations of the results are discussed

Notre recherche part d'un constat : les formations en information et/ou communication transmettent, à travers leurs programmes, des savoirs pluriels. Elles reflètent l'image d'un cadre disciplinaire aux contours imprécis, tant d'un point de vue théorique que de celui des professions auxquelles elles préparent. Notre travail s'articule en trois parties. Après développement de la problématique de recherche, une première partie présente les fondements législatifs et institutionnels de la formation, a travers l'enseignement universitaire et la formation professionnelle continue. Une seconde partie retrace l'évolution historique des sciences de l'information et de la communication, pour en dégager les modelés explicatifs fondateurs et les perspectives théoriques actuelles. Enfin, une troisième partie se consacre a l'analyse des programmes de formation, dont sont extraites les orientations et tendances récurrentes. L’objectif général est de montrer que le champ de l'information - communication est un objet de recherche et d'enseignement interdisciplinaire et transversal, qui conjugue logique des savoirs et logique des pratiques.

This thesis investigates whether institutional journalism should receive special treatment at the hands of the law. Special treatment encompasses the affording of benefits to and the imposition of liabilities on journalistic institutions and the individuals who work for them. The arguments against special treatment are pragmatic and theoretical: pragmatic arguments emphasise, inter alia, the difficulty of providing a definition of journalism, and theoretical arguments emphasise the difficulty in explaining why special treatment can be coherent. The former can be addressed by describing how special treatment is already afforded to institutional journalism, both liabilities and benefits, to individuals and institutions, and showing that some of the problems foreseen by the pragmatic arguments have not proved as difficult as they appear. The arguments that special treatment is incoherent can be addressed by arguing that the credibility and assessability of institutional journalism still provide a prima facie rationale for special treatment irrespective of the rise of public speech on the Internet, when combined with the integral nature of journalism to democracy. Two basic arguments are advanced why this is so. The first, the free speech values argument, is a consequentialist account that holds that special treatment is appropriate when (or because) institutional journalism contributes to free speech values. It is attractive, but presents difficulties, both when considered in the abstract and when applied to the free speech value of democracy. The second, a rights-based argument, based on the notion that freedoms of speech and of the Press are distinguishable, can be based on either on Dworkin’s theory of rights as trumps or Raz’s theory of rights as interests. Raz’s account is preferable, as it complements the free speech values thesis in explaining the coherence of special treatment.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2009.
Department of Information Systems, [Weatherhead School of Management]. Includes bibliographical references. Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

Kiev has always revealed a surprising capacity for assimilation, giving rise over time to multi-ethnic, multi-faith and multi-cultural contexts of various types. Thinking of the "Kiev text" leads inevitably to consideration of the other emblematic text of the Ukrainian identity, the no less composite reality of Lviv. This publication contains the contributions presented at a Conference (Milan, February 2007) addressed to the "cultural text" of Kiev and Lviv. The authors are specialists with different cultural profiles, and the book is of a deliberately inter-disciplinary character. In view of the richness and variety of the information it is offered, within the Italian and international context, as a useful source even for the non-specialist public, and is one of a very small number of books dedicated to Ukraine available in Italian. Clearly, the arguments addressed represent only a tiny part of the vast spectrum of issues and questions inherent to the specificity and plurality of Kiev and Lviv. The hope is that the seed sewn here will grow into further fruitful interest.

AbstractTechnology will continue to impact the delivery of healthcare across the world. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) digitization has the potential to improve current healthcare provision. To date many digital initiatives have been designed addressing healthcare challenges in LMICs, with the eventual aims of improving both access to and quality of healthcare. For those digital initiatives that have managed to move beyond the initial phase of piloting and experimentation, the next steps involve effective scaling, diffusion and integration within healthcare systems. Examples of such digital initiatives include mobile phone applications, feeding into national-level health information systems for infectious diseases surveillance. Other examples include centralized healthcare data information capacities, including the preparation towards supporting national genome projects. Inevitably, the focus regarding these initiatives has been shifting towards scalability and de-escalation, integration within healthcare ecosystems, and long-term sustainability. This chapter considers the aspects of proliferation, ingestion and interpretation of digital health data in LMICs with many specific examples, showcasing the plurality of the approaches that have been implemented in the field so far.

AbstractOne size fits all is a thing of the past. Law is meant to serve the people. Legal pluralism enables regulators and courts to maintain the balance between people reminiscing and the interests of the present and future aspirations. Financial laws that depend only on formalities and hard information exclude people with different norms and cultures. The experiences of the informal credit markets in Ethiopia and South Africa indicate that different approaches work very well to provide accessible, affordable and sustainable financial services to the people. Therefore, policymakers and regulators should consider pluralism rather than unilateralism in their approach to financial regulation. International development organisations, financial institutions, international financial rule makers and standard setters should be aware that universalism and unilateralism have limitations. Pluralism is not a magic bluet that solves all problems. However, pluralism is a virtue that enhances financial stability and helps fight international financial-related crimes. Pluralism recognises and rewards local innovation and creativity, which is vital for an inclusive financial system to flourish.

AbstractRecommender systems are widely used in various applications, such as online shopping, social media, and news personalization. They can help systems by delivering only the most relevant and promising information to their users and help people by mitigating information overload. At the same time, algorithmic recommender systems are a new form of gatekeeper that preselects and controls the information being presented and actively shapes users’ choices and behavior. This becomes a crucial aspect, as, if unaddressed and not safeguarded, these systems are susceptible to perpetuate and even amplify existing biases, including unwanted societal biases, leading to unfair and discriminatory outcomes. In this chapter, we briefly introduce recommender systems, their basic mechanisms, and their importance in various applications. We show how their outcomes and performance are assessed and discuss approaches to addressing pluralism and fairness in recommender systems. Finally, we highlight recently emerging directions within recommender systems research, pointing out opportunities for digital humanism to contribute interdisciplinary expertise.

AbstractWe propose a new account of linguistic content that reconciles content-pluralism with compositionality. This is achieved by integrating truth-conditional content and attitude report content into a single notion of content. A parametrized version of this notion (with parameters for agents, times, and information states) serves as input to the compositional semantic machinery. By supplying different parameter-values to the parametrized contents of their complements, different verbs select for different components of the complement’s integrated content. The resulting account explains the different substitution properties of extensional and attitude constructions and captures the role of agents’ epistemicperspective in the determination of attitude content. The account improves upon other accounts of truth-conditional and attitude content (esp. two-dimensional semantics) by interpreting different occurrences of an expression—in extensional and in attitude embeddings—as objects of the same semantic type, and by explaining the substitution-resistance of attitudinal embeddings of extensional constructions.

The following report presents some of the ongoing projects that are taking place in the group’s laboratory. One of the noteable characteristics of this group is the extensive research spectrum, the plurality of research areas that are being studied by it’s members, such as Music Information Retrieval, Signal Processing and New Interfaces for Musical Expression.

The resilience of a voting system has been a central topic in computational social choice. Many voting rules, like plurality, are shown to be vulnerable as the attacker can target specific voters to manipulate the result. What if a local differential privacy (LDP) mechanism is adopted such that the true preference of a voter is never revealed in pre-election polls? In this case, the attacker can only infer stochastic information about a voter's true preference, and this may cause the manipulation of the electoral result significantly harder. The goal of this paper is to provide a quantitative study on the effect of adopting LDP mechanisms on a voting system. We introduce the metric PoLDP (power of LDP) that quantitatively measures the difference between the attacker's manipulation cost under LDP mechanisms and that without LDP mechanisms. The larger PoLDP is, the more robustness LDP mechanisms can add to a voting system. We give a full characterization of PoLDP for the voting system with plurality rule and provide general guidance towards the application of LDP mechanisms.

Pre-trained word embeddings (for example, BERT-like) have been successfully used in a variety of downstream tasks. However, do all embeddings, obtained from the models of the same architecture, encode information in the same way? Does the size of the model correlate to the quality of the information encoding? In this paper, we will attempt to dissect the dimensions of several BERT-like models that were trained on the French language to find where grammatical information (gender, plurality, part of speech) and semantic features might be encoded. In addition to this, we propose a framework for comparing the quality of encoding in different models.

The paper presents the design and development of a new robotized assembly system of optical backplanes in high-capacity ICT (Information and Communication Technology) apparatus, mainly used for switching stations and distribution networks. The optical backplane solution consists of several optical fiber ribbons positioned on a planar backplane according to an innovative and optimized full-mesh layout where the overall optical interconnection is partialized into a plurality of different independent sub-circuits. Each optical interconnection sub-circuit consists of optical fiber ribbons with standardized optical and mechanical interfaces and customized components that have to be carefully and precisely assembled in order to achieve connections with low optical power losses. The paper describes the method and the main devices and tools conceived for the automatic assembly of optical interconnection sub-circuits, highlighting the critical aspects and the proposed solutions towards the automatized assembly of the whole optical backplane.

Although current rapid prototyping methods have had a significant impact on product and process design, they are often limited in both accuracy and choice of suitable materials. Also, the current methods share little similarity to typical manufacturing processes. In this paper, a method for using CNC machining as a Rapid Prototyping process is described in order to exploit the creation of functional prototypes in a wide array of materials. The method uses a plurality of simple 2 1/2-D toolpaths from various orientations about an axis of rotation, in order to machine the entire surface of a part without refixturing. It is our goal to automatically create these tool paths for machining, and eliminate the complex planning traditionally associated with CNC machining. The current approach to process planning involves calculating all the necessary data from the slice information of an STL model. An overview of the CNC-RP process and the process planning methodology is presented.

The goal of Gas Turbine Performance Diagnostics is to accurately detect, isolate and assess the changes in engine module performance, engine system malfunctions and instrumentation problems from knowledge of measured parameters taken along the engine’s gas path. Discernable shifts in engine speeds, temperatures, pressures, fuel flow, etc., provide the requisite information for determining the underlying shift in engine operation from a presumed nominal state. Historically, this type of analysis was performed through the use of a Kalman Filter or one of its derivatives to simultaneously estimate a plurality of engine faults. In the past decade, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) have been employed as a pattern recognition device to accomplish the same task. Both methods have enjoyed a reasonable success.

In this paper, a class of large deployable mechanisms constructed by plane-symmetric Bricard linkage is presented. The plane-symmetric Bricard linkage is a closed-loop over-constrained spatial mechanism composed of six hinge-jointed bars, which has one plane of symmetry during its deployment process. The kinematic analysis of the linkage is presented from the perspectives of geometric conditions, closure equations and degree of freedom. The results illustrates that the linkage has one degree of freedom, and it can be deployed from the folded configuration to one rectangle plane. Therefore, the plane-symmetric Bricard linkage can be used to construct lager deployable mechanism as basic deployable unit. Four plane-symmetric Bricard linkages can be assembled to a quadrangular module by sharing the vertical bars of adjacent units. The module is a multi-loop deployable mechanism and has one degree of freedom by the mobility analysis. Large deployable mast, deployable plane truss and deployable ring are built by a plurality of plane-symmetric Bricard linkages. The computer-aided design models for typical examples are built to illustrate their feasibility and validate the analysis and design methods.

Dexterous gripper requirements, such as in-hand manipulation is a capability on which human hands are unique at; numerous number of sensors, degree of freedom, adaptability to deal with plurality of object of our hand motivate the researchers to replicate these abilities in robotic grippers. Developments of gripper or grasping devices have been addressed from many perspectives: the use of materials in the gripper synthesis, such as rigid or flexible, the approach of control, use of under-actuated mechanism and so on. Mathematical formulation of grasp modeling, manipulation are also addressed; however, due to the presence non-holonomic motion, it is difficult to replicate the behaviors (achieved in model) in a physical gripper. Also, achieving skills similar to human hand urge to use soft or non rigid material in the gripper design, which is contrary to speed and precision requirements in an industrial gripper. In this dilemma, this paper addresses the problem by developing modular finger approach. The modular finger is built by two well known mechanisms, and exploiting such modular finger in different numbers in a gripper arrangement can solve many rising issues of manipulation.

Is there an Ethical thinking in the development of Information Systems research and engineering in Brazil? The immanence of information systems is multidisciplinary and encompasses socio-technical plurality, unlike other areas of computing, such as computer science or engineering. When considering the epistemological breadth of the discipline, which starts from technique to the study of application, impact, influence and use; the importance of the domain of Ethics becomes paramount. How to think-do Information Systems without reasoning ethically about it? We conducted a Systematic Literature Review guided by the main research question: how does ethics permeate research published in the SBSI between 2011 and 2020? At the same time, how does this phenomenon relate to the Great Challenges in Information Systems (2016-2026)? less than 10% of the more than 700 articles published deal with some ethical aspect, superficially; and less than 1% with ownership. The Ethics Committee was reported in only one article, with very few occurrences of informed consent. That is, SBSI finds itself in a scenario of deep scarcity and shallowness in this topic.

In many systems, an acceleration event triggers some downstream operation. In such devices the “acceleration event of interest” must be identified from among spurious accelerations, which are often of appreciable magnitude — sometimes greater than the event of interest — but are of short duration, perhaps one tenth that of the event of interest. Such devices, therefore, are essentially inertia-driven timing mechanisms. The principles presented here allow for designing practical triggering devices actuated by arbitrarily long acceleration events where traditional mechanical inertia switches would have to be impractically large due to the non-linearity of component motion. Here, during acceleration of the mechanism, a plurality of spring-mass elements are at first immobilized, but are released in succession. The final stage of the chain is then used to trigger some downstream event. The key is that the time during which individual components are permitted to displace is only a fraction of the total delay time. Therefore, the delay elements are never given the opportunity to achieve high velocities and hence do not travel great distances during the duration of the delay. In addition to illustrating the general approach, design examples showing novel mechanisms for immobilizing and successively releasing the inertial elements are offered.

The paper considers the role of philosophy and philosophical disciplines as the means of forming general cultural competences, in particular, in the development of critical thinking. The article emphasizes that the process of forming over-subject and soft skills, which, as a rule, include also critical thinking, gets much more complicated under the conditions of the reduction in the volume of philosophical courses. The paper grounds that one of the ways to “return” philosophy to educational programmes can be the implementation of training, using the e-learning environment, especially Moodle. In addition, authors point to the expediency of using this system and, in general, e-learning as an instrument for collaborating students to the world’s educational community and for developing their lifelong learning skills. The article specifies the features of providing electronic support in philosophy teaching, to which the following belongs: the difficulty of parametrizing the learning outcomes; plurality of approaches; communicative philosophy. The paper highlights the types of activities that can be implemented by tools of Moodle. The use of the following Moodle test tasks is considered as an example: test control in the flipped class, control of work with primary sources, control of self-study, test implementation of interim thematic control. The authors conclude that the Moodle system can be used as a tools of online support for the philosophy course, but it is impossible to transfer to the virtual space all the study of this discipline, because it has a significant worldview load. Forms of training, directly related to communication, are integral part of the methodology of teaching philosophy as philosophy itself is discursive, dialogical, communicative and pluralistic. Nevertheless, taking into account features of the discipline, it is possible to provide not only the evaluation function of the test control, but also to realize a number of educational functions: updating the basic knowledge, memorization, activating the cognitive interest, developing the ability to reason and the simpler ones but not less important, – the skill of getting information and familiarization with it.

As artistic research work in various disciplines and national contexts continues to develop, the diversity of approaches to the field becomes ever more apparent. This is to be welcomed, because it keeps alive ideas of plurality and complexity at a particular time in history when the gross oversimplifications and obfuscations of political discourses are compromising the nature of language itself, leading to what several commentators have already called ‘a post-truth’ world. In this brutal environment where ‘information’ is uncoupled from reality and validated only by how loudly and often it is voiced, the artist researcher has a responsibility that goes beyond the confines of our discipline to articulate the truth-content of his or her artistic practice. To do this, they must embrace daring and risk-taking, finding ways of communicating that flow against the current norms. In artistic research, the empathic communication of information and experience – and not merely the ‘verbally empathic’ – is a sign of research transferability, a marker for research content. But this, in some circles, is still a heretical point of view. Research, in its more traditional manifestations mistrusts empathy and individually-incarnated human experience; the researcher, although a sentient being in the world, is expected to behave dispassionately in their professional discourse, and with a distrust for insights that come primarily from instinct. For the construction of empathic systems in which to study and research, our structures still need to change. So, we need to work toward a new world (one that is still not our idea), a world that is symptomatic of what we might like artistic research to be. Risk is one of the elements that helps us to make the conceptual twist that turns subjective, reflexive experience into transpersonal, empathic communication and/or scientifically-viable modes of exchange. It gives us something to work with in engaging with debates because it means that something is at stake. To propose a space where such risks may be taken, I shall revisit Gillian Rose’s metaphor of ‘the fold’ that I analysed in the first Symposium presented by the Arne Nordheim Centre for Artistic Research (NordART) at the Norwegian Academy of Music in November 2015. I shall deepen the exploration of the process of ‘unfolding’, elaborating on my belief in its appropriateness for artistic research work; I shall further suggest that Rose’s metaphor provides a way to bridge some of the gaps of understanding that have already developed between those undertaking artistic research and those working in the more established music disciplines.

The article is devoted to the study of journalistic standards in the blogosphere, i.e. the extent to which bloggers adhere to professional principles in their work with information. The popularity of the blogosphere has spread not only to journalists but also to influential people, as well as amateur bloggers, who have created their own platforms to distribute useful or entertaining content. However, not all bloggers work on a professional basis, which creates many opportunities to spread misinformation and manipulate consciousness. Standard approaches to working with information, which have historically been developed in journalism, help to avoid hassles, create professional principles, which ultimately distinguishes journalism from amateur media. In total, researchers distinguish 6 standards of journalism: accuracy, promptness, reliability, completeness of information, the balance of opinions, separation of facts from comments. In the modern world, the approach to defining the concept of “media” has changed significantly. At one time, only professional communicators and traditional media could apply for this status. However, with the development of democratic processes, pluralism of opinion, mass internetization, globalization, and the spread of information beyond the borders of a particular country or locality, alternative sources of information began to appear. Domestic processes of media privatization and oligarchization also contributed to this, when the media became not only repeaters of information, but also a component of the media business and big politics, thus losing the trust of the audience. That is why the popularity of bloggers as independent communicators, opinion leaders, experts in various fields has grown. This was facilitated by the rapid development of information technology, the ability to quickly transmit information of any content, as well as no need for professional training in the field of media. The popularity of the blogosphere is due to the fact that with the new role of a blogger, everyone is given the opportunity to communicate publicly through the use of previously unknown and inaccessible tools. As for professional standards of working with information, bloggers mostly lack the reliability of the information, the balance of opinions and judgments, the separation of facts from comments. And the subjective author’s position is an advantage, giving the blogger an individual way of self-expression.

Banco de la República is celebrating its 100th anniversary in 2023. This is a very significant anniversary and one that provides an opportunity to highlight the contribution the Bank has made to the country’s development. Its track record as guarantor of monetary stability has established it as the one independent state institution that generates the greatest confidence among Colombians due to its transparency, management capabilities, and effective compliance with the central banking and cultural responsibilities entrusted to it by the Constitution and the Law. On a date as important as this, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República (BDBR) pays tribute to the generations of governors and officers whose commitment and dedication have contributed to the growth of this institution.1 Banco de la República’s mandate was confirmed in the National Constitutional Assembly of 1991 where the citizens had the opportunity to elect the seventy people who would have the task of drafting a new constitution. The leaders of the three political movements with the most votes were elected as chairs to the Assembly, and this tripartite presidency reflected the plurality and the need for consensus among the different political groups to move the reform forward. Among the issues considered, the National Constitutional Assembly gave special importance to monetary stability. That is why they decided to include central banking and to provide Banco de la República with the necessary autonomy to use the instruments for which they are responsible without interference from other authorities. The constituent members understood that ensuring price stability is a state duty and that the entity responsible for this task must be enshrined in the Constitution and have the technical capability and institutional autonomy necessary to adopt the decisions they deem appropriate to achieve this fundamental objective in coordination with the general economic policy. In particular, Article 373 established that “the State, through Banco de la República, shall ensure the maintenance of the purchasing power of the currency,” a provision that coincided with the central banking system adopted by countries that have been successful in controlling inflation. In 1999, in Ruling 481, the Constitutional Court stated that “the duty to maintain the purchasing power of the currency applies to not only the monetary, credit, and exchange authority, i.e., the Board of Banco de la República, but also those who have responsibilities in the formulation and implementation of the general economic policy of the country” and that “the basic constitutional purpose of Banco de la República is the protection of a sound currency. However, this authority must take the other economic objectives of state intervention such as full employment into consideration in their decisions since these functions must be coordinated with the general economic policy.” The reforms to Banco de la República agreed upon in the Constitutional Assembly of 1991 and in Act 31/1992 can be summarized in the following aspects: i) the Bank was assigned a specific mandate: to maintain the purchasing power of the currency in coordination with the general economic policy; ii) the BDBR was designatedas the monetary, foreign exchange, and credit authority; iii) the Bank and its Board of Directors were granted a significant degree of independence from the government; iv) the Bank was prohibited from granting credit to the private sector except in the case of the financial sector; v) established that in order to grant credit to the government, the unanimous vote of its Board of Directors was required except in the case of open market transactions; vi) determined that the legislature may, in no case, order credit quotas in favor of the State or individuals; vii) Congress was appointed, on behalf of society, as the main addressee of the Bank’s reporting exercise; and viii) the responsibility for inspection, surveillance, and control over Banco de la República was delegated to the President of the Republic. The members of the National Constitutional Assembly clearly understood that the benefits of low and stable inflation extend to the whole of society and contribute mto the smooth functioning of the economic system. Among the most important of these is that low inflation promotes the efficient use of productive resources by allowing relative prices to better guide the allocation of resources since this promotes economic growth and increases the welfare of the population. Likewise, low inflation reduces uncertainty about the expected return on investment and future asset prices. This increases the confidence of economic agents, facilitates long-term financing, and stimulates investment. Since the low-income population is unable to protect itself from inflation by diversifying its assets, and a high proportion of its income is concentrated in the purchase of food and other basic goods that are generally the most affected by inflationary shocks, low inflation avoids arbitrary redistribution of income and wealth.2 Moreover, low inflation facilitates wage negotiations, creates a good labor climate, and reduces the volatility of employment levels. Finally, low inflation helps to make the tax system more transparent and equitable by avoiding the distortions that inflation introduces into the value of assets and income that make up the tax base. From the monetary authority’s point of view, one of the most relevant benefits of low inflation is the credibility that economic agents acquire in inflation targeting, which turns it into an effective nominal anchor on price levels. Upon receiving its mandate, and using its autonomy, Banco de la República began to announce specific annual inflation targets as of 1992. Although the proposed inflation targets were not met precisely during this first stage, a downward trend in inflation was achieved that took it from 32.4% in 1990 to 16.7% in 1998. At that time, the exchange rate was kept within a band. This limited the effectiveness of monetary policy, which simultaneously sought to meet an inflation target and an exchange rate target. The Asian crisis spread to emerging economies and significantly affected the Colombian economy. The exchange rate came under strong pressure to depreciate as access to foreign financing was cut off under conditions of a high foreign imbalance. This, together with the lack of exchange rate flexibility, prevented a countercyclical monetary policy and led to a 4.2% contraction in GDP that year. In this context of economic slowdown, annual inflation fell to 9.2% at the end of 1999, thus falling below the 15% target set for that year. This episode fully revealed how costly it could be, in terms of economic activity, to have inflation and exchange rate targets simultaneously. Towards the end of 1999, Banco de la República announced the adoption of a new monetary policy regime called the Inflation Targeting Plan. This regime, known internationally as ‘Inflation Targeting,’ has been gaining increasing acceptance in developed countries, having been adopted in 1991 by New Zealand, Canada, and England, among others, and has achieved significant advances in the management of inflation without incurring costs in terms of economic activity. In Latin America, Brazil and Chile also adopted it in 1999. In the case of Colombia, the last remaining requirement to be fulfilled in order to adopt said policy was exchange rate flexibility. This was realized around September 1999, when the BDBR decided to abandon the exchange-rate bands to allow the exchange rate to be freely determined in the market.Consistent with the constitutional mandate, the fundamental objective of this new policy approach was “the achievement of an inflation target that contributes to maintaining output growth around its potential.”3 This potential capacity was understood as the GDP growth that the economy can obtain if it fully utilizes its productive resources. To meet this objective, monetary policy must of necessity play a countercyclical role in the economy. This is because when economic activity is below its potential and there are idle resources, the monetary authority can reduce the interest rate in the absence of inflationary pressure to stimulate the economy and, when output exceeds its potential capacity, raise it. This policy principle, which is immersed in the models for guiding the monetary policy stance, makes the following two objectives fully compatible in the medium term: meeting the inflation target and achieving a level of economic activity that is consistent with its productive capacity. To achieve this purpose, the inflation targeting system uses the money market interest rate (at which the central bank supplies primary liquidity to commercial banks) as the primary policy instrument. This replaced the quantity of money as an intermediate monetary policy target that Banco de la República, like several other central banks, had used for a long time. In the case of Colombia, the objective of the new monetary policy approach implied, in practical terms, that the recovery of the economy after the 1999 contraction should be achieved while complying with the decreasing inflation targets established by the BDBR. The accomplishment of this purpose was remarkable. In the first half of the first decade of the 2000s, economic activity recovered significantly and reached a growth rate of 6.8% in 2006. Meanwhile, inflation gradually declined in line with inflation targets. That was how the inflation rate went from 9.2% in 1999 to 4.5% in 2006, thus meeting the inflation target established for that year while GDP reached its potential level. After this balance was achieved in 2006, inflation rebounded to 5.7% in 2007, above the 4.0% target for that year due to the fact that the 7.5% GDP growth exceeded the potential capacity of the economy.4 After proving the effectiveness of the inflation targeting system in its first years of operation, this policy regime continued to consolidate as the BDBR and the technical staff gained experience in its management and state-of-the-art economic models were incorporated to diagnose the present and future state of the economy and to assess the persistence of inflation deviations and expectations with respect to the inflation target. Beginning in 2010, the BDBR established the long-term 3.0% annual inflation target, which remains in effect today. Lower inflation has contributed to making the macroeconomic environment more stable, and this has favored sustained economic growth, financial stability, capital market development, and the functioning of payment systems. As a result, reductions in the inflationary risk premia and lower TES and credit interest rates were achieved. At the same time, the duration of public domestic debt increased significantly going from 2.27 years in December 2002 to 5.86 years in December 2022, and financial deepening, measured as the level of the portfolio as a percentage of GDP, went from around 20% in the mid-1990s to values above 45% in recent years in a healthy context for credit institutions.Having been granted autonomy by the Constitution to fulfill the mandate of preserving the purchasing power of the currency, the tangible achievements made by Banco de la República in managing inflation together with the significant benefits derived from the process of bringing inflation to its long-term target, make the BDBR’s current challenge to return inflation to the 3.0% target even more demanding and pressing. As is well known, starting in 2021, and especially in 2022, inflation in Colombia once again became a serious economic problem with high welfare costs. The inflationary phenomenon has not been exclusive to Colombia and many other developed and emerging countries have seen their inflation rates move away from the targets proposed by their central banks.5 The reasons for this phenomenon have been analyzed in recent Reports to Congress, and this new edition delves deeper into the subject with updated information. The solid institutional and technical base that supports the inflation targeting approach under which the monetary policy strategy operates gives the BDBR the necessary elements to face this difficult challenge with confidence. In this regard, the BDBR reiterated its commitment to the 3.0% inflation target in its November 25 communiqué and expects it to be reached by the end of 2024.6 Monetary policy will continue to focus on meeting this objective while ensuring the sustainability of economic activity, as mandated by the Constitution. Analyst surveys done in March showed a significant increase (from 32.3% in January to 48.5% in March) in the percentage of responses placing inflation expectations two years or more ahead in a range between 3.0% and 4.0%. This is a clear indication of the recovery of credibility in the medium-term inflation target and is consistent with the BDBR’s announcement made in November 2022. The moderation of the upward trend in inflation seen in January, and especially in February, will help to reinforce this revision of inflation expectations and will help to meet the proposed targets. After reaching 5.6% at the end of 2021, inflation maintained an upward trend throughout 2022 due to inflationary pressures from both external sources, associated with the aftermath of the pandemic and the consequences of the war in Ukraine, and domestic sources, resulting from: strengthening of local demand; price indexation processes stimulated by the increase in inflation expectations; the impact on food production caused by the mid-2021 strike; and the pass-through of depreciation to prices. The 10% increase in the minimum wage in 2021 and the 16% increase in 2022, both of which exceeded the actual inflation and the increase in productivity, accentuated the indexation processes by establishing a high nominal adjustment benchmark. Thus, total inflation went to 13.1% by the end of 2022. The annual change in food prices, which went from 17.2% to 27.8% between those two years, was the most influential factor in the surge in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Another segment that contributed significantly to price increases was regulated products, which saw the annual change go from 7.1% in December 2021 to 11.8% by the end of 2022. The measure of core inflation excluding food and regulated items, in turn, went from 2.5% to 9.5% between the end of 2021 and the end of 2022. The substantial increase in core inflation shows that inflationary pressure has spread to most of the items in the household basket, which is characteristic of inflationary processes with generalized price indexation as is the case in Colombia. Monetary policy began to react early to this inflationary pressure. Thus, starting with its September 2021 session, the BDBR began a progressive change in the monetary policy stance moving away from the historical low of a 1.75% policy rate that had intended to stimulate the recovery of the economy. This adjustment process continued without interruption throughout 2022 and into the beginning of 2023 when the monetary policy rate reached 12.75% last January, thus accumulating an increase of 11 percentage points (pp). The public and the markets have been surprised that inflation continued to rise despite significant interest rate increases. However, as the BDBR has explained in its various communiqués, monetary policy works with a lag. Just as in 2022 economic activity recovered to a level above the pre-pandemic level, driven, along with other factors, by the monetary stimulus granted during the pandemic period and subsequent months, so too the effects of the current restrictive monetary policy will gradually take effect. This will allow us to expect the inflation rate to converge to 3.0% by the end of 2024 as is the BDBR’s purpose.Inflation results for January and February of this year showed declining marginal increases (13 bp and 3 bp respectively) compared to the change seen in December (59 bp). This suggests that a turning point in the inflation trend is approaching. In other Latin American countries such as Chile, Brazil, Perú, and Mexico, inflation has peaked and has begun to decline slowly, albeit with some ups and downs. It is to be expected that a similar process will take place in Colombia in the coming months. The expected decline in inflation in 2023 will be due, along with other factors, to lower cost pressure from abroad as a result of the gradual normalization of supply chains, the overcoming of supply shocks caused by the weather, and road blockades in previous years. This will be reflected in lower adjustments in food prices, as has already been seen in the first two months of the year and, of course, the lagged effect of monetary policy. The process of inflation convergence to the target will be gradual and will extend beyond 2023. This process will be facilitated if devaluation pressure is reversed. To this end, it is essential to continue consolidating fiscal sustainability and avoid messages on different public policy fronts that generate uncertainty and distrust. 1 This Report to Congress includes Box 1, which summarizes the trajectory of Banco de la República over the past 100 years. In addition, under the Bank’s auspices, several books that delve into various aspects of the history of this institution have been published in recent years. See, for example: Historia del Banco de la República 1923-2015; Tres banqueros centrales; Junta Directiva del Banco de la República: grandes episodios en 30 años de historia; Banco de la República: 90 años de la banca central en Colombia. 2 This is why lower inflation has been reflected in a reduction of income inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient that went from 58.7 in 1998 to 51.3 in the year prior to the pandemic. 3 See Gómez Javier, Uribe José Darío, Vargas Hernando (2002). “The Implementation of Inflation Targeting in Colombia”. Borradores de Economía, No. 202, March, available at: https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/handle/20.500.12134/5220 4 See López-Enciso Enrique A.; Vargas-Herrera Hernando and Rodríguez-Niño Norberto (2016). “The inflation targeting strategy in Colombia. An historical view.” Borradores de Economía, No. 952. https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/handle/20.500.12134/6263 5 According to the IMF, the percentage change in consumer prices between 2021 and 2022 went from 3.1% to 7.3% for advanced economies, and from 5.9% to 9.9% for emerging market and developing economies. 6 https://www.banrep.gov.co/es/noticias/junta-directiva-banco-republica-reitera-meta-inflacion-3