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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Political ecology – Arctic regions »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Political ecology – Arctic regions"

Tonami, Aki. « Influencing the imagined ‘polar regions’ : the politics of Japan's Arctic and Antarctic policies ». Polar Record 53, n^o 5 (septembre 2017) : 489–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247417000419.

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ABSTRACTHow does a state that is not a ‘natural’ Arctic or Antarctic state perceive the polar regions, interpret their roles in its foreign policy and translate this into actual polar policy? This paper seeks to answer these questions by comparing the Arctic and Antarctic policies of Japan. The paper shows that Japan's national image of the polar regions as a combined region began before World War II due to its imperial past of joining the race to the Antarctic and the Arctic. However, from a policy point of view, the polar regions for Japan long meant primarily Antarctica. Japan, as a defeated power and a late-comer to the international system established after World War II, takes a liberal position in the governance of Antarctica. Having and maintaining a capability to conduct scientific research in the Antarctic via international decision-making institutions has been considered an important status marker associated with great power identity. Regarding the Arctic, Japan attempts to replicate the general success of its Antarctic policy, backed by tools of science and technological diplomacy, the purpose of which is to revive its domestic economy. Japan's scientific whaling in the Antarctic is primarily a domestic, identity-based political conflict between a nostalgia for Japan's imperial past and its more modern, liberal identity of today.

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Crittenden, P. D. « Aspects of the ecology of mat-forming lichens ». Rangifer 20, n^o 2-3 (1 mars 2000) : 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.20.2-3.1508.

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Lichen species in the genera Cladonia (subgenus Cladina), Cetraria, Stereocaulon and Alectoria are important vegetation components on well-drained terrain and on elevated micro-sites in peatlands in boreal-Arctic regions. These lichens often form closed mats, the component thalli in which grow vertically upwards at the apices and die off in the older basal regions; they are therefore only loosely attached to the underlying soil. This growth habit is relatively unusual in lichens being found in <0.5% of known species. It might facilitate internal nutrienr recycling and higher growth rates and, together with the production of allelochemicals, it might underlie the considerable ecological success of mat-forming lichens; experiments to critically assess the importance of these processes are required. Mat-forming lichens can constitute in excess of 60% of the winter food intake of caribou and reindeer. Accordingly there is a pressing need for data on lichen growth rates, measured as mass increment, in order to help determine the carrying capacity of winter ranges for rhese herbivores and to better predict recovery rates following grazing. Trampling during the snow-free season fragments lichen thalli; mat-forming lichens regenerate very successfully from thallus fragments provided trampling does nor re-occur. Frequent recurrence of trampling creates disturbed habitats from which lichens will rapidly become eliminated consistent with J.P. Grime's CSR strategy theory. Such damage to lichen ground cover has occurred where reindeer or caribou are unable to migrate away from their winter range such as on small islands or where political boundaries have been fenced; it can also occur on summer range that contains a significant lichen component and on winter range where numbers of migrarory animals become excessive. Species of Stereocaulon, and other genera that contain cyanobacteria (most notably Peltigera and Nephroma), are among the principal agents of nitrogen fixation in boreal-arctic regions. Stereocaulon-dominated subarctic woodlands provide excellent model systems in which to investigate the role of lichens in nitrogen cycling. Mat-forming lichens are sensitive indicators of atmospheric deposition partly because they occur in open situations in which they intercept precipitation and particulates directly with minimal modification by vascular plant overstoreys. Data from both the UK and northern Russia are presented to illustrate geographical relationships between lichen chemistry and atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and acidity. The ecology of mat-fotming lichens remains under-researched and good opportunities exist for making significant contributions to this field including areas that relate directly to the management of arctic ungulates.

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Zhuravel, Valery. « Тhe Russian Federation's Chairmanship at the Arctic Council ». Contemporary Europe 105, n^o 5 (31 octobre 2021) : 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope520219099.

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The article focuses on status, structure and organization of the Arctic Council (AC, Council). It is noted that the AC is an international, regional structure, which is designed to promote cooperation in the Arctic in the field of environmental protection and sustainable development of the circumpolar regions. In the activities of the countries chaired by the Arctic Council, special attention is paid to the continuity of the Arctic agenda. The importance of the Strategic Plan of the Arctic Council for 2021‒2030 adopted in 2021 for the further improvement of AC activities is highlighted. The central part of the study is devoted to Russia's approaches to international cooperation in the AC and an analysis of the content of the Programme of the Russian Federation's 2021 to 2023 Chairmanship of the Arctic Council. The aforementioned includes such priorities as the population of the Arctic and the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North; environmental protection and climate change; social and economic development in the region; strengthening the Arctic Council. The study also deals with the Main Action Plan, which covers all the countries of the AC and areas of its activities. The article draws attention to the risks and threats that may arise during the period of the Russian Chairmanship. It is concluded that the urgent problems of this region can be solved only through balanced and mutually beneficial international cooperation in the economic and social fields, in the field of ecology, development of indigenous peoples, cooperation in scientific research, Arctic tourism, emergencies in the region.

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Vihtakari, Mikko, Robinson Hordoir, Margaret Treble, Meaghan D. Bryan, Bjarki Elvarsson, Adriana Nogueira, Elvar H. Hallfredsson, Jørgen Schou Christiansen et Ole Thomas Albert. « Pan-Arctic suitable habitat model for Greenland halibut ». ICES Journal of Marine Science 78, n^o 4 (8 mars 2021) : 1340–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsab007.

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Abstract Deep-sea marine fishes support important fisheries but estimates of their distributions are often incomplete as the data behind them may reflect fishing practices, access rights, or political boundaries, rather than actual geographic distributions. We use a simple suitable habitat model based on bottom depth, temperature, and salinity to estimate the potential distribution of Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides). A large presence-only dataset is examined using multivariate kernel densities to define environmental envelopes, which we link to spatial distribution using a pan-Arctic oceanographic model. Occurrences generally fit the model well, although there were gaps in the predicted circum-Arctic distribution likely due to limited survey activity in many of the ice-covered seas around the Arctic Ocean. Bottom temperature and depth were major factors defining model fit to observations, but other factors, such as ecosystem interactions and larval drift could also influence distribution. Model predictions can be tested by increasing sampling effort in poorly explored regions and by studying the connectivity of putative populations. While abundances of Greenland halibut in the High Arctic are currently low, some areas are predicted to be suitable habitat for this species, suggesting that on-going sea-ice melt may lead to fisheries expansion into new areas.

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Volkov, A. E., et J. de Korte. « Protected nature areas in the Russian Arctic ». Polar Record 30, n^o 175 (octobre 1994) : 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400024566.

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ABSTRACTThe protected nature area system in Russia is well developed in general, although not as well in the Arctic. On 1 January 1994 the total area of all types of Arctic reserves covered about 19.7 million ha, comprising about 10.2% of the area of the Russian Arctic. There are five categories of protected nature areas: strict nature reserwes (zapovedniki), national nature parks (natsional'nyye parki), nature monuments (pamyatniki prirody), special purpose reserves (zakazniki), and nature-ethnic parks (prirodno-etnicheskiye parki). The system of the zapovednik is unique. The oldest strict nature reserve in the Arctic is Kandalakshskiy (1939). Other major nature reserves include Ostrov Vrangelya (created in 1976), Taymyrskiy (1979), Ust-Lenskiy (1985), and Bol'shoy Arkticheskiy (1993). The first nature-ethnic park in the Arctic, Beringiya, was established in 1993. Because of the unstable economic and political situation in Russia, the nature protection system has a difficult time. Furthermore, the legal structure that defines the purpose of and responsibility for these areas is sometimes not completely clear, and a great deal is dependent on presidential decrees that, through time, have limited validity. The cooperation of Russian, western European, and North American scientists who study birds breeding in the Russian Arctic and migration patterns to temperate regions could give major support to the nature re-serves in the Russian Arctic.

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PAVLOV, K. « BORDER ECONOMY AS A PROMISING SECTION OF REGIONALISTICS ». Vestnik of Polotsk State University Part D Economic and legal sciences 62, n^o 12 (14 novembre 2022) : 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.52928/2070-1632-2022-62-12-66-72.

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The article deals with various problems of socio-economic and environmental development of the border economy as an important and promising area of regional studies. The economy of border regions is currently one of the least studied aspects of the theory of regional economy. The development of the border economy and border ecology is especially relevant for large countries, such as Russia, China, Kazakhstan, which also have a very long border. As you know, Russia borders on a large number of countries, both currently friendly with the Russian Federation (Belarus, China, etc.), and with states that currently have serious problems and disagreements with Russia, both political and economic in nature (Ukraine, Baltic states). All this determines the relevance and importance of research on the reproductive system in the border regions. Taking into account the significant number of regions on the territory of Russia that have a border status, as well as the variety of political, environmental, social and economic conditions and factors for the development of border areas, including those located in such an important and promising region of the country as the Arctic, it is advisable to intensify the process of studying features of the functioning of the economy of the border regions and the identification of general trends and patterns of their development.

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Chaplin, Paul. « The International Polar Heritage Committee ». Polar Record 42, n^o 3 (juillet 2006) : 261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247406225555.

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The International Polar Heritage Committee (IPHC) was formed to serve as a resource for professionals who often work in isolation on heritage protection projects in Arctic and Antarctic regions. Its credibility has now been established in a number of areas of the wider polar infrastructure and its networks continue to expand. With such an international structure it is also able to act as an independent advocate to promote polar heritage protection issues in professional, public and political arenas.

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Wilson Rowe, Elana. « Arctic hierarchies ? Norway, status and the high north ». Polar Record 50, n^o 1 (27 février 2013) : 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224741200054x.

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ABSTRACTThis article focuses on one potential motivation for a state's behaviour in international affairs, namely status-seeking, in order to shed light on Norway's Arctic politics and to discuss the role of hierarchies in Arctic politics more generally. The idea that a state's political elite seek national security and economic gain is well established in international relations (IR) literature. However, another key motivation of human behaviour – seeking status and respect – is frequently overlooked as a potential factor shaping states’ behaviour. The argument begins with a brief review of post-cold war Arctic politics followed by a discussion of the status-related literature in IR. Norway's position in the Arctic Council (AC) and in bilateral relations with Russia is then examined, with particular attention paid to the extent to which other Arctic states acknowledge and confirm Norway's status claims. Norway's status as an information provider, a convener and a bridge to Russia gives the country a degree of influence in Arctic multilateral settings. Given the Arctic region's relatively peaceful nature and the emphasis on circumpolar cooperation, space has been made for creative approaches to status. Size and military or economic greatness are not always decisive factors for taking a lead in today's Arctic politics.

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Lewis-Jones, Huw W. G. « ‘Heroism displayed’ : revisiting the Franklin Gallery at the Royal Naval Exhibition, 1891 ». Polar Record 41, n^o 3 (juillet 2005) : 185–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247405004432.

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The Royal Naval Exhibition (RNE) of 1891 offers an important entry point for the study of naval mythmaking. Scrutinising one part of the RNE showcase, ‘The Franklin Gallery,’ highlights the imaginative potential of the polar regions as a resource for imperial visions. This paper provides a review of the RNE and, more closely, considers the ideology of polar exploration in the context of political debate and naval reforms. The utility of images of the Arctic presented at the RNE is discussed, in particular, its role in displaying the ‘heroic martyrdom’ of Sir John Franklin (1786–1847). The paper draws upon an extensive study of late nineteenth-century newspapers, illustrated weeklies, periodical reviews, popular adult and juvenile literature, art, poetry, pamphlets, exhibition catalogues and handbooks, and associated ephemera. It argues that the RNE played a central part in the construction and enshrining of narratives of naval and national achievement in the late-Victorian period and in reviving a British commitment to the exploration of the polar regions.

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Wilson, Page. « An Arctic ‘cold rush’ ? Understanding Greenland's (in)dependence question ». Polar Record 53, n^o 5 (septembre 2017) : 512–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224741700047x.

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ABSTRACTOver the last decade claims that an Arctic ‘cold rush’ is taking place have intensified. Proponents of the argument contend that the unprecedented effects of climate change plus strong global demand for the region's natural resources are creating the conditions for a future economic boom. In both of these respects, Greenland merits particular attention. Some recent predictions suggest great riches accruing to Greenland, on account of its abundance of oil, gas and mineral deposits; as a consequence, some further argue, Greenlandic independence from Denmark is assured. In response, this article contests these arguments. For now, the natural and mineral resource sector in Greenland is tiny, and thus it is still much too soon to know whether it will even deliver the dazzling economic outcome forecast – let alone whether or not this outcome will benefit Greenland. In addition, the question of Greenlandic independence does not simply boil down to economics, but also raises various social, political, legal and strategic issues which are not easily resolvable. Consequently, Greenland's independence from Denmark is not simply a matter of time, but remains very much an open question.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Political ecology – Arctic regions"

Butler, Joanne Elizabeth. « Phytoplankton ecology in a high arctic polynya ». Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25080.

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Primary production was studied in Fram Sound, part of the Hell Gate-Cardigan Strait polynya, from June to August, 1982. Primary production rates, phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll α), and water transparency were measured and used in conjunction with modelled solar radiation values to numerically model primary production during this time. The major phytoplankton nutrients were also measured. Early season chlorophyll α concentrations were low, and the increased light availability due to reduced ice cover in this area did not appear to enhance early season production. Chlorophyll concentrations peaked twice; the first peak occured on 20 July and the second on 14 August. The mean primary production rate and phytoplankton biomass were 998 mg C.m⁻² .d⁻¹ and 72 mg chl.m⁻² . This production rate is higher than that measured in other High Arctic areas. Nitrogen, phosphorus and silica were essentially homogeneously distributed during the sampling period and these concentrations varied little from June to August except during 5 days in late August, when they decreased by half then returned to previous levels.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate

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Trujillo, Michael Gregory Morgan. « Arctic Security : the Race for the Arctic through the Prism of International Relations Theory ». PDXScholar, 2019. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4823.

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The purpose of the thesis is to examine future international relations in the Arctic as a theoretical exercise based on realism and liberalism. As the ice cap shrinks, and the region's environment changes, developing costs will decrease allowing for resource-extraction while new transit routes emerge. The opportunities to develop resources and ship via the Arctic are economic and strategically valuable, altering the geopolitics of the region. This thesis seeks to explore how resource development and new transit routes will affect regional politics through the lens of two theories. The two theoretical approaches will examine states and actors' interests and possible actions. Concluding, that realism will best describe the Arctic as states strive to be the regional hegemon by controlling transit routes and resources or defending the regional status quo, creating tension and a security competition between the U.S., China, and Russia. States will jockey for position within institutions before the ice cap disappears and transit routes emerge. These states seek to grow regional governance in their favor, providing support for a liberal framework, and possibly creating a structure strong enough to reduce tension before states strive to be the Arctic hegemon.

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Eliasson, Kristoffer. « Arctic strategies of sub-national regions : Why and how sub-national regions of Northern Finland and Sweden mobilize as Arctic stakeholders ». Thesis, Umeå universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-122760.

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The stakes are high in the Arctic region in terms of economic opportunities, environmental challenges and political interests, not least considering the fact that stakeholders include the most powerful nations in the world. This study departs from the notion that sub-national levels of government, in areas most affected by developments in the Arctic; risk being put in the background in favor of high-level and high-tension politics. Using theories on paradiplomacy and marginality, this study makes a comparative analysis of why and how northern sub-national regions in two non-littoral Arctic states mobilize in the context.

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Hellqvist, Elsa. « Frozen Diplomacy : Regional Causes for the Increased Militarization in the Arctic ». Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-430877.

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McFall, Ann Patricia Radford. « Spanish Greens and the political ecology social movement : a regional perspective ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6443.

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The present study sets out to challenge a common assumption that Green politics is virtually non-existent in Spain. This assumed state of affairs has been attributed to a number of factors including a materialist society which prioritises economic growth, Spain’s political culture and, finally, the country’s electoral system. The result, according to the few scholars who include Spain in their studies, is a country with a weak political ecology social movement (PESM) and a Green party that enjoys only ‘trivial support’ (Mair 2001:103). As will be demonstrated, such assumptions are based on an insufficient knowledge of political ecology in Spain. The lack of knowledge has resulted in Spain’s green movements and parties being routinely misinterpreted and, indeed, overlooked. The first and most glaring misconception is many scholars’ persistence in referring to the ‘Spanish Green party’ as if a single party existed. In fact, the ‘Spanish Greens’ comprise not one national party but a variable and variegated number of different political parties, a few of which have certainly achieved a measure of electoral success (depending, of course, on how success is defined). Furthermore, it will be shown that reasons often given for the failure of the Green parties – such as the country’s alleged lack of interest in environmental matters – overlook other more pertinent factors such as, for example, tensions between the Spanish Greens and the environmental movement organisations (EMO), the nationalist factor and continuing tensions between the ‘green-greens’ and the ‘red-greens’. Despite numerous problems at party level, the present study will show that Spain’s PESM is as vigorous as – though different from - that of other countries which are reputed to be environmental leaders. To pursue this argument, the thesis will provide an overview of Spain’s Green parties, setting these within the cultural and historical context of the broader PESM to which they belong. Drawing on territorial politics literature, the thesis will, in particular, demonstrate that the territorial dimension – that is, Spain’s division into 17 autonomous regions – has been one of the neglected but determining factors contributing to the problems besetting the Spanish Greens. It will also be argued that, in its own way, the efforts of Spanish ecologists have undoubtedly contributed towards the ‘piecemeal’ greening of Spain. The arguments are further developed through two in-depth case studies focusing on political ecology, and more particularly Green parties, in two of Spain’s regions, Catalonia and Andalucia.

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Carstens, Marina. « Zur Ökologie von Schmelzwassertümpeln auf arktischem Meereis - Charakteristika, saisonale Dynamik und Vergleich mit anderen aquatischen Lebensräumen polarer Regionen = On the ecology of meltwater ponds on Arctic sea ice - characteristics, seasonal dynamic and comparison with other aquatic habitats of polar regions / ». Bremerhaven : Alfred-Wegener-Inst. für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 2002. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/341501816.pdf.

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JENSEN, Helge Hiram. « State transformation in the High North : cases of environmental justice struggles ». Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/35918.

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Defence date: 15 May 2015
Examining Board: Professor Donatella della Porta, European University Institute (Supervisor); Professor Steinar Pedersen, Sámi University College; Professor Paul Routledge, University of Leeds; Professor Olivier Roy, European University Institute.
List of Errata completed November 2015.
This is a study in the art and science of fundamental systems transformation. The study is hypothesis-generative, based upon qualitative research. The cases are selected from one ongoing process of state transformation at the Arctic fringe of Europe. An indigenous rights struggle feeds into the ongoing re-constitution of the body of law. The study contributes to an ongoing re-thinking of concepts and methods in European Political and Social Sciences. The struggle for rights is also a struggle for proofs, which feeds into ongoing re-constitution of the body of knowledge. Positive findings describe my attempts to observe some possible causal mechanisms whereby the indigenous human rights movement has enjoyed some limited success in its effort to decolonize the four states that have divided and conquered Sápmi, the homeland of the Sámi (formerly known as Lapps), the only group within the EU recognized by the UN as an indigenous people. Negative findings describe my attempts to observe some limitations of my own observational capacity. Many questions of relevance to subaltern interest groups remain under-researched and under-documented: There is a great deal of colonial bias that must still be overcome, not only within European political science at large, but also within my own limited contribution, even though I strive to overcome such bias. Seven empirical chapters, discuss two single-case studies: Alta Watershed, ca. 1970-1980, and Deatnu Watershed, ca. 1980-2012. The empirical foundation is qualitative data from field observation and historical archives, which is put ino context with some quantitative data from official registers. The different chapters operate within different disciplines: two are geographical, two are sociological, one is historical, one large one is anthropological, and one should be regarded traditional political science. Although multi-disciplinary, my empirical research continues what I call the major research tradition in the field. This focuses on collective action and social ecology, and informs human rights policies. The theoretical discussion addresses observations by colleagues within another, rival, tradition, which emphasizes coercive force and geo-strategy, and serves public security policies. Transformative social movements need to be aware that both traditions remain limited by a heritage of colonial bias. They also need to be aware that both traditions may be used in a complimentary manner, to help overcoming either fatalism or over-optimism. The thesis concludes that transformative social movements need to avoid the dual pitfalls of naïve idealism and naïve realism, and pursue critical realism.

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PUSHKAREVA, Ekaterina Sergeevna. « Ecology and diversity of microbial phototrophs in biological soil crusts of Polar Regions ». Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-369727.

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Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are important components of semi-arid and arid environments and occupy a large area in Polar Regions. However, their ecological functions and the diversity of major organisms are still ambiguous. Given that rapid climate change is of particular significance and the current warming is already attributed to small variations on the Earth, it is important to obtain a more comprehensive picture about the environment to predict its changes. Moreover, climate change is faster and more severe in Polar Regions than in other parts of the world. In this context, the thesis is focused on the community structure of microbial phototrophs and their ecological functions in BSCs of the Arctic (Central Svalbard) and Antarctica (Dronning Maud Land). Combining molecular and morphological techniques we described cyanobacterial community composition in BSCs and its changes along the gradient of soil crust development. Moreover, we showed how the different stages of soil crust development (from poorly-developed to well-developed) influence photosynthetic and nitrogenase activities associated with the phototrophic community.

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GROTE, Jurgen R. « The political ecology of regionalism : state-society relations in nine European regions ». Doctoral thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5132.

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Defence date: 19 June 1998
Examining board: Prof. Colin Crouch, EUI and Trinity College, Oxford (co-supervisor) ; Prof. Philippe C. Schmitter, EUI and University of Stanford (supervisor) ; Prof. Volker Schneider, Universität Konstanz ; Prof. Carlo Trigilia, Università degli Studi di Firenze
First made available online on 21 March 2013.

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Livres sur le sujet "Political ecology – Arctic regions"

The big thaw : Adventures in the vanishing Arctic. Mississauga, Ont : John Wiley & Sons Canada, 2011.

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illustrator, Otterstatter Sara 1978, dir. Avati : Discovering Arctic ecology. Iqaluit, Nunavut : Inhabit Media Inc., 2012.

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Quinn, Joyce Ann. Arctic and alpine biomes. Westport, Conn : Greenwood Press, 2008.

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Arctic and alpine biomes. Westport, Conn : Greenwood Press, 2008.

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Green, Jen. People of the polar regions. Austin, Tex : Raintree Steck-Vaughn, 1999.

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Stone, Lynn M. The arctic. Chicago : Childrens Press, 1985.

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Stone, Lynn M. The Arctic. Vero Beach, Fla : Rourke Corporation, 1996.

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Rootes, David. The Arctic. Minneapolis, MN : Lerner Publications, 1996.

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Tarbox, A. D. An Arctic tundra food chain. Mankato, Minnesota : Creative Education/Creative Paperbacks, 2016.

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Tarbox, A. D. An Arctic tundra food chain. Mankato, MN : Creative Education, 2009.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Political ecology – Arctic regions"

Bohn, Dorothee, et C. Michael Hall. « Building a gateway to the Arctic : a political economy perspective on tourism development and conservation in Finnish Lapland. » Dans Tourism transformations in protected area gateway communities, 24–37. Wallingford : CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249033.0003.

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Abstract Research on gateway communities conventionally focuses on micro-level aspects that emerge in the nexus of environmental conservation, tourism development and local livelihoods. However, the embeddedness of places and the local tourism sector in the modes of production, consumption and capital circulation of contemporary capitalism remains oftentimes unaddressed. This chapter, therefore, adopts a political economy perspective and examines the macro-frameworks that condition tourism development in Finnish Lapland, in tandem with attempts to consolidate its gateway position to the Arctic. The aim is to encourage a more nuanced view on gateway status in regions where tourism development is driven by multi-scalar stakeholder interests and embedded into competitive regional development initiatives. While the devastating effects of climate change and human induced pollution on the fragile terrestrial and maritime Arctic ecosystems are well recognized, the spatial reimagination of Lapland in the Arctic represents another neoliberal step towards the total commodification of the environment.

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Backhouse, Maria, Rosa Lehmann, Kristina Lorenzen, Janina Puder, Fabricio Rodríguez et Anne Tittor. « Contextualizing the Bioeconomy in an Unequal World : Biomass Sourcing and Global Socio-Ecological Inequalities ». Dans Bioeconomy and Global Inequalities, 3–22. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68944-5_1.

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AbstractWhat is the bioeconomy and how does the bioeconomy relate to socio-ecological inequalities? With a focus on biomass sourcing, production and bioenergy, this chapter aims to answer these two questions with the whole book in mind. First, we introduce the conceptual, geographical and methodological focus of the volume. Drawing on political ecology and world systems theory, we develop an analytical lens for the study of global socio-ecological inequalities. Against this background, we sketch out the main findings of the contributions, which focus on conceptual questions, bioeconomy policies and agendas in different countries, as well as the reconfigurations and continuities of socio-ecological inequalities in and beyond the agrarian sector from the local to the global level. The contributions offer insights into different countries in South America, Southeast Asia and Europe as well as into the interrelations between different countries and regions. Finally, the outlook identifies and discusses four areas of further research.

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« Pacific Salmon : Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations ». Dans Pacific Salmon : Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations, sous la direction de Marc Gaden, Charles C. Krueger et Christopher I. Goddard. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874110.ch43.

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<em>Abstract.</em>—Jurisdictional boundaries add a layer of complexity to the already difficult task of managing fisheries. This paper outlines the challenges of cross-border management in the Great Lakes of North America and the Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim (AYK) region of Alaska and Yukon Territory and discusses the role of governance regimes established to facilitate fishery management in those regions. Management of the multi-jurisdictional Great Lakes fishery occurs without direct federal oversight. Eight Great Lakes states, the province of Ontario, and several U.S. tribes manage the sport, commercial, and subsistence fisheries within their jurisdiction, though the Canadian and U.S. federal governments make important contributions as well. To help in the development of shared fishery policies, the nonfederal jurisdictions, with the support of the federal agencies and the binational Great Lakes Fishery Commission, signed <em>A Joint Strategic Plan for Management of Great Lakes Fisheries</em>, a voluntary, consensus-based agreement. Similar to the Great Lakes, political diffusion is also a characteristic of management of salmon in the AYK region. AYK fishery management must consider state, federal, provincial, territorial, and international treaty jurisdictions. Different from the Great Lakes, federal involvement is much greater in the AYK region because of abundant federal lands combined with federal legislation (e.g., Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980) and the presence of international waters and treaties. Based on lessons from the Great Lakes, a pathway to increasing cooperation and effectiveness of AYK salmon management includes: identification of common interests; adoption of shared goals; information sharing; building of relationships among agencies and individuals; and use of consensus decision-making and accountability mechanisms. Connecting all of the agencies affecting the salmon life cycle and fisheries in the AYK region through an appropriate forum or institution would enhance cooperative and effective AYK salmon management.

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Beach, Hugh. « 7 Political Ecology in Swedish Saamiland ». Dans Cultivating Arctic Landscapes, 110–23. Berghahn Books, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781782382096-011.

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« Gendered Visions for Survival : Semi-arid regions in Kenya ». Dans Feminist Political Ecology, 145–72. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203352205-15.

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Holt, Gemma. « The political ecology of Northern adaptation ». Dans Resources, Social and Cultural Sustainabilities in the Arctic, 103–16. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429057366-8.

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Poppel, Birger. « Sustainable development and sustainability in Arctic political discourses 1 ». Dans The Routledge Handbook of the Polar Regions, 309–30. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315730639-25.

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Sapunov, Valentin. « Temperature in the Arctic and the Antarctic ». Dans Handbook of Research on International Collaboration, Economic Development, and Sustainability in the Arctic, 416–27. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6954-1.ch019.

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This chapter aims at the consideration of world temperature dynamics and its prediction in the polar regions of the planet. The global warming started in the 17th century and has been progressing since then. The decline in average global temperature began in 1997. There exist various factors which affect the process, the abiotic ones being among the major in controlling the climate. The climate is also dependent on the interaction between abiotic, biotic, and social spheres. This system seems rather stable and not very much dependent on human activity. The effects of contemporary cooling are not expected to be significant for the mankind but are definitely important for the polar regions. In the Arctic, the temperature is increasing. The one in the Antarctic declines. The average global temperature thus becomes variable. Modern science is able to predict climate change, but extensive studies free of political and economic pressure have to be conducted.

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Matemilola, Saheed, Oludare Hakeem Adedeji et Evidence Chinedu Enoguanbhor. « Land Use/Land Cover Change in Petroleum-Producing Regions of Nigeria ». Dans The Political Ecology of Oil and Gas Activities in the Nigerian Aquatic Ecosystem, 257–76. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-809399-3.00017-3.

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Fadeyi, Oluwaseun Omolaja, et John Olurotimi Amigun. « The Impacts of Seismic Activities on the Geology of Oil-Producing Regions of Nigeria ». Dans The Political Ecology of Oil and Gas Activities in the Nigerian Aquatic Ecosystem, 103–10. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-809399-3.00007-0.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Political ecology – Arctic regions"

Abramov, Valery M. « CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING IN THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC COASTAL REGIONS ». Dans 14th SGEM GeoConference on ECOLOGY, ECONOMICS, EDUCATION AND LEGISLATION. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2014/b51/s20.022.

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Abramov, Valery M. « MARINE ECONOMIC POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC AND SUBARCTIC COASTAL REGIONS ». Dans 14th SGEM GeoConference on ECOLOGY, ECONOMICS, EDUCATION AND LEGISLATION. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2014/b53/s21.034.

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Raab, Peter S. « An Ecology of Innovation : Adapt, Reuse and Reimagine ». Dans 2016 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2016.46.

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This paper questions the role of ecology through the design of three small, but impactful projects from different political and bioclimatic regions in North America. An adobe home in the Sonoran desert ofMexico, a rope pavilion in the Texas hill country, and an ice hut in Manitoba, Canada. Each of these investigations reveal site-specific ecologies to determine interventions rooted in local cultural and biological systems. The three solutions probe dis-global networks using unique environmental foci in the hopes of transferring knowledge of how ecology, architectural design and material construction may deal with the abstract nature of ecology in tangible terms. These diverse, ecologically sensitive and material specific solutions belie the premise of singular solutions for all ecologies, but insist on sharing singular explorations employed to fully nest design ideations within the local environs by balancing culture, site, ecological and programmatic issues.

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Григорьев, М., et M. Grigor'ev. « LAPTEV AND EAST SIBERIAN SEA COASTAL DYNAMICS, SEDIMENT FLUXES, AND COASTAL DATABASE ». Dans Sea Coasts – Evolution ecology, economy. Academus Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b5ce3c4d160c7.32509546.

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The coastal zones of the Laptev and East-Siberian seas are characterized by the highest erosion rates in the Arctic. Thermal abrasion is the leading geomorphological process in the region, with average rates of 1 to 4 m/yr. On the basis of shore segmentation, coastal erosion rates were analysed for each segment of coast. The mean rate of coastal retreat for the Laptev and East-Siberian seas was calculated and estimated to be 0,8 m/yr. In recent decades, the Laptev and East-Siberian sea regions have experienced a warming trend. Under these conditions, erosion rates of ice rich coasts on several key sites have increased 1,5–2 times during the last 10–12 years. Sediment and organic material inputs for the Laptev and East-Siberian seas were estimated and found to be respectively (1,6 and 2,4 103 t/yr for sediment and 62,2 and 90,2 103 t/yr for organic material). The data obtained were compiled into an electronic coastal database for the study region. Using the database, 16 lithologic, morphologic, morphometric and dynamic parameters were determined for each coastal section. The processes of cryogenic morphogenesis form rather specific coastal landscapes within the studied coasts. In studied region the rates of coastal transformation is much faster then in other Arctic areas. This study has shown that 10,7 km2/yr of land is lost annually along the Arctic seas of East Siberia.

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Bambulyak, Alexei, Rudiger U. Franz von Bock und Polach, Sören Ehlers et Are Sydnes. « Challenges With Oil Spill Risk Assessment in Arctic Regions : Shipping Along the Northern Sea Route ». Dans ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-24419.

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Arctic regions, and thus ice-covered waters, are continuously getting higher in the national and international political agenda. The world demand in energy resources and the need in development of new transportation routes are pushing industrial activities up North where we see prospects and expectations on one side, and gaps and challenges on the other. Industrial development of the new geographic area is complex, and the priority in transportation is given to marine shipping. For the recent years, transit cargo shipping through the North Eastern Passage or the Northern Sea Route (NSR) increased more than 10 times from 0.11 million tons (4 passages) in 2010 to 1.36 million tons (71 passages) in 2013. Although, the numbers are small compared to global cargo shipping, the sensitive Arctic environment requires the establishment of a oil spill recovery system as well as risk mitigation measures. This, in turn, requires the preceding development of a risk assessment methodology for oil spills in ice-covered waters. Therefore, this paper presents the challenges involved in Arctic shipping along the NSR and identifies the knowledge gaps with respect to environmental risk assessment of accidental oil spill.

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de Goede, Erik, Tim Wagner, Reimer de Graaff et Ben Sheets. « Modelling of Ice Growth and Transport on a Regional Scale, With Application to Fountain Lake, Minnesota, USA ». Dans ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-24002.

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Numerical modelling of ice growth and transport on regional scales such as lakes, estuaries, or coastal seas can provide crucial input for the planning and design of offshore structures in arctic, sub-arctic, or even mid-latitude regions. It is in these regions that the total loading of ice on infrastructure such as platforms, sea defense structures, sub-sea pipelines, or wind turbines may exceed the total loading of waves and currents, and may therefore determine the design. Thus, the interaction of ice with planned structures might be significant, and accurate models of ice dynamics would be invaluable to engineering in these regions. There is, however, a general lack of ice models that can be applied to study these complex integral physical processes at regional scales. Typically, ice modelling focusses on either large oceanic scales using climate models, or on local scales to study small-scale ice-structure interactions. The regional scale model presented in this paper is targeted at bridging this scale gap. This paper describes the implementation of an ice module in Delft3D. Delft3D is a flexible integrated modelling suite, which simulates two- and three-dimensional flow, sediment transport, morphology, waves, spills, water quality, and ecology, and is capable of handling the interactions between these processes. By dynamically coupling an ice module with these existing modules it becomes possible to not only predict the growth, melting, and transport of open-water ice and associated hydrodynamics, but also to study the interaction of ice with, for example, river banks, the seabed, water quality, or spills of fine sediments or oil. This paper presents the major concepts of the new Delft3D ice module, as well as example applications for various lakes in The Netherlands and Fountain Lake, in Minnesota, USA. Finally, a hypothetical case of ice transport modelling is presented.

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Singh, Binder, Paul Jukes, Bob Wittkower et Ben Poblete. « Piper Alpha and the Evolution of Inherently Safe Design and Integrity Management : An Overview of Interpretations and Lessons Learned ». Dans ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-20907.

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The development of Inherently Safe Design, Corrosion and Integrity Management as a genuine combined engineering discipline has evolved largely over the past 30 years or so, with significant acceleration and urgency after the Piper Alpha offshore disaster in the North Sea in 1988. The concepts and practices have matured with many significant changes implemented across the world offshore regions. Even after more than 20 years, the emanating point for sweeping changes has been the Cullen Report and the UK North Sea industry. This paper offers an interpretation of the early and later lessons learned, as applicable and relevant to deepwater and by analogy arctic offshore assets and pipelines, whereupon conditions are harsh and accessibility very limited. The particular focus is on the so called ‘secondary tier’ points related to materials performance, corrosion, and integrity; the understanding monitoring and control of such matters and failures can be critical in reconstituting integrity, if pragmatic life cycle safety and performance are to be recognized. It is argued that modes of failure such as those related to loss of material properties, corrosion, erosion, environmental cracking, and other degradation phenomena, have become far more critical in deepwater and arctic projects. This is mainly due to repair, retrofit, or re-habilitation being invariably far too costly if not virtually impossible in practice. The authors’ use career wide experiences post Piper Alpha to highlight the worries and concerns offering rational pragmatic solutions, illustrated through related case histories. Conclusions and recommendations are based on predictions, interpretations, and viable solutions. Additionally, industry disconnects between technology transfer under this tutelage are identified. The new methods of ‘concurrent design’ and inherently safe design are discussed, and in the context of mechanical, materials, and corrosion engineering advances are related to the use of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and Key Failure Indicators (KFIs), for best life cycle integrity and knowledge management. This approach is considered very important for deepwater and arctic assets where ‘surprise’ failures, environmental and political ‘snafus’ are not really an option, and thus more purposeful design investment at CAPEX is vital rather than at OPEX, and the ‘gray’ zone between the two cost centers must be therefore be better reconciled, perhaps it is argued through the concept of an extended CAPEX.

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