Articles de revues : « Politics, Practical – European Union countries »

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Khomutenko, L., et O. Ieremenko. « MULTICULTURALISM AS A DERIVATIVE PHENOMENON OF LABOR MIGRATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION ». Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu, n^o 1 (2019) : 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2019.1-9.

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The article explores the essence of multiculturalism and its place in the politics of the European Union. This article looks at aspects of the impact of migration flows on countries of the world and world politics. It reveals the scope and main directions of international labor migration. The purpose of the article is to investigate the economic indicators of the countries most affected by irregular migration flows and to develop practical recommendations for improving the mechanisms of employment in international relations. Analyzing and summarizing the results of scientific works and research of domestic and foreign scholars, the tendency of characteristic changes of multiculturalism as part of cultural relations was considered. Several consequences of international labor migration from different countries are described. The importance of multiculturalism policy for international economic relations has been proved. Particular attention is paid to the problems and prospects of multicultural policy development in EU countries. Keywords: multiculturalism, migration, labor migration, emigration, immigration, economic migrants.

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Ph.D, Suzana Mehmedi, et Ilir Mehmedi Ph.D. « Republic of Macedonia – Theoretical and Practical Approach to the European Integration ». European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 10, n^o 2 (19 mai 2017) : 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v10i2.p293-293.

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The problem of research is very current for several reasons. Namely, the dominant approach on the basis of which are based all have developed and established theories of European integration, developing modern theories of international relations is a realistic basis. Neo-functionalism, inter-guvernmentalism, neo-liberalism, institutionalism (in most of its variants) as the most developed branches of the theory of European integration, despite differences in their settings to keep the basic premise that states are rational, unitary actors, whose interest stems from the assessment of their position in the system of states. For our study caused a special interest model of constructivism using Habermas theory of communicative action according to which entities in mutual interaction is open to other arguments and their validity appreciate having regard to the outgoing reasons and norms on which they are based, thereby seeking consensus as a common goal. Apply to the European Union, this approach allows European institutions were perceived as a place of discussion to reach consensus on solving common problems, rather than just the arena for bargaining. Functional adaptation to the numerous petitions which sets the European Union, requires thorough and integrated activities in the economic, institutional, administrative and legislative spheres. This process should be understood as a continuous, painstaking and long process, not a single radical surgery. Republic of Macedonia, as countries aspiring for membership in the European family must meet the political and economic criteria and to adapt political institutions in the country with those of the European Union and their needs and requirements. The aim of this paper is to perceive the key features and trends in the politics of enlargement and to make a comparison between the policy of expansion applied in the process of accession Central and Eastern Europe and the policy of expansion in the process of stabilization and association, with special emphasis on the Republic of Macedonia. Of course, previously been necessary to develop theoretical and practical approach to the concept of policy integration, development and its major elements and modalities.

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Djurovic, Gordana, et Damjan Lajh. « Relationship with the European Union : Slovenia and Montenegro Compared ». Politics in Central Europe 16, n^o 3 (1 décembre 2020) : 667–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pce-2020-0030.

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Abstract As part of former Yugoslavia and non -members of the Eastern Bloc, Slovenia and Montenegro enjoyed a special status and relationships with the European Communities (EC) before most other socialist countries. Economic and social interactions with the EC and its member states thus formed part of Slovenian and Montenegrin life even during socialism, particularly after Yugoslavia signed special agreements on trade relations with the EC in the 1970s and 1980s. In this respect, Europeanisation as ‘practical’ integration with the EC was closely linked with liberalisation processes concerning the economy, society and politics along with democratic transition processes that began in the late 1980s. When Slovenia joined the European Union (EU) in 2004 following a relatively smooth integration process, Montenegro was still holding EU candidate member status, after having officially started its accession negotiations in June 2012. The article analyses selected development and integration aspects of Slovenia and Montenegro, their relationship with the EU, together with their similarities and differences. The aim is to highlight developments in both countries and determine whether Slovenia, as an ex -Yugoslav republic and EU member since 2004, may serve as a good example for Montenegro to follow while pursuing European integration.

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Djurovic, Gordana, et Damjan Lajh. « Relationship with the European Union : Slovenia and Montenegro Compared ». Politics in Central Europe 16, n^o 3 (1 décembre 2020) : 667–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pce-2020-0030.

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AbstractAs part of former Yugoslavia and non -members of the Eastern Bloc, Slovenia and Montenegro enjoyed a special status and relationships with the European Communities (EC) before most other socialist countries. Economic and social interactions with the EC and its member states thus formed part of Slovenian and Montenegrin life even during socialism, particularly after Yugoslavia signed special agreements on trade relations with the EC in the 1970s and 1980s. In this respect, Europeanisation as ‘practical’ integration with the EC was closely linked with liberalisation processes concerning the economy, society and politics along with democratic transition processes that began in the late 1980s. When Slovenia joined the European Union (EU) in 2004 following a relatively smooth integration process, Montenegro was still holding EU candidate member status, after having officially started its accession negotiations in June 2012. The article analyses selected development and integration aspects of Slovenia and Montenegro, their relationship with the EU, together with their similarities and differences. The aim is to highlight developments in both countries and determine whether Slovenia, as an ex -Yugoslav republic and EU member since 2004, may serve as a good example for Montenegro to follow while pursuing European integration.

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Polyakov, Maxim, Igor Khanin, Vladimir Bilozubenko, Maxim Korneyev et Gennadij Shevchenko. « Factors of uneven progress of the European Union countries towards a circular economy ». Problems and Perspectives in Management 19, n^o 3 (17 septembre 2021) : 332–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(3).2021.27.

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The increased final consumption exacerbates the problem of the scarcity of natural resources and leads to environmental pollution. The concept of circular economy, which implies the formation of closed-loop chains of production and consumption with maximum regeneration and recycling of materials, is considered as an alternative to the firmly established “linear economy” (take-make-dispose). As a part of sustainable development strategy, the European Union adopted a general policy on the transition to a circular economy. However, for objective reasons, such transition is quite uneven at the level of member countries, which adversely affects the total progress. Therefore, the need arises to assess the positions of individual countries and identify major reasons for the uneven transition to support the countries that are lagging.The goal of the study is to identify the factors of uneven progress of the EU countries towards a circular economy. For that reason, a set of empirical data (20 indicators) has been compiled; cluster, classification, and parametric analyses have been conducted. As a result, three clusters of the EU countries have been obtained and six indicators, included into combinations that make all clusters different, have been identified. These indicators can be interpreted as the key factors contributing to the uneven progress of the EU countries towards a circular economy. The difference in harmonic means by clusters allowed quantitatively estimating a “circular gap”. It is of practical value for the EU policy aimed at bridging the gaps between member countries during the transition to a circular economy.

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Khakhalkina, E. V. « EU Memory Politics in the Context of Understanding Decolonization and a Common European Identity ». Izvestiya of Altai State University, n^o 6(116) (18 décembre 2020) : 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2020)6-14.

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The purpose of the article is to determine the relationship between the processes of Decolonization, the search for strengthening European identity and building a memory policy on the example of the European Union with the aim of identifying problematic and promising points at the current stage of development of the association. The terminological difficulties of using such categories as “memory policy”, “decolonization” and “European identity” and the process of their constant filling with new meanings are shown. Particular attention is paid to the moral aspect of decolonization and the problems of responsibility of the former European metropolises to developing countries, which for a long time were part of their formal and informal empires. It was revealed that the migration crisis of 2014-2016. It became a kind of “break point” in relation to migrants in general and refugees in particular, casting doubt on traditional European values and the willingness of EU countries to resolve the crisis in the spirit of humanitarian assistance and a development philosophy. The interpretation of Decolonization in a number of European countries not only did not end, but also did not begin at the ideological, political and institutional level. Such a situation is determined by the relevance of the considered subjects and their scientific, practical and political significance.

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Gylka, K. « Prospects for European Integration of the Republic of Moldova and the Constitutional Component ». Scientific Research and Development. Economics of the Firm 10, n^o 2 (6 août 2021) : 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2306-627x-2021-10-2-84-89.

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The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 28 European countries. The population is 508 million people, 24 official and working languages and about 150 regional and minority languages. The origins of the European Union come from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), consisting of six states in 1951 - Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. These countries came together to put an end to the wars that devastated the European continent, and they agreed to share control over the natural resources needed for war (coal and steel). The founding members of ECSC have determined that this European project will not only be developed in order to share resources or to prevent various conflicts in the region. Thus, the Rome Treaty of 1957 created the European Economic Community (EEC), which strengthened the political and economic relations between the six founding states. The relevance of the topic stems from their desire of peoples and countries to live better. The purpose of the study is to identify the internal and external development mechanisms of European countries and, on this basis, to formulate a model of economic, legislative and social development for individual countries. The results of the study provide a practical guideline for determining the vector of the direction of efforts of political, economic, legislative, humanitarian, etc.

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Meuwissen, Katrien, et Sanderijn Duquet. « Caring for Citizens Abroad : The European Union and Consular Tasks ». European Foreign Affairs Review 19, Issue 4 (1 décembre 2014) : 563–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2014043.

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Since the early 1990s, the European Union has been working to establish a common framework ensuring consular protection for Union citizens in third countries. In the meantime, the practical need for consular assistance of unrepresented Union citizens in third countries has only increased, resulting in the progressive elaboration of the Union's legal and institutional framework necessary to deliver such assistance. This article discusses the law, policies and practices that are in place and those to come, taking account of the 2011 Commission proposal for a Directive and the real-life alterations in consular protection the proposal may effectuate. In spite of favourable conditions for further development of common consular protection, various legal, institutional and political hurdles continue to impede an effective and coherent implementation of the individual right to consular protection of Union citizens.

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Likhtin, A. A. « Problems of Contemporary Public Administration : Content Analysis of Scientific Publications ». Administrative Consulting, n^o 5 (23 juillet 2021) : 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2021-5-78-86.

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The purpose of this article is to characterize the current trends in public administration research in European countries. Methodologically, the article is based on the content analysis of the leading journals in the field of research of the theory and practice of public administration in European countries. The journals, which form the basis for the analysis of the subject area of the European science of public administration, are a theoretical and methodological platform in the field of public administration, which serves as a unifying framework for scientists and practitioners interested in the public sector and public sector management. Analysis of current trends and research provides a factual basis for decision-making, presents an accessible format, and encourages discussion. Journals on public administration in European countries are an institutional whole, not the least role in the stable significance of which is played by the «hypothesis — method» bundle, which does not allow writing and further publishing articles of a proveless nature. A total of 410 articles from six top journals (1–39 place (Q1) Scimago Journal & Country Rank) for 2017–2020 were analyzed. The analysis of articles shows that most of the journals are aimed at publishing articles of an analytical, methodological, and theoretical nature on five main topics: theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of public policy and public administration; national public political events and processes; the European Union as an actor in regional and international affairs; institutions, politics, and political processes in the European Union and other countries of the world; state policy of interaction between the European Union and other states, as well as comparative studies related to multidimensional issues of public administration. The practical result of the article is the formation of a pool of hypotheses for the study of public administration in conjunction with specific methods that allow these hypotheses to be tested. The reviewed articles reflect a steady interest among scientists and practitioners in understanding projects, the effectiveness of public policy instruments, and the organizational level factors that make it possible to implement them. They reveal how public policy embodies broader trends in society in terms of new regulatory approaches, initiatives, and mechanisms.

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Golovina, Svetlana G., Ekaterina V. Abilova et Ivan N. Mikolaychik. « Participation of farmers and local communities in the implementation of rural support policies in the countries of the European Union ». Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises, n^o 4 (2022) : 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31442/0235-2494-2022-0-4-52-60.

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The purpose of this article is to present for scientific discussion some of the results of the study, which make it possible to formulate a number of practical recommendations regarding the implementation of the European experience of supporting rural areas in domestic political practice. While such opportunities relate to many aspects of the implementation of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union (CAP), the article deals with the potential of agricultural producers (farmers), local communities, rural networks in solving rural development problems with the active support of special funds of the European Union, primarily the European Fund for Rural Development. The research findings were obtained through a discursive method of analysis with using (1) legislative documents underlying the policy, (2) statistical information and reporting data related to the results of the CAP realization at various program stages, (3) scientific publications presenting expert assessments by European colleagues.

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KAPINOS, Natallia, Viktor GONCHAROV, Olena RYBINA et Nataliia PROKOPENKO. « EXPERIENCE OF LAND USE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AT THE LOCAL (MUNICIPAL) LEVEL IN THE EUROPEAN UNION ». AgroLife Scientific Journal 10, n^o 2 (31 décembre 2021) : 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17930/agl2021210.

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The article examines the development of theoretical and methodological approaches and practical recommendations for improving the ecological and economic foundations of land management and land management at the local level in the example of the European Union. In practice, regional, spatial, strategic, landscape, and integrated types of land use development planning are most often used in the European Union. With the development of the market economy of European society, environmental problems arose, which prompted the development of landscape planning, both landscape-ecological and socio-economic aspects of territorial development. The experience of landscape planning was introduced in Germany, which later became used in almost all European countries. The study and direct comparison of existing landscape planning systems in different European countries, and their reduction to several basic features are not possible and impractical because these systems are very different. This is due to a number of reasons: history, features of political systems, cultural traditions, level of economic development, the nature of legal systems and property relations. Landscape planning in the European Union is going to be one of the tensest areas of activity in the future, and Ukraine must take an active part in this process.

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Martynov, Andrii. « The European Union in the postmodern system of international relations ». European Historical Studies, n^o 22 (2022) : 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2022.22.2.

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In the history of international relations, discussions continue on the definition of criteria and chronological boundaries of different systems of international relations. The purpose of the article is to consider the theoretical and practical problems of positioning the European Union in the postmodern system of international relations. The Modern period was characterized by a block approach to security. The postmodern system of international security is based on a combination of hierarchical and network characteristics of the international system. The sovereign states of the European Union are often critical of each other, although this fact may for some time be masked by the need for solidarity in relations with the outside world and its risks. As soon as the factor of identity or proximity of interests is leveled off, the motives for concerted joint action disappear. Real politics is also influenced by the idea of European integration of many speeds. Following the enlargement of the EU to 28 member states (before the withdrawal of the United Kingdom), the core of European integration (the six founding members of the European Communities) and the concentric circles touching the core stood out. The accession of new EU member states to the highest achievements of European integration is possible at different speeds. Neutral EU countries such as Finland and Sweden have responded to Russia’s war against Ukraine by applying to join NATO. The United States still has a special consolidating role in the alliance. The postmodern multipolar system of international relations will consist of several hierarchical structures. First, it will be transformed military-political blocs, and secondly, networks of interaction between states that are regional leaders in their regions. Russia’s aggression against Ukraine has consolidated the European Union and the United States. The Euro-Atlantic space is in fact a consolidated pole of power in the postmodern system of international relations. The United Kingdom is ensuring the expansion of the Euro-Atlantic space through the AUCUS into the Pacific. The postmodern system of international relations is multipolar. It is not limited to bipolar US-China confrontation. In the postmodern system of international relations, the European Union is not only a pole of power, but also its typological symbol.

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Miciuła, Ireneusz, Henryk Wojtaszek, Bogdan Włodarczyk, Marek Szturo, Miłosz Gac, Jerzy Będźmirowski, Katarzyna Kazojć et Judyta Kabus. « The Current Picture of the Transition to a Green Economy in the EU—Trends in Climate and Energy Policy versus State Security ». Energies 14, n^o 23 (6 décembre 2021) : 8181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14238181.

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This article presents the historical progression of changes and arguments indicating the need to move from fossil energy sources to the green economy in the European Union (EU) countries. It shows trends in the EU’s climate and energy policy compared to the rest of the world. At the same time, it points to the elements of the necessary compromise between the climate requirements and the energy security of countries and their economies. The aim of the article is to present the main quantitative challenges for the development of the green economy in the EU, which are analyzed from the perspective of the year 2030. For this year, specific values have been established to be achieved by European countries in several fundamental areas. On the other hand, the strategic goals and further development perspective are included until 2050. This undoubtedly indicates the complexity of the issue, which is intensified as a result of the various economic and political strategies of many European Union members. At the same time, as part of the analysis carried out, efforts are made to develop concepts and practical recommendations for the development of a green European economy.

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Adamowicz, Mieczysław, et Magdalena Zwolińska-Ligaj. « New Concepts for Rural Development in the Strategies and Policies of the European Union ». Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne 11, n^o 3 (1 septembre 2018) : 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ers-2018-0022.

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SummarySubject and purpose of work: The subject of the analysis is the concept of rural development in the European Union countries and its connection with the evolution of the common agricultural policy and the transformation of the cohesion policy. The aim of the study is to discover and assess the scale and method of supporting the rural development in the European Union countries through common agricultural policy and to present the underlying theoretical-cognitive and political-practical premises for shaping rural development strategies.Materials and methods: The official documents and subject literature are submitted for critical analysis and evaluation by authors.Results: This paper presents methods of defining and classifying rural areas and rural development through common agricultural policy and cohesion policy. It specifically outlines the concepts of multi-functional and intelligent development linked to the Europe 2020 strategy and the Cork political declarations. The new concept of smart villages and rural-urban partnership is also presented.Conclusion: The processes of rural policy separation and the need for creating national methods of the coordination of community policies and the use of European funds are indicated.

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Mehmedi, Suzana, et Ilir Mehmedi. « Republic of Macedonia – Reform Priorities in Public Administration for a Pro- European Country ». European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 11, n^o 2 (10 juin 2017) : 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v11i2.p119-123.

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The problem of research is very current for several reasons. Namely, the dominant approach on the basis of which are based all have developed and established theories of European integration, developing modern theories of international relations is a realistic basis. Neo-functionalism, inter-guvernmentalism , neo-liberalism, institutionalism (in most of its variants) as the most developed branches of the theory of European integration, despite differences in their settings to keep the basic premise that states are rational, unitary actors, whose interest stems from the assessment of their position in the system of states. For our study caused a special interest model of constructivism using Habermas theory of communicative action according to which entities in mutual interaction is open to other arguments and their validity appreciate having regard to the outgoing reasons and norms on which they are based, thereby seeking consensus as a common goal. Apply to the European Union, this approach allows European institutions were perceived as a place of discussion to reach consensus on solving common problems, rather than just the arena for bargaining. Functional adaptation to the numerous petitions which sets the European Union , requires thorough and integrated activities in the economic, institutional, administrative and legislative spheres. This process should be understood as a continuous, painstaking and long process, not a single radical surgery. Republic of Macedonia, as countries aspiring for membership in the European family must meet the political and economic criteria and to adapt political institutions in the country with those of the European Union and their needs and requirements. The aim of this paper is to perceive the key features and trends in the politics of enlargement and to make a comparison between the policy of expansion applied in the process of accession Central and Eastern Europe and the policy of expansion in the process of stabilization and association, with special emphasis on the Republic of Macedonia. Of course, previously been necessary to develop theoretical and practical approach to the concept of policy integration, development and its major elements and modalities.

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Pilisi, Paul. « Les pays socialistes de l’Est et l’Unité Européenne - La tradition dans le socialisme et le socialisme dans la tradition ». Études internationales 10, n^o 3 (12 avril 2005) : 527–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/700964ar.

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From its beginnings in 1922, the foreign policy of the Soviet Union has pursued one overriding objective : the preservation of the empire. This policy's dialectic is in conformity with the Soviet doctrine which holds that international relations are but relations of production. Soviet foreign policy has always sought international legal guarantees to protect the conquests of empire and socialism. Ideologically, the U.S.S.R. has always been opposed to the idea of European unity. European integration has traditionally been viewed by the Soviet empire as the ultimate endeavour of capitalism prior to the latter's final crisis. This basic policy option had been adopted by the socialist countries of Europe. From 1922, when the Soviet Union had accorded the E.E.C. de facto recognition, several countries of Eastern Europe had expressed their respective attitudes with regard to European integration. The Helsinki and Belgrade C.S.C.E., the final result of which was only a diplomatic declaration, emphasized the idea of East-West cooperation. European cooperation, deriving from a compromise between economic "necessity" and political "illusion," should provide practical results rather than ideas. De jure recognition of the E.E.C. by the U.S.S.R. and the Eastern Europe countries also constitutes an important element of East-West relations. The 1980s will reveal whether or not the hostility of the countries of Eastern Europe with respect to European integration has definitely been replaced by cooperation free from ulterior ideological motives.

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Nyman-Metcalf, Katrin, et Ioannis F. Papageorgiou. « The European Union Digital Single Market—Challenges and Impact for the EU Neighbourhood States ». Baltic Journal of European Studies 8, n^o 2 (1 septembre 2018) : 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjes-2018-0013.

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AbstractThe digital single market is one of the most important objectives and challenges for the European Union. However, given that digitalisation implies a borderless world it requires a different form of governance and has distinctive features from other aspects of the single market. In addition, it raises a number of practical and political issues for countries outside the EU, but which maintain close economic and trade relations with the latter. The article examines the regulatory implications of the digital world from the point of view of states involved in the European Neighbourhood Policy, in particular Georgia, and looks into the future challenges in this process.

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Beyers, Jan, Danica Fink-Hafner, William A. Maloney, Meta Novak et Frederik Heylen. « The Comparative Interest Group-survey project : design, practical lessons, and data sets ». Interest Groups & ; Advocacy 9, n^o 3 (27 avril 2020) : 272–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41309-020-00082-0.

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Abstract This article discusses the methodology and practice behind planning and executing the Comparative Interest Group-survey project (CIG-survey). The CIG-survey includes surveys among national populations of organized interests in 9 European countries and at the European Union level. Although surveys are a useful and reliable way to collect data on a variety of topics, there are also numerous pitfalls and challenges in surveying interest groups, especially across multiple countries. Despite the prominent use of surveys in interest group research, systematic reflections on this method are scarce and data sets are not always properly archived or openly accessible. This article elaborates upon the practical implications and reflects on the lessons learnt during from the implementation of the CIG-survey. Moreover, we highlight how the fuzzy boundaries of interest communities obfuscate sampling and that surveying interest organizations requires researchers to navigate through a specific organizational context to reach and motivate respondents. We also demonstrate how a careful survey plan can positively affect response rates and enable the creation of robust comparative data sets.

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Ilyushyk, O. M., et N. I. Didyk. « Administrative and legal foundations of the state policy of the European integration of Ukraine ». Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, n^o 4 (27 novembre 2022) : 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.04.35.

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The article is devoted to the study of the essence and structure of the administrative and legal mechanism of state policy in the field of European integration of Ukraine. The article examines the main aspects of Ukraine's accession to the European Union. Membership in this organization is considered as a key practical means of forming an effective open economy. The experience of member countries, namely their current economic development and political situation, is analyzed: both positive and negative examples are highlighted. The potential benefits and possible threats in the development of our state upon joining the European Union have been determined and substantiated. The main barriers to Ukraine's acquisition of membership of the European Union and options for their elimination are considered. European integration, declared as a strategic direction of Ukraine's development, is not only a foreign economic vector, but also a reference point of values for the entire Ukrainian society. Ukraine's integration into the European Union today is supported by all government structures and the vast majority of the Ukrainian population, 81%. However, many objective and subjective difficulties arise in this strategic direction of our state's development. Moreover, overcoming them depends not only on Ukraine, but also on external factors that are outside its borders. Special attention is paid to the social, economic and cultural problems of modern Ukraine. Conclusions were made about the need to make balanced political and economic decisions, which depend on the prospects of Ukraine's integration into the European Union. The article is devoted to the coverage of the topic of the legal basis of membership in the European Union, the criteria that the state must meet in order to acquire the status of a candidate for membership. In the European Union, a strict approach is applied to the issue of granting membership, which is explained by the fact that a member of the European Union cannot be any state that territorially belongs to Europe, but only a state that adheres to the basic values of the association and together with the member states brings them to life.

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Ryazantsev, S. V., M. N. Khramova et A. I. Tyshkevich. « BACKGROUND AND FACTORS OF MUSLIM IMMIGRATION TO THE COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ». BULLETIN 2, n^o 390 (15 avril 2021) : 220–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-1467.73.

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The article analyzes the prerequisites, factors and consequences of immigration to the European Union from countries with a predominantly Muslim population. The main typological characteristics of the recipient countries of migrants from predominantly Muslim countries are highlighted. The problems studied in this article attract the attention of a wide range of specialists due to its relevance and at the same time due to the lack of any adequate answers to the modern challenges faced by the de facto multicultural societies of developed industrial countries. The results of consideration of the rights and freedoms of migrants in various EU countries are also important in scientific and practical terms. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the situation in Germany, as the most attractive country for migrants. In the context of the ongoing changes in the ethnodemographic structure of the population, the forecast of the number and gender and age structure of the Muslim population in Germany by 2050 is given. This forecast suggests that the population of Muslim origin in Germany will increase from 4.3 million in 2014 to at least 5.8 million by 2050. The increase will be achieved mainly due to a higher fertility rate than that of the Germans. According to the theory of E. Lee, the authors distinguish two groups of factors, "pushing factors" and "attraction factors", which contribute to the immigration of Muslims to more economically developed countries. The push factors in the countries of origin of migrants are mainly related to the unstable political situation, economic crises, and high unemployment, especially among the young population. Attracting factors are mainly related to the ability to receive certain economic preferences in the country of reception, to get educated, to have a stable income and medical care. Along with certain benefits, expressed in an increase in the share of the working-age population, Muslim migration also carries certain risks for EU countries: socio-cultural, religious, criminal, economic, political and geopolitical factors that can significantly affect the balance of political forces in the EU countries. The problems that arose with the adaptation and integration of Muslim migrants as a result of the largest migration crisis in the twenty-first century showed that the host country, in this case, the member States of the European Union, found themselves in a paradoxical situation. On the one hand, resolutions were prepared and adopted at the European level, and a set of measures was developed to accept migrants and provide them with financial and social assistance, which was expected to facilitate the process of adaptation and further lay the foundation for the assimilation of young Muslims. It was assumed that these steps will help, to some extent, to spread democratic values and principles for immigrants. On the other hand, in reality, the situation turned out to be much more complex and ambiguous, a number of EU States actually refused to accept migrants on their territories. The countries of the Visegrad group can be cited as an example. The split within the EU on migration issues calls the very existence of the European Union into question. This paper uses data from Eurostat, the International organization for migration, the German statistical office, the European Commission, the European Statistical Office, and a number of other reputable statistical agencies as input data. The material presented in the article does not contain information (information) related to state secrets of the countries of the European Union and the Russian Federation.

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Humeniuk, Tetjana. « Crisis process in the development of European Countries at the current stage of the EU ». Scientific and informational bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk University of Law named after King Danylo Halytskyi, n^o 11(23) (11 juin 2021) : 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33098/2078-6670.2021.11.23.113-124.

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Purpose.. The aim of the article is to analyze the issues of the relationship between the phenomena of convergence and divergence on the basis of the activities of the European Union. Methodology. The methodology involves a comprehensive study of theoretical and practical material on this subject, as well as formulation of relevant conclusions and recommendations. The following methods of scientific cognition were used in the research process: dialectical, terminological, formal and logical, comparative and legal, system and functional methods. Results. The study found that the crisis process observed in the development of the EU has given impetus not only to Euroscepticism, but also to the intensive search for new approaches to the development of European integration. The crisis in the EU stimulates attempts to implement the course on completing the formation of the EMU. Global financial and economic crises have a more significant negative impact on the dynamics of GDP of «outsider countries» compared to «leading countries», and differences between them are increasing as a result. The politicization of international economic relations usually strengthens the position of developed countries and weakens all others, which leads to a similar result. Imperfect policies for the integration of the emigrant population into European society are exacerbating relations between the native population of European countries and immigrants, growing anti-immigrant sentiment and mass protests by Europeans against the migration policies of national governments. Scientific novelty. The study found that most EU leaders are fully aware of the need for structural convergence, namely overcoming structural and cyclical differences among the economies of euro-area countries, as well as the main and secondary risks of divergence as a destructive phenomenon that can disrupt the established social, political, legal and economic order within the EU. Practical significance. Research materials can be used for comparative law studies.

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Sari, Aurel. « THE CONCLUSION OF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS BY THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE ESDP ». International and Comparative Law Quarterly 57, n^o 1 (janvier 2008) : 53–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589308000031.

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AbstractBetween 2002 and 2007, the Council of the European Union has entered into more than 70 international agreements with third parties pursuant to Article 24 of the Treaty on European Union in order to address various legal and practical matters relating to the conduct of EU crisis management missions in third countries. The purpose of this article is to examine the Council's practice in the implementation of Article 24 of the Treaty and to assess the widely held view that the international agreements concluded under this provision offer conclusive proof of the EU's status as an independent subject of international law. Even though the Council's recent practice does indeed suggest that it concludes international agreements on behalf of the Union as such, this does not lay to rest all uncertainties surrounding the EU's nature as an international legal person.

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O'Donovan, Joan Lockwood. « Political Authority and European Community : The Challenge of the Christian Political Tradition ». Scottish Journal of Theology 47, n^o 1 (février 1994) : 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0036930600045610.

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Today the whole of Europe, East and West, is caught up in the search for new political and economic structures, sadly, along violent and atavistic as well as peaceful and constructive paths. In the West the fulcrum of change is the halting movement of countries toward economic and political ‘integration’ within the European Community. The issue of what form, or forms, the Community should take (whether federal, confederal, or more loosely associative) is understandably divisive, for its resolution will determine the political shape, not only of the member states, but also of those western European countries (should there be any eventually) that remain either outside the Community or only partially integrated in it. Moreover, it will decisively influence the political and economic aspirations and possibilities of the Community's eastern European neighbours, and even of their Soviet or ex-Soviet neighbours. Thus are we justified in viewing the fate of the European Community as the fate of Europe. Consequendy, it is a task of theoretical and practical moment to attempt to grasp the civilisational meaning of the projected European union with the help of some points of reference from western Europe's past and present.

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Druviete, Ina. « Language as a Value in a Pragmatic World : Global and National Approach ». Baltic Journal of English Language, Literature and Culture 11 (2021) : 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/bjellc.11.2021.03.

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The article deals with the perception of language and languages in the economy-oriented contemporary world and its specific features in such language-centered countries as Latvia. Two main levels could be discussed concerning the ‘intellectual’, ‘symbolic’ and practical treatment of language: a global (supra-national) and a national one. In majority of countries special laws have been adopted or national level programs have been enacted in order to protect the most significant elements of respective national identities – folklore, traditional ways of life, beliefs and languages in particular. At the beginning of the 21st century, economic and political goals of the European Union have been associated with the ideas of European culture and European identity. At the same time, the popularization of the languages, histories, and traditions of the member states have also been emphasized. The Republic of Latvia belongs to the countries where the diversity of thoughts and viewpoints on language are ever present and intense in both the political debates and even in many informal conversations. The paper gives an insight in Latvian language policy against the background of global and European sociolinguistic processes and wide usage of so-called international languages, English in particular.

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Yengibaryan, R. V. « Mass and uncontrolled immigration as a threat to the civil, legal and civilizational stability in Western European countries and Russia ». Journal of Law and Administration 15, n^o 3 (2 décembre 2019) : 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2019-3-52-3-9.

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Introduction. Following the collapse, or rather self-liquidation, of the Soviet Union-USSR world events began to develop at a kaleidoscopic speed. Europe, Russia and the United States ceased to be central actors in global politics. Huge civilization countries such as China, India and the African continent broke into global politics with ever-increasing power. The united bloc of Islamic countries began to make aggressive claims to the entire world community, and especially to the countries of Christian civilization. And the most important and unexpected thing is that the peoples, nations, communities everywhere began to return to their civilizational, religious and spiritual roots.Materials and methods. Various methods such as comparative law, systemic, logical analysis and other methods were used in writing this article.The results of the study. The attempt to globalize the world by the socio-political criterion “capitalism socialism” failed. The world community, or rather its political, economic and intellectual elite, was given a clear message: ideologies of all kinds communism, fascism, nationalism, socialism eventually undergo transformation, split into sub streams and practically disappear, but the world religions and civilizations remain.Discussion and conclusion. The world globalized spontaneously and naturally, with financial, economic, political and technological dimensions playing the major role. At the same time globalization laid the foundation of new contradictions among countries that enjoy different social, economic levels of development and belong to various civilizations. Moreover, the interests of civilizations living in different time dimensions began to clash, like Islam that lives in 1441 and other countries that have been living in the 21st century for the second decade. The ideology of multiculturalism both in Western Europe and in the USA turned out to be unrealizable in practice, just like the communist ideology that has sunk into oblivion.

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Vorotnikov, V. V. « 25 Years of the Baltic States Independence : from the Soviet to the European Union ». Outlines of global transformations : politics, economics, law 9, n^o 5 (24 juillet 2018) : 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2016-9-5-7-23.

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As soon as the Baltic states gained independence in 1991, they targeted, in terms of domestic and foreign relations’ development, reorientation to the West and integration into Euro-Atlantic structures. Whereas NATO (under leadership of the United States) is regarded as the “cornerstone” of their security, the European Union (EU) is viewed as a source of financial assistance and the guarantor of economic stability. The article presents an overview of the transformation processes in the Baltic countries in the past two and a half decades, and the practical component of their membership in the EU is offered in detail. Comparative analysis of the political and socio-economic Baltic transit shows the similarity of their development trajectories. However, the positive effect, which joining the EU brought about, is eclipsed by the social and economic costs that resulted from the tough neo-liberal reforms that were required. Despite the rejection of the role of geopolitical and geo-economic “bridge” between Russia and the West, the Russian factor continues to play a primary role in the political processes and foreign policies of these countries, while at the same time the Baltic states themselves prefer not to call themselves post-Soviet. Confrontational position that the Baltic states undertook in relation to Russia, is determined by political and ideological factors and has long-term destructive impact not only on the bilateral dialogue, but also on relations between Russia and the European Union.

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Golovina, S., Aleksey Ruchkin, I. Mikolaychik et L. Smirnova. « Local Communities Participation in Rural Development : the Experience of the European Union ». Agrarian Bulletin of the 212, n^o 09 (9 novembre 2021) : 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2021-212-09-80-92.

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Abstract. The use of the experience of implementing the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in the member states of the European Union (EU) is relevant both for Russia and for other countries of the world interested in the successful development of the agrarian sector of the economy and rural areas. The role of rural areas in achieving national security of countries and regions (food, biological, environmental and other) is increasing significantly due to the current challenges and threats (climate change, COVID-19 pandemic, aggravation of the international situation). The purpose of the study, the results of which are presented in this article, is to scrutinise the special approach implemented under the CAP. This approach is referred to in European law as LEADER/CLLD and refers to a close combination of comprehensive cross-sector interaction with active involvement of local communities in rural development. In the work, analytical and review research methods were used, with the help of which (1) the current (relevant to the research topic) legislation, (2) programs implemented in the EU member states, (3) significant scientific publications were subject to scrupulous study. The result of the work is a review and analysis of the findings and practical recommendations for the future use of the various aspects of LEADER/CLLD in domestic political and economic practice. The application of this approach takes into account the fact that the experience of local residents, combined with the opinions of other stakeholders, can help to better adapt rural development policy to real needs and opportunities, and to form a specific (unique) human capital within the boundaries of rural communities. Human capital includes, in addition to specific skills, (1) the ability to take constructive initiatives, (2) a sense of local identity and ownership, (3) the ability to participate as equals with other partners in defining local development strategies, (4) trust between people, private enterprises, public institutions and sectoral communities interested in successful rural development, formed through constant interaction. Theoretical and practical conclusions regarding the content of LEADER/CLLD initiatives, as well as findings related to the possibilities of introducing tools and mechanisms to support rural areas, implemented directly with the involvement of local communities with financial support from the state, are of scientific novelty.

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Pevnaya, Maria, Anna Bagirova, Elvina Bahtigareeva et Zhen Wenyue. « Legal Regulation of Youth Civic Participation in Russia and European Union ». DEMIS. Demographic Research 2, n^o 3 (7 octobre 2022) : 8–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/demis.2022.2.3.1.

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Youth in scientific and practical discourse is considered as a promising demographic group that is able to determine the economic and social development of countries and regions. Creating an environment for constructive civic participation of young people, their involvement in solving socially significant issues in many countries of the world is becoming one of the key directions of state policy. In this case, youth policy should be a tool for the formation of consciousness and socially acceptable patterns of behavior of the younger generation, corresponding to the direction of long-term development set by the state. The purpose of the article is to identify national accents regarding civic participation in the context of the formation of a culture of citizenship of the younger generation, mechanisms for achieving goals in this direction that exist in the regulatory discourse of Russia and the European Union countries. We were based on an institutional approach to assessing the regulatory regulation of the activities of the authorities of the Russian Federation and the governments of the EU countries in relation to the civic participation of young people, applied legal analysis and a comparison method. The analysis of regulatory regulation was carried out according to the following parameters: characteristics of regulatory legal acts, a brief description of their structure and content; definition of civil participation and its forms; identification of substantive directions and goals; definition of subjectivity. The sources of information were regulatory and legal acts of the EU and the Russian Federation, conceptually defining the essence of youth policy, as well as unofficial legal information. The study revealed that the place of citizenship culture is clearly defined in the EU normative discourse, the need to expand and improve the qualitative characteristics of civic participation of young Europeans is justified and supported by concrete decisions. The place and significance of civic participation of young people is not clearly defined in the normative field of regulation of youth policy of the Russian Federation. With the priority of social types of youth participation, the subjectivity of youth as a civic participation in managerial and political decision-making is not conceptualized and, accordingly, is not supported in practice. The activation of civic participation of young people today is not among the state priorities of youth policy, more important in the normative and legal discourse of this policy are the problems of professional self-determination, preservation of health, public safety and strengthening of the institution of the family.

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Gotsova, Boryana. « The Gordian Knot of European Union Competence : Commercial Aspects of Intellectual Property After the Judgment in Case C-414/11Daiichi Sankyo ». German Law Journal 15, n^o 3 (1 mai 2014) : 511–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200019027.

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The division of external competences between the European Union and the Member States is a long-standing object of contention for constitutional and practical reasons. The competence to negotiate and conclude international agreements in a given area has as many highly political implications as concrete policy-making ones. This tension is well illustrated by the field of the commercial aspects of intellectual property. Community, and later Union, competence over this area was established only gradually. After multiple Treaty revisions and legal disputes over competence, the Treaty of Lisbon now lists the field as one of the main elements of the Union's Common Commercial Policy (CCP). The CCP itself is one of the founding policies, dating back to the European Economic Community. It structures the Union's trade relations with third countries, encompassing bilateral and multilateral trade and tariff agreements, as well as unilateral trade defense measures such as anti-dumping and anti-subsidy instruments. Today, the Treaty of Lisbon expressly provides for exclusive Union competence over the CCP, codifying the case law of the Court of Justice.

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Szopiński, Tomasz, et Marcin Waldemar Staniewski. « Socio-economic factors determining the way e-tourism is used in European Union member states ». Internet Research 26, n^o 1 (1 février 2016) : 2–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/intr-03-2014-0065.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test the frequency of the use of e-tourism by consumers/internet users of various European Union member states and to identify the socio-economic variables that determine this frequency. Design/methodology/approach – The secondary data regarding the use of e-tourism services in 28 European Union member states were used for analysis. Relationships between variables and the frequency of the use of e-tourism services by consumers in 28 countries in Europe were analyzed. For each of the 32 benchmarked countries, a representative sample of internet users was surveyed via local online panels. Also CATI approach was used in one country. Findings – The authors of this study identify a statistically significant relationship between the frequency of the use of e-tourism by internet users and their country of origin. Statistically significant relationships between the frequency of using e-tourism and socio-economic variables, such as age, sex, education level, occupation, and professional position, are also identified. Practical implications – The findings of this study can provide tour operators with useful suggestions on how to extend the utility of internet (e-commerce) in order to develop their business, get more customers and improve their profitability. Simultaneously, these results may contribute to enhancing competitiveness of the whole European Union and increasing its gross domestic product. Originality/value – With the worldwide rapid growth of internet (and e-commerce) many benefits can be reach by tourism sector especially in the growing competition. The paper is unique because it shows data collected from almost 25,000 respondents and it presents a comparison of the use of e-tourism among citizens of 28 European Union member states.

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Koltsov, Vitalii, et Yuliia Lomzhets. « FOREIGN POLICY IMPERATIVES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE VISEGRAD GROUP AND UKRAINE ». Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 6, n^o 4 (24 novembre 2020) : 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2020-6-4-81-89.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the main stages of creation and development of the Visegrad Group as a regional grouping, which is successfully developing when being a member of NATO and the European Union. This kind of research is especially relevant in connection with the exacerbation of the economic crisis due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of the research is to analyze the strategic stages of creation and development of various cooperative aspects of the Visegrad countries; such a format of interaction has not lost its relevance after accession to the European Union. Analytical separation of periodization of the stages of formation, identification of problems and solutions faced by the Visegrad group’s countries is important for creating a modern economic and political worldview of cooperation and indentifying the main areas of cooperation in Europe. Based on the use of documents, including protocols and declarations as a result of meetings at various levels within the Visegrad Group, the specific stages of its development and interaction with Ukraine in a wide range of components that are the essence of Euro-Atlantic integration are analyzed and identified. Specific examples illustrate that Ukraine has always been in the field of key interests of the Visegrad Four, getting effective assistance and support in various forms from it. There have been identified not only practical issues of regional cooperation and security, but also some aspects of the value and civilization dimension. The member countries of the Visegrad Group, having initiated the format of cooperation “V4 + Ukraine”, took an active part in the most important processes that Ukraine went through on its way. The assumption is proved that the experience of the Visegrad countries is relevant and useful for Ukraine on the way to the realization of its Euro-Atlantic integration aspirations. Despite the difficulties within the European Union, between Ukraine and some of the signatories of the 1991 Visegrad Declaration, cooperation with Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary is the most effective communication platform for intensifying a broad dialogue between Ukraine and the European Union.

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Надёжин, Андрей Дмитриевич, et Роман Владимирович Пеньковцев. « EUROPEAN COOPERATION AGAINST CORRUPTION ». Вестник Адыгейского государственного университета, серия «Регионоведение», n^o 4(289) (23 mai 2022) : 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.53598/2410-3691-2021-4-289-34-41.

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Цель исследования - раскрыть проблемы взаимодействия государств Европы в рамках антикоррупционного сотрудничества, а также обобщить практический опыт борьбы с коррупцией в Европейском союзе. Для достижения указанной цели исследования необходимо решить следующие задачи: во-первых, охарактеризовать и проанализировать основы антикоррупционной деятельности в европейских странах; во-вторых, выявить механизм международного правового регулирования сотрудничества европейских государств по противодействию коррупции; в-третьих, выделить и раскрыть основные современные направления политики Европейского союза и других стран Европы в сфере борьбы с коррупцией. В статье дается анализ деятельности европейских государств, их объединений, а также их уполномоченных органов в рамках сотрудничества по профилактике, противодействию и борьбе с коррупцией на региональном и международном уровнях. В работе комплексно исследуются политико-правовые механизмы взаимодействия европейских стран в контексте антикоррупционной деятельности. Научная новизна заключается в изучении особенностей международной политики противодействия коррупции на примере стран Европы. В результате проведенного исследования определено, что ключевым фактором успешного международного взаимодействия в борьбе с коррупцией остается совместная деятельность государств в рамках профильных региональных и международных организаций. The purpose of the research is to identify problems of cooperation of European states in anti-corruption cooperation, as well as to summarize practical experience in combating corruption in the European Union. In order to achieve the above-mentioned objective of the research, we should solve the following tasks: first, to characterize and analyze the basis for anti-corruption activities in European countries; secondly, to identify the mechanism of international legal regulation of cooperation of European states in combating corruption; thirdly, to identify and reveal the main current policies of the European Union and other European countries in the field of combating corruption. The paper provides an analysis of the activities of European states, their associations, as well as their authorized bodies within the framework of cooperation in preventing, combating and fighting corruption at the regional and international levels. The work examines in a comprehensive manner the political and legal mechanisms of cooperation between European countries in the context of anti-corruption activities. Scientific novelty lies in the study of the peculiarities of international anti-corruption policy using an example of the European region. As a result, it is determined that a key factor of successful international cooperation in the fight against corruption remains the joint work of states within the framework of specialized regional and international organizations.

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Baykov, A. « The EU Soft Power in the Global Equilibrium ». MGIMO Review of International Relations, n^o 2(35) (28 avril 2014) : 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-2-35-36-46.

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The paper analyzes the basic parameters of the soft power of the European Union in the context of the effectiveness of its foreign policy and comparison with the efforts of Russia's own resources capacity of non-violent political influence. To solve this purpose the author dissects the basic interpretation soft power, reviews the criteria to measure the effectiveness foreign policy, highlights the existing scholarly discussion regarding the applicability, relevance and accuracy of the concepts of hard and soft power in applied policy analysis. Particular attention is paid to the problem of trust in international relations in general and in the relations between Russia and the EU in particular. The presence of trust in international relations constitutes a prerequisite to solve any problems for foreign policy. Analyzing the practical expression of the basic values of Western European countries and Russia the article concludes that the efficiency of 'soft power' strategies exercised both by Russia and the EU vis-à-vis each other is rather low. The multi-faceted relations between Russia and the European Union with closely interwoven national interests of different countries do not make these relationships easier whereas a whole array of historical and psychological problems do not add trust. Therefore, it is reasonable to opt for formalized dialogue institutions. In conclusion, the author provides recommendations for medium-and long-term prospects of the bilateral relations.

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Hartley, Trevor C. « The European Union and the Systematic Dismantling of the Common Law of Conflict of Laws ». International and Comparative Law Quarterly 54, n^o 4 (octobre 2005) : 813–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/lei038.

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English conflict of laws is the creation of the common law. Prior to Britain's entry into the European Union, legislation played only a limited role. The few legislative measures concerning choice of law were narrowly targeted to remedy specific problems—for example the formal validity of wills, or torts. The rules for service outside the jurisdiction were a more important exception, but their practical operation largely depended on judge-made concepts and remedies, such as forum non conveniens and antisuit injunctions. The common law also provided a complete system for the recognition of foreign judgments that operated untrammelled with regard to judgments from many countries, including some of the most important, while the relevant legislation, where applicable, did little more than provide a simpler procedure.

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Kornienko, Valery, et Svetlana Denisyuk. « ACQUIRING EUROPEAN IDENTITY : PROS AND CONS FOR UKRAINE ». Politology bulletin, n^o 80 (2018) : 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2415-881x.2018.80.20-34.

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On the background of all world modern processes theoretical studies and practical implementation of the notion «Identity» are definitely critical for globalization of all facets of social life nowadays. European Union is now seen as the most successful implementation of integration and unification of political, juridical, economical, social and cultural life of European states that leads to special, say, European identity. Research objective. To provide a theoretical approach to creating a forecasting model, i. e.to find out the factors and determine the ways of retaining Ukrainian national identity within European Union (hypothetically considering Ukraine as a member of European Union in the nearest future). Methodology. Research methodology is based on different approaches and methods which allow us to state the reliability of scientific results. In particular, dialectical method was used as the basis of organic knowledge of science and practice; system, synergetic, sociological methods allowed to consider identity as a holistic phenomenon; historical approach was used to realize the evolution and stages of scientific study of the notion. Also, general scientific methods of research: analysis, synthesis, Abstraction, generalization and so on were applied. Main conclusions and recommendations for further researches: The research shows that the process of European identity acquisition is complex and has a lot of contingencies. Accordingly, we can state that postnational values and the level of responsibility of EU countries are low for smooth integration of society. Recommendations for future researches: Ukrainian identity analises in the context of European identity; the consequences of European integration for Ukraine; research of the process of gaining supranational identity, initiated by the state and civil society, etc.

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Zemskyi, Yurii S., et Valerii V. Diachok. « Narrative sources on the diplomatic game of European countries around the events of the Polish uprising of 1863 ». Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 2, n^o 1 (4 janvier 2020) : 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/26190114.

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The purpose of the article – to disclose the meaning of the difference between the official, publicly declared position and the real (national) interests of Western European countries regarding their attitude to January 1863 Polish Uprising. Research methods: are analysis and synthesis, comparative, deduction, generalization. Main results: are despite the official statements by Western European governments to support the Poles' demands during the uprising of 1863 (in satisfaction of the Russian empire of their national rights), no real efforts were made. This state of affairs is clarified, with a meticulous analysis of true intentions of foreign policy of European countries. In the context of the implementation of policy in the nineteenth century, European governments could no longer ignore public opinion. After all, in the nineteenth century there was the epoch of affirmation in Europe of the ideals of the French Revolution and the formation of the institutions of civil society (free press, trade unions, public organizations, political parties, etc.). Involving information from narrative sources on events of 1863 clearly reveals the peculiarities of foreign policy and convinces that, in making final decisions, governments of the countries were guided by their own national interests (and not by the mind of public). Therefore, the Polish uprising became an opportunity to compete for the redistribution of influences among the leading countries of Europe and the interests of the Poles turned out to be only an instrument for achieving completely different goals. Concise conclusions: are the support of Western European governments in the Polish uprising were driven by public demands, but the real goal of each of the countries involved diplomatically to address this problem was to strengthen their own political stance in international affairs on the continent. Practical significance: this article will contribute to a better understanding of complex issues when assessing the position of Western European countries in the international politics of the mid-nineteenth century. Originality: compares information from publicly-published and diplomatically-concealed sources. Scientific novelty: the knowledge about the significant difference between the diplomatic statements and the real intentions of the foreign policy efforts of the Western European countries in the international relations of the middle of the nineteenth century were supplemented. Article type: analytic.

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Staniškytė, Jurgita. « From Institutional Fatigue to Creative Communication ». Nordic Theatre Studies 30, n^o 1 (2 août 2018) : 72–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/nts.v30i1.106924.

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A considerable decreasing number of visitors to artistic and cultural institutions, which in certain European countries has dropped 50%, the unfavourable demographic situation, receding public finances, the growing competitive ability of user-oriented, interactive entertainment industries, and the new technology sector, which is especially disturbing for artistic institutions in post-Soviet countries, where they are used to limit competition – these are the major issues that are forcing the decision makers of cultural politics to focus their attention on art audiences at the topmost institutional level. In the context of these transformations, the concept of audience development, denominated by Nobuko Kawashima “a conflicting term” almost two decades ago, is becoming even more complex. Placed at the centre of the political and financial agenda of the European Union (EU) by its cultural policy makers, it is, on the one hand, born out of the desire to place part of the financial burden of support for cultural institutions on the shoulders of the public, but on the other hand, it also signals the wish to shake up the passive European citizen, to activate his/her civic sense through artistic practices, or even to help “combat social exclusion”. The article focuses on the theoretical and practical implications as well as the effectiveness and limitations of various forms of audience development employed by publicly funded theatres in Lithuania. Empirical research is based on qualitative interviews with managers and art directors of Lithuanian theatre companies as well as focus group audience research. The larger questions about the possible outcomes of various audience development strategies – whether during these developments, Lithuanian theatres will become places of creative cooperation open to diverse audiences or simply fields of aggressive marketing – will be addressed as well.

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Teixeira, Sergio Jesus, Carla Maria Lopes Casteleiro, Ricardo Gouveia Rodrigues et Maria Dulce Guerra. « Entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurship in European countries ». International Journal of Innovation Science 10, n^o 1 (5 mars 2018) : 22–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijis-07-2017-0062.

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Purpose This study aims to pursue better understanding and investigation of the factor that can have an impact on the level of entrepreneurial activity. To achieve this, statistical analysis was conducted. Indicators from 22 countries of the European Union were reunited to compare the differences between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach To analyse entrepreneurial intentions in Europe, two databases of the Global Databases Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) were used, namely, “GEM NES Key Indicators 2007-2015” and “GEM APS Key Indicators 2001-2015”, available at www.gemconsortium.org/data/sets, considering only the data from 2015 and analysed with IBM SPSS Statistics tool. Each original database includes 60 countries, and this study is limited to an analysis of only countries of the European continent, resulting in a sample of 22 countries. Findings The major determinants of the entrepreneurial intention in the countries studied were: “perceived capacity”; “entrepreneurial intention” itself which will, in fact, influence the “rate of nascent entrepreneurship”; “governmental and political factors” in relation to the respective “financing for the entrepreneur”; and “basic education and training” in entrepreneurship which influences “research and development”. Research limitations/implications This study has few limitations because, as it refers to a European analysis, it would require a more generalized analysis of the factors, such as to include more and better indicators for the demographic, economic and institutional determinants of the entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurship in the European countries under study. For future research on the explanation of commercial activity, we must address the methodological problem of distinguishing the effect of business intentions from other determinants, as these also influence entrepreneurial attitudes. Despite the conceptual and empirical limitations, the conclusions of the study imply and provide several recommendations for the future policy of entrepreneurship in Europe. Practical implications In the past decades, entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intentions have gained increasing attention from academics, governments and politicians around the world. It is seen as a critical factor for economic growth and development of a country, as it contributes to the solution of fundamental macroeconomic issues such as increased employment, development of competitiveness, innovation and the creation of economic and social values. Therefore, academics and researchers, governments and politicians are interested in identifying the differences and causes between countries that influence the level of entrepreneurship as a phenomenon associated with business activity in a country. Social implications Results reveal that some of the key determinants of entrepreneurial intention in the European countries are related to policy factors, like “governmental and political factors” and “basic education and training” in entrepreneurship. In this way, the study can help politicians elaborate the policies related to entrepreneurship, implying an increase in entrepreneurial intentions in a country and consequently implications for socio-economic development. Originality/value To achieve the originality of the study, two databases of the GEM of 2015 were used and duly adapted. In this way, the value of the article is very significant, as it is possible to group data from several countries, to test hypotheses and to arrive at very useful conclusions that may be of interest to policymakers at both the European and national levels. The adoption of adequate policies promotes and supports entrepreneurship in the context of the Europe 2020 Strategy, which is the European Union’s growth strategy.

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Obernikhin, Evgeny A. « PERPETUATING THE MEMORY OF SOVIET SOLDIERS WHO PERISHED DURING THE LIBERATION OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES FROM NAZISM DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR (1944–1991) : THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY ». Historical Search 2, n^o 2 (25 juin 2021) : 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2021-2-2-69-77.

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Comprehensive studying the experience of state and military structures in preserving and care of military cemeteries and places of memory about the heroic actions of the Red Army outside Russia, is gaining more and more theoretical significance and practical value. The purpose of this article is to summarize the results of the study dedicated to perpetuating the memory of Soviet soldiers who perished when liberating European countries from Nazism during the Great Patriotic War (chronology of events in 1944-1991). There are no special scientific works devoted to this topic that comprehensively consider the activities of the official structures of the Soviet Union abroad. The methodological basis of the research is the modern theory of society cognition, based on the concept of universal connections in its socio-economic, political and cultural life, and the dialectical approach to the analysis of social phenomena. The author analyses various aspects of the problem taking into account the immediate historical situation, reveals objective patterns that determined the goals and content of the process of preserving the memory of fallen Soviet soldiers, he studies the activities of the official structures of the Soviet Union abroad to perpetuate the memory of the Red Army soldiers who perished during the Great Patriotic War when liberating European countries from Nazism. In the course of the study, the author solved a number of tasks: transformation in the order of personal casualty records in the Red Army was investigated; the features of organizing the process of burial of the deceased and creation of military cemeteries in the territory of European states were established, as well as the existing classification of military graves was confirmed; the reasons for the large-scale loss of names of Red Army soldiers who died when liberating European countries from Nazism were determined; the main stages of the process of consolidation and preservation of Soviet military cemeteries in the territory of European countries were determined; the process of creating memorial structures and objects in Central and Eastern Europe was analyzed and its features were established; implementation of commemorative practices which formed in the Soviet times the historical memory about Red Army’s liberation mission in European countries; the author defines the peculiarities of inter-state cooperation on the issues of restoration and preservation of Soviet military graves and monuments in European countries; he defines the classification of the process of perpetuating the memory of Soviet soldiers in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The study performed suggests that it was during the enlargement of the Soviet military cemeteries after the war that a large-scale loss of the names of the fallen Red Army soldiers occurred. The process of creating memorials and arranging military necropolis in the European countries had a systematic character. The Soviet Union used various commemorative practices, with the help of which the historical memory of the Red Army’s liberation mission in Europe was formed.

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Білявець, Сергій. « PECULIARITIES OF POLICE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION (END OF THE XX - BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY ». Збірник наукових праць Національної академії Державної прикордонної служби України. Серія : педагогічні науки 24, n^o 1 (26 avril 2021) : 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32453/pedzbirnyk.v24i1.627.

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The article presents the results of the analysis of regulatory and scientific sources, which reveal the features of police training for EU countries at the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries. It was found that the integration of European states in the second half of the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century contributed to the fact that the system of police training was changing in accordance with the changes in the political and socio-economic situation in individual EU countries and in the Community as a whole. The police training system itself is part of the integration processes within the framework of the integration of the EU law enforcement and police systems. Features such as the practical orientation of training, its continuous nature, and its close relationship to practice are characteristic of all police training institutions in EU countries. At the same time, EU countries are ambivalent about the innovations proposed by the 1999 Bologna Convention. States with established educational systems (Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) are more conservative and less inclined to abandon their own educational standards, unlike Eastern European states that pursue radical reform policies, including reforms in police training. In police education programs, a significant number of hours are devoted to the development of skills and abilities to work with scientific and technological means, which are extremely widely used in police work in foreign countries. It was also found that police officers are thoroughly and comprehensively prepared for close interaction of national services, both through Interpol and directly with each other. At conferences, symposiums, seminars, exchanges of experience and delegations, increased attention is certainly given to police training.

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Sieriebriak, Kseniia, et Oleksandra Melnykova. « ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES (ОN THE EXAMPLE OF UKRAINE) : REGIONAL ASPECT ». Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 4, n^o 4 (septembre 2018) : 306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2018-4-4-306-314.

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Research background. Modern trends in world politics and international relations dictate new schemes for establishing links between regions and encourage states to constantly improve them. One such form is economic cooperation between regions, whose development strategies are gradually being introduced in countries around the world. Since Ukraine signed an association agreement with the European Union, in most economic and legal issues it relies on the experience of the European countries. In addition, worthy of attention is the analysis of the current state of the regional development in Ukraine and on its basis the formation of the basic principles for interregional cooperation. Such experience and identifying main economic trends in the formation of economic cooperation between different regions can help Ukraine to introduce this process in practical terms and possibly avoid the most popular problems in this area. Purpose of the article. The provisions of the article provide a systematic estimation of the regional development of Ukraine based on the calculation of the Spearman coefficient from 2006 to 2016. On the basis of these calculations, the main preconditions for the economic development of interregional cooperation are analysed and the basic principles of such cooperation for the regions of Ukraine are formed. Methodology/methods. This work is based on the generalization of the official methodological information of the following Ukrainian regions that are the most interested for the economic foundations of the interregional development. Ukraine has a new decentralization reform for the regions, which will be able to give impetus to the economic development and increase the effectiveness of the interregional ties. Nevertheless, since this process is quite new for our country, it is critically important to study foreign experience in this field. In the future, as a result of such studies, it would be possible to develop economic and legal mechanisms for introducing the best world practices in the Ukrainian legal field. Value/originality. The provisions of the article solve an important theoretical and practical task – firstly for Ukraine – contribute to the formation of the interregional cooperation institution since by this time there is no unanimous opinion on the legislative level or on the scientific one. It seems possible, through such studies, to create the real mechanisms for the regional development in Ukraine and their cooperation with each other. Most Ukrainian and world economists view the development of the regions as such in themselves, no one examines it through the prism of economic development of interregional cooperation. We support and use this approach, because it is very important, as it provides an opportunity to comprehensively analyse the current state of the meso-level in Ukraine. For the first time in Ukraine, the results of the formation development at the regional level in the context of interregional cooperation are presented in the detailed description that could give the opportunity to Ukrainian economists for the next step in this scientific field. Practical implications. The results of this article will form the basis for the assistance to various regions in Ukraine in the matter of strategic planning and their cooperation since no clear and detailed actions for them have yet been recorded. In addition, this work is relevant for representatives of state authorities and scientists who deal with issues of the regional economy because no one in Ukraine has ever considered these issues in the context of interregional cooperation.

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Alcaraz, Jorge, et Elizabeth Salamanca. « Migration and outward FDI : a double direction approach ». Review of International Business and Strategy 28, n^o 2 (4 juin 2018) : 240–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ribs-12-2017-0114.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify, based on social network theory, the relationship between the direction of international migration (immigration/emigration) and the international movement of enterprises and their location. Design/methodology/approach A traditional gravity model and the Tobit estimation method are applied to three groups of countries from three different regions: Latin America, North America and the European Union. The study considers a period from 2001 to 2012. Findings The main results suggest that the international migration that goes from the European Union and North America to Latin America is related with the firms’ internationalization and their respective location. Practical implications Given that migration can be an important and reliable source of information, trust and knowledge, managers should see it as a “bridge” between the home and host countries, which, in turn, can increase their competitive advantage. Social implications Governments can learn how migration and outward foreign direct investment interact. In addition, they could develop political frameworks to accurately and effectively manage international migration (immigration and emigration) and FDI in the best interests of the stakeholders. Originality/value This study extends the social network theory by suggesting that networks are not only related with firms’ expansion abroad but as well with their location. This statement could be generalizable as long as emigration/networks (ethnic ties) are considered the links between the home and the host country.

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Haddad, Emma. « EU Migration Policy : Evolving Ideas of Responsibility and Protection ». Global Responsibility to Protect 2, n^o 1 (2010) : 86–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187598410x12602515137419.

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AbstractWhile humanitarian intervention in cases of state instability remains a disputed concept in international law, there is consensus in the international community over the need to provide protection to refugees, one of the corollaries of such instability. Using the European Union (EU) as a case study, this article takes a policy perspective to examine competing conceptions of both 'responsibility' and 'protection' among EU Member States. Responsibility can be seen either as the duty to move refugees around the EU such that each Member State takes its fair share, or the duty to assist those Member States who receive the highest numbers of migrants due to geography by way of practical and financial help. Similarly, protection can imply that which the EU offers within its boundaries, encompassed within the Common European Asylum System, or something broader that looks at where people are coming from and seeks to work with countries of origin and transit to provide protection outside the Union and tackle the causes of forced migration. Whether one or both of these concepts comes to dominate policy discourse over the long-term, the challenge will be to ensure an uncompromised understanding of protection among policy-makers.

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Butorina, O. « Goals of Regional Integration : a Modern Understanding ». World Economy and International Relations 65, n^o 10 (2021) : 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-10-5-14.

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To date, an extensive scholarly literature on regional integration has paid little attention to the question of its goals. However, it is fundamental for deeper understanding the nature of the phenomena and for the decision-making process at the national, regional and international levels. The objective of this article is to reveal declared and de facto pursued goals of regional integration, and to arrange them into a coherent system. To accomplish this task this paper first provides an overview of official goals stated in the founding agreements of various regional groups, formed by developed and developing countries in Europe, Asia and Americas. Then the question of goals is explored through the lenses of the key theories of regional economic integration and their practical application. Later a similar exercise is carried out in the context of political integration theories. Finally, based on the comprehensive analysis of official declarations, major theories of regional integration and practical developments in various regions and policy fields this paper categorizes main goals of regional integration into four groups compiled along two axes: internal and external, positive and negative. They form a matrix, which endows researchers with new optics. Further exploration of different types of integration goals, especially negatively oriented ones, has a potential to expand the research program of integration studies. They may also shed light on the debate over why regional blocks of developing countries stall at the level of free trade zones or why the creation of the European monetary union did not help the EU to move to the true political union.

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Prášilová, Marie, Lucie Severová et Jan Chromý. « Subsidies of agricultural production in the Czech Republic and their economic context ». Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, n^o 7 (2011) : 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159070293.

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An important part of evaluating common economic politics of countries in the European Union (EU) is the observation of microeconomic consequences of governmental subsidies in agriculture. This article mentions some basic theoretical and practical connections regarding subsidies in agriculture and of agricultural products on the Czech market, and regarding consequences of implemented price intervention programs. If a subsidy is directed to large-scale producers as well as to geographically unfavourably situated small-scale producers, it can not only miss its own target, but even deepen the existing problem. It is now becoming apparent that prospering large companies have an overall bigger profit from each crown of the subsidized price than small farms, which were originally the reason to implement the subsidies. The size structure of agricultural companies in the Czech Republic has so far been relatively favourable with respect to subsidies. After 2013, a reform of the Common agricultural politics of EU is planned and the amounts of direct payments for agriculture from the EU budget will be newly set. However, the European Parliament supports a proposal of limiting subsidies according to size of farms. Along with that, there is a real threat of growing prices of agricultural products on the market. Results of statistical analyses of source materials have revealed the largest proportion of subsidies in the outputs of Czech agricultural companies in the last years as compared to our neighbours, and also in up to now balance of subsidy level and aid in terms of economic size of the companies. The European Parliament’s support of limiting direct payments for agriculture from the EU budget based on size of companies is unfavourable for the Czech Republic and will impact the price level of agricultural products.

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Brodny, Jarosław, et Magdalena Tutak. « Analyzing the Level of Digitalization among the Enterprises of the European Union Member States and Their Impact on Economic Growth ». Journal of Open Innovation : Technology, Market, and Complexity 8, n^o 2 (14 avril 2022) : 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8020070.

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The dynamic development of information and communication technology (ICT) reported in recent years has caused significant changes in almost all areas of social and economic life. The digitalization process resulting from this development is now becoming a determinant of both progress and modernity. This issue has been addressed in this paper, and thereby we present a methodology developed to study the level of digitalization and the use of innovative technologies among the enterprises of the EU-27 countries. The research was conducted using selected indicators—determinants (10) characterizing the main digital technologies and infrastructure associated with their implementation in the enterprises under study. Based on these indicators, the Entropy-Multi-Objective Optimization on the basis of Ratio Analysis (MOORA) method was used to determine the index (level) of digitalization among the companies of the EU-27. The level of use of digital technologies and infrastructure for Industry 4.0 was also determined. Another important goal of the study was to determine a relationship between the values of the digitalization index for the EU-27 countries and the economic parameters characterizing their economies. For this analysis, non-parametric tests such as the Kendall’s Tau and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients were applied. The results significantly enrich the knowledge of methodology for studying the level of digitalization and its status among the enterprises of the EU-27. These findings provide great opportunities for interpretation and practical application, especially in terms of building an innovative knowledge-based economy. They show great diversity of the EU-27 countries in the field of digitalization and poor results reported in this area by the so-called “new EU” countries. Among the many interesting findings, it is worth pointing out the positive impact of spending on research and development on the process of digitalization of enterprises. The results should be used when creating a digitalization strategy for individual countries and their groups.

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Kim, Jin-Kyu. « A Legal Review of ‘Best Efforts’ Clauses : Focusing on COVID-19 Vaccine Purchase Contracts ». Korea Association for International Commerce and Information 24, n^o 3 (30 septembre 2022) : 175–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15798/kaici.2022.24.3.175.

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Since the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic, many countries around the world have experienced contractual inequality in their dealings with global vaccine developers, such as delayed deliveries, limitations of liability for claims, disclaimers of warranties, and excessive confidentiality when negotiating purchase contracts. In 2021, the EU Commission filed a lawsuit in Brussels against AstraZeneca for not keeping to its purchase agreement for the supply of COVID-19 vaccines. This study reviews the best-efforts clauses in the vaccine contracts signed by the EU and AstraZeneca focusing on the legal effects and duties of such clauses. The concept of the best-efforts clause is analyzed from a legal perspective, including its function and theoretical background in comparative law. This study methodically reviews the best-efforts clause within the COVID-19 vaccine advance purchase contract between the EU and AstraZeneca in September 2020, and analyzes the European Union’s civil suit against AstraZeneca, filed in Belgium, for the delay in delivery of vaccines to the European Union. Consequently, this paper intends to present practical implications for the legal effects and duties of best-efforts clauses in the vaccine purchase agreements in the European Union v. AstraZeneca case.

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Oleksandr Yevchenko, Oleksandr Yevchenko. « OVERVIEW OF GENDER APPROACH APPLICATION IN THE SYSTEM OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ». Socio World-Social Research & ; Behavioral Sciences 06, n^o 04(02) (25 novembre 2021) : 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/swd0604(02)2021-81.

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Public administration is the prerequisite of successful European integration and implementation of modern reforms in Ukraine. It should meet contemporary European standards and principles of appropriate administration where management is considered to be the assemblage of contemporary principles, methods, methodologies and technologies as well as the means and forms of administration, aimed at raising activity effectiveness of institutions, organizations, enterprises, etc. Being focused on maximum effectiveness, modern administration reacts adequately at social, political and economic challenges using a wide range of means for pragmatic adaptation to social practice. Marked by a global crisis, the recent years of the world development have determined the total reconsideration of many aspects of public reality leading to reaffiliation and even to development of new paradigms in the administration decision making. The new consideration have focused on several problems -gender problem being one of the most important and essential not only for the countries of the former Soviet Union but for the countries of western democracy as well. The targets of sustainable development adopted at UN Summit for the period from 2015 to 2030 are the key directions of countries development. The goal of reaching the gender equity is the fifth of them. Keywords: gender policy, gender aspects, effective administration, complex gender approach, appropriate administration, practical and strategical gender requirements, equal rights and options for women.

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Ustinovich, Elena Stepanovna. « Us sanctional economic policy as a geopolitical reality ». Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), n^o 4 (1 avril 2021) : 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2104-01.

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This article analyzes the policy of economic sanctions against the Russian Federation since 2008. It’s shown that the sanctions anti-Russian economic policy is the direction of the US foreign policy of the last decade. For many decades, the state of trade and economic relations between the Russian Federation and the United States left much to be desired and did not develop in a normalized format. The volume of trade turnover practically did not manifest itself in the growth dynamics. And both countries were faced with the task of solving this problem. However, the last decade, and especially the events of 2014 and subsequent economic sanctions against the Russian Federation, have shown the role and impact of the political factor in the state of economic relations between the two countries. In this regard, the period of development of trade and economic relations of the last five years is exclusively in the political plane and it can be designated as the period of the US sanctions economic policy towards Russia. They are implementing this policy jointly with a number of North American countries and European Union member states, as a result of which it becomes a geopolitical reality in the modern period of international economic relations and, unfortunately, does not contribute to their normalization. The research methodology includes an interdisciplinary political and economic research method. A primary analysis of sources, as well as policy documents of the leaders of two countries — the United States and the Russian Federation at the end of 2014 and 2015 was carried out. As a scientific and practical result, a recommendation for the Russian Federation was proposed based on the results of the incessant sanctions pressure — not to remain in isolation, to establish contacts with countries in a new format.

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Fedotenkov, Igor, et Pavel Derkachev. « Gender longevity gap and socioeconomic indicators in developed countries ». International Journal of Social Economics 47, n^o 1 (20 décembre 2019) : 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-02-2019-0082.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explain relations between socioeconomic factors and gender longevity gap and to test a number of contradicting theories. Design/methodology/approach Fixed effects models are used for cross-country panel data analysis. Findings The authors show that in developed countries (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and European Union) a lower gender longevity gap is associated with a higher real GDP per capita, a higher level of urbanization, lower income inequality, lower per capita alcohol consumption and a better ecological environment. An increase in women’s aggregate unemployment rate and a decline in men’s unemployment are associated with a higher gap in life expectancies. There is also some evidence that the effect of the share of women in parliaments has a U-shape; it has a better descriptive efficiency if taken with a four-year lag, which approximately corresponds to the length of political cycles. Research limitations/implications Findings are valid only for developed countries. Practical implications The findings are important for policy discussions, such as designs of pension schemes, gender-based taxation, ecological, urban, health and labor policy. Social implications The factors that increase male and female longevities also reduce the gender longevity gap. Originality/value The results contradict to a number of studies for developing countries, which show that lower economic development and greater women discrimination result in a lower gender longevity gap. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-02-2019-0082

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