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Articles de revues sur le sujet « Poor laws – history »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 25 juillet 2024

Mis à jour le 31 juillet 2025

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1

Rose, M. E. "The English Poor Laws, 1700-1930." English Historical Review 118, no. 475 (2003): 247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/118.475.247.

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Holmlund, Kerstin. "Poor laws and schooling in Stockholm." History of Education Review 42, no. 1 (2013): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/08198691311317688.

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Levene, Alysa. "Obligation, Entitlement and Dispute under the English Poor Laws." Social History 42, no. 3 (2017): 435–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2017.1320150.

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Gilbert, G. "The Morning Chronicle, Poor Laws, and Political Economy." History of Political Economy 17, no. 4 (1985): 507–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-17-4-507.

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Ely, James W. "The Eighteenth-Century Poor Laws in the West Riding of Yorkshire." American Journal of Legal History 30, no. 1 (1986): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/845937.

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Ratzmann, Nora. "Reforming Moldovan social assistance: Poor Laws for the European fringe?" Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 14, no. 3 (2014): 409–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2014.924729.

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Frohman, Larry. "The Break-Up of the Poor Laws— German Style: Progressivism and the Origins of the Welfare State, 1900–1918." Comparative Studies in Society and History 50, no. 4 (2008): 981–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417508000418.

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While the 1834 New Poor Law and the controversies over its reform represent one of the central threads in every narrative of the history of modern Britain, the same can hardly be said of the German poor laws, whose history is far less known. This is due in large part to a historiographical tradition that sees the Bismarckian social insurance programs as the fons et origo of the German welfare state and thus marginalizes all forms of social assistance that can not be neatly fitted into the narrative pre-history or subsequent development of these programs. This contrasts with a British tradition

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Kidd, Alan J. "Historians or Polemicists? How the Webbs Wrote Their History of the English Poor Laws." Economic History Review 40, no. 3 (1987): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2596252.

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Jones, Peter. "The New Poor Laws in Scotland, England and Wales: Comparative Perspectives." Local Population Studies, no. 99 (December 31, 2017): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.35488/lps99.2017.31.

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This article focuses on a seemingly obvious but largely overlooked question in the historiography of British welfare: what are the merits of, and the obstacles to, a serious comparative study of the poor laws in the constituent countries of mainland Britain? It first considers the wider context for such a question in relation to European welfare history, then discusses the broad historiographical trends for each country in relation to two key areas of the welfare debate: how far the intentions of the central Poor Law authorities were reflected in local practice, and the ability of paupers them

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Crossman, Virginia. "Viewing Women, Family and Sexuality Through the Prism of the Irish Poor Laws." Women's History Review 15, no. 4 (2006): 541–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09612020500530554.

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Mandler, Peter. "Tories and Paupers: Christian Political Economy and the Making of the New Poor Law." Historical Journal 33, no. 1 (1990): 81–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x0001311x.

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Everyone knows that Edwin Chadwick wrote the New Poor Law; or, rather, that he wrote the report – issued in 1834 by the royal commission appointed two years earlier to inquire into the poor laws – which formed the basis for the New Poor Law. The well-informed among us might add the name of the political economist Nassau Senior as Chadwick's co-author. But few would be able to supply any of the further seven names which stood with Chadwick's and Senior's as co-signatories to the report. These seven royal commissioners were Bishop Blomfield of London, Bishop Sumner of Chester, William Sturges Bo

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STEWART, JOHN, and STEVE KING. "Death in Llantrisant: Henry Williams and the New Poor Law in Wales." Rural History 15, no. 1 (2004): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793303001092.

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This article first examines the recent historiography of the Poor Law, notes the dearth of historical writing on this topic with respect to Wales and then uses an incident which took place in the rural Welsh town of Llantrisant in the early 1840s which clearly exemplifies both particularly Welsh characteristics and those of the medical services of the New Poor Law. It is contended that further study of the welfare regime in nineteenth-century Wales is important for both Welsh history and for the broader historical understanding of the Poor Laws in rural areas.

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Crossman, V. "The New Ross Workhouse Riot of 1887: Nationalism, Class and the Irish Poor Laws." Past & Present 179, no. 1 (2003): 135–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/past/179.1.135.

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Neal, Frank. "Lancashire, the Famine Irish and the Poor Laws: A Study in Crisis Management." Irish Economic and Social History 22, no. 1 (1995): 26–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/033248939502200102.

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Rothery, Karen. "The Power of Personality in the Operation of the New Poor Law." Genealogy 4, no. 1 (2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy4010011.

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For many years, historians focused on the institutional aspects of the poor laws and the power vested in the central authorities; more recently, the experience of the poor themselves has been at the heart of academic study. This article looks at a third group: those who exercised power and influence in delivering poor law policy at a local level and specifically how certain individuals with strong personalities administered or disrupted what was heralded as a uniform and centrally controlled system. Based on an in-depth local history study on the development of the poor law unions in the count

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Chiciudean, Gabriela. ""Scadența" de Horia Liman – obiceiuri ancestrale într-un spațiu izolat / “The Deadline” by Horia Liman – Ancestral customs in an isolated space." Swedish Journal of Romanian Studies 3, no. 1 (2020): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35824/sjrs.v3i1.21464.

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In his novel, “The Deadline”, Horia Liman depicts the history of an authentic world governed by unwritten laws belonging to the morality of the common man, especially to the honour code. In a poor isolated community from Oaș, placed on a rocky hill, where only the nettles grow, the knapsack and the knife are held in high esteem. The atmosphere of the novel, its characters and their features, the difficult life and the unwritten laws are gradually unveiled through significant events.

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Royle, E. "The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham: Rights, Representation, and Reform: Writings on the Poor Laws, Volume I." English Historical Review 119, no. 481 (2004): 535–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/119.481.535.

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Innes, J. "Shorter note. The Solidarities of Strangers. The English Poor Laws and the People, 1700-1948. Lynn Lees." English Historical Review 114, no. 457 (1999): 746–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/enghis/114.457.746.

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Innes, J. "Shorter note. The Solidarities of Strangers. The English Poor Laws and the People, 1700-1948. Lynn Lees." English Historical Review 114, no. 457 (1999): 746–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/114.457.746.

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SHAVE, SAMANTHA A. "THE IMPACT OF STURGES BOURNE'S POOR LAW REFORMS IN RURAL ENGLAND." Historical Journal 56, no. 2 (2013): 399–429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x13000034.

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ABSTRACTEngland was blighted by frequent agricultural depressions in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Recurrent crises brought poor law reform to the parliamentary agenda and led to the passage of two non-compulsory pieces of legislation, Sturges Bourne's Acts of 1818 and 1819. These permissory acts allowed parishes to ‘tighten up’ the distribution of poor relief through two vital tools: the formation of select vestries, and the appointment of waged assistant overseers. Whilst previous studies have tended to represent the legislation as a failing reform in the dying days of

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Stein, M. A. "The English Poor Laws, 1700–1930. By Anthony Brundage. [Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 2001. vii and 185 pp. Hardback. £49.50. ISBN 0–333–68271–8.]." Cambridge Law Journal 61, no. 3 (2002): 715–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197302301788.

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This latest addition to the Palgrave series on Social History in Perspective is a concise and systematic overview of the Poor Law system from the beginning of the 18th century through to its demise in 1930. Well written, The English Poor Law is intended as an introduction to the subject for students of law, history, and/or society, and therefore offers a very short account. Fortunately, the knowledgeable Professor Brundage (whose earlier books include an analysis of the New Poor Law and a biography of one of its facilitators, Edwin Chadwick) provides first-rate end notes and an extensive bibli

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22

Batlan, Felice. "Déjà Vu and the Gendered Origins of the Practice of Immigration Law: The Immigrants’ Protective League, 1907–40." Law and History Review 36, no. 4 (2018): 713–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248018000469.

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Donald Trump's administration has provoked crisis after crisis regarding the United States’ immigration policy, laws, and their enforcement. This has affected millions of immigrants in the U.S. and those hoping to immigrate. Stemming from this, immigration lawyers are providing extraordinary amounts of direct pro bono legal services to immigrants in need. Yet the history of the practice of immigration law has been largely understudied. This article closely examines Chicago's Immigrants’ Protective League between 1910 and 1940. The League provided free counsel to tens of thousands of poor immig

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23

Eastwood, David. "Rethinking the Debates on the Poor Law in Early Nineteenth-Century England." Utilitas 6, no. 1 (1994): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820800001357.

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One of the more interesting developments in recent historical writing has been a reconsideration of the debates over poor law reform. In the sharply-demarcated world of post-war scholarship, the poor law fell clearly, if somewhat problematically, into the domain of social history. For obvious contemporary reasons, post-war social history devoted a good deal of scholarly energy to constructing a history of social policy. Much of this work was problematized in terms of the then orthodox agenda of the welfare state. The dominant questions concerned modes of assessing entitlements, mechanisms for

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24

Zigarovich, Jolene. "Charging the Dead: The Necroeconomies of Burial Laws and the Legal Suspension of the Dead." Victoriographies 13, no. 3 (2023): 298–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/vic.2023.0505.

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While Victorian studies have traditionally examined anatomy laws and the dissection of executed criminals, this article discusses laws that required payment for execution and burial costs, and uncovers actual cases in which families refused payment and as a result the state refused to release the corpse. Capital punishment looms over novels such as Charles Dickens’s A Tale of Two Cities, Oliver Twist, and Great Expectations, and Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the d’Urbervilles. Yet, conspicuously absent from these novels are the necropolitics and economics surrounding the dead body of the executed, wh

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25

Landau, Norma. "The Regulation of Immigration, Economic Structures and Definitions of the Poor in Eighteenth-Century England." Historical Journal 33, no. 3 (1990): 541–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00013522.

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In the eighteenth century, parish officers used the laws of settlement to regulate the immigration of the poor to their parishes. Their regulation went well beyond ridding their parishes of indigent immigrants. Parish officers monitored the immigration of the non-indigent poor; they insured that their parishes acquired the documents which guaranteed that a poor immigrant would not become the responsibility of the parish to which he had immigrated; and they even removed non-indigent immigrants from their parishes, using their parishes' funds to pay for sending these immigrants back to the paris

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PANDEY, SHIVAM, and TRIPTI. "ENFORCEMENT OF FISHERIES LAWS IN INDIA." LEX SCRIPTA MAGAZINE OF LAW AND POLICY 01, no. 04 (2023): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10052546.

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India has a long history of fisheries exploitation and management, with early efforts to regulate fishing practices dating back to the late 19th century. This review examines the evolution of fisheries laws and regulations in India, focusing on critical policies, acts, and amendments over the past century. The Indian Fisheries Act of 1897 marked the first national legislation aimed at conserving inland fisheries through restrictions on gear, mesh sizes, closed seasons, and protected waters. In the following decades, individual states enacted more specific rules tailored to local contexts. The

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Hwang, Maria Cecilia, and Rhacel Salazar Parreñas. "Not Every Family: Selective Reunification in Contemporary US Immigration Laws." International Labor and Working-Class History 78, no. 1 (2010): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547910000153.

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AbstractThis article questions the notion that family reunification is the cornerstone of US immigration policies and points to the violation of the right to family reunification in US law. It specifically looks at the forcible separation of legal residents from their families, including foreign domestic workers in the Labor Certification Program; US-born children with undocumented relatives, including parents and siblings; and guest workers. We argue that the growing influence of nationalist politics and big businesses trumps the interests of the family in US immigration policies, resulting i

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Musiewicz, Piotr. "Krytyka nowego prawa o ubogich w ujęciu ruchu oksfordzkiego (1833‑1845)." Politeja 15, no. 55 (2019): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.15.2018.55.04.

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The Oxford Movement’s Critique of the Poor Law Amendment ActThe paper presents a short history of poor laws in England and Great Britain, the content and justifications of the Poor Law Amendment Act (1834), general characteristics of the Oxford Movement and its main political ideas, the state of contemporary research on the topic, and finally the Movement’s approach to the new Poor Law. This approach – the Oxford Movement’s critique – has been reconstructed into three main groups of arguments. In the first group there are arguments pointing out why a state’s responsibility, and state-organised

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Thompson, F. M. L. "Presidential Address: English Landed Society in the Twentieth Century: II, New Poor and New Rich." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 1 (December 1991): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3679027.

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The notion that the great leviathans of wealth, who had for so long been accustomed to taking first place in a nation of snobs which contrived simultaneously to accept, admire, envy, and criticise their opulence, might actually become impoverished first began to gain some currency in the 1890s. True, this had been anticipated by a few specially pessimistic and debt–ridden landowners in the immediate anxieties aroused by the Repeal of the Corn Laws. Lord Monson, who had inherited from a cousin estates liberally furnished with dowagers and other inescapable expenses, and who was in despair at th

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Rosenfeld, B. Z., and H. Perlmutter. "The Attitude to Poverty and the Poor in Early Rabbinic Sources (70-250 ce)." Journal for the Study of Judaism 47, no. 3 (2016): 411–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700631-12340454.

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This research examines the attitude of rabbinic literature to poverty and the poor after the destruction of the Second Temple. In the Hebrew Bible there are instructions to care for the poor and to be compassionate toward them. However, in Wisdom literature there is also criticism of the poor depicting them as lazy. The Torah obligates the individual Jew to support the poor though tithes from the produce of the fields, giving charity and free loans, but does not advocate establishing public funds for the relief of the poor. Rabbinic literature from after the destruction of the temple shows tha

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Hathaway, Jane. "The Mawzaע Exile at the Juncture of Zaydi and Ottoman Messianism". AJS Review 29, № 1 (2005): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s036400940500005x.

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Among scholars of Jewish communities under Islamic rule, Yemen has gained a poor reputation for treatment of its ancient Jewish minority in comparison with other predominantly Muslim societies. Although Yemen had, until the 1950s, a sizable Jewish population whose presence dated back centuries before the advent of Islam, various Muslim rulers of key parts of Yemen enforced the sumptuary laws and other restrictions stipulated in the Pact of עUmar with unusual stringency, and the Jews' history under Islamic rule was marred by sporadic instances of outright persecution.

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BUTT, Simon. "The Indonesian Constitutional Court: Reconfiguring Decentralization for Better or Worse?" Asian Journal of Comparative Law 14, no. 1 (2019): 147–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asjcl.2018.19.

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AbstractAfter Soeharto stepped down in 1998, Indonesia began a radical decentralization program, one aspect of which was granting wide-ranging lawmaking powers to subnational governments. The national legislation establishing the decentralization framework gave power to the central government to review provincial-level laws, and, from 2014, for provincial governors to review city and county laws, and to invalidate them if they are inconsistent with national laws, morality, or public order. In 2017, the Constitutional Court declared these review mechanisms unconstitutional, deciding that these

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Amit, Pawar. "The Implications Of New Labour Codes For Precarious Employment: An Analytical Study." Young Researcher 14, no. 1C (2025): 168–74. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14936403.

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<em>This paper will do An Analytical study of New Labour Codes with respective old Labour laws and its Implications for precarious Employment. This paper begins with a brief history of Labour laws in India as well as the introduction and rise of precarious employment and its growing significance in India. Precarious employment involving temporary, part-time, contract and gig work has significantly increased in recent decades. New Labour reforms are driven by globalization,  changing  Economic  realities  and  technological  advancement  have  aimed 

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Shao, Ken. "Legal orientalism? The poor Chinese culture and US–China intellectual property disputes since the late Qing dynasty." Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property 9, no. 2 (2019): 134–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/qmjip.2019.02.01.

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From the nineteenth-century late Qing dynasty reform to China's endeavor to construct a twenty-first-century knowledge economy, intellectual property has frequently stuck out as a core agenda of China–foreign diplomatic and trading relations. Such a history is usually interpreted from two perspectives: one is an ‘infringement perspective’ in which China is understood as a notorious infringer of foreign intellectual property; the other is a ‘transplant perspective’ which argues that China's modern intellectual property laws emerge and progress as the consequence of foreign pressure. Both interp

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Amalinda Savirani and Guntoro. "Between Street Demonstrations and Ballot Box: Tenure Rights, Elections, and Social Movements among the Urban Poor in Jakarta." PCD Journal 8, no. 1 (2020): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/pcd.v8i1.414.

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This article investigates the political participation of urban poor through the People's Network of Urban Poor (Jaringan Rakyat Miskin Kota, JRMK) in Jakarta's 2017 gubernatorial election. It also traces the material aspects of this movement, particularly the issues emphasised by the movement: settlement rights, tenure rights, and livelihood rights. Settlement rights reflect a complex system of agrarian laws in Indonesia, and urban development plans in Jakarta, all of which have been shaped by the contestation of economic and political interests. Tenure and livelihood rights for the urban poor

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Medvedev, V. V. "The contents and laws of soil anthropogenous evolution." Fundamental and Applied Soil Science 15, no. 1-2 (2014): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/041402.

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Long soil ploughed up are typical polygenetic formations as in their formation alongside with natural the significant role is played with anthropogenous factors. Under action of mechanical, chemical, reclamative and other kinds influences natural soils lose inherent in them a structure, properties and modes. Anisotropism, spatial heterogeneity, preferential descending and ascending streams of a moisture amplify, new types of horizontal and vertical soil structures are formed, grows the equilibrium bulk density, consolidation and quantity of false aggregates, the structure pore spaces changes,

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Nashir, Asep Kamaluddin, and Denny Indra Sukmawan. "Tinjauan Historis Mengenai Pelibatan Sektor Keamanan Dalam Krisis Kesehatan." Jurnal Keamanan Nasional 8, no. 1 (2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31599/jkn.v8i1.533.

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Security sector engagement, in particular TNI, Polri and BIN are seen as dominant during Covid-19 pandemic. It trigger concern across the public, as the civil argue that their security approach is ineffective. On the other hand, their involvement is guaranteed by the laws and regulations. Best practices across the world show that the involvement of the security sector in dealing with pandemics is a necessity, especially for countries that have poor national health systems. This study uses qualitative methods, with secondary data.

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Ndlovu, Sifiso. "An Analysis of the History of Public Sector Trade Unionism in Zimbabwe." Cross Current International Journal of Economics, Management and Media Studies 1, no. 2 (2019): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.36344/ccijemms.2019.v01i02.005.

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Before independence, labour policies and laws were oppressive towards the employment of African workers. Industrial relations were based on master- servant relationship. Employment was in a four-tiered structure, whereby Europeans were at the top followed by Asians, Coloureds and Africans at the bottom. Employers determined the working conditions unilaterally. The introduction of the tax system was used to discriminate African workers and to control labour movement. Africans worked in order to pay discriminatory tax such as the poll tax or hut tax. This official discrimination made the problem

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Ndlovu, Sifiso. "An Analysis of the History of Public Sector Trade Unionism in Zimbabwe." Cross Current International Journal of Economics, Management and Media Studies 1, no. 2 (2019): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.36344/ccijemms.2019.v01i02.005.

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Before independence, labour policies and laws were oppressive towards the employment of African workers. Industrial relations were based on master- servant relationship. Employment was in a four-tiered structure, whereby Europeans were at the top followed by Asians, Coloureds and Africans at the bottom. Employers determined the working conditions unilaterally. The introduction of the tax system was used to discriminate African workers and to control labour movement. Africans worked in order to pay discriminatory tax such as the poll tax or hut tax. This official discrimination made the problem

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Adesoye, Oluwatimilehin Peter, and Abimbola Oluyemisi Adepoju. "Food insecurity status of the working poor households in south west Nigeria." International Journal of Social Economics 47, no. 5 (2020): 581–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-09-2019-0589.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the factors influencing the food insecurity status of the working poor households in south west Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachInternational Labour Organisation poverty line, Household Food Insecurity Access Scale as well as the Ordered Logit model were used to identify the factors influencing the food insecurity status of the working poor households in south west Nigeria.FindingsThe study revealed that more than half of the respondents were working poor households, with more than four-fifths of them being food insecure. Income irregularity, s

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Murdoch, Lydia. "State, Society and the Poor in Nineteenth-Century England, and: The Solidarities of Strangers: The English Poor Laws and the People, 1700-1948 (review)." Victorian Studies 44, no. 2 (2002): 336–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/vic.2002.0025.

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Fernández Galeano, Javier. "Running Mascara: The Hermeneutics of Trans Visual Archives in Late Franco-Era Spain." Radical History Review 2022, no. 142 (2022): 72–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01636545-9397058.

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Abstract This article traces the curation of visual archives of trans subjectivity by the Franco regime. It focuses specifically on the experiences of three trans women who were prosecuted in the early to mid-1970s. Based on the definition of photographs as “material performances,” the author reconsiders recent debates about the “ethics of turning away” from forensic documents. Since Spanish privacy laws forbid the full reproduction of defendants’ photographs, this study also delves into the ethics of research on trans visibility in contexts of criminalization. The examined evidence demonstrat

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Schroeder, Nicole Lee. "“An Emporium of Beggars,” Medical Rhetoric, Disability, and Philadelphia’s Early Nationalist Welfare Crises." Journal of the Early Republic 44, no. 1 (2024): 57–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jer.2024.a922051.

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Abstract: In the early 1800s, cities across the Atlantic world launched welfare reforms designed to curtail excessive spending. Cities like Philadelphia opened numerous investigations into the rise of poverty and local governments ushered in new practices that depended heavily on institutions like hospitals, prisons, and boarding schools. This article considers the rhetoric used by early Philadelphia reformers to defend reform practices. Relying on hundreds of pension applications, I compare descriptions of the poor offered by government officials with actual pension records. I argue that thes

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Clausen, Fabian, and Amir Attaran. "The Chad-Cameroon Pipeline Project--Assessing the World Bank's Failed Experiment to Direct Oil Revenues towards the Poor." Law and Development Review 4, no. 1 (2011): 32–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1943-3867.1099.

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The World Bank's engagement with projects involving extractive industries has not proven particularly successful. Especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, it has actually often made matters worse. Borrower countries' economies failed to grow, and corruption increased; the poor did not benefit from the revenues that were generated. This paper assesses the complex legal and institutional framework of the World Bank project that many hoped would change this bleak record: in the highly publicized and controversial Chad-Cameroon Pipeline Project, the Bank catalyzed the largest private investment in the hi

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Pimm-Smith, Rachel. "District schools and the erosion of parental rights under the Poor Law: a case study from London (1889–1899)." Continuity and Change 34, no. 3 (2019): 401–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416019000353.

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AbstractThis article investigates the empirical backing for the claim that poor law officials needed legal authority to refuse poor parents’ right to the custody of their children in order to stabilise children's welfare institutions during the nineteenth century. Although workhouses were capable of accommodating children, Victorian lawmakers feared children would model themselves on adult paupers to become permanent burdens on the state. To tackle this problem, a system of children's welfare institutions called ‘district schools’ was introduced to train children to become industrious adult la

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Eltahir, Muna M. "Community Participation in Housing and Urban Development in Poor Urban Communities,Case Study of Umbadda, Khartoum." FES Journal of Engineering Sciences 4, no. 1 (2009): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.52981/fjes.v4i1.46.

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Community participation represents a voluntary action carried out by community members who participate with each other in different kinds of work to achieve desired goals. Participation includes people's involvement in decision-making, in implementing programs, sharing in the benefits of development programs and their involvement in efforts to evaluate such programs. (Cohen, D. and Prusak). According to Muhammad, community participation, known locally as nafeer or fazaa, is a deeply rooted ancient phenomenon in the Sudanese culture and has been common especially among traditional people in rur

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Bae, Yuh-Jin. "Analyzing the Changes of the Meaning of Customary Land in the Context of Land Grabbing in Malawi." Land 10, no. 8 (2021): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080836.

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Ordinary Malawians who live in customary land have been suffering from land grabbing due to their weak and ill-defined land rights. Although Malawi has experienced a number of land reforms that should have contributed to strengthening customary land rights, many people in customary land still suffer from land grabbing. Accordingly, it is important to understand the factors that lead to land grabbing in customary land in Malawi. Thus, by looking at the overview of land laws and policies throughout history, this study has two aims: (1) to analyze the historical changes in the meaning and positio

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Oakes, Peter. "Christian Attitudes to Rome at the Time of Paul's Letter." Review & Expositor 100, no. 1 (2003): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003463730310000107.

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In the late fifties, Christianity was a provincial religious movement rooted in Jewish beliefs, practice, and history. This gives to a model of Christian attitudes to Rome three natural dimensions: provincial, Jewish, and distinctively Christian. A provisional list of attitudes is constructed by considering issues that were significant for each group. The resulting list has six elements: awe at Rome's prestige, power and wealth; appreciation of Roman peace, economic prosperity, partial protection of Diaspora communities, and laws permitting Jewish practice; resentment at taxation, occupation o

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Meraj, Bushra, and Ali Hassan Khan. "Traces of Marxism leading to Color Prejudice in the Novel based drama." International Journal of Linguistics and Culture 3, no. 2 (2022): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/ijlc.v3i2.124.

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The character of Parizaad from the drama Parizaad, aired on Hum TV in 2021, is the subject of the current study. Using Marxist theory, we were able to better understand the character of Parizaad in the narrative. The qualitative analysis of the data was carried out by the researcher. Its possible that Marxism had an influence onthis drama. Hashims Urdu novel Parizaad shows the terrible reality of Pakistani society in all its complexity, and is a must-read for anybody interested in the countrys history. For a change, its a breath of fresh air to read a story that takes on Pakistani societys law

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Ben-Dov, Jonathan. "The poor's curse: Exodus xxii 20-26 and curse literature in the ancient world." Vetus Testamentum 56, no. 4 (2006): 431–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853306778941674.

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AbstractIn the passage Exod. xxii 20-26 the poor man cries to God after he had been mal-treated by a powerful creditor. In response God acts as an avenger against that evil individual. The article first clarifies the background to such violent acts by proprietors in Ancient Near Eastern Laws, and the response to it in the laws of Deuteronomy xxiv. The curse and revenge are then explained in the light of parallel practices from ancient Greek literature, mainly from the Oddesey. Curse practices meant to restore justice are explored on the basis of Greek binding spells and of the corpus of Greek

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