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1
Leigh, Monroe. « The Political Consequences of Economic Embargoes ». American Journal of International Law 89, no 1 (janvier 1995) : 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203894.
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The failure of the U.S.-led embargo against Haiti had become notorious long before the time President Clinton decided to invade Haiti in order to restore President Aristide to office. The embargo had failed to unseat the junta and it had worked enormous hardship on the poor people of Haiti—so much so that thousands were willing to risk their lives on the high seas in makeshift vessels to seek asylum in the United States. This comment deals not with the legalities of the President’s action—which seem clear enough in view of the Security Council resolutions—but, rather, with the political consequences of the economic embargo in Haiti as well as elsewhere.
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Fene, Fato, María Jesús Ríos-Blancas, James Lachaud, Christian Razo, Hector Lamadrid-Figueroa, Michael Liu, Jacob Michel, Roody Thermidor et Rafael Lozano. « Life expectancy, death, and disability in Haiti, 1990-2017 : a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 ». Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 44 (2 novembre 2020) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2020.136.
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Objective. To investigate the magnitude and distribution of the main causes of death, disability, and risk factors in Haiti. Methods. We conducted an ecological analysis, using data estimated from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 for the period 1990-2017, to present life expectancy (LE), healthy life expectancy (HALE) at under 1-year-old, cause-specific deaths, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), disability adjusted life-years (DALYs), and risk factors associated with DALYs. Results. LE and HALE increased substantially in Haiti. People may hope to live longer in 2017, but in poor health. The Caribbean countries had significantly lower YLLs rates than Haiti for ischemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections, and diarrheal diseases. Road injuries were the leading cause of DALYs for people aged 5-14 years. Road injuries and HIV/AIDS were the leading causes of DALYs for men and women aged 15-49 years, respectively. Ischemic heart disease was the main cause of DALYs for people older than 50 years. Maternal and child malnutrition were the leading risk factors for DALYs in both sexes. Conclusion. Haiti faces a double burden of disease. Infectious diseases continue to be an issue, while non-communicable diseases have become a significant burden of disease. More attention must also be focused on the increase in worrying public health issues such as road injuries, exposure to forces of nature and HIV/AIDS in specific age groups. To address the burden of disease, sustained actions are needed to promote better health in Haiti and countries with similar challenges.
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Roysircar, Gargi, Ashland Thompson et Kurt F. Geisinger. « Trauma coping of mothers and children among poor people in Haiti : Mixed methods study of community-level research. » American Psychologist 74, no 9 (décembre 2019) : 1189–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000542.
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S. Hossein, Caroline. « Haiti's caisses populaires : home-grown solutions to bring economic democracy ». International Journal of Social Economics 41, no 1 (7 janvier 2014) : 42–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-10-2012-0165.
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Purpose – Bad governance and corrupt politics have left millions of people disenfranchised. In spite of an oppressive and undemocratic state, poor Haitians have created their own informal groups, cooperatives and caisses populaires (credit union) movements – a testimony to the democratic spirit of the poor masses. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – A mixed qualitative study using interviews, surveys, focus groups, ethnography techniques and literature review. Findings – Lenders who run the caisses populaires are not class or race biased; they understand how to make microfinance assist the marginalized poor in a society segregated by class and race. Cooperatives and credit unions (called caisses populaires in Haiti) are able to reach hundreds of thousands of people. Originality/value – These lenders one or two generations removed from the people they serve understand their reality and take careful steps and plan in a way to ensure their loans are structured to be socially inclusive. In fact, black microfinance lenders, as well as whitened local elites and foreigners, have a socially conscious philosophy of using microfinance as a vehicle to ensure economic democracy for the masses. In doing this, they take personal risks. The ti machanns recognize these efforts and as a result trust these credit programs.
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Gormley, Jessica. « Addressing the Needs of Children With Complex Communication Needs and Their Partners in Areas of Poverty : To Haiti and Back ». Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 2, no 12 (janvier 2017) : 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/persp2.sig12.23.
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An estimated 1 billion people (15% of the world's population) experience a disability, such as a communication disability. Individuals with disabilities have an increased likelihood of living in poverty and often experience decreased access to medical, educational, and rehabilitation services (Danquah et al., 2014; World Health Organization & The World Bank, 2011) with approximately two-thirds of the world's poor living in low-and middle-income nations such as Haiti (Rank & Yadama, 2007). The aim of this article is to describe augmentative and alternative (AAC) service delivery considerations for speech-language pathologists (SLPs) who work with individuals who live in poverty. Case examples of AAC services within areas of poverty in Haiti and the United States are provided to illustrate practice recommendations. To achieve best-practice standards, SLPs who provide AAC services must consider how poverty might influence a family's socio-historic context, access to resources and services, and community participation goals. Furthermore, it is critical that SLPs recognize individuals' and families' strengths, evaluate the sustainability of AAC services, and work within a team to empower individuals with complex communication needs to participate in desired roles within the community.
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Satake, Kenji, Craig McLean et Irasema Alcántara-Ayala. « Understanding Disaster Risk : The Role of Science and Technology ». Journal of Disaster Research 13, no 7 (1 décembre 2018) : 1168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2018.p1168.
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“Understanding disaster risk” is the first priority action of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. During the Global Forum on Science and Technology for Disaster Resilience, held in Tokyo in November 2017, one of the working groups focused on this priority action and discussed the key aspects associated with understanding disaster risk. These included root causes and disaster risk drivers, disaster risk data, disaster risk assessment, disaster risk mapping, and collaboration among stakeholders. This paper reviews and illustrates the above topics by using three examples of the most devastating disasters of recent times: the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, the 2010 Haiti earthquake, and the 2011 Great East Japan (Tohoku) Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster. The Indian Ocean tsunami, generated by the gigantic Sumatra-Andaman earthquake (magnitude M 9.1), caused 228,000 casualties from 14 countries because of its unexpected magnitude, the lack of knowledge on tsunamis and absence of an early warning system, and high levels of vulnerable populations, particularly elderly people, children, women, and foreign tourists. The 2010 Haiti earthquake, despite its smaller magnitude of M 7.0, also caused a similar number of casualties because of very high levels of vulnerability and exposure. Particularly relevant was the non-existence of building codes, political instability, extreme poverty, and poor health conditions. The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster, caused by the gigantic Tohoku earthquake (M 9.0), produced approximately 22,000 casualties with a large proportion of elderly people, mostly because of wide spread, huge tsunamis. It also triggered the accident at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station, which is an example of a natural hazard triggering technological disaster. By examining these cases and based on the discussions carried out during the Forum, the working group adopted five recommendations.
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Hoffmann, Jonathan, Carole Chedid, Oksana Ocheretina, Chloé Masetti, Patrice Joseph, Marie-Marcelle Mabou, Jean Edouard Mathon et al. « Drug-resistant TB prevalence study in 5 health institutions in Haiti ». PLOS ONE 16, no 3 (18 mars 2021) : e0248707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248707.
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Objectives Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading infectious cause of death in the world. Multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) is a major public health problem as treatment is long, costly, and associated to poor outcomes. Here, we report epidemiological data on the prevalence of drug-resistant TB in Haiti. Methods This cross-sectional prevalence study was conducted in five health centers across Haiti. Adult, microbiologically confirmed pulmonary TB patients were included. Molecular genotyping (rpoB gene sequencing and spoligotyping) and phenotypic drug susceptibility testing were used to characterize rifampin-resistant MTB isolates detected by Xpert MTB/RIF. Results Between April 2016 and February 2018, 2,777 patients were diagnosed with pulmonary TB by Xpert MTB/RIF screening and positive MTB cultures. A total of 74 (2.7%) patients were infected by a drug-resistant (DR-TB) M. tuberculosis strain. Overall HIV prevalence was 14.1%. Patients with HIV infection were at a significantly higher risk for infection with DR-TB strains compared to pan-susceptible strains (28.4% vs. 13.7%, adjusted odds ratio 2.6, 95% confidence interval 1.5–4.4, P = 0.001). Among the detected DR-TB strains, T1 (29.3%), LAM9 (13.3%), and H3 (10.7%) were the most frequent clades. In comparison with previous spoligotypes studies with data collected in 2000–2002 and in 2008–2009 on both sensitive and resistant strains of TB in Haiti, we observed a significant increase in the prevalence of the drug-resistant MTB Spoligo-International-Types (SIT) 137 (X2 clade: 8.1% vs. 0.3% in 2000–02 and 0.9% in 2008–09, p<0.001), 5 (T1 clade: 6.8% vs 1.9 in 2000–02 and 1.7% in 2008–09, P = 0.034) and 455 (T1 clade: 5.4% vs 1.6% and 1.1%, P = 0.029). Newly detected spoligotypes (SIT 6, 7, 373, 909 and 1624) were also recorded. Conclusion This study describes the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of DR-TB strains circulating in Haiti from April 2016 to February 2018. Newly detected MTB clades harboring multi-drug resistance patterns among the Haitian population as well as the higher risk of MDR-TB infection in HIV-positive people highlights the epidemiological relevance of these surveillance data. The importance of detecting RIF-resistant patients, as proxy for MDR-TB in peripheral sites via molecular techniques, is particularly important to provide adequate patient case management, prevent the transmission of resistant strains in the community and to contribute to the surveillance of resistant strains.
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Teicher, Carrie Lee, Kathryn Alberti, Klaudia Porten, Greg Elder, Emannuel Baron et Patrick Herard. « Médecins Sans Frontières Experience in Orthopedic Surgery in Postearthquake Haiti in 2010 ». Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 29, no 1 (15 janvier 2014) : 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x13009278.
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AbstractIntroductionDuring January 2010, a 7.0 magnitude earthquake struck Haiti, resulting in death and destruction for hundreds of thousands of people. This study describes the types of orthopedic procedures performed, the options for patient follow-up, and limitations in obtaining outcomes data in an emergency setting.ProblemThere is not a large body of data that describes larger orthopedic cohorts, especially those focusing on internal fixation surgeries in resource-poor settings in postdisaster regions. This article describes 248 injuries and over 300 procedures carried out in the Médecins Sans Frontières-Orthopedic Centre Paris orthopedic program.MethodsSurgeries described in this report were limited to orthopedic procedures carried out under general anesthesia for all surgical patients. Exclusion factors included simple fracture reduction, debridement, dressing changes, and removal of hardware. This data was collected using both prospective and retrospective methods; prospective inpatient data were collected using a data collection form designed promptly after the earthquake and retrospective data collection was performed in October 2010.ResultsOf the 264 fractures, 204 were fractures of the major long bones (humerus, radius, femur, tibia). Of these 204 fractures of the major long bones, 34 (16.7%) were upper limb fractures and 170 (83.3%) were lower limb fractures. This cohort demonstrated a large number of open fractures of the lower limb and closed fractures of the upper limb. Fractures were treated according to their location and type. Of the 194 long bone fractures, the most common intervention was external fixation (36.5%) followed by traction (16.7%), nailing (15.1%), amputation (14.6%), and plating (9.9%).ConclusionThe number of fractures described in this report represents one of the larger orthopedic cohorts of patients treated in a single center in the aftermath of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. The emergent surgical care described was carried out in difficult conditions, both in the hospital and the greater community. While outcome and complication data were limited, the proportion of patients attending follow-up most likely exceeded expectations and may reflect the importance of the rehabilitation center. This data demonstrates the ability of surgical teams to perform highly-specialized surgeries in a disaster zone, and also reiterates the need for access to essential and emergency surgical programs, which are an essential part of public health in low- and medium-resource settings.TeicherCL, AlbertiK, PortenK, ElderG, BaronE, HerardP. Médecins Sans Frontières experience in orthopedic surgery in postearthquake Haiti in 2010. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(1):1-6.
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Kain, Geoffrey. « Spirit Confronts the Four-Headed Monster : Jean-Bertrand Aristide’s Mistik–Infused Flood-Rise in Duvalierist Haiti ». Humanities 9, no 4 (15 décembre 2020) : 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h9040144.
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To explore Jean-Bertrand Aristide’s rise from obscure rural Haiti to become the nation’s first democratically elected president—by a landslide—is to enter into a world and a swirl of events that reads like surreal fiction or magical realism. As a Catholic priest (Salesian order), Aristide was fueled by the religio-socialist principles of liberation theology, which emerged as a significant force in Latin America primarily in the 1970s and 1980s, forcefully and vocally advocating for the masses of Haitian poor mired in deeply-entrenched disenfranchisement and exploitation. As a charismatic spokesperson for the popular democratic movement in Haiti during an era of entrenched dictatorship and repressive violence, Aristide boldly confronted the “four-headed monster” of the Haitian power structure—the army, the church hierarchy, the tontons macoutes, and the wealthy elite. His seemingly impossible escape from multiple assassination attempts, together with the power of his colorful rhetoric and his close association with urban slum dwellers and rural peasants, led to a rising “flood” (or lavalas) that invested him with an aura of Spirit, or mistik, that in either/both the Haitian-embraced tradition of Christianity or vodoun (voodoo) served to energize and greatly reassure an intense mass movement arrayed against seemingly impossible odds. This article focuses on the rise of Aristide as the embodiment and voice of Spirit among the people and does not extend into his tumultuous secular years in and out of the presidency, having been twice the victim of coups (1991 and 2004); instead it focuses primarily on the years 1985–1990 and does not enter into an assessment of Aristide as president. Aristide’s own vivid narratives of this time, segments of his sermons, and later, passages of his poetry serve to bolster the literary quality or interpretation of this brief but vividly colorful historic epoch in the Haitian experience.
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Aristil, Junior, Giovanni Venturini et Alberto Spada. « Occurrence of Toxigenic Fungi and Aflatoxin Potential of Aspergillus spp. Strains Associated with Subsistence Farmed Crops in Haiti ». Journal of Food Protection 80, no 4 (14 mars 2017) : 626–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-278.
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ABSTRACT Subsistence farming and poor storage facilities favor toxigenic fungal contamination and mycotoxin accumulation in staple foods from tropical countries such as Haiti. The present preliminary study was designed to evaluate the occurrence of toxigenic fungi in Haitian foodstuffs to define the mycotoxin risk associated with Haitian crops. The objectives of this research were to determine the distribution of toxigenic fungi in the Haitian crops maize, moringa, and peanut seeds and to screen Aspergillus section Flavi (ASF) isolates for production of aflatoxins B1 and G1 in vitro. Maize, moringa, and peanut samples were contaminated by potential toxigenic fungal taxa, mainly ASF and Fusarium spp. The isolation frequency of Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp. was influenced by locality and thus by farming systems, storage systems, and weather conditions. Particularly for ASF in peanut and maize samples, isolation frequencies were directly related to the growing season length. The present study represents the first report of contamination by toxigenic fungi and aflatoxin in moringa seeds, posing concerns about the safety of these seeds, which people in Haiti commonly consume. Most (80%) of the Haitian ASF strains were capable of producing aflatoxins, indicating that Haitian conditions clearly favor the colonization of toxigenic ASF strains over atoxigenic strains. ASF strains producing both aflatoxins B1 and G1 were found. Understanding the distribution of toxigenic ASF in Haitian crops and foodstuffs is important for determining accurate toxicological risks because the toxic profile of ASF is species specific. The occurrence of toxigenic fungi and the profiles of the ASF found in various crops highlight the need to prevent formation of aflatoxins in Haitian crops. This study provides relevant preliminary baseline data for guiding the development of legislation regulating the quality and safety of crops in this low-income country.
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Wainarisi, Yane Octavia Rismawati. « Menelaah Persoalan Kemiskinan Melalui Narasi Persembahan Janda Miskin (Markus 12:41-44) ». JURNAL LUXNOS 5, no 1 (9 février 2021) : 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.47304/jl.v5i1.71.
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Abstract: This article discusses the study of the problem of poverty based on the narrative of the offering of the poor widow in Mark 12: 41-44. By using qualitative methods or more precisely literature review, the authors conclude that there needs to be an encounter with them beforehand so that through encounters with poor people, both writers and we can also gain a deeper understanding of God's heart, not only for ourselves, for the poor and the weak, but also for everyone around the world. However, because poor people are the most vulnerable people to be treated unfairly, it is necessary to formulate solidarity with the poor in order to realize the Kingdom of God in the world.
Abstrak: Artikel ini membahas tentang telaah persoalan kemiskinan yang didasarkan pada narasi persembahan janda miskin dalam Markus 12: 41-44. Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif atau lebih tepatnya kajian pustaka, maka penulis menyimpulkan bahwa perlu ada perjumpaan terlebih dahulu dengan mereka agar melalui perjumpaan dengan orang-orang miskin, baik penulis dan kita juga dapat memperoleh pemahaman yang lebih tentang hati Allah, tidak hanya bagi kita sendiri, bagi orang-orang miskin dan lemah, namun juga bagi setiap orang diseluruh dunia. Namun karena orang-orang miskin merupakan orang-orang yang paling rentan untuk mendapat perlakukan tidak adil, maka perlu suatu formulasi solidaritas terhadap kaum miskin demi mewujudkan Kerajaan Allah di dunia.
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Germain, Felix. « The Earthquake, the Missionaries, and the Future of Vodou ». Journal of Black Studies 42, no 2 (27 janvier 2011) : 247–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934710394443.
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Although Duvalier used Vodou to legitimize his brutal dictatorship, the religion has traditionally empowered Haitians, particularly people from the poorest segments of the population. Historically, at Bois Caïman, Vodou inspired Haitians to rebel against the French for their freedom, and more recently Vodou priests and priestesses have served as healers, counselors, and mediators between rival families. In a highly patriarchal society, Vodou empowers women by allowing them to bring female issues into the “public eye.” Yet in the past three decades Christian missionaries from various Protestant churches have been swarming to Haiti, and unlike the Haitian Catholic church, which tolerates the presence of Vodou in society, they condemn the Afro-Haitian belief system, labeling it a satanic cult. The tragic earthquake has created new opportunities for the Christian missionaries. Seeking new recruits, the missionaries blame the devastation on Vodou practitioners, who, at times, question the integrity of their belief. Moreover, the Protestants control a substantial portion of foreign aid, schools, orphanages, and medical centers, which lures Haitians away from their indigenous religion. Although the Protestants provide relief, their constant attack on Vodou reconfigures gender relations, disempowers poor women, and generates sentiment of self-hate among Haitians who are misled into believing that their faith is the source of their plight.
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Safradji, Safradji. « ZAKAT KONSUMTIF DAN ZAKAT PRODUKTIF ». Tafhim Al-'Ilmi 10, no 1 (30 octobre 2018) : 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37459/tafhim.v10i1.3246.
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Zakat is an annual tithe on one’s weath on possessions and is one of Islamic’s obligations and one of its five mainpillars. The Prophet Muhammad PBUH said: “Islam was bult upon five pillars: to witness that there is not god butAllah and that Muhammad is His serveant and messenger, performing prayer, giving alms (Zakat), performingthe pilggrimge, and fasting the month of Ramadan.” (Sahih al-Bukhari). The benefits of zakat is 1. SatisfyingAllah SWT and gaining His pleasure and them gaing Paradise in the Hereafter, as the duty of paying zakat is akind of worship ordered by Allah SWT. 2. Purifying the heart from the love of material. 3. Protecting the societyfrom crime as the poor people would be satisfied by what the rich peole pay to them. 4. Uniting the society wherethe poor feel the brodherhood with the rich and vice versa.Key Word: Zakat of konsumtive, Zakat of productive
AbstrakZakat adalah kewajiban tahunan terhadap seseorang yang memiliki harta dan merupakan salah satu kewajibanIslam dan salah satu dari lima pilar utamanya. Nabi Muhammad saw mengatakan: “Islam adalah salah satu pilardari lima pilar: yaitu, menyaksikan bahwa tidak ada tuhan selain Allah dan bahwa Muhammad adalah nabi danutusan-Nya, melakukan sholat, memberikan sedekah (Zakat), menunaikan haji, dan berpuasa bulan Ramadan.“(Sahih al-Bukhari). Manfaat zakat adalah 1. Melaksanakan perintah Allah SWT dan mendapatkan rido-Nya danuntuk mendapatkan surga di akhirat kelak. Sebagai kewajiban, membayar zakat adalah jenis ibadah yangdiperintahkan oleh Allah SWT. 2. Memurnikan hati dari kecintaan terhadap materi. 3. Melindungi masyarakat darikejahatan karena orang miskin akan senang dengan apa yang orang kaya tunaikan kepada mereka. 4.Menyatukan masyarakat di mana orang miskin merasakan yang dirasakan orang kaya, begitu juga sebaliknya.Kata Kunci: Zakat Konsumtif, Zakat Produktif
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Pathak, Professor Bishnu. « A Comparative Study of World’s Truth Commissions —From Madness to Hope ». World Journal of Social Science Research 4, no 3 (29 juin 2017) : 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjssr.v4n3p192.
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<em>The objective of this paper is to explore the initiatives and practices of different countries in truth seeking. Many countries during the post-conflict, colonial, slavery, anarchical and cultural genocide periods establish the Truth Commissions to respond to the past human wrongdoings: crimes and crimes against humanity. Enforced Disappearances (ED), killings, rapes and inhumane tortures are wrongdoings. Truth Commission applies the method of recovering silences from the victims for structured testimonies. The paper is prepared based on the victim-centric approach. The purpose reveals the piecemeal fact-findings to heal the past, reconcile the present and protect the future. The study covers more than 50 Commissions in a chronological order: beginning from Uganda in 1974 and concluding to Nepal in February 2015. Two Commissions in Uruguay were formed to find-out enforced disappearances. Colombian and Rwandan Commissions have established permanent bodies. The Liberian TRC threatened the government to submit its findings to the ICC if the government failed to establish an international tribunal. The Commissions of Bolivia, Ecuador, Haiti, former Yugoslavia and Zimbabwe were disbanded, and consequently, their reports could not be produced. No public hearings were conducted in Argentina and former Yugoslavia. It is noted that only 8 public hearings in Ghana, 8 national hearings in East-Timor and 15 in Brazil were conducted. Moroccan Commission held public hearings after signing the bond paper for not to disclose the names of the perpetrators whereas Guatemala did not include the perpetrators’ names in the report. The Shining Path’s activists are serving sentences based on civil-anti-terrorist court, but Alberto Fujimori is convicted for 25 years. Chadian Commission worked even against illicit narcotics trafficking. The UN established its Commissions in Sierra Leon, El Salvador and East-Timor, but failed to restore normalcy in Kosovo. Haiti prosecuted 50 perpetrators whereas Guatemala prosecuted its former military dictator. The Philippines’ Commission had limited investigation jurisdiction over army, but treated the insurgents differently. In El Salvador, the State security forces were responsible for 85 percent and the non-state actors for 15 percent similar to CIEDP, Nepal. The TRCs of Argentina, East-Timor, Guatemala, Morocco, Peru and South Africa partially succeeded. Large numbers of victims have failed to register the complaints fearing of possible actions. All perpetrators were controversially granted amnesty despite the TRC recommendation in South Africa. The victims and people still blamed Mandela that he sold out black people’s struggle. Ironically, the perpetrators have received justice, but the victims are further victimized. As perpetrator-centric Government prioritizes cronyism, most of the Commissioners defend their respective institution and individuals. Besides, perpetrators influence Governments on the formation of Truth Commission for ‘forgetting the victims to forgive the perpetrators’. A commission is a Court-liked judicial and non-judicial processes body, but without binding authority except Sierra Leone. Transitional Justice body exists with a five-pillar policy: truth, justice, healing, prosecution and reparation. It has a long neglected history owing to anarchical roles of the perpetrators and weak-poor nature of the victims. Almost all TRCs worked in low budget, lack of officials, inadequate laws and regulations, insufficient infrastructures and constraints of moral supports including Liberia, Paraguay, Philippines, South Africa, Uganda and Nepal. The perpetrators controlled Governments ordered to destroy documents, evidences and testimonies in their chain of command that could have proven guilty to them.</em>
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Buller, Laura. « Surgery in Haiti ». Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 92, no 10 (1 novembre 2010) : 338–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/147363510x535539.
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On 12 January 2010 a devastating earthquake struck Haiti. It killed more than 200,000 people and left 1.5 million homeless, almost 500,000 injured and tens of thousands in need of psychosocial support. The situation in the capital, Port-au-Prince, and other nearby areas was dire, with hundreds of thousands of people in urgent need of medical assistance. The British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons (BAPRAS) worked with Medical Emergency Relief International (Merlin) on the ground, in the wake of the earthquake, to provide reconstructive plastic surgery to Haitian people – predominantly treating crush injuries to limbs, head and face.
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Forsdick, Charles. « Who owns Haiti ? : people, power, and sovereignty ». International Affairs 94, no 4 (1 juillet 2018) : 969–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiy110.
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Coleman, Ralph S. « Poor People ». Appalachian Heritage 23, no 3 (1995) : 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aph.1995.0063.
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Sharpe, Mike. « Poor People ». Challenge 50, no 5 (octobre 2007) : 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/0577-5132500508.
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Fass, Simon. « Housing the Ultra-Poor : Theory and Practice in Haiti ». Journal of the American Planning Association 53, no 2 (30 juin 1987) : 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01944368708976652.
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Zarocostas, J. « Cholera epidemic in Haiti is blamed on poor sanitation ». BMJ 342, may10 3 (10 mai 2011) : d2944. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d2944.
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Atika, Gita, et Suwandi Supatra. « PENGHIBURAN DALAM RUANG KESENDIRIAN ». Jurnal Sains, Teknologi, Urban, Perancangan, Arsitektur (Stupa) 3, no 1 (30 mai 2021) : 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/stupa.v3i1.10734.
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In 2020, the Corona Virus is attracting the world's attention. Various fields have been affected by the Covid-19 pandemic, thus affecting the mental health of people who are affected or not. The phenomenon that humans experience in this pandemic is a kind of detachment or removal from reality. Depression, anxiety, aggression, poor self-esteem, stress and decreased sexual arousal, these symptoms are negative mood conditions and this is not good if there is no treatment. The title of the design that will be discussed is Solace in Solitude Space. To improve a low mood requires small changes in one's own life, namely the solitude space. In solitude, people disconnect from the outside and connect to the internal. This mindset seems to spark creativity and inner strength, it helps people get to know themselves better and map their lives in an authentic way. Solitude has the potential as an answer to negative mood states. The method used in this design is cognitive-style and salutogenic approach which translates the Five Senses with Dwelling as a concept in design and produces an area of solitude through the Five Senses. The location was in an area close to the university, namely Daan Mogot Mandiri University, because students had the highest levels of depression and anxiety. The project is located on 2 sites adjacent to the distribution of residential and pavilion functions. Residential as a solitude area with private zoning and pavilions as supporting solitude areas with general zoning. Keywords: Lima Panca Indra; Negative Mood; Solitude Abstrak Pada tahun 2020, Virus Corona menyita perhatian dunia. Berbagai macam bidang terkena dampak oleh pandemi Covid-19, hingga mempengaruhi kesehatan mental masyarakat baik yang terkena atau yang tidak. Fenomena yang dialami manusia pada pandemi ini semacam detachment atau penghapusan dari kenyataan. Kondisi depression, anxiety, aggression, poor self-esteem, stress dan penurunan sexual arousal, gejala-gejala tersebut merupakan kondisi mood negatif (Negative Mood) dan hal ini tidak baik bila tidak ada penanganan. Judul perancangan yang akan dibahas yaitu Penghiburan dalam Ruangan Kesendirian. Untuk meningkatkan suasana hati yang rendah perlu perubahan kecil dalam kehidupan diri yaitu dengan ruang kesendirian. Dalam kesendirian, orang memutuskan koneksi ke luar dan terhubung ke internal. Pola pikir ini tampaknya memicu kreativitas dan kekuatan batin seseorang, hal ini membantu orang mengenal diri sendiri lebih baik dan memetakan kehidupannya dengan cara yang otentik. Kesendirian berpotensi sebagai jawaban pada keadaan mood negatif. Metode yang digunakan dalam perancangan ini adalah cognitive-style dan pendekatan salutogenic yang menerjemahkan Lima Panca Indra dengan Dwelling sebagai konsep pada perancangan dan menghasilkan area kesendirian melalui Lima Panca Indra. Lokasi berada di area dekat dengan universitas, yaitu Universitas Mandiri Daan Mogot, dikarenakan mahasiswa memiliki tingkat depresi dan kecemasan paling tinggi. Proyek terdapat di 2 tapak yang bersebelahan dengan pembagian fungsi hunian dan paviliun. Hunian sebagai tempat area kesendirian dengan zonasi privat dan paviliun sebagai penunjang area kesendirian dengan zonasi umum.
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Werner, Stuart, Nason McCullough, William Bruin, Alex Augustine, Glenn Rix, Brian Crowder et Joshua Tomblin. « Seismic Performance of Port de Port-au-Prince during the Haiti Earthquake and Post-Earthquake Restoration of Cargo Throughput ». Earthquake Spectra 27, no 1_suppl1 (octobre 2011) : 387–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3638716.
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The Port de Port-au-Prince is the largest seaport in Haiti, and is essential to the country's economy. The Haiti earthquake severely damaged the Port, which disrupted the transport of cargoes into Haiti that were vital to the country's emergency response and post-earthquake recovery. Major contributors to this damage were widespread soil liquefaction, the poor performance of batter piles, and the poor pre-earthquake condition of many components of the Port's waterfront structures. Immediately after the earthquake, a U.S. military task force was deployed to the port to perform emergency repairs needed to reestablish cargo throughput. These repairs restored a significant cargo-throughput capacity at this small but vital seaport within weeks after the earthquake.
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Maxwell, Kenneth, et Americas Watch. « Silencing a People : Destruction of Civil Society in Haiti ». Foreign Affairs 72, no 5 (1993) : 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20045855.
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Ferris, Elizabeth, et Sara Ferro-Ribeiro. « Protecting people in cities : the disturbing case of Haiti ». Disasters 36 (11 juin 2012) : S43—S63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2012.01285.x.
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International Monetary Fund. « Haiti : Enhanced Initiative for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries : Preliminary Document ». IMF Staff Country Reports 06, no 338 (2006) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451817638.002.
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Pierre-Louis, Francois. « Earthquakes, Nongovernmental Organizations, and Governance in Haiti ». Journal of Black Studies 42, no 2 (mars 2011) : 186–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934710395389.
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On January 12, 2010, the Haitian people suffered the most dramatic and unimaginable catastrophe in the Caribbean in recent times. More than 222,570 citizens perished as a result of a 7.0 earthquake, and over 1.3 million are currently homeless. The city of San Francisco, in California, United States, had a similar earthquake in the 1990s, and fewer than 100 people were killed. Chile a few months ago had an earthquake that was far stronger than Haiti’s, but fewer than 1,000 people were killed. So why did a 7.0 earthquake on the Richter scale cause so much destruction in Haiti? In this article, the author argues that the historical boycott of Haiti’s government in the 19th and 20th centuries by the international community, the constant internal struggle among the members of the elite for the control of state power, and the weakening of state structures through the creation of nongovernmental organizations have weakened the government’s capacity to deal with major catastrophe and meet the needs of its citizens.
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Ravallion, Martin, et Quentin Wodon. « Poor Areas, or Only Poor People ? » Journal of Regional Science 39, no 4 (novembre 1999) : 689–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0022-4146.00156.
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Siregar, Khairil Ikhsan Siregar. « Hermeneutika Hadis tentang “ Hidupkan Saya Bersama Orang Miskin.” (Analisis Kualitas dan Sharh Hadis) ». Hayula : Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Islamic Studies 5, no 1 (30 janvier 2021) : 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/005.01.06.
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Abstract
This article discusses the text of the hadith: "Hadith Turns Me With the Poor People" from the side of the hadiths and understands the hadith using the hermeneutic theory approach in the hadith. This research is research based on the library (library research). The approach used is descriptive qualitative which aims to describe or describe the existing or actual facts of the object under study. The results of this study indicate that the quality of the hadiths from the narrative path is dha'if (weak) based on the comments of hadith critics scholars in the books of al-jarh wa al-ta'dil and the hadith scholars conclusion that hadith dha'īf is not including false it can be part of moralities. The real method of hermeneutics to explain hadith texts contributes to enriching the explanation of the explanation hadiths, or sharh hadiths, so the meaning of the hadith text is that the words of miskin( poverty), al-masakin(needy) mean humility, reverence, and humbleness. And the meaning of hadith has been strengthened by presenting other hadiths as witnesses or i'tibar(regard).
Keywords: hermeneutics, hadith, poor.
Abstrak
Artikel ini membahas teks hadits: “Hadits Hidupkan Saya Bersama Orang Miskin” dari sisi sanad/jalur periwayatan hadistnya dan memahami hadits dengan pendekatan teori hermeneutika dalam hadits. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif berdasarkan perpustakaan (library research). Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif yang bertujuan untuk menggambarkan atau menggambarkan kenyataan yang ada atau kenyataan aktual dari objek yang diteliti. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kulitas hadist dari jalur periwayatnya dha’if atau lemah berdasarkan komentar ulama kritikus hadits dalam kitab-kitab al-Jarh wa al-Ta’dil dan simpulan ulama hadits bahwa hadits dha’if yang bukan hadits palsu dapat dijadikan bagian dari fadha’il al-a’mal. Sesungguhnya metode hermeneutika untuk menjelaskan teks-teks hdits memberi kontribusi memperkaya upaya penjelasan/ syarh hadits/ teks hadits maka makna teks hadits bahwa ucapan kemiskinan / miskinan , al-masakin maknanya adalah kerendahan hati, ke_khusyu’-an dan tawadhu’. Dan makna hadits telah dikuatkan dengan menghadirkan hadits-hadits lain sebagai syaksi/i’tibar.
Kata Kunci: hermeneutika, hadits, miskin
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Fitzgerald, Daniel W., et Toby B. Simon. « Telling the Stories of People with AIDS in Rural Haiti ». AIDS Patient Care and STDs 15, no 6 (juin 2001) : 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/108729101750279678.
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Douglas, Ian T. « Book Review : In the Parish of the Poor : Writings from Haiti ». Missiology : An International Review 21, no 1 (janvier 1993) : 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182969302100135.
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Mukherjee, Joia S. « HIV-1 care in resource-poor settings : a view from Haiti ». Lancet 362, no 9388 (septembre 2003) : 994–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14373-5.
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International Monetary Fund. « Haiti : Enhanced Initiative for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries : Decision Point Document ». IMF Staff Country Reports 06, no 440 (2006) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451817652.002.
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International Monetary Fund. « Haiti : Enhanced Initiative for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries : Completion Point Document ». IMF Staff Country Reports 09, no 288 (2009) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451817775.002.
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Mary Fran T., Malone, et Chavda Roslyn K. « Peacekeepers and the People : Domestic Evaluations of Peacekeeping Operations in Haiti ». Journal of International Peacekeeping 17, no 3-4 (2013) : 385–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18754112-1704011.
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What leads peacekeeping forces to secure the support of the people they serve? This paper answers this question by examining public support for MINUSTAH, the peacekeeping force currently deployed in Haiti. Our analysis of public opinion data finds that in Haiti, peacekeepers have not fared much better than most domestic institutions in terms of legitimacy. We find that both before and after the 2010 earthquake, public support for peacekeepers trailed the low levels of support for domestic institutions. To understand why MINUSTAH has struggled to earn the support of the people it serves, we examine public evaluations of the peacekeeping mission and identify the determinants of support for peacekeepers, focusing in particular on the role of service provision in predicting people’s support for MINUSTAH.
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DesRoches, Reginald, Mary Comerio, Marc Eberhard, Walter Mooney et Glenn J. Rix. « Overview of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake ». Earthquake Spectra 27, no 1_suppl1 (octobre 2011) : 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3630129.
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The 12 January 2010 Mw 7.0 earthquake in the Republic of Haiti caused an estimated 300,000 deaths, displaced more than a million people, and damaged nearly half of all structures in the epicentral area. We provide an overview of the historical, seismological, geotechnical, structural, lifeline-related, and socioeconomic factors that contributed to the catastrophe. We also describe some of the many challenges that must be overcome to enable Haiti to recover from this event. Detailed analyses of these issues are presented in other papers in this volume.
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Green, Reginald Herbold. « PRODUCTION BY POOR PEOPLE ». IDS Bulletin 25, no 3 (juillet 1994) : 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.1994.mp25003006.x.
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Clawson, Rosalee A. « Poor People, Black Faces ». Journal of Black Studies 32, no 3 (janvier 2002) : 352–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002193470203200305.
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STIGLITZ, JOSEPH. « Rich Countries, Poor People ? » New Perspectives Quarterly 24, no 1 (janvier 2007) : 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5842.2007.00856.x.
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Eshun-Wilson, Ingrid, Ajibola A. Awotiwon, Ashley Germann, Sophia A. Amankwaa, Nathan Ford, Sheree Schwartz, Stefan Baral et Elvin H. Geng. « Effects of community-based antiretroviral therapy initiation models on HIV treatment outcomes : A systematic review and meta-analysis ». PLOS Medicine 18, no 5 (28 mai 2021) : e1003646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003646.
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Background Antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation in the community and outside of a traditional health facility has the potential to improve linkage to ART, decongest health facilities, and minimize structural barriers to attending HIV services among people living with HIV (PLWH). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effect of offering ART initiation in the community on HIV treatment outcomes. Methods and findings We searched databases between 1 January 2013 and 22 February 2021 to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies that compared offering ART initiation in a community setting to offering ART initiation in a traditional health facility or alternative community setting. We assessed risk of bias, reporting of implementation outcomes, and real-world relevance and used Mantel–Haenszel methods to generate pooled risk ratios (RRs) and risk differences (RDs) with 95% confidence intervals. We evaluated heterogeneity qualitatively and quantitatively and used GRADE to evaluate overall evidence certainty. Searches yielded 4,035 records, resulting in 8 included studies—4 RCTs and 4 observational studies—conducted in Lesotho, South Africa, Nigeria, Uganda, Malawi, Tanzania, and Haiti—a total of 11,196 PLWH. Five studies were conducted in general HIV populations, 2 in key populations, and 1 in adolescents. Community ART initiation strategies included community-based HIV testing coupled with ART initiation at home or at community venues; 5 studies maintained ART refills in the community, and 4 provided refills at the health facility. All studies were pragmatic, but in most cases provided additional resources. Few studies reported on implementation outcomes. All studies showed higher ART uptake in community initiation arms compared to facility initiation and refill arms (standard of care) (RR 1.73, 95% CI 1.22 to 2.45; RD 30%, 95% CI 10% to 50%; 5 studies). Retention (RR 1.43, 95% CI 1.32 to 1.54; RD 19%, 95% CI 11% to 28%; 4 studies) and viral suppression (RR 1.31, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.49; RD 15%, 95% CI 10% to 21%; 3 studies) at 12 months were also higher in the community-based ART initiation arms. Improved uptake, retention, and viral suppression with community ART initiation were seen across population subgroups—including men, adolescents, and key populations. One study reported no difference in retention and viral suppression at 2 years. There were limited data on adherence and mortality. Social harms and adverse events appeared to be minimal and similar between community ART initiation and standard of care. One study compared ART refill strategies following community ART initiation (community versus facility refills) and found no difference in viral suppression (RD −7%, 95% CI −19% to 6%) or retention at 12 months (RD −12%, 95% CI −23% to 0.3%). This systematic review was limited by few studies for inclusion, poor-quality observational data, and short-term outcomes. Conclusions Based on data from a limited set of studies, community ART initiation appears to result in higher ART uptake, retention, and viral suppression at 1 year compared to facility-based ART initiation. Implementation on a wider scale necessitates broader exploration of costs, logistics, and acceptability by providers and PLWH to ensure that these effects are reproducible when delivered at scale, in different contexts, and over time.
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Derivois, Daniel, Jude Mary Cénat, Amira Karray, Nathalie Guillier-Pasut, Jeff M. Cadichon, Baptiste Lignier, Nephtalie E. Joseph, Lisbeth Brolles et Yoram Mouchenik. « Resilience in Haiti : is it culturally pathological ? » BJPsych International 15, no 4 (19 mars 2018) : 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bji.2017.25.
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Not for the first time in recent history, the people of Haiti have been obliged to fall back on their resilience strategies in the aftermath of Hurricane Matthew. Following the powerful earthquake that struck the country on 12 January 2010, the entire population had to find the resources to survive in the face of extensive material damage and loss of life: over 222 000 dead, more than 300 000 injured and between 4000 and 7000 amputees (UNDP, 2010).
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Rosi D'Avila, Paolo, Fátima Bayma de Oliveira, Daniela Martins Diniz et Anderson De Souza Sant'Anna. « BRAZILIAN ARMY LEADERSHIP IN MISSION IN HAITI ». Revista Pensamento Contemporâneo em Administração 14, no 4 (24 juin 2021) : 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12712/rpca.v14i4.47191.
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The aim of this paper is to analyze the roles and profiles of military leaders required in the context of the Brazilian Army's peacekeeping mission in Haiti. Qualitative research is conducted in the context of the "United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti", from interviews with leaders of the Brazilian Army. The results reveal that the investigated context requires a relational and people-oriented leadership profile, including sensitive to emotional aspects, as well as leaders capable of recovering of collective. Therefore, the leadership authority derives more from the ability of social interaction than from the formal power.
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Aulya, Yenny, Suprihatin Suprihatin et Ririn Arantika. « DURASI DAN FREKUENSI PENGGUNAAN GAWAI TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN SOSIAL ANAK PRA SEKOLAH DI TK ISLAM PERMATA HATI KELAPA DUA KABUPATEN TANGERANG TAHUN 2019 ». Jurnal Kebidanan Malahayati 6, no 4 (26 octobre 2020) : 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33024/jkm.v6i4.2911.
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ABSTRACT Background: In 2011 there were 38% of gadget users in children aged 5 years in Indonesia and in 2013 increased to 72%. The use of devices makes children lazy to move and activities. This situation will affect the child's development both in terms of physical, motor, psychological, and social child.Objective: To identify the relationship between the duration and frequency of using a device to the social development of preschool children in the Permata Hati Hati Dua Islamic Kindergarten, Tangerang Regency in 2019.Methodology: This research is an analytic epidemiological study with cross sectional study design. The population in this study were all parents of students at the Permata Hati Kindergarten, totaling 54 people. Sampling uses total sampling. Primary data were collected using a questionnaire. Data analysis through two stages, namely univariate and bivariate using the Chi-Square test.Results: The majority of pre-school children had poor social development (55.6%), with duration of playing devices> 1 hour / day (53.7%), and frequency of use of devices> 3 days a week (55.6 %). The results of this study indicate that there is a significant relationship between the duration and frequency of use of the device to the social development of children.Conclusions : There is a relationship between the duration and frequency of the use of the device to the social development of pre-school children. Suggestion : It is hoped that parents will be more selective in giving toys to children, especially granting permission to play devices. It is necessary to be firm and mentor from parents in providing limitations on the duration and frequency of device use by children Keywords: Duration, frequency, device, social development, preschool children ABSTRAK Latar Belakang : Tahun 2011 terdapat 38% pengguna gawai pada anak usia 5 tahun di Indonesia dan pada tahun 2013 meningkat menjadi 72%. Penggunaan gawai membuat anak menjadi malas bergerak dan beraktifitas. Keadaan seperti ini akan mempengaruhi perkembangan anak baik dari segi fisik, motorik, psikologis, dan sosial anak.Tujuan : Untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan durasi dan frekuensi penggunaan gawai terhadap perkembangan sosial anak prasekolah di TK Islam Permata Hati Kelapa Dua Kabupaten Tangerang Tahun 2019.Metodologi : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian epidemiologi analitik dengan desain studi cross sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian yaitu seluruh orang tua siswa di TK Islam Permata Hati yang berjumlah 54 orang. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan total sampling. Data primer dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan kuesioner. Analisis data melalui dua tahapan yaitu univariat dan bivariat dengan menggunakan uji Chi-Square.Hasil Penelitian : Sebagian besar anak pra sekolah memiliki perkembangan sosial yang kurang baik (55,6%), dengan durasi bermain gawai > 1 jam/hari (53,7%), dan frekuensi penggunaan gawai > 3 hari dalam seminggu (55,6%). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara durasi dan frekuensi penggunaan gawai terhadap perkembangan sosial anak.Simpulan : Ada hubungan durasi dan frekuensi penggunaan gawai terhadap perkembangan sosial anak pra sekolah.Saran Diharapkan orang tua lebih selektif dalam memberikan mainan kepada anak,terutama pemberian izin bermain gawai.Perlu Ketegasan dan pendampingan dari orang tua dalam memberi Batasan durasi dan frekuensi penggunaan gawai oleh anak Kata Kunci : Durasi, Frekuensi, Gawai, Perkembangan sosial, Anak Prasekolah
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Gumelar, Fajar, et Hengki Wijaya. « Peran Gereja Masa Kini Menyikapi Teologi Pembebasan Gutiérrez ». BIA' : Jurnal Teologi dan Pendidikan Kristen Kontekstual 2, no 1 (24 juin 2019) : 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.34307/b.v2i1.69.
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The background of Latin American society in the past who were familiar with the hegemony of power of the bourgeoisie caused concern in the hearts of Christian theologians at the time. This concern finally gave birth to a theological model known as Liberation Theology. Liberation Theology is a praxis-oriented theological model, namely real action for the liberation of marginalized, poor and oppressed people. But the thought of Marxism influenced the concept of Liberation Theology so that the theological model was more like a destructive ideology. Bringing the concept of Liberation Theology to the light of the word of God is the right action for the church today in responding to the Liberation Theology. The aim is to analyze the contents of Liberation Theology, and how should the role of the church address the Liberation Theology, and apply liberation theology in everyday life. The method used is an explanatory qualitative approach to the role of the church in response to Liberation Theology.Abstrak: Latar belakang masyarakat Amerika Latin di masa lampau yang akrab dengan hegemoni kekuasaan kaum borjuis menyebabkan timbulnya keprihatinan dalam hati para teolog Kristen kala itu. Keprihatinan ini akhirnya melahirkan suatu model teologi yang dikenal dengan nama Teologi Pembebasan. Teologi Pembebasan adalah model teologi yang berorientasi pada praksis, yaitu tindakan nyata untuk pembebasan kaum termarginalkan, miskin dan tertindas. Akan tetapi pemikiran Marxisme turut memengaruhi konsep Teologi Pembebasan sehingga model teologi ini lebih mirip ideologi yang destruktif. Membawa konsep Teologi Pembebasan kepada terang firman Tuhan adalah tindakan yang tepat bagi gereja masa kini dalam menyikapi Teologi Pembebasan. Tujuan tulisan ini adalah menganalisis isi Teologi Pembebasan, dan bagaimana seharusnya peran gereja menyikapi Teologi Pembebasan tersebut, dan menerapkan teologi pembebasan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif yang bersifat eksplanatori tentang peran gereja menyikapi Teologi Pembebasan.
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Reisman, W. Michael. « Haiti and the Validity of International Action ». American Journal of International Law 89, no 1 (janvier 1995) : 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203896.
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In December 1990, after decades of dictatorship, the Haitian people overwhelmingly elected Jean-Bertrand Aristide as President. Every aspect of the election was monitored by international organizations and confirmed as “free and fair.” Within months, the army, an ill-trained force of some five thousand men, seized power, expelled Aristide, and brutally suppressed popular protest. The Organization of American States and the United Nations Security Council condemned the coup and its aftermath and ordered economic sanctions to dislodge the military. The sanctions failed. On July 31, 1994, the Security Council, acknowledging the gravity of the situation and recognizing that an “exceptional response” was required, passed Resolution 940, authorizing military action. The legality and wisdom of Resolution 940 has been criticized on the following grounds.
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Harriss, John, Michael Lipton et Richard Longhurst. « New Seeds and Poor People. » Economic Journal 100, no 402 (septembre 1990) : 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2233704.
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Miyamoto, Michiko. « Single Poor People and Care ». Kazoku syakaigaku kenkyu 24, no 2 (2012) : 139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4234/jjoffamilysociology.24.139.
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Dreze, Jean, Michael Lipton et Richard Longhurst. « New Seeds and Poor People. » Economica 57, no 228 (novembre 1990) : 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2554719.
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Sumner, Andy. « Why Are Some People Poor ? » European Journal of Development Research 28, no 2 (24 mars 2016) : 130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2016.2.
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Daniel Johnson. « “What Must Poor People Do?” : ». Pennsylvania History : A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 79, no 2 (2012) : 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/pennhistory.79.2.0117.
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Voss, Barbara L. « `Poor people in silk shirts' ». Journal of Social Archaeology 8, no 3 (octobre 2008) : 404–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469605308095011.
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