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Articles de revues sur le sujet « Portugal – Economic conditions – 20th century »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

Mis à jour le 31 juillet 2025

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DORÉ, NATALIA I., and AURORA A. C. TEIXEIRA. "Brazil’s economic growth and real (div)convergence from a very long-term perspective (1822-2019): An historical appraisal." Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 42, no. 4 (2022): 934–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572022-3376.

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ABSTRACT The reconstruction of the economic history of Brazil since independence from Portugal (1822) may lead to a new understanding of its economic growth. The deep-rooted idea that Brazil could have done better means there is a need to delve into each phase of its development. In this paper, we provide a very long-run perspective (1822-2019) of Brazil’s economic growth and process of real convergence. On the one hand, this review indicates that structural changes observed in the middle of the 20th century were crucial in promoting the country’s growth and real convergence with technological

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Dementiev, Alexey. "Spain vs Portugal: the turbulent past and the complicated present." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 2 (June 28, 2018): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2018-2-14-21.

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Spain and Portugal – Iberian neighbors joined by the peninsular geography and disjoint by historical avatars. The Middle Ages were riddled with wars, domination and mutual resistance. The 16th century is characterized by marine splendor and territorial expansion of both nations that for the dynastic reasons lived through a controversial period of “Iberian Union” (1580–1640). In later times they had many coincidences: political and economic decline in the 17-18th centuries, fruitless revolutions of liberal court in the 19th century, fall of monarchies and existence of dictatorial regimes in the

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Antunes, Gonçalo, and Caterina Francesca Di Giovanni. "Housing policies in Portugal and Italy." Debater a Europa, no. 25 (December 28, 2021): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_25_5.

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This study analyzes the housing policies enacted in the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century in Portugal and Italy to understand whether the comparison between the two countries’ housing domains reflects a divide between the “center” and the “periphery,” or, on the contrary, can be observed as “between peripheries.” This article stems from a comprehensive literature review on the topic, which is divided into a theoretical discourse on housing, a general European housing scenario, and a historical and contemporary framework of housing policies in Portugal and It

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Palazzo, Pedro P. "Vernacular Patterns in Portugal and Brazil: Evolution and Adaptations." Journal of Traditional Building, Architecture and Urbanism, no. 2 (November 10, 2021): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.51303/jtbau.vi2.524.

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Traditional towns in Portugal and Brazil have evolved a finely tuned coordination between, on the one hand, modular dimensions for street widths and lot sizes, and on the other, a typology of room shapes and layouts within houses. Despite being well documented in urban history, this coordination was in the last century often interpreted as contingent, a result of the limited material means of pre-industrial societies. But the continued application and gradual adaptation of these urban and architectural patterns through periods of industrialization and economic development suggests that they re

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Silva de Moura, Carlos André, and Dirceu Salviano Marques Marroquim. "The making of a visionary culture: connected histories among Marian apparitions in Portuguese-Brazilian world (1917-1936)." Religiones y religiosidades en América Latina, no. 26 (December 31, 2020): 161–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.36551/2081-1160.2020.26.161-178.

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This paper will analyze the shaping of supposed Marian apparitions in Pesqueira, a Brazilian city located in Pernambuco, as part of a series of events related to the devotions to Our Lady representations in modern and contemporary periods. Based on the propositions of Cultural History, regional newspapers, ecclesiastical documents, and personal letters were used in order to understand the relation of these events to political, economic, and social issues of the first half of the 20th century. The analysis will suggest that the events in Pesqueira were connected to other religious representatio

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Saidova, Zebuniso Amanaullaevna. "Marriage and its dynamics in central Asia (19th-20th century)." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 7, no. 2 (2025): 125–28. https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume07issue02-13.

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This article examines the historical and socio-economic factors shaping marriage age and birth rates in Uzbekistan from the 19th to 20th century. It explores early marriage traditions, the impact of 20th-century reforms, and shifting trends due to urbanization and economic changes. Special focus is given to the post-1991 period, where economic transitions, education, and contraception contributed to declining birth rates. The study highlights how cultural norms, policies, and economic conditions have influenced demographic trends over time.

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Nunes, Ana Bela. "The theory of economic crises in Portugal during the first half of the 20th century." Boletim de Ciências Económicas 57, no. 3 (2014): 2539–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/0870-4260_57-3_1.

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Wall, Karin. "Peasant Stem Families in Northwestern Portugal: Life Transitions and Changing Family Dynamics." Journal of Family History 19, no. 3 (1994): 237–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036319909401900303.

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The article analyzes data on family forms and individual life experiences in two rural communities of the Baixo Minho (northwest Portugal) during the 20th century. It examines how social and economic differentiation shaped norms and practices, giving rise to a variety of family forms rather than a regional family pattern. The stem family is found to be characteristic of wealthy peasant farmers. Drawing on individual life histories in two different generations, the article traces changes in stem family dynamics under the impact of industrialization and modernization over the last thirty years.

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Mau, V. "Modernization under Conditions of Political Stability (Reforms of the Second Half of XIX Century: Logic and Stages of Complex Modernization)." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 9 (September 20, 2009): 32–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2009-9-32-50.

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The paper discusses economic and political modernization under Alexander II and Alexander III. Special attention is paid to economic modernization under conservative political regime as well as to the influence of the 19th century economic policy and economic debates on the industrialization policy in the 20th century.

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Ramos, Rui Jorge Garcia, Eliseu Gonçalves, Gisela Lameira, and Luciana Rocha. "State-Subsidised Housing and Architecture in 20th-Century Portugal: A Critical Review Outlining Multidisciplinary Implications." Challenges 12, no. 1 (2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/challe12010007.

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Stable access to affordable quality housing is a core feature of public health principles and practices. In this report, we provide an update on the research project “Mapping Public Housing: A Critical Review of the State-subsidised Residential Architecture in Portugal (1910–1974)” (MdH), developed between 2016 and 2019 at the Faculty of Architecture of the University of Porto (FAUP) in Portugal. This funded research project (PTDC/CPC-HAT/1688/2014) brought together an international and multidisciplinary team composed of architects, sociologists, historians, an economist, an anthropologist, in

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Atutova, Zh V., and Zehong Li. "Environmental conditions of the landscape functioning in the Pribaikalskii National Park: historical perspective." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 895, no. 1 (2021): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/895/1/012006.

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Abstract The history of the economic development of the valley complexes of the Goloustnaya River basin is considered. Forestry and agricultural activities are designated as the main activities developed by the local population. Fluctuation changes in the intensity of their implementation are highlighted, specifically. the slowly developing process of economic development of valley landscapes due to low population in the second half o f the 17th century and until the first half of the 20th century; expansion of agricultural land and growth of industrial development of forest resources, startin

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Ferreira, Tânia. "A pelagra em Portugal: entre carência nutritiva e intoxicação alimentar." CEM, no. 13 (2021): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21747/2182-1097/13a6.

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The improvement in living conditions in recent decades, with reflections on a more diversified and accessible diet to the population, allowed to eradicate some diseases caused by malnutrition, as in the case of pellagra.A nutritional disorder caused by a deficiency of vitamin B3 (niacin), with serious complications at the dermatological, gastrointestinal and mental level, affected mainly the most disadvantaged populations, whose diet was based on the prolonged and almost exclusive consumption of maize, with an endemic character in several European countries. This article aims to provide a hist

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Gaspar, Rui, Leonel Pereira, and Isabel Sousa-Pinto. "The seaweed resources of Portugal." Botanica Marina 62, no. 5 (2019): 499–525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2019-0012.

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Abstract Continental Portugal and its two archipelagos (Azores Islands and Madeira Islands) present a very interesting and diverse seaweed community. Its great diversity results for example from different environmental conditions such as the latitudinal gradients that affect the continental Portugal coastal shoreline in unique ways. The first Portuguese phycological studies published date from the end of the 18th century and seaweeds have been harvested to be used as fertilizer since at least the 14th century. However, Portuguese seaweeds are still a natural and valuable resource that is relat

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Soares, Clara Moura, Rute Massano Rodrigues, and Carlos Filipe. "Heritage and history of the marble industry in Alentejo (Portugal)." Revista CPC 15, no. 29 (2020): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1980-4466.v15i29p235-248.

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The Heritage and History of the Marble Industry project (PHIM), based on interdisciplinary principles and practices, highlights the importance of the Portuguese marbles of Alentejo Anticline in a context of patrimonial and cultural valuation of a region where the ornamental rock industry defines landscapes, shapes the economy, and defines ways of life. Knowledge coming from scientific research is being disseminated through various platforms and audiences, contributing to regional development and providing solid contents for industrial and cultural tourism of quality. After two phases of the pr

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Silva, Célia Taborda. "Democracy and Popular Protest in Europe: The Iberian Case (2011)." European Journal of Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (2021): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/643pea84j.

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In recent years, Europe has witnessed social movements that break away from the conventional patterns typical of 19th and 20th century movements. The party-or trade union-organised social movements, very much centred on 19th century political and economic issues, or the New Social Movements centred on more universal values such as peace, environment, gender, ethnicity, of the 20th century seem to be changing their 'repertoire'. At the beginning of the 21st century, parties and trade unions have been losing their leading role in the organisation of demonstrations and strikes and collective acti

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Shapovalov, Vladimir V. "Major innovations theories of the 20th century (Part 1)." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ekonomika, no. 66 (2024): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19988648/65/22.

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This article describes the main innovations theories and concepts of the 20th century. Economists confirm the importance of scientific and technological progress, innovation and institutional changes in stimulating economic growth and development. The article reviews studies conducted by prominent Russian and foreign economists such as M.I. Tugan-Baranovsky, N.D. Kondratiev, J. Schumpeter, P.A. Sorokin, S.Yu. Glaziev, G. Bernal, R. Solow, S. Kuznets, B. Twiss, G. Mensch, K. Freeman, J. Vandein, and other researchers who have made significant contributions to the study of innovations. The artic

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Szikszai, Mária. "The legacy of a 20th-century cleric: a Catholic priest’s economic chronicles. Anthropological insights from written documents." Swedish Journal of Romanian Studies 7, no. 1 (2024): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.35824/sjrs.v7i1.25912.

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This study focuses on a unique collection of personal economic records and additional documents from the 20th century, belonging to a Catholic priest from Satu Mare County, Romania. The material is exceptional, as it represents a rare collection of written documents from the Hungarian-speaking region of the 20th century, authored by a Catholic priest. These records provide an in-depth look into the life of a priest, who, despite his clerical duties, maintained a strong connection to farming, a legacy from his farmer-herdsman parents of Swabian descent. The economic records, which span from 194

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Padayachee, Vishnu. "The 20th-century South African economy through a development lens." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 35, no. 2 (2020): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569119x15765873896736.

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Based on Bill Freund’s latest book, this review essay critically reviews the author’s discussion of: the institutional and network fibres underlying the mid-20th-century South African developmental model; how and why it developed; how and why it transformed through the course of that century; and how it was dismantled by the end of that century. The essay also tries to assess the significance of that model for South African development in the post-1994 democratic era, as well as the economic and public policy choices exercised by the African National Congress (ANC)-led government under conditi

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Amorim, Inês, and Bruno Pinto. "Portugal in the European Network of Marine Science Heritage and Outreach (19th–20th Centuries)." Humanities 8, no. 1 (2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h8010014.

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The gradual consciousness of the scientific and economic riches of marine life is rooted in the legacy of some pillars of scientific production and dissemination in institutions such as natural history museums, aquariums, and maritime stations. Nowadays, one of the biggest issues of these scientific collections of species (marine or others) is their contextual interpretation which demands its original collection point, collectors, and original aims. The current research focuses on the origin of collections of marine specimens in Portugal as well as their historical evolution. In this particula

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Dr., Subrata Kumar Mandal. "IMPERIALISM AND COLONIALISM IN ENGLISH LITERATURE FROM 16TH TO 20TH CENTURY." Educreator Research Journal Volume–IX, Issue– III, May – June 2022 (2022): 37–44. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6706026.

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<em>Colonization is control of power over a dependent area of people. To rule others or to conquer others has been a general episode in the history of Civilization. Modern colonization started in the age of Geographical Discovery.  In the modern era it was initiated by Portugal and Spain and the other European powers like England, the Netherlands, France, and Germany followed the trend. They justified colonization on the ground of civilizing the barbaric nations. However, decolonization began around 1914 and it challenged colonial empires till 1975. The idea of colonialism 

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Ph.D.Guide, Dr Oinam Ranjit Singh, and Kumud Ranjan Basumatary. "The Socio-Economic & Religious Conditions of the Bodos in the Early 20th Century." IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 22, no. 06 (2017): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-2206061322.

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IMANGULOV, L. R. "TRANSFORMATION OF MORDOVIAN VILLAGES IN BASHKIRIA: GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS." Ser-5_2023_4 78, no. 4 (2023) (2023): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.4.11.

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At the beginning of the 20th century the Mordovian villages in the Fedorovsky district of the Bashkortostan Republic were characterized by the maximum growth rates and population density among settlements with another ethnic structure of the population. During the 20th century, the average population of Mordovian villages in the district decreased by 79%, and many of the settlements disappeared. High rates of depopulation of Mordovian villages within zone with favorable agro-climatic conditions have no analogues among villages with another ethnic structure of the population. The article provid

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Miymanbaeva, Fialka N., Ardak S. Abdiraiymova та Mira M. Aitkazina. "Сарт-калмаки Пржевальского уезда Семиреченской области в начале XX в." Oriental studies 15, № 3 (2022): 422–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-60-3-422-435.

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Introduction. Economic conditions to have experienced by the Issyk-Kul Sart Kalmyks of Semirechenskaya Oblast in the early 20th century remain uninvestigated in historical literature, which makes the study relevant enough. Goals. The work aims to consider the traditional Sart Kalmyk system of farming, define its type, and analyze the transition to settled life. Materials and methods. The study employs both general scientific and specific historical research methods, including that of statistical analysis. The work examines materials from Russia’s central archives, as well as statistical survey

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Miymanbaeva, Fialka N., Ardak S. Abdiraiymova та Mira M. Aitkazina. "Сарт-калмаки Пржевальского уезда Семиреченской области в начале XX в." Oriental studies 15, № 3 (2022): 422–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-61-3-422-435.

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Introduction. Economic conditions to have experienced by the Issyk-Kul Sart Kalmyks of Semirechenskaya Oblast in the early 20th century remain uninvestigated in historical literature, which makes the study relevant enough. Goals. The work aims to consider the traditional Sart Kalmyk system of farming, define its type, and analyze the transition to settled life. Materials and methods. The study employs both general scientific and specific historical research methods, including that of statistical analysis. The work examines materials from Russia’s central archives, as well as statistical survey

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Garbuzov, V. N. "Zigzags of the Post-Imperial Syndrome." Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 92, S6 (2022): S492—S503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s101933162212005x.

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Abstract The death of every empire is always painful and often turns into tragedy. It inevitably entails painful processes: the rupture of habitual economic ties, the loss of vast territories and spheres of influence, the formation of new states and the definition of borders between them, the emergence of national minorities on the territory of neighbors, etc. However, perhaps the most painful result is the sense of loss of self-worth, a complex of lost greatness that develops into the so-called post-imperial syndrome. In the 20th century, it manifested itself in Germany, Great Britain, France

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Gugulan, Maria. "CONDITIONS FOR STATEMENT OF CONVERGENT JOURNALISM IN THE CONTEMPORARY MEDIA CONTEXT." Moldoscopie 1 (January 15, 2020): 139–47. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3921899.

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The new socio-political, economic and cultural processes at the end of thelastcenturyandbeginning of thepresentcenturyhaveprofoundlymarkedthefield of journalism, withsignificant conceptual andfunctionalchanges. At the same time, thedevelopment of informationtechnologies in thelast 30 yearshad a special impact on thisfield, whichspurredtheemergence of a newtype of journalism–convergent journalism. The firstforms of convergence, as well as thefirst convergent newsrooms, appeared on the American continent at the end of the 20th century, thebeginning of the 21st century, followedbythecountri

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Urmanov, Ulug'bek Adkhamjonovich. "SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIFE OF THE RUSSIAN POPULATION RESETTLED IN TURKESTAN." INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 3, no. 5 (2023): 507–11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7939743.

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In the article, as a result of the migration policy of the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, the Russian-speaking and European peoples who moved to Turkistan were located in places with favorable conditions for cattle breeding, horticulture, policing, and farming, and economic benefits were given to the immigrants. data on the socio-economic life of immigrants with the local population were analyzed.

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KRAVCHENKO, Kateryna. "FEATURES OF THE URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF CONTEMPORARY GLOBALIZATION." Ekonomichna ta Sotsialna Geografiya, no. 87 (2022): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2413-7154/2022.87.72-81.

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The intensity of globalization processes and the role of cities in the socio-economic development of countries and regions increase at the current stage of society's development. Agglomerations that have the status of the global (world) level play the most crucial role. he purpose of the paper is to analyze the impact of globalization processes on the peculiarities of the development of urban agglomerations in the conditions of contemporary globalization, as well as to identify problems and prospects for their further evolution. The research was carried out based on the system, synergistic, in

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Sokolova, E. V. "Rural Settlement Network in Territory of Contemporary Omsk Region from Last Quarter of 19th Century to Early 20th Century." Nauchnyi dialog 12, no. 10 (2023): 473–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-10-473-490.

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The article examines the characteristics of the formation of the rural settlement network in the territory of modern Omsk region during the last quarter of the 19th century through the early 20th century. The relevance of this study is driven by societal and governmental interest in rural history, as well as by the expansion of the source base, which is related to the popularization of museum collections and personal archives. Throughout the research, the author analyzes a wide range of sources and identifies features of the territory’s settlement, lifestyle, and everyday life of peasants, as

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Murphy, Joseph. "The Evolution of the High School in America." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 118, no. 13 (2016): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811611801313.

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The narrative in this article runs as follows. As the political, social, and economic environments that surround the American high school undergo seismic shifts, they create new forms of secondary education. We report that the environmental conditions between 1890 and 1920 were such that most of the pillars that anchored the American high school prior to the 20th century were swept away. New scaffolding for how classrooms should function, how schools should be organized and managed, and how the school–community relationship should be defined was constructed. By the early part of the 20th centu

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Carson, Scott Alan. "Net nutrition on the late 19th and early 20th century American Great Plains: a robust biological response to the challenges to the Turner Hypothesis." Journal of Biosocial Science 51, no. 5 (2019): 698–719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932019000014.

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AbstractIn 1893, Frederick Jackson Turner proposed that America’s Western frontier was an economic ‘safety-valve’ – a place where settlers could migrate when conditions in eastern states and Europe crystallized against their upward economic mobility. However, recent studies suggest the Western frontier’s material conditions may not have been as advantageous as Jackson proposed because settlers lacked the knowledge and human capital to succeed on the Plains and Far Western frontier. Using stature, BMI and weight from five late 19th and early 20th century prisons, this study uses 61,276 observat

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Graovac, Vera. "Populacijski razvoj Zadra." Geoadria 9, no. 1 (2017): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.129.

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Zadar is one of the cities with longest urban tradition and continuous population in Croatia. This article deals with the number of inhabitants in Zadar throughout the history, particularly from 15th century on, when first censuses were taken. Until the second half of 20th century, the population growth was slow and depended mostly on numerous wars, economic conditions, epidemics and famines that caused massive death and migrations of the population within the city and in its surroundings. It was only after the Second World War that population growth was rapid, due to industrialization and str

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MERTA-STASZCZAK, ADRIANA, ANNA ZWYRZYKOWSKA-WODZIŃSKA, ANNA JANKOWSKA-MĄKOSA, and DAMIAN KNECHT. "Pig production in Poland in the 20th century: History and future prospects." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 80, no. 05 (2024): 6872–2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6872.

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The article is based on a comparative analysis of statistical data on the size and structure of pig herds in Poland in the period of 1930-1989. It focuses on the economic situation and agricultural policies after World War I and World War II and the problems due to war damage and the communist economic system imposed by the Soviet Union. Polish pig breeding was successful in the postwar periods in terms of the development of breeding material for noble pig breeds: Polish Large White, Polish Landrace, Złotnicka White, Złotnicka spotted, and Puławska. This article shows the long-term prospects o

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Dr.Salla, Ramesh Babu. "Land Administration and Economic Conditions in Telangana, Hyderabad State (1724-1948)." International Journal of Scientific Development and Research 9, no. 5 (2024): 1075–82. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11394943.

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The article discusses the land administration and economic conditions of Telangana, a part of the erstwhile Hyderabad State, during the first half of the 20th century. The Jagirdari system was prevalent in Telangana, where Jagirdars controlled 33 percent of the villages, accounting for 42 percent of the area. The Nizam's Dominions were based on principles of pure despotism or autocracy, with the entire region considered as the private property of its Ruler. The traditional village system of Patels and Patwaris remained intact. The government collected revenue through contractors known as Deshm

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Pyatov, M. L. "The Last Russian Balance Scientist of the 20th Century." Vestnik NSUEM, no. 2 (June 19, 2021): 46–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.34020/2073-6495-2021-2-046-078.

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The main stages of creative career of professor of Saint Petersburg State University Valery Viktorovich Kovalev (1948–2020), who restored the national school of accounting study which treated the balance sheet as a financial model of the company, are shown. The paper characterizes the specifics of the Soviet school of analysis of economic activities of enterprises formed by the start of Perestroika in the USSR. The scope of the methodological tasks placed before accountant theorists by new business environment in the conditions of the development of post-Soviet economy in Russia is shown. The

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Rodrigues, Mariana, Adriana Silva, Dulce Antunes, and Ana Rodrigues. "The role of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in sustainable development: case studies." Accounting and Management Review | Revista de Contabilidade e Gestão 29, no. 1 (2025): 55–84. https://doi.org/10.55486/amrrcg.v29i1.2.

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In the 20th century, the concept of sustainable development emerged, aiming to preserve nature and promote long-term continuous progress, ensuring that present needs are met without compromising the needs of future generations. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which represent the majority of the business fabric, not only in Portugal but also in the European Union, play a crucial role in this process. The relationship between SMEs and sustainability is influenced by their economic contribution, proximity to the local community, and ability to drive rapid social changes in favor of sus

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Smallwood, Andrew P. "Malcolm X’s Leadership at the Crossroads of Race, Politics and Economics for African Americans in the 1960s." International Journal of Social Policy and Education 4, no. 5 (2022): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.61494/ijspe.v4n5a2.

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This essay explores Malcolm X’s leadership through his political and economic examinations and proscriptions for African Americans via his public statements and writings. This work builds on previous scholarly work about Malcolm X as a major historical figure of the late 20th century at the nexus of his unique role as organizational leader to uncover his political and economic ideas as he sought to address the negative conditions facing African Americans in their communities during the Civil Right era.

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Mirabi, Taher. "Causes of the Emergence of Fascism: A Marxist Analysis of the Example of Germany." Economics Literature 5, no. 1 (2023): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22440/elit.5.1.1.

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Fascism is one of the most debated political ideologies of the 20th century. Research indicates that significant economic issues played a crucial role in the rise of fascism. However, there is no clear explanation as to why these economic problems led to fascism instead of socialism. Fascism emerged as a result of the conditions prevalent in the early 20th century, such as the devastation of World War I, global economic crises, political upheavals, social discontent, and the strengthening of national identity. It represents an ideology that reflects dissatisfaction and anger. This study aims t

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Kaplan, Robert B. "Language Policy and Planning: Fundamental Issues." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 14 (March 1994): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190500002786.

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For much of the 20th century, language policy and planning has been essentially overlooked except as an academic enterprise, being of serious interest largely only to a small coterie of specialists scattered thinly around the world. Still, at present, only a handful of universities in the world offers anything more than a random course in language policy/planning or simply subsumes the entire field in a couple of lectures in the introductory course in sociolinguistics. In the last decade of the 20th century, real-world events have thrust language policy and planning into prominence. The collap

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Shokhmansur, Shokhazamiy, and Elmuradov D. . "Socio-Economic Sistemology: Multidimensional Science for a Comprehensive Study of the Socio-Economic and Legal System." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 6, no. 10 (2014): 824–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v6i10.541.

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The main feature of the development of science in the second half of the 20th century was the transition from a single-dimensional science of past centuries, based mainly on experimentation, to the science of two dimensional, which is based on a systems approach. However, the conditions and trends of development of the world economy and society, therefore, the humanities and social sciences, including economics, in the twenty-first century calls for transition to new more advanced phase of science to integrated presentation and study in the relationship between the various components of the so

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Madureira, Bruno. "Bandas de música civiles en Portugal en el último cuarto de siglo XX: un caso de estudio." Revista Ciencias y Humanidades 6, no. 6 (2025): 53–97. https://doi.org/10.61497/xbnmrw42.

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The main purpose of this article is to analyse the changes that have occurred in Portuguese wind bands especially in the municipality of Águeda (district of Aveiro) in the last quarter of the 20th century as this is a very unknown period in what concerns these musical groups. The methodology used includes bibliographical research, collection of press articles, research in collections and archives, as well as interviews. An evident revival phase can be highlighted in these groups when the collected data is compared to the one in the preceding period. Despite the persistence of certain problems

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Varova, E. I., and R. M. Ziganshin. "History of the Study of Chinese Traditional Architecture in the 20th Century : Specificity of Tang Dynasty Cult Objects." Izvestiya of Altai State University, no. 5(133) (December 9, 2023): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2023)5-06.

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The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need to study Chinese religious buildings in order to identify the specifics of the construction of temple complexes, to reveal the features inherent in ancient temple buildings. The experience of studying temple complexes of the Tang dynasty in the context of historical research in China in the 20th century is analyzed. The monument of Buddhist Tang architecture — Foguang temple is considered. The socio-economic situation in China in the 20th century formed special conditions for the development of institutes, faculties for the study of temple

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Vilasi, Antonella Colonna. "Israel and the Middle East: The creation of a Nation." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 9, no. 3 (2018): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mjss-2018-0047.

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Abstract In order to properly study the foundation of a State, a paradigm of thought or any other organization, we should analyze the historical context which produced the conditions for this phenomenon to happen, in all its variables and components. The Jewish question cannot certainly be relegated only to the 20th century, but surely it was the century in which the cultural, political, economic, and social debate was the expression of a collective will to create a Nation and develop and transform it into a key country in the context of global geopolitics.

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Shandra, Iryna, and Olha Birova. "Labor of Minors in Industrial of Ukrainian Lands (19th – Early 20th Century)." Studia Historiae Oeconomicae 41, no. 2 (2023): 41–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sho.2023.21.2.003.

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At the present stage, the phrase “labor of minors” sounds alarming and is a sign of the low economic and cultural development of society. For the period of industrialization of the 19th – early 20th century this phenomenon was by no means a rarity, but rather one of the components of economic modernization. The Ukrainian lands were no exception in this regard, child and adolescent labor was used in coal, metallurgical, chemical and other industries. This study is based on workers’ memories of their teenage years, memories of mining engineers, factory inspectors, public figures, as well a

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Chirikalov, O. "CONDITIONS THAT AFFECTED PREPARATION, PROGRESS AND RESULTS SEA EVACUATION OF TROOPS (FORCES) IN MILITARY CONFLICTS 20TH – AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY." Scientific heritage, no. 117 (July 24, 2023): 40–48. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8176790.

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The article defines the main conditions that influenced the preparation, progress and results of sea evacuation of troops (forces) in military conflicts of the 20th and early 21st centuries. The influence of military-geographical conditions (military-political, economic-geographical, physical-geographical, as well as operational equipment of the theater of war) and the situation in the theater of war on the eve of, during and after the completion of evacuation measures at sea in the research period were analyzed and disclosed. The peculiarities of the nature of the influence of the above-menti

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Pereira, Paulo Manta. "“Urbanistic Architecture” according to Raul Lino." Enquiry The ARCC Journal for Architectural Research 17, no. 1 (2020): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17831/enq:arcc.v17i1.1064.

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Over a period of nearly one hundred years, Raul Lino (1879-1974) experienced the profound political, social and economic changes that marked the twentieth century in Portugal. Having been born during the Constitutional Monarchy (1822-1910), he lived through the First Republic (1910-1926), the Military Dictatorship (1926-1933), the Second Republic, or Estado Novo (New State, 1933-1974), and died shortly after the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974, at the dawning of the Third Republic. He was an architect who published prolifically in Portugal, having become known through his advocacy of the

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Irchak, Iryna. "Economic situation of the jewish population of the ukrainian governoratesof the pale of settlement at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 157 (2024): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2023.157.5.

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Introduction. At the end of the 19th century, one of the ways to force the Jews of the Russian Empire to renounce the faith of their parents was to create conditions that greatly complicated their economic activity and even made some of its types impossible. Jews had to earn a living in the conditions of economic anti-Semitism, which gained momentum during the 19th century. This article examines the employment of the Jewish population in the economy's structure, determines the size of the Jews' income, and finds out how it affected their living standards at the end of the 19th and the beginnin

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Saptono, Nanang. "TATA RUANG KOTA CIAMIS PASCAPERDAGANGAN DUNIA ABAD KE-19 – 20." PANALUNGTIK 1, no. 1 (2019): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24164/pnk.v1i1.5.

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The capital of Ciamis Regency has experienced several displacements. During the reign of Raden Adipati Aria Kusumadiningrat the development of the capital was encouraged to develop into a city. After the kulturstelsel era, many European capitalists invested in Ciamis. At the beginning of the 20th century economic infrastructure, especially the means of distribution of commodities is much needed. Building economic facilities have sprung up in several locations in Ciamis. Such conditions result in the development of the city. This study aims to get a picture of the spatial layout of Ciamis and t

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Jackson, Deborah Davis. "A perfect storm: embodied workers, emplaced corporations, and delayed reflexivity in a Canadian 'Risk Society'." Journal of Political Ecology 27, no. 1 (2020): 150–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v27i1.23138.

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At the turn of the 21st century, an occupational disease epidemic began to unfold in Sarnia, Ontario, home to the petrochemical complex known as Canada's 'Chemical Valley.' Given the long latency periods for these diseases, the hazardous exposures that produced them would have occurred over a period of decades during the latter 20th century. This suggests a paradox: what accounts for unionized Canadian men working for decades in conditions that posed such grave risks to their health? Or, put in terms of Ulrich Beck's compelling and influential model: given that Chemical Valley during the secon

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Slozkin, Maksym. "Peasantry of Right-Bank Ukraine in socio-ethnic relations at the beginning of the 20th century." Scientific Papers of the Kamianets-Podilskyi National Ivan Ohiienko University. History 45 (January 15, 2025): 131–49. https://doi.org/10.32626/2309-2254.2024-45.131-149.

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The study aims to characterize the role of Ukrainian peasantry in ethno-social interactions in the Right-Bank Ukraine at the beginning of the 20th century, based on archival sources, scholarly literature, and periodical press. The methodological framework of this research employs principles of scientific inquiry, including historicism, analysis and synthesis, interdisciplinarity, as well as specifically historical methods such as historical-genetic, comparative, typological, systematic, and structural-analytical approaches. The analysis of periodical press involved the application of journalis

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