Thèses sur le sujet « Portugal – Social conditions »

This dissertation provides a quantitative analysis of cultural ecology and social structure in a rural parish in Northwest Portugal. There is greater economic inequality, and greater social stratification than most ethnographers of Iberia have described. Chapter 1 introduces some of the material indications of wealth and land inequality in the community. Some households are shown to have much more land and dairy cattle than others. Chapter 2 discusses nickname behavior as a set of socio-cultural symbols for expressing an ideal of equality, which in some sense runs counter to material differences within the community. Chapter 3 analyses contemporary farming systems; showing that having different amounts of land determines each household's choice of technology. Each household operates its farm in a unique natural and economic environment, because of different access to the factors of production, especially land, but including labor and capital. Chapter 4 shows that patterns of technical change also depend on land supply. Larger farmers are the first to adopt new innovations, especially labor-saving devices. Chapter 5 demonstrates that, counter to common assumptions, land fragmentation is more pronounced on large farms than on smaller farms, but that for no farms is land fragmentation a barrier to agricultural production. Chapter 6 is a brief history of recent changes of land use. It shows that the most common land-use types, fields and forests, are somewhat interchangeable. Fields are converted to forest, and forest to field, depending on the economic environment of the owning household, and the natural environment of the land itself. Ecologically marginal land that is owned by large farmers is the most likely to be changed from field to forest, or from forest to field.

Portugal has experienced various structural changes in recent history which have greatly contributed to the country having a sizeable and varied immigrant population at present. The Global Economic Crisis of 2008 has severely impacted numerous countries in the European Union including Portugal. Conditions in Portugal had been gradually worsening, largely as a result of a stagnating national economy, where unemployment steadily increased in the years leading up to 2008. In the wake of the crisis, Portugal has experienced dramatic reductions in GDP, soaring unemployment rates and in particular regarding youth unemployment, social unrest and political instability. Further, the most vulnerable socioeconomic groups in Portugal have been worst affected, where social inequality, poverty and a whole array of other social issues have been exacerbated by the crisis and the austerity policies that were implemented in the wake of the economic crash. This thesis attempted to discover if attitudes towards immigrants have changed in light of worsening economic conditions in Portugal during three different time periods 2002-2006-2012, with a primary focus on the most recent period where conditions were most austere. Moreover, this research also sought to establish the determinants which influence attitudes towards immigrants over the same time period. Data was used from three rounds of the European Social Survey and in particular, round 1 (2002/2003), round 3 (2006/2007) and round 6 (2012/2013). Descriptive statistics and ordered logistic regressions were used in order to answer the research questions and realistic group conflict theory was utilised as a theoretical framework when analysing and explaining the findings. It was evident that attitudes towards immigrants have become more negative over the given time period and were indeed most pronounced in light of the recent economic crisis. It was also apparent that natives who were in greater competition with immigrants possessed the most pronounced levels of prejudice.

Les grandes lignes et principes de l'organisation sociale d'une communaute paysanne du nord-ouest du portugal (melgaco, alto minho) ont ete degages a partir de l'analyse d'une activite technique et agricole, la pratique estivale d'irrigation. Dans cette region tres humide, l'eau d'irrigation est un moyen pour intensifier la production agricole, mais egalement un pretexte pour declencher des conflits, lesquels ont pour effet de reaffirmer des identites familiales et territoriales. L'etude des techniques d'irrigation et de la complexite des regles de distribution de l'eau, degage l'un des principes structurant de cette societe, a savoir celui de roulement (et correlativement d'egalite - non pas une egalite exprimee en termes de partage egal : &lt;&gt;; mais en termes de droit : &lt;&gt;) vivement revendique par les paysans. Ce principe-cle, regle sociale, est retrouve dans toutes les autres spheres de la vie sociale. En effet, chacun supporte l'autre, dans un contexte d'individualisme fort, parce qu'il profite, partage et respecte de meme bien (tel que l'eau) et valeurs, et tant qu'il ne cherche pas a se demarquer de l'ensemble du groupe par des initiatives a retombee gratifiante (economique et symbolique). Pourtant, l'etude de parente montre que ce jeu de la distinction est recherche et pratique : les droits d'eau, distingues de ceux de la terre, sont prioritairement transmis en ligne maternelle et leur possession intervient de facon decisive dans le chois du conjoint<br>The main lines of the social organisation of a peasant community of northern portugal (melgaco, alto minho) have been brought to light through the analysis of an agrarian technique : summer irrigation. In this very wet region, irrigation is a means of intensifying production but it is also pretext for initiating conflicts. These have for effect to reaffirm territorial and family identidies. The study who describes both irrigation techniques and the complexity of the sharing system, brings out one of the structuring principles of this community, that is rotational-sharing (linked to the principle of equal-share, not in terms of equal amount but in juridical terms : &lt;&gt;). This major principle is also active in all other fields of social life. Even though there is a strong individualistic context, everyone nonetheless tolerates the others because one profits from, shares and respects the same goods (water for example) and values, and as far as one does not try to stand-out from the group by selfgratifying initiatives whether economic or symbolic. Howewer, the study of kinship shows that the &lt;&lt; game &gt;&gt; of distinction is nonetheless a practice. It is even thought-after : water-rights, distinct from landrights are essentially handed-down in maternal line. Their possession is decisive in the choice of a spouse

Partant de l'analyse des changements intervenus a partir de la moitie des annees quatre-vingt dans le systeme financier portugais, cette these s'occupe d'etudier les dimensions technologie, organisation et conditions sociales de travail en rapport avec les strategies adoptees par les differents types de banques. En comparant deux banques nationales, l'une appartenant au secteur publique et l7autre au secteur prive, moyennant une enquete englobant un echantillon de caissiers d'agences situees a lisbonne, on constate un poids relatif moindre de la dimension technologie par rapport a l'ensemble mode d'organisation du travail et modele de gestion des ressources humaines dans les attitudes des caissiers. Ces deux dernieres dimensions faconnent nettement les contours des conditions sociales de travail propres a chaque banque. De meme, les modes d'intervention sur le marche propres a chaque banque, et qui sont influences par les cultures d'entreprise et par l'heritage du passe, conduisent a l'adoption de modeles d'organisation du travail et a des choix technologiques specifiques<br>This thesis analyses the changings occured in the eighties in the protuguese finantial system and their consequences, studying the technology, the organization and the working social conditions according to the strategies implemented by the different banks. Comparing two portuguese banks, one belonging to the public sector and the other to the private sector, we have made a research covering a sample of tellers from several agencies in lisbon. We have established a minor importance due to technology and a major importance given to work organization and human resources management models in the attitudes of t he tellers. These two elements determine the forms assumed by the working social conditions in each bank. The different ways banks operate in the market, influenced by enterprise cultures and the inheritance of the past, lead to the adoption of specific work organization models and technological choices

Esta investigação analisa o impacto da formação escolar profissionalizante em música na criação de capital cultural e na mobilidade social ascendente dos seus diplomados. Assume-se como caso de estudo os diplomados e as suas famílias, das quatros escolas profissionais de música no Norte de Portugal. De acordo com as teorias da reprodução e da distinção de Bourdieu, o capital cultural é um importante instrumento na reprodução de desigualdades sociais, pelo que as condições socioculturais familiares de origem são determinantes na diferenciação dos resultados escolares dos descendentes, no desenvolvimento das suas carreiras profissionais, na construção de preferências e nos comportamentos de consumo cultural. As mesmas teorias associam a estratificação social à criação de um gosto popular ou erudito, em função da existência, ou não, de capital cultural, condição necessária à compreensão de códigos e apreciação de bens simbólicos. Por seu lado, a investigação educativa produzida, a partir da década de setenta do século XX, tem vindo a reconhecer à escola e ao efeito-escola um importante papel no sucesso escolar e na definição de trajetórias de vida, invertendo o caráter fatalista da reprodução social familiar de origem. Num paradigma de mobilidade cultural, o atual debate sobre o omnivorismo cultural reconhece, nas sociedades atual, a existência de um novo perfil de participação cultural omnívora, que se traduz num leque alargado de preferências e de consumos, desde a arte erudita a manifestações próprias de subculturas populares. A análise sociológica do consumo acrescenta as trajetórias escolares, ocupações profissionais e estilos de vida como importantes fatores de estruturação do gosto em dialética com os fenómenos do consumo e das hierarquias culturais. Na investigação empírica realizada aplicam-se indicadores que permitem analisar o processo de criação de capital musical, através da socialização escolar, e os comportamentos de consumo cultural, desde a infância à idade adulta. Utilizam-se o questionário aplicado aos diplomados das EPM, complementado com entrevistas aos diretores e quadros pedagógicos intermédios das escolas como instrumentos. Constata-se que a ocupação profissional dos diplomados, o nível máximo de escolaridade atingido e os consumos musicais eruditos estão associados à trajetória escolar na EPM e são independentes das condições sociais familiares de origem, num modelo de mobilidade social ascendente intergeracional. Concluiu-se que a ampliação de capital musical construído na socialização escolar aumentou o processo de mobilidade social dos alunos, viabilizando o posterior acesso a ocupações profissionais de maior prestígio. Simultaneamente, assistiu-se a uma mudança dos padrões de consumo musical popular, através da incorporação de preferências pelo reportório musical de tradição europeia ocidental, num modelo de translação cultural independente da estratificação social de classe de origem familiar. No entanto, concluiu-se que o capital musical construído e refletido no gosto e nos comportamentos de consumo em adulto não conduziu os diplomados a um padrão de participação cultural omnívoro, comportamento que atualmente a sociologia de consumo reconhece como atributo das sociedades contemporâneas desenvolvidas.<br>This dissertation presents an analysis of the impact of musical education in a professional context on the creation of cultural capital and the upward social mobility of its graduates. The case studies here presented include the graduates and their families from four “Professional Schools” located in the North of Portugal. According to Bourdieu’s theories of “reproduction” and “distinction”, cultural capital is an important instrument in the reproduction of social inequality, and the specificities of family sociocultural origins are considered essential to the differentiation of the children school results, their access to professional careers, the construction of their cultural “choices” and their behavior as cultural consumers. The same theories associate social stratification with the creation of “popular” versus high culture taste, as a result of the existence or absence of cultural capital, and as a condition for the understanding and fruition of symbolic codes and goods. Moreover, the educational research produced after the 70s in the XX century, has been recognizing an important role to schooling and to the “schooling-effect” in the success of education and the positive definition of individual life trajectories, as well as it inverts the fatalist character of the reproduction of family sociocultural conditions. Within a paradigm of cultural mobility, the contemporary debate on cultural omnivorism recognizes in today’s society the existence of a new profile of omnivorous cultural participation, which is translated in a wide range of consume preferences, from high art to specific demonstrations of popular subcultures. The sociological analysis of consumption reinforces schooling trajectories, professional occupations and life styles as fundamental factors in the structuring of “taste” within a dialectic process with consumption issues and cultural hierarchies. In the empirical research carried out throughout this work were used indicators which allowed us to analyze the process of the creation of musical capital through the process of schooling socialization and the behaviors of cultural consumption, from childhood to adult age. The graduates from EPM were asked to answer questionnaires, which were complemented with interviews to the directors and intermediate pedagogic management of the schools, as empirical instruments. One realizes that the professional occupation of graduates, the maximum level of schooling reached and their high art musical choices are distinctively associated with the individual schooling trajectory in EPM and, independently of the family social origins, they are inscribed within a model of intergenerational upward social mobility. The conclusion of our analysis is that the widening of the musical capital built within the schooling socializing has increased the process of the students social mobility, enabling the ulterior access to a more prestigious professional occupation. In tandem with this, one recognizes the change and transformation of the patterns of popular musical consumption, via the incorporation of a “preference” for a musical repertoire within the Western European tradition, as a model of cultural translation which is independent from the social stratification of family origin. Notwithstanding, our conclusion is that the acquired musical capital reflected in the “taste” and the consume behavior of the adult individual has not led the graduates to a pattern of cultural omnivorous consumption, which today’s sociology of culture recognizes as an attribute of contemporary developed societies.

A partir de la thématique de la condition féminine, nous proposons une étude contextuelle et textuelle de Patologia Social. Nous étudions d’abord la situation de la femme portugaise de 1867 à 1910, c’est-à-dire le temps fictif de Patologia Social, en relation avec la République et le réalisme-naturalisme. Nous analysons ensuite les personnages féminins sous les angles narratologiques et sociaux. Du côté narratologique, nous mettons à nu la constitution textuelle de ces mêmes personnages, c’est-à-dire leur place dans l’histoire, leurs portraits, leurs voix, leur espace physique. Du côté social, les personnages sont pris comme des unités de signification mettant en évidence des états et des groupes, bref la société d’alors. De ces deux angles nous tirons deux conclusions : la première établit une relation indéfectible entre les portraits des personnages féminins et le dénouement de l’intrigue, et la seconde se focalise sur la sexualité dégradante de ces mêmes personnages<br>From the set of themes of the female condition, we propose a contextual and textual study of Patologia Social. We study initially the situation of the Portuguese woman between 1867 to 1910, that means the fictitious time of Patologia Social, in relation to the Republic and the realism-naturalism. We analyze then the female characters under the narratologic angles and social. On the narratologic side, we expose the textual constitution of these same characters, meaning their place in history, their portraits, their voices, their physical space. From the social side, the characters are taken as units of significance highlighting states and groups, so their all society. From these two angles we draw two conclusions: the first establishes an indefectible relation between the portraits of the female characters and their outcome, and the second is focused on the degrading sexuality of these same characters

Cette étude est consacrée à un espace lisboète dont l'évolution illustre assez bien les modes d'industrialisation des grandes villes européennes au cours du XIXe siècle, à travers le développement d'une économie d'agglomération. Ce processus est à l'origine de la formation d'un milieu social spécifique qui est ici étudié principalement du point de vue des habitants du quartier. Au début du XXe siècle, Alcântara est un quartier ouvrier mais aussi populaire. Les discours autour de ce quartier lisboète témoignent d'une certaine diversité sociale de peuplement. Cette étude s'intéresse aux formes de cohésion d'une population hétérogène aussi bien du point de vue des appartenances socioprofessionnelles que des origines et des parcours migratoires. Les univers relationnels d'un groupe d'habitants de ce quartier, reconstitués à partir d'actes de l'état civil, laissent entrevoir des formes de structuration du social à une échelle microlocale<br>This study focuses on a Lisbon neighbourhood, the evolution of which provides a clear example of the process of industrialisation that occurred in large European cities throughout the 19th century, through the development of an economy of agglomeration. This specific social environment is approached from the point of view of its inhabitants. At the beginning of the 20th century Alcântara was a predominantly workers' neighbourhood, although all the documentary evidence points to a much more socially diversified population. This study is particularly interested in the forms of social cohesion of a heterogeneous population made up of a variety of socio-professional groups with different migratory backgrounds. The relationships of one group of inhabitants from this neighbourhood, reconstructed through registries of births and baptisms, provide an understanding of different forms of social structure on a micro-local scale

Os registros medievais acerca das mulheres comumente reforçam uma idéia negativa do gênero feminino, delimitando seu espaço de ação ao privado e indicando o casamento como sua função primordial. Acreditamos, porém, que sem um cotejamento com os instrumentos de ação formais disponibilizados pelas mulheres, a aceitação tácita dos postulados oriundos da ética cristã para o conhecimento da condição social feminina leva-nos a uma compreensão não mais que parcial dos papéis desempenhados no conjunto social. Desta feita, para conhecermos a condição social das mulheres de 16 vilas e cidades da região da Estremadura portuguesa, no século XV, recorremos a documentos oficiais para descobrir os direitos postos a sua disposição pela legislação portuguesa. A análise da documentação leva-nos a inferir que a mulher, detentora de uma identidade jurídica identificada na legislação do reino, encontrava nos dispositivos legais enunciados pelo poder real os meios necessários para garantir a manutenção de seu direito à propriedade, bem como a certa liberdade para dispor de seus bens.<br>The medieval records about women usually strengthen the negative concept of the gender, restraining then to the domestic space and indicating the marriage as their main function. We believe, however, that the tacit acceptance of the postulates from the Christian ethic for the comprehension of women\'s social condition without analyzing the instruments they had would lead us to an understanding no more than partial of the rolls they played. Therefore, in our research we seek women in the XV century in 16 villages and towns from the Portuguese Estremadura, to find women in the public spaces we turned to official manuscript documents from Portuguese archives, to find their rights, to the royal legislation. The analysis of the documentation indicates that the women with a juridical identity could find in the legal devices the means to assure the maintenance of their right to properties as well as a certain freedom to administrate their possessions.

Dans l'émigration, le retour est toujours présent en tant que projet de vie de l'émigré. Cependant, les changements opérés chez la personne au niveau psychosocial et économique provoquent une crise identitaire lors du retour au pays d'origine. Elle doit par ailleurs, composer avec la société d'origine, différente de celle qu'elle a quittée. Le retour périodique en vacances n'est pas suffisant à la personne pour percevoir ces changements. La société d'origine ne la reçoit pas les bras ouverts, d'autant qu'elle a des stéréotypes dévalorisants liés à l'émigration. Ainsi, lors du retour, dans le Nord intérieur du Portugal, l'impact psychologique se traduit par une insatisfaction au pays d'origine mais aussi par une inadaptation et un sentiment de nostalgie à l'égard du pays d'accueil. Le retour provoque du stress chez la personne, notamment l'humeur dépressive et la lassitude mais aussi l'angoisse face au présent à l'avenir. Pour gérer ce stress elle met en oeuvre des conduites adaptatives qui ne sont pas toujours positives. Ainsi, la personne en retour se retient d'agir, évite les contacts sociaux. Lorsque les émotions sont trop importantes, elle demande l'appui social à son entourage, essentiellement de l'aide affective. La crise identitaire peut être dépassée si la personne s'investit dans les projets valorisants et s'adapte. Dans le cas contraire, le retour est suivi d'une re-émigration vers l'étranger (pays d'accueil) ou se traduit par une migration interne vers la zone littorale du pays<br>As far as emigration is concerned, the idea of going back home is always present in the emigrant's mind. However, on a both psychological and economic level, the changes occured in the emigrant's mind once actually back in the home country lead to an identity crisis. Besides, the emigrant must adapt to a society which has grown very different from the one he/she left. Going back periodically, on holiday, is not enough for the emigrant to be aware of these changes. He/she is not welcomed with open arms by a home society which has negative stereotypes about emigration. Thus, when emigrants come back to the North East of Portugal, the psychological impact is usually shown by a lack of satisfaction towards the home country, an inability to adapt and a feeling of nostalgia for the host country. Coming back home therefore provokes in the emigrant a feeling of stress, a depressive mood, weariness as well as an anxiety in relation to both present and future. To deal with this stress, the emigrant usually adopts behaviours which are not positive. When the emotions become too important, the emigrant requires social help from the people around him, mostly of an emotional kind. The identity crisis may be overtaken if the emigrant invests in self-realizing projects and manages to adapt. Otherwise, going back home may lead to another emigration, abroad (to the host country) or internal, through a migration to Western Portugal

Le phénomène de Reconquête, dans la péninsule ibérique, soulève des controverses mais suscite des problématiques d'une grande richesse. Dans le cadre choisi (le garb = l'ouest de l'Espagne musulmane, correspondant à peu près au sud du Portugal), les travaux sur ce sujet sont rares et parfois vieillis. L’insuffisance des recherches sur l'islam "portugais" et la dimension culturelle du sujet nous ont conduit à étudier la société islamique pour elle-même et non en tant que simple prélude à la conquête car l'imprégnation prolongée des indigènes par la culture arabo-musulmane introduit des originalités irréductibles ; mais la pauvreté des sources arabes et l'insuffisance des recherches archéologiques au Portugal interdisent d'en évaluer toute la portée. Il faut donc recourir à une méthode comparative et régressive très délicate - en se fondant sur les documents chrétiens - pour étudier la nature de la société rurale islamique et le remplacement de ses structures par une nouvelle organisation. La conquête chrétienne constitue une rupture totale à de nombreux points de vue mais cette rupture est plus ou moins prononcée selon les zones, à cause des différences dans l'intensité de la colonisation et dans le rythme de progression des armées (de 1147 à 1249). Les modes de peuplement apparaissent très différents sous l'Islam et après la conquête. Il est plus difficile d'estimer l'impact de la colonisation chrétienne sur l'organisation socio-politique de la paysannerie (qui passe de communautés castrales à des municipes); le rôle des mudéjares et surtout des musulmans convertis…<br>In the Iberian Peninsula, the question of the Reconquest is much debated but it raises very deep problematics. In this setting (the western part of the Muslim Spain, corresponding approximatively to the south of Portugal), works are rare and sometimes dated. The lack of research about the "Portuguese" Islam and the cultural dimension of the topic led us to study the Islamic society for itself and not as a simple prelude to the conquest, because the lengthy immersion of the natives by the Arabic-Muslim culture creates basic original aspects. However, the rarity of the Arabian documents and the lack of archaeological research in Portugal does not allow the evaluation of their impact. So a very difficult comparative and regressive method must be used (based on Christian documents) to study the Islamic rural society and the substitution of its structure by a new organization. The Christian conquest constitutes a total rupture in many aspects but this rupture is more or less emphasized according to the regions because of the differencies in the intensity of colonization and progression's rythm of the armies (from 1147 to 1249). The settlement seems very different under Islam and after the conquest. It’s more difficult to appreciate the impact of the Christian colonization in the peasantry's socio-political structures (from castral communities to municipal ones); we are far from the understanding role of the mudejars and above all the conversos to a new society organization, even if this is the key to the main questions. However, it is indeed decisive seeing first the undeniable continuity (more or less long-lasting) in agricultural techniques then, some special linguistic aspects

Chaque système universitaire, en organisant ses modes de sélection, ses formalités d'études, des conditions de vie, contribue à façonner un type d'expérience sociale spécifique qui est en fait l'essentiel du mode de socialisation des acteurs. Ces espaces de socialisation et d'éducation que sont les universités au-delà de leurs logiques d'offre de services scientifiques et de qualification, sont dans un même temps -le temps des études-associés à l'entité urbaine, et à la formation de l'expérience et de l'identité étudiantes. Le travail de recherche décrit dans cette thèse est une étude croisée de la morphologie sociale d'une population spécifique (les étudiants), de l'histoire et des évolutions d'une institution (l'université), et d'espaces universitaires et urbains pour des environnements historique, géographique, culturel, social particuliers : Séoul en Corée du Sud ; Coimbra au Portugal; Toulouse en France. Cette enquête intègre à un travail d'observation participante de huit années des données quantitatives (1350 questionnaires) recueillies auprès d'étudiants inscrits dans trois organisations universitaires différenciées. L'étude comparée des grandes catégories qui structurent la vie étudiante propose ainsi des lectures hétérogènes pouvant néanmoins présenter des repères analogiques. L'analyse comparée de trois formes de socialisation des étudiants et des modes de sociabilité qui leur sont associés doit éclairer d'une manière nouvelle la sociologie des systèmes universitaires en étudiant ce qu'ils « produisent », à savoir des types d'acteurs sociaux<br>The system of each university, which is constituted by selection and matriculation methods, academic formalities, and everyday life conditions, generates a specific type of social experience. The latter is the essential of the university student's process of socialization. Beyond their core business of degree award and scientific knowledge provision, universities, as areas of socialization and education, can be, for the duration of the studies, associated with the urban entity, and shape university student's identity and personal experience. My research involves various domains such as the social morphology of a specific population (the students), the history and evolution of certain institution (the university) and the link between university and urban areas. All these aspects had been brought into contact with specific historical, geographical, cultural and social contexts: Seoul in South Korea, Coimbra in Portugal and Toulouse in France. This thesis integrates eight-year work of participating observation and quantitative information (1350 questionnaires) collected from university students registered in three differentiated universities. The comparative study of the main categories which structure the student life suggests heterogeneous readings which nevertheless would present analogical reference. Through the comparative analysis of those three forms of university student socialization process, this thesis to shed light on a new approach to the sociology of academic systems, by studying what they "produce": specific types of social actors

Derrière la complexité des migrations économiques internationales, se présente un ensemble d'enjeux d'ordre interne et externe lies aux inégalités socio-économiques. Le phénomène de l'émigration portugaise est, depuis cinq siècles, un cas exemplaire à ce sujet. Pendant cette longue période, l'émigration est passée d'une donnée conjoncturelle de la société portugaise a une donnée structurelle. Elle attend particulièrement les régions et les groupes sociaux plus démunis sur le point de vue socio-économique. Attires d'abord par les pays d'outre-Atlantique, elle se tourne de préférence, depuis 1960, vers le continent européen et surtout vers la France. Arrives la dans un but socio-économique bien défini et avec un projet de retour à court et à moyen terme. Les portugais ont, pour la plupart, transforme leurs projets en cours de séjour. Ils s'installent en France et entament des processus d'insertion sociale locale. Pour y parvenir, plusieurs transformations socio-économiques se sont opérées au fil du temps vécu dans l'agglomération parisienne. Dès lors il se produit des processus d'insertion sociale différencies au sein même de ces communautés en interaction avec le contexte social local. L’étude comparative qui a été poursuivie le met en relief<br>Underling the complexity of the international economic migrations is a whole set of factors of internal and external order linked to the socio-economic, inequalities. To this regard the phenomenon of Portuguese emigration has been, along five centuries, an exemplary case. During this long period emigration, at first a conjuncture element of Portuguese society, has become a structural feature. It concerns in particular the most impoverished areas and social groups from the socio economic point of view. Attracted to the countries on the other side of Atlantic in the first place, the Portuguese emigration turned itself preferentially, since 1960, to the European continent, in particular to France. Arrived with a well-defined socio-economic goal and with planes of return in not too distant a future, the Portuguese have- in general, converted these plans along their stay. They setteled in France and initiated processes of social and local insertion. To get to the main point, many transformations took place with the passing of time in the urban area of Paris. From then on different forms of social insertion take shape and this is so within the very communities whose comparative study is here undertaken en

Le Portugal a démontré être un bon laboratoire de recherche pour l’étude des dynamiques d’un système d’innovation, ayant subi de profonds changements politiques et structurels au long des trente dernières années du XXème siècle. Aussi parce que son système d’innovation a acquis une configuration différente de celle des autres pays de la cohésion de l’Union Européenne, quoiqu’ils se soient ressemblés dans les années soixante du dernier siècle. Cette thèse a adopté une combinaison de trois écoles de pensée : l’Evolutionniste, la nouvelle sociologie de la science et la neo-institutionaliste. Deux moments de cristallisation ont été trouvés dans le procès de construction du système d’innovation, chacun correspondant à des moments d’irréversibilité dans leur configuration. Le premier moment correspond à la réforme des universités en 1970, qui a conduit à l’expansion des «embryons » en germination dans la configuration antérieure, centrée sur les laboratoires nationaux, qui ont défini une nouvelle configuration pour le modèle maintenant centré sur la recherche universitaire. Le deuxième moment a correspondu à la période d’adhésion à la CEE, avec la stabilisation des procès et des structures de la politique publique pour la S&amp;TI. L’expansion du système s’est basée sur des projets de structure, dans le format d’organisations privées sans but lucratifs qui ont construit un espace de médiation entre les compétences et les ressources des acteurs traditionnels. Une typologie pour ces organisations à été proposé<br>Portugal is a good research laboratory for the study of dynamics of a system of innovation, because of major political and structural changes faced in the last thirty years of the 20th century. Besides, the Portuguese system has taken a specific configuration of its system of innovation, when compared with other EU cohesion countries, although having similar characteristics and level of development in the 960s. A mix of three theoretical approaches was drawn on for this research: the evolutionary economics, the new sociology of sciences and the neo-institutionalist schools. Two moments of crystallization in the process of building the Portuguese system of innovation were ound, which corresponded to processes of irreversibilisation of the model. The first moment was the reform of the universities in the 70s, which led to the expansion of the “seeds” of the previous configuration, centred upon public laboratories, and generated a new one entred on academic research and non-profit organizations. The second moment was the period after the accession to the European communities with the stabilization of the policy-making processes and structures. The expansion of the system then took place based on temporary project structures, with the format of non-profit organizations, which constructed a space that mediates the spaces of the traditional actors. A typology for this type of organizations was proposed

La présente thèse se donne pour objectif de saisir les enjeux identitaires déployés autour de la réception de la chaîne satellitaire RTP Internacional (RTPi) par la population d’origine portugaise d’Ile-de-France. Confrontée aux assignations des pays d’origine et d’accueil, l’expérience migratoire suscite une pluralité d’inscriptions symboliques et médiatiques. Imbriquées les unes dans les autres, ces propositions de sens, ces invitations à partager des mondes sociaux imaginaires, esquissent différentes figures idéelles du public et les jeux de langage qui vont avec. Quel que soit leur statut socioculturel, les téléspectateurs migrants en sont plus ou moins conscients. Ils ont appris à composer avec l’enchevêtrement des territoires et la labilité des contextes. Notre recherche se propose d’articuler le niveau microsociologique de la réception avec la question plus générale des publics et des appartenances, l’univers médiatique avec le monde social, les pratiques quotidiennes avec l’imaginaire collectif, la sphère privée avec la sphère publique. Au travers d’une approche interactionniste qui tient à la fois compte de l’analyse des médias, d’autres expériences culturelles et des représentations politiques, il s’agit de rompre avec une posture médiacentrique au profit d’une analyse compréhensive aussi bien des contextes sociohistoriques de circulation du sens social que de pratiques quotidiennes des acteurs. Ce parcours nous conduira, à tour de rôle, à la rencontre des représentations associées à l’identité nationale portugaise, à l’histoire de l’immigration en France, aux émissions radiophoniques de l’ORTF pour les travailleurs étrangers (1966-1992), à l’évolution du paysage audiovisuel lusitanien (1957-2005), à l’analyse du discours de RTPi (en fonction des différents genres télévisuels), à l’observation des dynamiques familiales et des récits de vie qui jalonnent l’expérience spectatorielle de soixante Portugais de la première et de la deuxième génération.

Les migrations internationales sont généralement observées, d'un point de vue économique, comme résultat des différentiels de salaires espérés entre pays. En partant des recherches plus récentes, proposées par la nouvelle économie des migrations, nous proposons dans ce travail de tenir compte des inégalités économiques dans la société d'originepour interpréter les comportements migratoires. Le travail de terrain privilégié dans ce travail est une communauté rurale dans le Nord du Portugal, marquée par d'importants flux migratoires entre 1950 et 1970. Le croisement de plusieurs échelles d'analyse et de différentes sources d'informations, qualitatives et quantitatives, a permis d'observer que les salaires plus élevés à l'étranger agissent sur un groupe particulier d'individus. Ces observations ont des implications théoriques et politiques dans un processus de développement qui sont discutées au long du travail<br>The international migrations are generally analyzed, from an economic point of view, as a result of the expected salaries differential. Inspired in the new economics of labour migration, our target is to analyze the migrations privileging the economic inequalities on the society of origin. The empiric work takes place in a rural community in the north of Portugal, where important migration flows appeared between 1950 and 1970. The use of different scales of analysis and different sources of information, qualitative and quantitative, has allowed the observation that the higher salaries in foreign countries influence the migration of a particular group of individuals. Those observations have theoretical and political implications in the development process that are discussed along all this research

L'histoire de l'île d'Annobón et de sa population est très originale. Déserte à sa découverte, à la fin du XVe siècle, elle est ensuite peuplée d'individus d'origines variées, quelques Portugais, mais surtout des Luso-Africains et Africains libres, affranchis ou esclaves. Si cette situation et ces mélanges se retrouvent dans différentes îles africaines de l'Atlantique, la proportion des Africains est ici plus importante qu'ailleurs. En conséquence, les habitants parviennent à s'affranchir du joug portugais et de l'esclavage beaucoup plus rapidement que les autres territoires de l'empire lusitanien. Malgré cela, elle est l'objet de convoitise de plusieurs pays occidentaux. Finalement, l'île et ses habitants sont officiellement cédés à l'Espagne contre des territoires américains à la fin du XVIIIe siècle. Les Espagnols découvriront un peu tard, face au refus des insulaires d'accepter cette nouvelle dépendance, qu'ils ont été dupés. Cette résistance, doublée du manque de moyens dont dispose l'Espagne pour mettre en valeur ses territoires d'Afrique centrale, rend impossible la colonisation de cette terre jusqu'à la fin du XIXe siècle. L'attachement connu des Annobonais à la religion catholique permettra aux Espagnols de s'imposer, mais seulement après l'installation d'une mission permanente dans l'île. Les missionnaires découvrent alors une société qui, du fait de son isolement, a connu un développement spécifique dans ses croyances, ses cultes, mais aussi dans sa structure, ses règles et son fonctionnement<br>The history of Annobon Island and its population is one of a kind. Discovered at the end of the 15th century, the island was uninhabited. The people sent to Annobon in order to settle there were a few Portuguese and mainly Luso-Africans or Africans who were free, emancipated or enslaved. Other African islands in the Atlantic Ocean with mixed populations have known a similar situation but Annobon Island is the place where Africans were more numerous than anywhere else. Thanks to that distinctive feature, the Annobonese succeedeed to free themselves from the Portuguese authority and from slavery long before the other territories of the Lusitanian Empire. The island was coveted by several Western countries despite the well¬known spirit of rebellion of the Annobonese. At the end of the 18th century, it was officially ceded to Spain in return for American territories. Spaniards discovered a bit late that they had been fooled : indeed, they failed to take possession of the island because its population rejected this new dependence. Until the end of the 19th century, the resistance of the Annobonese population as well as the lack of resources of Spain prevented the Spaniards from organizing the settlement of a religious mission in Annobon. The attachment of the Annobonese to Catholicism allowed Spaniards to start colonizing the population but only after a permanent mission settled in the island. Then, the missionaries discovered an original society with its own religious beliefs, worships, power structures and rules

Defence date: 29 October 2009<br>Examining Board: Prof. Martin Rhodes (Denver University, formerly EUI) (Supervisor); Prof. Manuel Villaverde Cabral (ICS-University of Lisbon); Prof. Maurizio Ferrera (Milan University); Prof. Peter Mair (European University Institute)<br>PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses<br>This thesis aims to analyse how three different instruments of European social policy with different convergence capacity have been implemented in one member state (Portugal) and try to understand the factors that explain the different degrees of change in domestic policies in response to European pressures. The subject of this dissertation emerged from a paradox: Portugal reveals a noticeable capacity to incorporate pressures from European social policies soft mechanisms, but at the same time shows a consistent pattern of bad compliance when it comes to hard-law instruments. This pattern of asymmetrical compliance creates an appropriate setting to understand how on one hand the Europeanization process affects domestic policies, and on the other, which factors explain the variation in the levels of policy change from one sub-field of social policy to another via policy instruments with different convergence capacities. I claim that the reasons for compliance with Europe should be sought in domestic factors, namely in the combination of a conducive context created by a strong European legacy in domestic policies with the convergence between the European pressure and the domestic policy agenda in policy arenas whose characteristics facilitate policy change. I make the case that there is no dualism between a politicisation and a socialisation approach. In fact, even considering the predominance of politicisation mechanisms, I argue that when compliance occurs, both mechanisms are present. My argument is that responses to European pressures reflect not only the introduction of new incentive structures but also the creation of new patterns of social relations. This is particularly true for European social policies, an area where Europe has invested over time in the dissemination of ideational resources, alongside material incentives. I argue that those ideational resources have a delayed effect by formatting policy arenas and giving meaning to certain incentives, providing a social context whereby pressures are perceived both as costeffective and as legitimate. The corollary of this line of reasoning is that there is no relation between the a priori convergence capacity of European policy instruments (i.e. soft and hard-law) and their de facto effectiveness. In the cases analysed, the decisive factor for domestic compliance was the combination of ideational with political factors. Furthermore, I argued that the distinctive traits of each policy arena are central to understand the extent to which EU policy initiatives mobilise domestic coalitions, which prove decisive for the resistance of policy innovation.

Defence date: 6 November 1998<br>Examining board: Prof. Dr. Carlo Corsini ; Prof. Dr. João de Pina Cabral ; Prof. Dr. Jaime Reis ; Prof. Dr. Robert Rowland (Orientador)<br>PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

Defence date: 6 July 2006<br>Examining board: Ana Rute Cardoso, IZA, Bonn ; Pascal Courty, European University Institute ; Andrea Ichino, Supervisor, European University Institute ; Claudio Lucifora, Università Cattolica, Milano<br>PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

The aim of this study was to explore how adolescent mothers living in care in Portugal experience support in their life transitions. The study purposively sampled five adolescent mothers who were living in a care facility in Portugal because they became pregnant or mothers and were vulnerable. The qualitative research design was employed because the study sought to project the lived reality of adolescent mothers. The Skype video call interviewing was used for the data collection. Using a thematic analysis, the study identified themes that explained adolescent mothers’ experiences of support prior to motherhood, experiences of support in their transition to motherhood, strengths to manage life challenges, and future expectations of support. The study revealed that prior to motherhood, the adolescent mothers living in care experienced insufficient sexual support and unstable family relationships, resulting in their early pregnancies. Also, the study revealed that after their transition into motherhood, the adolescent mothers were placed into care where they experienced institutional support, sexual support, the presence of their estranged family, and social support from friends and partners. Furthermore, adolescent mothers living in care were able to develop strengths through their experiences of support and through willpower. Finally, the study found that adolescent mothers living in care had high expectations of life. They expected future support to achieve their hopes in education, employment, accommodation, and hopes for their children. This study recommends that sexual support for adolescent girls must be improved at multiple levels; family, school, and social media networks. Also, adolescent mothers must be regarded as people with strengths and high hopes, instead of people with low life expectations.

As trajetórias escolares e a atividade profissional desenvolvida por cada indivíduo resultam de processos complexos decorrentes da socialização familiar e da socialização escolar, reconhecendo-se que a origem social é um importante fator de diferenciação nos comportamentos dos estudantes e no seu percurso profissional. A instituição escolar tem tendência para reproduzir os códigos da cultura familiar e assim penalizar os filhos das classes sociais mais desfavorecidas. A investigação educativa que tem vindo a ser produzida, a partir da década de setenta do século XX, reconheceu à escola um importante papel na desconstrução dessa realidade, invertendo o caráter contínuo da exclusão e reprodução social e produzindo a mobilidade social. Neste estudo aborda-se a problemática da mobilidade social através de um estudo de caso que analisa a trajetória escolar e profissional dos diplomados das escolas profissionais de música em idade adulta, do Norte de Portugal, em função das condições socioculturais familiares de origem. O tema escolhido remeteu-nos, de imediato, para a análise do processo de criação das escolas profissionais, em 1989. Estas instituições surgiram como uma rede de iniciativa eminentemente local e de regime privado, com um elevado grau de autonomia e enquadramento determinado por políticas internacionais de integração europeia e de desenvolvimento económico-social que se alargavam a Portugal. A conceção do currículo, a definição da estrutura curricular dos cursos profissionais de música e o regime curricular e pedagógico da distribuição do tempo, atribuindo 50% das horas de aprendizagem à componente artística/técnica determinaram que a música prática estivesse no centro da socialização escolar. Utilizando o questionário como instrumento de pesquisa e uma amostra que incluiu os diplomados adultos das EPM do Norte de Portugal, estudaram-se quatro importantes indicadores que permitem avaliar a existência de mobilidade social ascendente: condições sociais familiares de origem, resultados escolares, diploma máximo obtido e ocupação profissional dos diplomados. Através da análise estatística com utilização do SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) observou-se que a escolaridade máxima que é por atingida pelos diplomados das EPM e a ocupação profissional que exercem não dependem da condição social familiar de origem, sendo independentes do capital escolar familiar.<br>Educational trajectories and the professional activity taken by each individual are the outcome of complex processes arising from family socialization and school socialization, recognising that social background is a major distinction factor in students’ achievements and on their professional careers. The school institution has a tendency to reproduce family cultural codes thereby penalising children from underprivileged social classes. The educational research that has been produced since last century’s 70's, gave the school institution a major role in deconstructing such reality, reversing the ongoing facts of exclusion and social reproduction while producing social mobility. This study approaches the problematic social mobility through a case study which analyses the educational and professional trajectories of adult graduates from professional music schools, in the north region of Portugal, according to their families’ socio-cultural circumstances. The subject chosen sent us immediately to the process of creation of professional schools in 1989. These institutions arose mainly as a local initiative network of private scheme, with a high level of autonomy and a framework determined by international policies of European integration and of socio-economic development, which was extended to Portugal. The curriculum design, the definition of a curricular structure for the music professional programs and the curricular and pedagogical regime for timetabling, assigning 50 percent of the learning hours to the technical/ artistic component, determined music practice to be the core of school socialization. Using the questionnaire as research instrument and a sample that includes the adult graduates from the EPM [Professional Music Schools] in the North of Portugal, four important markers were studied: students’ family’s social conditions, school achievements, academic diploma, and professional occupation of the graduates. Through statistical evaluation using SPSS it was observed that the highest rank achieved by the EPM graduates in college education and the professional occupation they hold in adult age, do not depend on family social background, being independent from family educational capital.

The demand for mental health care services is increasing significantly in the World and in Europe. For a country like Portugal, that is one of the countries with the largest prevalence of mental illnesses in Europe and with a level of supply that is not enough for the level of demand that exists nowadays, the urgency to be able to present a mental health care network able to respond to the expected increase in the demand for mental health services is higher and higher. In this thesis, a mathematical programming model - MHCU model - is presented in order to assist the decision makers to plan a mental health network that can respond to the current and future situation of the mental health care in Portugal. The model focus in the Great region of Lisbon and considers the different services provided and multiple objectives relevant in the mental health sector like the minimization of the cost or the maximization of the different equities values that are used in the model. The MHCU model is a stochastic model in order to be able to take into consideration the uncertainty associated with the mental health sector in different parameters like the demand for service and the length of stay in the network for each patient.<br>A procura por serviços da rede de saúde mental está a aumentar significativamente no mundo e na Europa. Para um país como Portugal, que é um dos países com maior número de doentes mentais na Europa e com um nível de oferta deste tipo de serviços que não é suficiente para corresponder ao nível de procura que existe. A urgência de conseguir reformular a rede de saúde mental em Portugal de forma a que consiga responder ao expectável aumento da procura é cada vez maior. Nesta tese, é apresentado um modelo matemático - modelo MHCU - como forma de assistir os responsáveis pela gestão da saúde mental em Portugal a tomar decisões que permitam reformular a rede de saúde mental em Portugal de forma a que esta consiga responder a atual e futura realidade deste sector em Portugal Este modelo é focado na grande região de Lisboa e considera os diferentes serviços e diferentes objetivos que são relevantes para o sector da saúde mental, como minimizar o custo ou maximizar as diferentes equidades que são utilizadas no modelo. O modelo MHCU é um modelo estocástico de forma a que consiga ter em consideração a incerteza que se encontra associada ao sector da saúde mental em diferentes parâmetros como a procura pelos serviços e o tempo de permanencia nos serviços por parte de cada paciente.

ABSTRACT - Background: Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions (ACSC) are health conditions for which adequate management, treatment and interventions delivered in outpatient setting could avoid the need of hospital admission. Hospitalizations for ACSC have been used to assess access, quality, and performance of the Primary Health Care (PHC). Portugal and Brazil have carried out reforms in their PHC delivery system in the last years, with similar organizational characteristics and objectives. While inter-country comparison provides opportunities for cross-country learning, ACSC have limitations as an indicator for quality of care. The aim of this thesis was to analyze the dynamics of hospitalizations for Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions in Brazil and Portugal. Methods: Firstly, a literature review was conducted to identify the conceptual, methodological, contextual and policy dimensions and factors that need to be accounted for when comparing hospitalizations for ACSC across countries. Secondly, hospitalizations for ACSC in Brazil and Portugal were compared in the dimensions of occurrence, rates, causes, sociodemographic characteristics, costs of hospitalizations and economic impact, geographic distribution and variations, and identification of spatial clusters. The data for this comparison was obtained from administrative databases of all hospitalizations in public hospital in each country for the year 2015. ACSC were classified according to the methodology by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Thirdly, a longitudinal analysis was carried out to investigate if expansion of PHC reform in Brazil and Portugal (using coverage of Family Health Units as proxy) was associated to hospitalizations for ACSC. This analysis was conducted for the period 2007 and 2016 using the same administrative databases, and possible associations analyzed using Spearman’s correlation analysis, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and linear regressions. Results: The inter-country comparison of hospitalizations for ACSC can suggest health policy implications and potential points of improvements to reduce these events; however there are factors in the dimension of methods, population and health system that need to be accounted for. Hospitalizations for ACSC accounted for around 7 and 10% of all hospitalizations in Brazil and Portugal in 2015, respectively. Both countries have similarities in standardized rates and which conditions were more common, and differences in crude rates and age distribution. Each hospitalization for ACSC had an estimated cost of US$ PPP 1,919 and 4,278 in Brazil and Portugal, respectively. Both countries presented expressive geographic variations in rates of hospitalizations for ACSC. These indicate room of ix improvement and efficiency gains in Brazil and Portugal. Rates of hospitalizations for ACSC between 2007 and 2016 decreased in Brazil and increased in Portugal; although there were indications that expansion of PHC reform may be associated to reductions in ACSC hospitalizations, these results only applied for specific conditions and geographic areas within each country, and for some conditions results were discordant between the two countries. Conclusions: It is important to reduce ACSC hospitalizations given the impact these events represent for health systems and for society. The existing literature on inter-country comparison of hospitalizations for ACSC agree that strengthening PHC and promoting access provides opportunities to reduce these events. There was no robust evidence of the association between expansion of PHC reforms in Brazil and Portugal and reduction of hospitalizations for ACSC, indicating that the PHC reforms did not produce the same results neither within or between countries and not for all conditions. Findings indicate that focused actions can be more effective to reduce such events, with examples in both countries serving as valuable clues for the learning process and improvement.<br>RESUMO - Enquadramento: Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions (ACSC) [Condições sensíveis ao cuidado em ambulatório] são condições de saúde para as quais o cuidado, tratamento e intervenção adequados realizados em contexto ambulatorial poderiam evitar a necessidade de internamento hospitalar. Os internamentos por ACSC têm sido utilizados para avaliar o acesso, a qualidade e o desempenho dos Cuidados de Saúde Primários (CSP). Portugal e o Brasil realizaram reformas em seus CSP nos últimos anos, com características e objetivos organizacionais semelhantes. Embora a comparação entre países ofereça oportunidades de aprendizagem entre países, as ACSC têm limitações como indicador de qualidade do cuidado. O objetivo desta tese foi analisar a dinâmica dos internamentos por ACSC no Brasil e em Portugal. Métodos: Em primeiro lugar, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura para identificar as dimensões conceituais, metodológicas, contextuais e políticas e os fatores que precisam ser considerados ao comparar os internamentos por ACSC entre países. Em segundo lugar, os internamentos por ACSC no Brasil e em Portugal foram comparados nas dimensões de ocorrência, taxas, causas, características sociodemográficas, custos de internamento e impacto econômico, distribuição e variações geográficas e identificação de clusters espaciais. Os dados para essa comparação foram obtidos em bancos de dados administrativos de todas os internamentos em hospitais públicos de cada país para o ano de 2015. ACSC foram classificadas de acordo com a metodologia da Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Em terceiro lugar, uma análise longitudinal foi realizada para investigar se a expansão da reforma dos CSP no Brasil e em Portugal (utilizando a cobertura de Unidades de Saúde da Família como proxy) estava associada aos internamentos por ACSC. Esta análise foi realizada para o período de 2007 e 2016 usando os mesmos bancos de dados administrativos e as possíveis associações analisadas usando a análise de correlação de Spearman, testes de Kruskal-Wallis e regressões lineares. Resultados: A comparação de internamentos por ACSC entre países pode sugerir implicações para as políticas de saúde e pontos de melhorias potenciais para reduzir esses eventos; no entanto, existem fatores na dimensão dos métodos, população e sistema de saúde que precisam ser considerados. Os internamentos por ACSC representaram cerca de 7 e 10% de todas os internamentos no Brasil e em Portugal em 2015, respectivamente. Ambos os países têm semelhanças nas taxas padronizadas e quais condições eram mais comuns, e diferenças nas taxas brutas e distribuição por idade. Cada internamento por ACSC teve um custo estimado de US$ PPP 1.919 e 4.278 no Brasil e em Portugal, respectivamente. Ambos os países apresentaram variações geográficas expressivas nas taxas de internamentos por ACSC. Estes resultados indicam espaço para melhorias e ganhos de eficiência no Brasil e em Portugal. As taxas de internamentos por ACSC entre 2007 e 2016 diminuíram no Brasil e aumentaram em Portugal; embora houvesse indícios de que a expansão da reforma dos CSP possa estar associada a reduções nas internações por ACSC, esses resultados se aplicam apenas a condições e áreas geográficas específicas de cada país, e para algumas condições os resultados foram discordantes entre os dois países. A redução dos internamentos por ACSC é importante devido ao impacto que esses eventos representam para os sistemas de saúde e para a sociedade. A literatura existente sobre a comparação de internamentos por ACSC entre países concorda que o fortalecimento dos CSP e a promoção do acesso oferecem oportunidades para reduzir esses eventos. Não houve evidência robusta da associação entre a expansão das reformas dos CSP no Brasil e em Portugal e a redução dos internamentos por ACSC, indicando que as reformas dos CSP não produziram os mesmos resultados nem dentro ou entre os países e nem para todas as condições. Os resultados indicam que as ações focadas podem ser mais eficazes para reduzir tais eventos, com exemplos em ambos os países servindo como pistas valiosas para o processo de aprendizagem e melhoria.

In order to provide guidance to member states, and issue policy recommendations on Ageing related policies, the European Commission publishes the so-called Ageing Report. However, the report’s methodology is opaque and relies on debatable assumptions. This master thesis provides two key contributions. First, we replicate the Ageing Report methodology for the computation of potential output, by developing a modelling tool that allows for the derivation of the 2018 Ageing Report results. Our second contribution is precisely to challenge one key assumption of the model, namely the long run technological convergence. Different scenarios for Total Factor Productivity are derived and the estimates for the Potential GDP are presented. These estimations are significantly different from the Ageing Report baseline results, and thus impact the policy recommendations. Our results are illustrated for the case of Portugal, but the tool we created allows for an easy replication for other member states.

RESUMO - Introdução: A presença de múltiplas doenças crónicas, em simultâneo, no mesmo indivíduo é um problema de saúde pública cada vez mais relevante para os sistemas de saúde. Os doentes com multimorbilidade têm necessidades de saúde acrescidas, o que representa um ónus elevado na utilização dos cuidados de saúde. Tanto nos Estados Unidos da América (EUA) como na Europa, estima-se que entre 70% a 80% do orçamento total de saúde seja destinado às doenças crónicas. Na Europa, os doentes com multimorbilidade são responsáveis por até 78% das consultas nos cuidados de saúde primários. O seu peso é igualmente elevado nos cuidados hospitalares nos EUA, com um risco até 14,6 vezes superior de internamento e com um tempo de hospitalização 25 vezes mais longo em relação aos doentes sem doenças crónicas. Métodos: Este estudo foca-se na análise da associação entre a multimorbilidade e a utilização dos cuidados de saúde na população portuguesa, entre os 25 e os 74 anos de idade, assim como na descrição da prevalência da multimorbilidade em Portugal e na análise da utilização dos cuidados de saúde por grupo de doenças crónicas específicas e por cada doença crónica adicional. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico, observacional, analítico e transversal que tem como fonte de informação a base de dados do Inquérito Nacional de Saúde com Exame Físico (INSEF) cuja recolha de dados decorreu em 2015. Foi estudada a associação entre as variáveis socioeconómicas e a utilização dos cuidados de saúde, nos doentes com multimorbilidade. Foi construído um modelo de regressão logística estratificado para o sexo e ajustado para as variáveis socioeconómicas. Resultados: A prevalência de multimorbilidade na população portuguesa foi de 38,3% (IC95% 35,4% a 41,3%). Nos doentes com multimorbilidade verificou-se uma maior utilização de consultas de cuidados de saúde primários, consultas hospitalares e internamentos. Nestes doentes foi observada associação estatisticamente significativa entre o sexo feminino, escalões etários mais velhos e níveis educacionais mais baixos e a maior utilização dos cuidados de saúde. A utilização dos serviços de saúde era mais elevada no grupo das doenças do foro mental e das patologias músculo-esqueléticas, embora não se tenha verificado o aumento proporcional da utilização dos cuidados por doença crónica adicional. Conclusões: Apesar da diversidade metodológica presente neste tipo de trabalhos, os resultados observados neste estudo estão em linha com a literatura internacional. A existência de evidência científica, para a realidade nacional, quanto à utilização dos serviços de saúde por doentes com multimorbilidade, poderá sustentar alterações nas políticas de saúde que permitam uma gestão mais eficiente destes doentes.<br>ABSTRACT -Background: The presence of multiple chronic diseases in the same patient is a public health problem increasingly recognized as relevant to health systems. Individuals with multimorbidity have additional health needs, which represent a heavy burden for healthcare use. It is estimated that between 70% to 80% of the total health expenditure is used with chronic conditions, both in USA and in Europe. Patients with multimorbidity are responsible for up to 78% of primary care appointments in Europe. These patients are also high hospital services users, with up to 14.6 times more risk of hospitalization and with longer periods of hospital stay (up to 25 times) in USA. Methods: This study analyzes the association between multimorbidity and healthcare use in the Portuguese population aged 25 to 75, as well as the description of the prevalence of multimorbidity in Portugal and the analysis of healthcare use by group of chronic diseases and by additional chronic disease. An epidemiological, observational, analytic cross-sectional study was performed, based on data from Inquérito Nacional de Saúde com Exame Fisico (INSEF) which had data collected in 2015. In patients with multimorbidity, the association between socioeconomic variables and healthcare use was studied using logistic regression models, stratified by sex and adjusted for socioeconomic confounding variables. Results: The prevalence of multimorbidity in the Portuguese population was 38.3% (95% CI 35.4% to 41.3%). In patients with multimorbidity there was a more frequent use of primary health care consultations, hospital consultations and hospitalizations. In these patients an association was established between female sex, older age groups and lower educational levels, and increased use of healthcare. A more frequent healthcare use was observed with mental health and musculoskeletal diseases, although not showing a proportional increase in healthcare use for each additional medical condition. Conclusion: Despite the methodological diversity present in these type of works, the results found in this study are in line with the international literature. The availability of scientific evidence, in Portuguese context, regarding the use of healthcare services by multimorbidity patients, may support health policy changes which could allow a more efficient management of these patients. Key Words: , , , INSEF

KPMG (Direct Research Internship Programme) recommended the topic of the current empirical research, the objective of which is to uncover whether the market understands what auditing is, and if it recognizes the potential benefits of an (unqualified) audit report (e.g. to obtain more favourable loan conditions and to strengthen internal controls). The research also aims to uncover whether the market distinguishes on quality between the Big Four or a smaller firm. The results of the semi-structured interviews (with eight company executives and six elite bankers) reveal that some businesses carry out an audit solely to comply, with larger firms more likely to engage voluntarily. Consistent with the literature, banks advocate the superior quality of the Big Four, although many SMEs use smaller firms. As for lending, not all enterprises believe banks offer more favourable conditions, yet banks argue auditors’ unqualified opinion induce lower interest rates.

Capital Requirements have been gaining importance in the current macroeconomic and financial environment and Portugal is no exception. Nonetheless, despite the several media articles on this subject, the associations with Loan Market Conditions, namely availability and pricing are still unstudied. Thus, this project adds to the existing literature a characterization of Portuguese four biggest banks on capital reporting and requirements fulfillment. It is concluded that banks under analysis need to increase capital and that there is an association between the variables under study: Share Capital is negatively correlated with Credit Volume, and it is positively correlated with Net Commercial Income.

O início do século XXI consistiu num novo desafio para o Welfare State. A pobreza continua a ser uma problemática bem real tanto em países em vias de desenvolvimento, como em países desenvolvidos. Em 2003, Portugal e Brasil implementaram políticas sociais assentes num rendimento mínimo sujeito ao cumprime nto de condicionalidades por parte dos seus beneficiários, ou seja, Programas de Transferência Condicionada de Rendimentos (PTCR) – o Rendimento Social de Inserção (RSI) e o Bolsa Família(BF), respectivamente. Apesar de deterem características muito distintas, os dois países convergem em aspectos suficientemente relevantes na evolução das suas política sociais e no aparente desenho destas PTRC em específico para sugerir a plausi bilidade de uma comparação entre eles. O objectivo principal desta dissert ação é reflectir sobre se o RSI e BF constituem estratégias não só de luta imediata contra a pobreza mas também de promoção de desenvolvimento, ou seja, se mais do que ter um cariz paliativo e assistencial, são sustentáveis, na medida em que proporcionam a inserção activa das pessoas pobres na sociedade e no mercado de trabalho, quebrando com o ciclo integeracional da pobreza.<br>The beginning of the 21st century consisted of a new challenge to the welfare state. Poverty was still a very real problem in developing countries as in developed ones. In 2003, Portugal and Brazil implemented social policies based on a minimum income scheme that relied on the fulfilment of conditions by its beneficiaries, designated Conditional Cash Transfer programmes-Rendimento Social de Inserção(RSI)and Bolsa Família(BF). Despite having quite distinctive characteristics, the two countries converge in aspects significant enough to suggest the plausibility of its comparison. The main objective of this dissertation is to reflect on whether RSI and BF consist of strategies not only for fighting poverty in an immediate way but if they also promote development; if more than having a palliative and assisting profile, they are sustainable, in a way that they promote an active insertion of poor people in society and employment market, breaking the intergenerational poverty-cycle.

Apesar da extensa literatura relativa ao tratamento e quantidade produzida de resíduos, pouco se tem explorado em Portugal relativamente à atividade concreta dos trabalhadores que fazem a recolha dos Resíduos Urbanos, em camiões, formalmente reconhecidos como Cantoneiros. O presente estudo, almejando uma compreensão aprofundada desta atividade e das condições em que é efetivamente exercida, seguiu uma abordagem metodológica de cariz qualitativo, com recurso à observação participante e a entrevistas semiestruturadas, com seis Cantoneiros. Mesmo tratando-se de um estudo exploratório, os resultados tornaram visíveis inúmeros riscos a que estão expostos estes trabalhadores: desde a exposição a matérias perigosas, que são inadvertidamente colocadas no lixo; a atropelamentos, pelo facto de esta atividade ser exercida na rua; e à chuva e frio, sem possibilidade de se resguardarem face a este tipo de condições. Para além disso, os trabalhadores em questão percecionam a distribuição do seu trabalho como injusta (os percursos de recolha não assumem uma homogeneidade de caraterísticas); dividem-se em opiniões favoráveis e desfavoráveis relativamente ao fardamento e assumem a imprevisibilidade como uma constante na sua atividade. Ainda assim, conscientes da importância da prevenção, mobilizam estratégias e truques, apesar dos riscos que podem entrevir e cumprindo com as exigências que lhes são prescritas.<br>In spite of the extensive literature related to the treatment and quantity of waste produce, few has been explored in Portugal about the workers activity, who collect the Urban Waste, on trucks, named as roadmen. This essay aims to truly understand this activity and the conditions it is developed, it followed a methodological quality approach, based on direct observation and semi-structured interviews with six roadmen. Although it is an exploratory research the results showed the countless risks these workers are exposed every day: from hazardous substances, that are unknowingly put in the trash, to running overs, as this activity is carry out on the street, with rain and cold without any chance of protection. Furthermore, the workers think their work distribution is unfair (the collected paths aren’t uniform); there are different opinions about the uniform and the unknown is something really present in this activity. Aware of the prevention importance, they gathered strategies and tricks, despite the risks that can come and keeping all the demands established.

RESUMO - Introdução: Para a avaliação do desempenho dos Cuidados de Saúde Primários pode recorrer-se à análise dos Internamentos por Causas Sensíveis aos Cuidados de Saúde Primários (ICSCSP). Estes correspondem a condições clínicas em que a prestação de cuidados atempados e efetivos pelos CSP poderia evitar a admissão hospitalar. Este indicador tem sido amplamente utilizado em diferentes países. Não obstante, o seu ajustamento pelas características dos indivíduos internados (como a severidade) representa uma linha de investigação pouco explorada. Assim, este estudo tem como objetivos gerais: caracterizar a severidade dos ICSCSP em Portugal e analisar o impacto desta variável nos ICSCSP. Metodologia: Desenvolveu-se um estudo observacional, transversal e analítico, recorrendo a dados retrospetivos relativos aos internamentos nos hospitais públicos do SNS em Portugal Continental, no biénio 2013-2014 (n = 1 956 249). Foram considerados internamentos evitáveis aqueles definidos por Caminal et al. (2004). Para atribuição da severidade utilizou-se o sistema de classificação de doentes APR-DRG, versão 31. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva para caracterizar a severidade dos ICSCSP e modelos de regressão logística múltipla para analisar a influência da severidade na ocorrência de ICSCSP. Resultados: Para o biénio analisado, os ICSCSP representaram 16,4% do total de internamentos e 20,1% dos internamentos por causas médicas. Pela caracterização dos ICSCSP, observou-se que 26,3% destes internamentos apresentaram severidade alta. Este valor é mais do que 3 vezes superior ao verificado nos internamentos não-ICSCSP (7.1%). A DPOC, insuficiência cardíaca e pneumonia apresentaram a maior proporção de casos de severidade alta (superior a 35%). As regiões do Centro, Lisboa e Vale do Tejo e Entre o Douro e Minho registaram maiores taxas de ICSCSP de severidade alta. Pela análise dos modelos aferiu-se que a severidade está associada a um aumento da probabilidade de ocorrência de ICSCSP, sendo que a insuficiência cardíaca, pneumonia e DPOC foram as causas que apresentaram maior associação com esta variável. Observou-se também uma forte associação entre a idade e a severidade dos episódios de internamento. Conclusões: Os ICSCSP em Portugal têm maior severidade do que os internamentos não-ICSCSP. A severidade é particularmente mais elevada nos internamentos por insuficiência cardíaca, pneumonia e DPOC. Existem assimetrias regionais na distribuição da severidade dos ICSCSP. Determinou-se ainda que o aumento da severidade aumenta a probabilidade de ocorrência dos ICSCSP. Considera-se o ajustamento pela severidade uma ferramenta útil na utilização futura dos ICSCSP enquanto indicador. Não obstante, a forte relação entre a idade a severidade recomenda precaução na utilização deste sistema de classificação enquanto proxy da severidade dos internamentos.<br>ABSTRACT - Introduction: The analysis of the admissions for Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions (ACSC) can be applied for Primary Health Care (PHC) performance measurement. This indicator represents conditions for which timely and effective PHC could avoid hospital admission and it's been widely used in different countries. However, its adjustment by inpatients' characteristics (for example, the severity) presents lack of scientific evidence. Therefore, the main aims of this study are: characterize the severity of the admissions for ACSC in Portugal and analyse the impact of this variable in this indicator. Methods: It has been developed an observational, cross-sectional and analytical study, using retrospective data from inpatient episodes occurred in the portuguese public National Health Services' hospitals for 2013-2014 (n = 1 956 249). ACSC were considered those defined by Caminal et al. (2004). For the severity assignment it was used the patient classification system APR-DRG, version 31. Descriptive statistics was made to characterize the severity of the admissions for ACSC and multiple logistic regression models were developed to analyse the impact of the severity in this indicator. Results: For the years analysed, the admissions for ACSC represented 16,4% of all inpatient episodes and 20,1% of all the admissions by medical cause. By describing the admissions for ACSC, 26,3% of this episodes presented high severity. This value was 3 times more than the verified for all the other admissions, the non-ACSC (7,1%). Among the 10 most frequents causes of ACSC, COPD, heart failure and pneumonia showed the biggest proportion of high severity episodes (more than 35%). The regions of Centro, Lisboa e Vale do Tejo and Entre o Douro e Minho registered the greatest rates of high severity admissions for ACSC. The regression models showed that the severity is associated with an increased likelihood of admission for ACSC, representing the heart failure, pneumonia and COPD the causes that presented the biggest association with this variable. It was also obtained that age is strongly associated with the inpatient episodes' severity. Conclusions: The admissions for ACSC have greater severity than the episodes for non-ACSC. Severity is particularly higher for the admissions by CPOD, heart failure and pneumonia. There are regional variations in the ACSC admissions' severity distribution. Severity increase raises the likelihood of admission for ACSC. Severity adjustment it's considered as a useful tool to apply in the indicator of ACSC admissions. Nevertheless, the strong relation between age and severity recommends precaution in using this classification system as proxy for the inpatient episodes' severity.

Although education is central for minorities’ integration, there are large achievement gaps between minority and majority students as a result of pervasive educational inequalities. Efforts to advance the educational outcomes of minority children have identified that parental beliefs about the education of their children are significantly influential on the children’s attainment. Given that these beliefs are dependent on the acculturation of the parents; improvements in intergroup contact, described as an antecedent of acculturation, could potentially produce beneficial educational outcomes for the children. This study aims to understand the educational aspirations Roma parents have for their children, drawing on intergroup contact and acculturation theories. The Roma is the largest minority in Europe and subject to many educational inequalities, so this approach could potentially help to improve their situation. Specifically, we examined how Roma parents’ frequency and quality of interaction with non-Roma individuals are related to their educational aspirations, and to what extent can this relationship be explained by their psychological process of acculturation. 242 Roma parents in Portugal participated in a survey study. Overall results revealed that an increase in intergroup contact frequency of the parents is related to higher educational aspirations for their children, and this positive effect is mediated by a decrease in their preference for culture maintenance. Moreover, the gender of the child and the socioeconomic status of parents were important predictors of parental educational aspirations. Implications for research and policy are discussed.

The Great Recession in the context of financial globalization raised the interest in systemic risk's measurement. The main goal of this dissertation is the study of systemic risk dynamics in the Portuguese financial system between 02/06/2003 and 30/06/2020. Specifically, we analyze the impact of Portuguese banks distress on the domestic financial system as well as the repercussions of a crisis in the Portuguese financial system on domestic banks. For that purpose, we use ΔCoVaR systemic risk measure. Furthermore, the bootstrap KS test is applied to determine the statistical accuracy of the ΔCoVaR forecasts and to rank banks according to their systemic importance and systemic vulnerability. Throughout this dissertation alternative methodologies to obtain banks returns and to estimate VaR are applied to analyze the sensitivity of VaR and ΔCoVaR forecasts. The empirical results reveal that no Portuguese bank is considered systemic important or vulnerable in the analyzed period. However, considering the studied banks, all of them present its highest contribution to the financial system's systemic risk and its highest vulnerability to the system's shocks in the context of the Great Recession. Furthermore, BES and BNF are more vulnerable to the Portuguese financial system's impact in the last phase of their life cycles. Additionally, from 02/06/2003 to 13/10/2010, BCP is the bank with the major contribution to the financial system's systemic risk and the most vulnerable to system's shocks. Finally, VaR and ΔCoVaR estimates reveal sensitivity to the banks returns computation methodology as well as to the VaR model used.<br>No contexto da globalização financeira, a Grande Recessão aumentou o interesse na medição do risco sistémico. O principal objetivo desta dissertação é o estudo do risco sistémico no sistema financeiro português entre 02/06/2003 e 30/06/2020. Especificamente, é analisado o impacto da crise dos bancos portugueses no sistema financeiro nacional e as repercussões de uma crise no sistema financeiro português nos bancos nacionais. Para esse efeito, é utilizado como medida de risco sistémico o ΔCoVaR. Adicionalmente, o teste "bootstrap" KS é aplicado para determinar a precisão estatística das estimativas de ΔCoVaR e para ordenar os bancos de acordo com a sua importância e a sua vulnerabilidade sistémica. Ao longo da dissertação são utilizadas várias metodologias para obter os retornos dos bancos e o VaR de forma a analisar a sensibilidade dos valores de ΔCoVaR e VaR estimados. Os resultados empíricos mostram que nenhum banco português pode ser considerado sistemicamente importante ou vulnerável no período analisado. No entanto, entre os bancos considerados, todos apresentam uma maior contribuição para o risco sistémico do sistema e uma maior vulnerabilidade aos choques do sistema no contexto da Grande Recessão. Adicionalmente, o BES e o BNF são mais vulneráveis ao sistema na última fase dos seus ciclos de vida. Entre 02/06/2003 to 13/10/2010, o BCP é o banco que contribui mais para o risco do sistema e o mais vulnerável aos impactos do sistema. Por fim, as estimativas de ΔCoVaR e VaR revelaram-se sensíveis às metodologias utilizadas para calcular os retornos dos bancos e o VaR.

Esta Dissertação tem como temática o sonho de muitos portugueses em ser Jornalista. Este sonho dá-se em meados dos anos 90, com uma adesão intensa aos cursos de Comunicação Social em Portugal. Mas com o passar dos anos, os media têm passado por várias mudanças que acabaram por influenciar o Jornalismo praticado em Portugal. Aborda o tema do Desemprego no Jornalismo em Portugal, nomeadamente, as mudanças e os impactos ocorridos no exercício da profissão. Desde as percepções e motivações que tinham antes de entrar na profissão, quando entraram e o momento actual em que se encontram, a exercer ou não a profissão dos seus sonhos. A problemática deste trabalho vai ser analisado através do âmbito social, que engloba esta questão do desemprego como sendo uma ameaça à democracia actual; através do âmbito profissional, que remete para como é feito o acesso à profissão, bem como as motivações de cada jornalista e como é visto o seu estatuto hoje em dia; e por último será analisado através da parte tecnológica, que se refere ao desenvolvimento das novas tecnologias com o desempenho da profissão.<br>This dissertation aims to shed lights on the Portuguese journalists’ context. This dream begins in the mid-‘ 90 led by an intense adherence to the media courses in Portugal. However, the media have gone through several changes throughout the years that have influenced the Journalism in this country. This study investigates the topic of unemployment of Portuguese Journalists as well as the changes occured. This research also explores the perceptions and motivations before journalists began their career and their current professional situation: If they are or are not working on what they studied for. To illustrate the situation, this observation will examine three perspectives: The social one, which encompasses the issue of unemployment as a threat to the current democracy, the professional one, wich draws how the acess to the job is made as well as the motivations of each journalist, how his role is seen today, and finally the technological aspect, referring to the developments that journalism has brought to technology.

O termo presentismo remete para o ato de comparecer fisicamente no local de trabalho, não se encontrando, no entanto, nas condições de saúde, físicas e/ou psicológicas, necessárias ao normal desempenho da sua atividade laboral. Uma vez que o fenómeno prevê uma performance subotimizada como reflexo do decréscimo da condição de saúde, este tem sido identificado como um dos principais motivos das flutuações na produtividade individual – quantidade e qualidade do trabalho – principalmente no que respeita ao rendimento dos colaboradores mais experientes. A literatura referente ao tema tem evidenciado flutuações na frequência do presentismo mediante associações a fatores pessoais específicos e a variáveis do contexto ocupacional. Deste modo, o presente trabalho procurou explorar o efeito do nível de exigências psicológicas do trabalho (e.g. excesso de trabalho e pressão para cumprimento de prazos) na relação entre o estado de saúde do individuo e a frequência com que este recorre ao presentismo. Adicionalmente, pretendeu-se avaliar o impacto que a idade dos trabalhadores poderia exercer sobre as relações anteriormente descritas. Para o efeito, testou-se um modelo de mediação moderada, o qual propôs a existência de uma relação entre o estado de saúde percebido e o presentismo, mediada pela perceção de exigências psicológicas do trabalho, e condicionada pelos níveis etários dos participantes. Complementarmente, dada a natureza particular de cada setor de atividade laboral em Portugal, procurou-se perceber qual o impacto do enquadramento setorial na propensão dos trabalhadores para o presentismo. Com recurso a dados de autorrelato obtidos por questionário online, concluiu-se que embora não existam diferenças significativas nas médias de presentismo consoante a atividade laboral desempenhada pelo trabalhador, existe uma tendência para que o fenómeno seja mais representativo nos contextos da saúde e educacional. Por fim, os resultados verificam a validade do modelo de mediação moderada proposto, evidenciando que com o decréscimo da condição de saúde e com o aumento da perceção de exigências psicológicas do trabalho aumenta a tendência para o presentismo. Constata-se ainda que são os trabalhadores mais velhos os que, perante as condições anteriormente descritas, mais recorrem ao presentismo. Deste modo, a presente investigação fornece evidências de que tanto fatores de caris contextual – particularmente o nível de exigências psicológicas do trabalho – como fatores de ordem pessoal – especificamente a condição de saúde e a idade – concorrem, simultânea e significativamente, para a explicação do fenómeno de presentismo.<br>The term presentism refers to the act of physically appearing in the workplace, however, not being in the best health conditions, physical and/or psychological, required for the normal performance of their work activity. Since the phenomenon predicts underoptimized performance as a reflection of the health condition, this has been identified as one of the main factors of fluctuations in individual productivity – quantity and quality of work – especially with regard to the performance of more experienced employees. The literature on this subject has shown fluctuations in the frequency of presentism through associations with specific personal factors and occupational context variables. Thus, the present project sought to explore the effect of the level of psychological demands of work (e.g. overwork and pressure to meet deadlines) on the relationship between the individual's state of health and the frequency in which he or she resorts to presentism. Additionally, this investigation was intended to evaluate the impact that the age of the workers could have on the previously described relationships. To assess this, a moderate mediation model has been tested, which proposed the existence of a relationship between perceived health status and presentism, mediated by the perception of psychological demands of work, and conditioned by the participants age levels. Moreover, given the specific nature of each sector of labor activity in Portugal, we sought to understand the impact of the sectoral framework on workers propensity for presentism. Using self-report data obtained through an online questionnaire, it was concluded that although there are no significant differences in the average presentism depending on the work activity performed by the worker, there is a tendency for the phenomenon to be more representative in the health and educational contexts. Finally, the results verify the validity of the proposed moderate mediation model, showing that with the decrease of health condition and with the increase of the perception of psychological demands of work, the tendency towards presentism increases. It is also noted that it is older workers who, under the conditions described above, most resort to presentism. Thus, the present investigation provides evidence that both, contextual factors – particularly the level of psychological work demands – and personal factors – specifically health conditions and age – contribute, simultaneously and significantly, to the explanation of the phenomenon. of presentism.

O teletrabalho surge em 2020 como uma das medidas chave no combate à propagação do vírus causador da pandemia de Covid-19. Nesta dissertação tentámos fazer uma análise da legislação laboral, conjugar as alterações decorrentes das normas excepcionais e temporárias que surgiram no decorrer da pandemia e, por fim, concluir quais as lacunas a preencher e em que moldes será útil uma alteração das normas presentes no Código do Trabalho, de modo a fazer face aos tempos do pós-pandemia<br>Telework has emerged in 2020 as a key to fight the spreading of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this dissertation we aimed to analise labour legislation, summarize the changes brought by exceptionaland temporary norms that have been approved during this pandemic and finnaly come to the conclusion on what gaps need to be filled and how Labour Law can be updated in order to better fit the needs of post-pandemic reality.

A presente dissertação consiste no estudo da sobrevivência empresarial em Portugal, tendo por base o efeito das condições iniciais de constituição das empresas no desempenho futuro. As hipóteses colocadas incidem sobre a importância dos efeitos intrínsecos das empresas, setor de atividade económica, região e ambiente económico na sobrevivência a 5 anos. Os dados relativos a 178.437 novas empresas portuguesas, criadas entre 2005 e 2014, foram obtidos da base de dados SABI, do Bureau Van Dijk. Os modelos estatísticos desenvolvidos resultaram da aplicação da regressão logística, sendo validados posteriormente. Verificou-se que os fatores externos às empresas apresentam uma influência superior às características inerentes às mesmas, particularmente: ao nível da fase do ciclo económico, um período de recessão económica providencia condições ao desenvolvimento de empresas mais resilientes, contribuindo para uma sobrevivência a longo prazo, ao contrário do que é geralmente observado; ao nível do setor, o dos outros serviços apresenta um contributo maioritariamente negativo, face aos principais setores; e, ao nível da localização, não existe evidência que permita a atribuição de um papel fundamental ao fator região na capacidade de atividade permanente das empresas.<br>The present dissertation consists on the study of firm survival in Portugal, based on the effect of the initial conditions of firms' constitution in their future performance. The hypothesis set focus on the importance of firms’ intrinsic effects, economic activity sector, region and economic environment on a 5 years survival. The data related to 178.437 new Portuguese firms, created between 2005 and 2014, were obtained from the data basis SABI, of Bureau Van Dijk. The developed statistic models resulted from the application of logistic regression, being validated later. It was found that external factors to firms present a superior influence to their own inherent characteristics, particularly: at the level of the economic cycle's phase, a period of economic recession provides conditions to the development of more resilient firms, contributing to a longterm survival, unlike what is generally observed; at the sector level, the other services present a mostly negative contribution, facing the main sectors; and, at the location level, there is no evidence that allows the attribution of a fundamental part to the region factor in the capacity of permanent activity of firms.

A segurança privada em Portugal, no que diz respeito à vigilância e controlo social de espaços, pessoas e bens, assume-se como um setor de atividade importante devido ao papel complementar e subsidiário das forças e serviços de segurança do Estado. O estudo aqui apresentado coloca a ênfase na especificidade das condições de trabalho de duas atividades distintas no setor da segurança privada: a atividade de vigilante estático e a atividade de vigilante de transporte de valores. Mais especificamente, o objetivo consiste em analisar como é abordada a questão da segurança dos protagonistas destas atividades de trabalho, sabendo que a construção de estratégias de segurança coletiva entra por vezes em conflito com a preservação da sua própria segurança em contexto real de trabalho. A amostra deste estudo é constituída por oito participantes (três vigilantes estáticos em contexto de um centro comercial, três vigilantes de transporte de valores, um supervisor de segurança e um coordenador da área da logística e tratamento de valores). A metodologia adotada é de cariz eminentemente qualitativa, ancorada na abordagem da psicologia ergonómica. Os resultados deste estudo permitem verificar visibilidade às atividades profissionais em estudo onde é esperado que os seus trabalhadores sejam capazes de antecipar e gerir o risco.<br>Private security in Portugal, in regarding to surveillance and social control of spaces, people and goods, is assumed to be as an important sector of activity due to the complementary and subsidiary role of the forces and State security services. The study presented here emphasizes the specificity of working conditions of two distinct activities in the private security sector: the activity of a static security officer and the activity of a cash transport security officer. More specifically, the aim consists in analyzing how the security issue of the protagonists of these work activities is addressed, knowing that the construction of collective security strategies sometimes comes into conflict with the preservation of its own security in a real work environment. The sample of this study is constituted by eight participants (three static security officers of a shopping center, three cash transport security officers, one security supervisor and one logistics and handling coordinator). The adopted methodology is predominantly qualitative, grounded in the approach of ergonomic psychology. The results of this study allow us to verify visibility to the professional activities in study in which it is expected that their workers are able to anticipate and manage risk.

Este projeto de diagnóstico de condições de trabalho surge da necessidade de contribuir para o estudo da relação entre o trabalho e a saúde – ao nível das suas caraterísticas bem como dos riscos e doenças profissionais - e consequente desenho de estratégias interventivas especificamente adaptadas aos profissionais de uma instituição militar. Foram adotadas diferentes técnicas de recolha de dados, assente na perspetiva de triangulação metodológica. Por outras palavras, o processo teve início com a análise documental dos recursos humanos da instituição, desenrolou-se com a administração do instrumento AGE - a duas subamostras expostas a condições de trabalho distintas - e a realização de entrevistas individuais a militares de diversos serviços. Os dados recolhidos foram analisados com recurso ao software SPSS, o qual permitiu escrutinar quais as variáveisalvo do estudo. As principais diferenças identificadas entre as duas subamostras foram a nível das exigências e dos recursos do trabalho; da perceção de exposição a fatores de risco e dos problemas de saúde mais reportados. Assim, foi desenvolvido um plano de intervenção corretiva composto por três fases sendo que a primeira assenta na restituição dos principais resultados obtidos durante o diagnóstico. Seguida da segunda fase de debate interdisciplinar dos mesmos dados entre os militares da instituição, culminando com a partilha coletiva de um conjunto de aspetos de melhoria propostos pelos militares. Esta formação on the job permitirá concretizar os principais objetivos deste-projeto.<br>This working conditions diagnosis project stands up from the necessity to contribute to the work-related health study – its characteristics as well as risks and work-related illness – and consequence design of interventional strategies specifically adapted for a military institution professionals. Based on methodological triangulation different types of data recovery methodologies were adopted. In other words, this process began with the document analysis of institution’s human resources, the application of AGE instrument – to two samples exposed to different working conditions - and the execution of individual interviews with the military personnel of various services. The collected data were analysed using SPSS software, which allowed us to discover the target variables of the study. The main differences found between this two samples were at the level of work requirements and resources, as well as perceived exposure to risk factors and most reported health problems. Therefore, a corrective intervention plan was developed consisting of three phases, which starts with the restitution of the main results of the questionnaire. Followed by the second phase of interdisciplinary discussion of the same data among the military of the institution, culminating in the collective sharing of a set of aspects of improvement proposed by the military. This on the job training will enable us to achieve the main goals of this project.