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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Public contracts – European Economic Community countries »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

Mis à jour le 31 juillet 2025

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Public contracts – European Economic Community countries"

Glushchenko, A. A. "Overview of international COVID-19 vaccines development and administration programs." Urgent Problems of Europe, no. 1 (2022): 58–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2022.01.03.

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The pandemic caused by the spread of the novel coronavirus has presented challenges to the international community that it has never faced before. The high rate of spread of the infection and the economic, social and political challenges associated with it have pushed individual states and international organisations to the limit in proposing the most effective methods to combat the pandemic. The article examines various examples of government support for vaccine development programs in the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, China and Russia, as well as the specifics of usi

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Belova, Iryna, and Olexiy Yaroshchuk. "Development of digitalization processes in the European Union: prospective experience for Ukraine." Economic Analysis, no. 33(1) (2023): 180–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2023.01.180.

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The article analyzes the current state of digitization of e-government, education and implementation of blockchain technologies in the field of public services in the European Union. Effective practices of digitalization development in the EU are singled out and directions for implementation of the EU experience in the sphere of public administration and education of Ukraine are proposed. The purpose of the article is to study the features of the development of digitalization in European countries for the implementation of the best experience in the system of digital provision of social and ec

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Yudina, O. "Forming the European Union Common External Energy Policy: Key Events and Results." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 5 (2021): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-5-39-48.

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Received 08.05.2020. Energy has always been of particular importance to the European Union. Meanwhile, up to the beginning of the 21st century, this area had been in exclusive competence of member states, with timid attempts of the European Commission (EC) to receive part of the powers in the energy sphere. The article is devoted to the issues of the EU common external energy policy development that was accompanied by a dichotomy of interests between the member-states, which hardly like the idea of the energy sector communitarisation, and the European Commission, which has been the main driver

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O’Rourke, K. A. C. "Reintegration Post-Brexit (2020–2022): European Union Reorganization – Securing The Public Square of Democracy; Creating a New Global Compact." European Studies 6, no. 1 (2019): 35–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eustu-2022-0028.

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Summary In January 2020, the UK Parliament completed the long-awaited ratification process for the 2018 negotiated EU-BREXIT divorce agreement. After four tumultuous years of UK public contestations, including three general elections in less than five years, the forced resignation of two Prime Ministers after multiple internal Parliamentary votes of ‘no confidence’, the scheduling of an illegal closure of Parliament by the Prime Minister to block BREXIT debates, and the public and divisive ‘Get BREXIT done’ campaign in the December 2019 general election, the UK Conservative Party finally succe

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Honcharenko, D. O. "The Pharmaceutical Industry in New EU Member States: A Statistical Comparison with Germany. Lessons for Ukraine." Statistics of Ukraine 92, no. 2 (2021): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.2(93)2021.02.03.

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Pharmaceutical production is a strategic sector of the EU economy. The authorities of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries that became EU members in 2004 have been building up domestic pharmaceutical industries for purposes of production and distribution of medical drugs (MDs) and medical products (MPs), on the one hand, and government assistance to business entities and public procurement, on the other. The article’s objective is to assess the change in economic performance of the pharmaceutical industry in Poland, Hungary and Czechia after their accession to EU, to make a comparative s

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Bradfield, Tracy, Thia Hennessy, Riccardo D'Alberto, and Emmi Haltia. "The use of innovative contracts to provide agri-environmental public goods: Comparing attitudes between Ireland and other European countries." Bio-based and Applied Economics 13, no. 1 (2023): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/bae-14444.

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Results-based, collective action, value chain, and land tenure contracts are means to improve the management of agri-environmental public goods. The objective of this paper is to assess the understandability, applicability, and perceived economic benefit of each of these contract types by land managers and stakeholders in twelve European countries, with a special emphasis on Ireland. Using survey data, we find that most land managers agree that results-based contracts are understandable, applicable to their farm, and economically beneficial. A lower portion of land managers in Ireland than oth

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Buccino, Giulia, Elisabetta Iossa, Biancamaria Raganelli, and Mate Vincze. "Competitive dialogue: an economic and legal assessment." Journal of Public Procurement 20, no. 2 (2020): 163–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-09-2019-0059.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss the economic and legal rationale for the use of the competitive dialogue in complex procurement. The authors use the data set of public contracts awarded by European Union (EU) member states between 2010 and 2017 to analyse its usage patterns. In particular, the authors identify the types of contracting authorities that mainly use the procedure, the sectors and contract characteristics and the role of institutional factors related to the country’s perceived corruption and level of innovativeness. Design/methodology/approach The authors discuss ec

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Emboaba Moreira, Dr Mauricio, and Dr Walter Bataglia. "Public Policies to Promote Regional Air Transport Experiences in Different Countries and Lessons for Developing Countries." International Journal of Business & Management Studies 06, no. 03 (2025): 14–23. https://doi.org/10.56734/ijbms.v6n3a2.

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This study discusses the application of government subsidies through public policies promoting regional transport. By analysing extant government intervention in the United States, Canada, Australia, Norway and Brazil, the text identifies commonalities in their objectives (the impossibility of economic self-sustainability of air services, lack of satisfactory land transport services, potential healthcare, educational and postal access by local populations, need for national integration, among others). However, the mechanisms of existing public policies in each country or group of countries (Eu

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Sobczak, Wioleta, and Elżbieta Radziewicz. "CORRELATION BETWEEN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND PUBLIC DEBT LEVEL IN SELECT COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 20, no. 1 (2021): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2021.20.1.6.

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The complex correlation between public debt and economic growth is very important and is a focus of research within the scientific community and among policy makers. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the correlation between the level of public debt and the level of economic growth in select European Union countries. It is an empirical study of the transmission mechanisms and impact of public debt on economic growth in countries which joined the European Union in 2004 or later. The time range of the analyses covers the years 2000–2019. Estimation of the model parameters shows that t

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Savchuk, Sergiy. "Special aspects of legal regulation of fixed-term employment contracts of some European countries." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 2 (August 10, 2020): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.2.2020.54.

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The article is devoted to the study of foreign experience in legal regulation of fixed-term employment contracts. Fixed-termemployment contracts should be considered as one of the earliest and, accordingly, the oldest forms of non-standard employment. Tur -ning to the concept of the application of fixed-term employment contracts in Ukraine in the near future, it seems appropriate to consider the possibility of their further development through the prism of studying European experience. Indeed, in many European countriesthe fixed-term contracts are quite common and therefore analysis of both po

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Thèses sur le sujet "Public contracts – European Economic Community countries"

SEGNI, Laura. "L'esecuzione del bilancio europeo." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13170.

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Defence date: 15 October 2007 Examining Board: Prof. Jacques Ziller, Relatore (IUE) ; Prof. Giuliano Amato, (IUE) ; Prof. M.P. Chiti, (Università di Firenze) ; Prof. Giacinto della Cananea, (Università di Napoli Federico II) PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses no abstract available

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FERNANDEZ, MARTIN Jose Maria. "A critical analysis of EC public procurement legislation : present limitations and future prospects." Doctoral thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4623.

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VONK, Olivier. "Dual nationality in the European Union : a study on changing norms in public and private international law and in the municipal laws of four EU member state." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/15386.

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Defence date: 19 November 2010 Examining Board: Rainer Baubock (EUI); Gerard-René De Groot (Universiteit Maastricht); Marie-Ange Moreau (Supervisor, EUI); Bruno Nascimbene (Università degli Studi di Milano) PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses The main objective of this study is to examine the phenomenon of dual nationality in the European Union (EU), particularly against the background of the status of European citizenship - a status that is linked to the nationality of each EU Member State (Article 20(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the Eu

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BORZSÁK, Levente. "A Green way out? : or the effects of environmental protection on the public enforcement mechanism." Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/23695.

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Defence date: 11 July 2008 Examining Board: Gráinne de Búrca (EUI Supervisor) ; Bruno de Witte (EUI) ; Jane Holder, University College London ; Sybille Grohs, European commission, DG ENV PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses This thesis argues that the present provisions on public enforcement are inadequate for the effective promotion of compliance with Community law and seeks to provide solutions in order to improve them. Article 226 and 228 EC are both cumbersome and lengthy, particularly with regard to environmental protection. In order to reach

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Shields, Alexander Gordon. "Public attitudes towards European integration in Germany and Britain, 1973-1995 /." 2001. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=009684838&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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DREYFUS, Magali. "L'impact du droit communautaire sur les services publics locaux en France et en Italie : le cas des transports publics." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/14519.

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Defense Date: 08 March 2010 Membres du jury : Professeur Jacques Ziller, Institut universitaire européen (Directeur de thèse IUE / extérieur) Professeur Luis Miguel Poiares Maduro, Institut universitaire européen Professeur Gérard Marcou, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne Paris 1 Professeur Guido Corso,Università degli Studi, Roma Tre First made available online 25 March 2019 Depuis quelques années, l'organisation des services publics locaux connaît dans la plupart des Etats membres de l'Union européenne d'importantes transformations. D’une part, l'organisation administrative des Et

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Livres sur le sujet "Public contracts – European Economic Community countries"

Great Britain. Department of the Environment. European Economic Community Directive 88/295: Public sector supply contracts. H.M.S.O., 1989.

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Great Britain. Department of the Environment. European Economic Community: Directive 89/440/EEC: Public sector works contracts. H.M.S.O., 1990.

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Ludlow, Peter. The fourth enlargement: Public opinion on membership in the Nordic candidate countries : an overview. Centre for European Policy Studies, 1994.

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Michael, Thornton, and Schmitthoff Clive M. 1903-, eds. Schmitthoff's agency and distribution agreements. Laytons, 1992.

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Cabanellas, Guillermo. Know-how agreements and EEC competition law. VCH, 1991.

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Hochschulkurs aus Finanzwissenschaft (26th 1992 Vill, Innsbruck, Austria). Wirtschaftsförderung und öffentliche Auftragsvergabe: Anpassungserfordernisse Österreichs bei einem EG-Beitritt : Beiträge des 26. Hochschulkurses aus Finanzwissenschaft, 24.-26. Februar 1992 in Vill bei Innsbruck. Universität Innsbruck, 1992.

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Vobruba, Georg, and Jenny Preunkert. Krise und Integration: Gesellschaftsbildung in der Eurokrise. Springer VS, 2015.

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Hartley, Trevor C. The foundations of European Community law: An introduction to the constitutional and administrative law of the European Community. 6th ed. Oxford University Press, 2007.

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G, Mayes David, ed. Public interest and market pressures: Problems posed by Europe 1992. Macmillan Press, 1993.

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Niels R. van de Vijver. Securities regulation in the Netherlands. 2nd ed. Kluwer Law International, 2000.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Public contracts – European Economic Community countries"

Bisignano, Joseph. "Banking in the European Economic Community: Structure, Competition, and Public Policy." In Banking Structures in Major Countries. Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2946-6_4.

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Haupt, Patrycja, Mariusz Twardowski, Luca Maria Francesco Fabris, et al. "Transformations of Public Spaces - Sustainable and Ethical Approach to Architectural and Urban Design Using Mixed Cultural Background." In Springer Series in Design and Innovation. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-71959-2_14.

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AbstractTransformations of public spaces are an integral part of city life. These processes although addressing site specific problems are universal for the urban centres across European countries struggling with deurbanization, social exclusion, massive tourism, climate change and pollution. The study is based upon the outcomes of the series of international workshop showing the approach to public space in different location. The aim of research is to show what problems addressed during the design workshop had a universal dimension and which ones were more site specific, addressing the needs

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Preti, Sara, and Enrico di Bella. "Gender Equality as EU Strategy." In Social Indicators Research Series. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41486-2_4.

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AbstractGender equality is an increasingly topical issue, but it has deep historical roots. The principle of gender equality found its legitimacy, even if limited to salary, in the 1957 Treaty of Rome, establishing the European Economic Community (EEC). This treaty, in Article 119, sanctioned the principle of equal pay between male and female workers. The EEC continued to protect women’s rights in the 1970s through equal opportunity policies. These policies referred, first, to the principle of equal treatment between men and women regarding education, access to work, professional promotion, an

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Kur, Annette, and Martin Senftleben. "The European Trade Mark System." In European Trade Mark Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199680443.003.0004.

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Before the harmonization of trade mark law in the EU, the legal traditions in the Member States of the European Economic Community were divided into common law systems and civil law systems, with certain differences also prevailing between the latter. In all countries alike, the original objective underlying the protection of commercial signs had been to indicate property of goods offered in the marketplace or to enable national authorities to control the quality, kind, or amount of production. In the age of industrialization, the concept developed into the notion of signs indicating origin of

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Beckerman*, Wilfred. "How Large a Public Sector?" In The Economic Borders of the State. Oxford University PressOxford, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198286066.003.0004.

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Abstract There are two good reasons why the desirable size of the public sector is a subject of constant, acute controversy. First, public expenditures—which by no means capture the full impact of the State on the economy—are a large proportion of national product, and the corresponding tax burden affects almost everybody in the community. This applies to every advanced country. As Table 3. I shows, the average share of public expenditures in gross domestic product (GDP) in the (then) ten member countries of the European Community, in 1984, was almost exactly 50 per cent. The British share, at

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Brears, Robert C. "Public–Private Partnerships Financing Water Security and Green Growth." In Financing Water Security and Green Growth. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847843.003.0009.

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Abstract Public–private partnerships (PPPs) are long-term integrated contracts that provide water services, including water and wastewater treatment plants and green infrastructure, to achieve water security and green growth. Since the 1990s, both developed and developing countries have utilized PPPs for many reasons, including expanding the range of service providers beyond traditional public sector monopolies, providing infrastructure and associated services more efficiently, providing cost-effective infrastructure, and driving local economic growth. This chapter will first discuss the conce

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Shaffer, Gwen. "Lessons Learned from Grassroots Wireless Networks in Europe." In Social and Economic Effects of Community Wireless Networks and Infrastructures. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2997-4.ch013.

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Grassroots groups in a number of European countries are building Community Wireless Networks (CWN) on small budgets. In underserved regions, CWNs are even surfacing as the principal Internet Service Providers (ISPs). These networks have identified and implemented innovative strategies for providing connectivity—encompassing aspects ranging from software development to infrastructure design and skills training. In other words, these grassroots Wi-Fi networks mobilize human, technical, and financial resources to create sustainable alternatives to telephone and cable companies. This chapter provi

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Polasky, Janet. "Stateless in Brussels." In Asylum between Nations. Yale University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300256567.003.0100.

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This chapter recounts how Karl Marx found asylum in Brussels to imagine a proletarian revolution in a world without borders. As the chapter highlights, it was in the capital of the newly independent nation that this stateless political refugee called on the workers of all countries to unite. Belgium consciously opened its borders in the middle of the nineteenth century, allowing the easy passage of individuals and goods. The chapter then explores the contrast between the immigration policies of a small industrializing nation and some of its larger, more protective neighbors. It then shifts to

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Milošević, Goran. "Regulation of Public Finances in Serbia in Light of Financial Constitutionality." In Regulation of Public Finances in Light of Financial Constitutionality : Analysis on Certain Central and Eastern European Countries. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.zn.ropfatilofc_8.

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A country has always been an important factor in the economic processes of a county. With its activity, mechanisms for provision of services, consumption and investment system, its role in the allocation and distribution process of income and wealth, a country directly or indirectly establishes certain relations in the social reproduction process. Because of that it can be said that the country activity reflects on the public, but also on the private sector of a social community. No government, no county, can afford the ease of economic and any other activity taking place past it. A country mu

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Sasmaz, Mahmut Unsal, and Abdullah Zeybekoglu. "The Effect of Defense Expenditures and Peace on Economic Growth." In Research Anthology on Macroeconomics and the Achievement of Global Stability. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7460-0.ch078.

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Throughout history countries have tried to gain power in order to get advantages for the issues such as providing territorial integrity, social security and internal and external security. As a result of this power-gaining race, defense expenditures had a significant place in countries' economies. In its broad sense, defense expenditures are defined as the share reserved from the national income for the country's defense in order to provide internal and external security of the state and maintain the order and safety of the community. The size of defense expenditures varies from country to cou

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Public contracts – European Economic Community countries"

Forna, Norina Consuela, Alice Murariu, Doriana Agop-Forna, Lorenza Forna, and Norin Forna. "Inequalities regarding the oral health system in Europe and Romania." In Economic growth in the face of global challenges. Consolidation of national economies and reduction of social inequalities: International Scientific-Practical Conference, XVIIIth edition. National Institute for Economic Research, 2024. https://doi.org/10.36004/nier.cecg.iii.2024.18.19.

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The health status of the population is a complex phenomenon that expresses the health characteristics of the members of a community viewed as a whole, taking into account a series of biological, social and economic determinants. Among the socio-economic determinants that act at the individual level are financial income and the level of education. At the population level an important determining factor is represented by the national health policy. This refers to providing the population with medical personnel, financing and access to specialized medical services.In Romania, in contrast to the i

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Moroz, Oleg. "Justification of public administration reform in Ukraine on the way of European integration after the end of the war." In The 5th Economic International Conference “Competitiveness and sustainable development“. Technical University of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52326/csd2023.03.

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The purpose of the publication is to determine the ways and components of the process of ensuring effective and efficient reform of the state administration of Ukraine as a whole and its administrative-territorial system, in particular, on the way to European integration of the country after the end of military operations on its territory. The relevance of the study is determined, on the one hand, by the desire of the people of Ukraine for its entry into the community of European countries, and, on the other hand, by the need for a certain reform of state management in accordance with the cond

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Diril, Funda. "Comparison of Fiscal Reforms in Some South and East European Transition Economies." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01014.

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The aim of this paper is to compare fiscal reforms of some of the transition economies in Balkans including The Republic of Macedonia. Since 1990’s former planned economies, which are in the process of economic transformation into market economy have carried out several reforms. During this economic transformation process both the effects and the results of these reforms vary according to the difference between the needs of structural change in each country. In this study, some of the selected transition economies in Balkans are analyzed: Some of the recent members of European Community in Bal

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Saharnean, Liliana. "The innovational image: the national methodology for researching the innovative activity of enterprises." In International Scientific Conference “30 Years of Economic Reforms in the Republic of Moldova: Economic Progress via Innovation and Competitiveness”. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/9789975155618.33.

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Given that the implementation of innovations, regardless of their type, has become a determining factor of economic growth, and the priorities of enterprises have been fully manifested in economic activities, their development through innovation has become an imperative of time. According to the requirements of the European Commission, the indicators related to innovation are a key element in monitoring the economic development objectives of the Republic of Moldova. The implementation of statistical research on innovation is an important element in aligning the Republic of Moldova with the EU

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Bjegović-Mikanović, Vesna. "Transforming health systems: Challenges in times of change." In Proceedings of the International Congress Public Health - Achievements and Challenges. Institute of Public Health of Serbia "Dr Milan Jovanović Batut", 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/batutphco24004b.

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Background: Health system transformation refers to comprehensive changes aimed at improving the efficiency, quality, equity, and sustainability of healthcare delivery. This transformation can be driven by various factors and often encompasses technological advancements, policy and regulatory changes, economic aspects, innovation in service delivery, and global health challenges. Objectives and Methods: This narrative review aims to comprehend different health system transformation models, drivers of change, and associated outcomes. Its scope focuses on European countries and their diverse popu

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Demir, Emre. "THE EMERGENCE OF A NEO-COMMUNITARIAN MOVEMENT IN THE TURKISH DIASPORA IN EUROPE: THE STRATEGIES OF SETTLEMENT AND COMPETITION OF GÜLEN MOVEMENT IN FRANCE AND GERMANY." In Muslim World in Transition: Contributions of the Gülen Movement. Leeds Metropolitan University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/bkir8810.

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This paper examines the organisational and discursive strategies of the Gülen movement in France and Germany and its differentiation in Turkish Islam in Europe, with the primary focus on the movement’s educational activities. The paper describes the characteristics of organisational activity among Turkish Muslims in Europe. Then it analyses two mainstream religious-communitarian movements and the contrasting settlement strategies of the “neo- communitarian” Gülen movement. Despite the large Turkish population in western Europe, the movement has been active there for only about ten years – rela

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Denda, Stefan, and Vladimir Malinić. "THE ROLE OF GEOGRAPHY IN TOURISM-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE RESEARCH." In Book of Abstracts and Contributed Papers. Geographical Institute "Jovan Cvijić" SASA, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/csge5.48sd.

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Quality of life is a multidimensional construct. This concept has great application and scientific importance. As a research topic, it came into focus in the 1960s in Western countries. At the beginning of the 1980s, the concept was also applied in Central-East European countries, including former Yugoslavia. Through the analysis of numerous indicators, it becomes part of numerous, primarily sociological, and then psychological, political, economic, and geographical research. The basic premise of geography is based on the view that most events during life are connected to a particular space. I

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Public contracts – European Economic Community countries"

Martin, Matthew. The Crisis of Extreme Inequality in SADC: Fighting austerity and the pandemic. Oxfam, Development Finance International, Norwegian Church Aid, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2022.8793.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the extreme inequality in Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries, and pushed millions into poverty. The economic crisis continues due to the obscene global vaccine inequality. As of end March 2022, a dismal 14% of SADC citizens had been fully vaccinated against COVID-19, compared with 65.5% in the United States and 73% in the European Union. In 2021, with infections rising in SADC, the critical health, social protection and economic programmes put in place by most governments in 2020 were rolled back and replaced with austerity, in the contex

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Monetary Policy Report - July 2022. Banco de la República, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr3-2022.

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In the second quarter, annual inflation (9.67%), the technical staff’s projections and its expectations continued to increase, remaining above the target. International cost shocks, accentuated by Russia's invasion of Ukraine, have been more persistent than projected, thus contributing to higher inflation. The effects of indexation, higher than estimated excess demand, a tighter labor market, inflation expectations that continue to rise and currently exceed 3%, and the exchange rate pressures add to those described above. High core inflation measures as well as in the producer price index (PPI

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Payment Systems Report - June of 2021. Banco de la República, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2021.

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Banco de la República provides a comprehensive overview of Colombia’s finan¬cial infrastructure in its Payment Systems Report, which is an important product of the work it does to oversee that infrastructure. The figures published in this edition of the report are for the year 2020, a pandemic period in which the con¬tainment measures designed and adopted to alleviate the strain on the health system led to a sharp reduction in economic activity and consumption in Colom¬bia, as was the case in most countries. At the start of the pandemic, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República adopted

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