Thèses sur le sujet « Pucerons – Lutte biologique contre »
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Kahia, Mouna. « Lutte biologique contre deux pucerons ravageurs en serre (Aphis gossypii et Aulacorthum solani) par l'utilisation des microorganismes du sol ». Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35001.
Texte intégralThe foxglove aphid Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach) and the melon aphid Aphis gossypii (Glover) are among the most harmful aphids for greenhouse crops. Microbial biological control may be an effective method against these insects. The combination of different microbial agents can increase their efficiency. This work evaluates the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana ANT-03, Bacillus pumilus PTB180 and B. subtilis PTB185, used individually or in combination, to control A. gossypii and A. solani on cucumber and tomato, respectively. In the laboratory, ten L2 larvae of each aphid were placed in Petri dishes containing a tomato leaf or a cucumber leaf disc fixed in the agar plate. These larvae were sprayed with 1 mL of suspensions prepared according to the treatment (Control, B. pumilus, B. subtilis, B. bassiana, B. pumilus+ B. subtilis, B. bassiana+ B. pumilus, B bassiana+B. subtilis, B. bassiana+ B. pumilus+ B. subtilis). The same treatments used in the laboratory were applied in the greenhouse, but adult aphids were used. Laboratory and greenhouse test results revealed that by causing A. solani mortality and by affecting A. gossypii reproduction, both bacteria (B. pumilus PTB180 and B. subtilis PTB185) were able to demonstrate aphicide effect equivalent to that of the commercial product (Bioceres) containing the fungus. When used as a mixture, no additive effect between the three microorganisms studied was observed. Spore survival tests of the two bacteria and the fungus conducted in a greenhouse have shown that they retain a high level of population 106CF U/g fresh leaves up to nine days after the application when used alone or as a mixture. Thus, on plants, the two bacilli do not exhibit antifungal effect against B. bassiana ANT-03.
puceron de la digitale, puceron tacheté de la pomme de terre, puceron du melon, puceron du cotonnier
Tournaire, Réjane. « Sélection et caractérisation de deux populations incapables de voler de la coccinelle harmonia axyridis pallas (col. , coccinellidae) : leur utilisation en lutte biologique contre les pucerons ». Aix-Marseille 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX30007.
Texte intégralLatigui, Ahmed. « Etude de l'incidence de la fertilisation de l'aubergine et de la tomate cultivées hors-sol sur le potentiel biotique de Macrosiphum euhorbiae THOMAS : (Homoptera : Aphididae) ». Aix-Marseille 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX30023.
Texte intégralVictor, Christine. « Recherche de nouvelles substances végétales insecticides. Etude de pinus pinaster ait ». Aix-Marseille 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX30057.
Texte intégralGubanti, Paul. « Contribution à l'étude de l'efficacité de la coccinelle aphidiphage Coccinella septempunctata L (Col. Coccinellidae) en culture céréalière sous climat méditerranéen ». Aix-Marseille 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX3A001.
Texte intégralBeaufour, Martine Nicole Hélène. « Evaluation des [delta]2-oxazolines-1,3, des [delta]2-thiazolines-1,3 et des [delta]2-imidazolines-1,3 comme proinsecticides d'acides carboxyliques : suivis de la métabolisation dans les milieux biologiques d'insectes par RMN et chromatographie : réactivité particulière des imidazolines vis-à-vis du DNBF ». Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002VERS002V.
Texte intégralLopes, Christelle. « Dynamique d’un système hôte-parasitoïde en environnement spatialement hétérogène et lutte biologique : application au puceron Aphis gossypii et au parasitoïde Lysiphlebus testaceipes en serre de melons ». Paris, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.paristech.org/3399/01/these-Lopes.pdf.
Texte intégralNatural ecosystems are unavoidably spatially structured and the induced heterogeneity affects various processes of ecological systems. In many cases, the influence of spatial heterogeneity on population dynamics remains unclear. This thesis contributes to a better theoretical understanding of the effects of such heterogeneity on host-parasitoid interactions. In this way, three spatial approaches were developed and adapted to the aphid pest Aphis gossypii and one of its parasitoids Lysiphlebus testaceipes in a melon greenhouse. The importance of spatial structure was tested by comparing a non-spatial model with a spatially explicit model (a lattice one). Our results showed that considering space is essential to describe the spatial heterogeneous distribution of populations Observed in the field. The way in which space should be considered was tested by comparing the spatially explicit model with a new implicit approach, which describes the level of plant infestation by a continuous variable corresponding to the number of plants with a given density of pests at a given time. When the explicit model needs as many equations as plants in the greenshouse, our novel approach has only a partial differential equation. We could infer from the comparisons between the two spatial models that the predicted host-parasitoid dynamics were similar under most conditions; and the differences were due to local dispersal (considered only in the explicit model), because it could have a strong impact on population dynamics but did not change the conclusions for crop protection. The new implicit model thus generated relevant predictions with a more synthetic formalism than the common plant-by-plant model. This implicit model was used to test biological control strategies. We showed that (i) preventive releases are less efficient than curative ones, if the cost of infestation detection is not too high; (ii) strategies with several releases are always better than single releases strategies. As a conclusion, we demonstrated that the effectiveness of a biological control depends on the functional response of the parasitoids, the initial distribution of pests (that determines the infestation process) and the costs affected to each type of strategies
Dib, Hazem. « Rôle des ennemis naturels dans la lutte biologique contre le puceron cendré, Dysaphis plantaginea Passerini (Hemiptera aphididae) en vergers de pommiers ». Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00665080.
Texte intégralSaguez, Julien. « Dérégulation des activités chitinases : vers de nouvelles perspectives de lutte contre les aphides ». Phd thesis, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00521546.
Texte intégralRoy, Geneviève. « Développement d'un agent de lutte biologique contre Heterobasidion annosum ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ43109.pdf.
Texte intégralChen, Xin. « Efficacité de Harmonia axyridis (coleoptera : coccinellidae) comme agent de lutte biologique contre Myzus persicae (homoptera : aphididae) ». Avignon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AVIG0005.
Texte intégralDeraison-Manuel, Céline. « Isolement, caractérisation et cibles de nouveaux inhibiteurs de protéases pour la création de plantes transgéniques résistantes aux pucerons ». Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112159.
Texte intégralAmong the phytophagous insects, aphids show the particularity of feeding on sap. Their stylets allow them to reach the phloem tissues, a compartment which protein/amino acid ration is low. In this context, aphids are considered to be devoid of the enzymatic stock capable of hydrolysing protein. Strategies using proteinase inhibitor (PI) as entomotoxic polypeptide are considered at first inadequate to fight this kind of insects. Nevertheless, several PI have paradox toxicity against aphids. This study is aimed at increasing the number of potential novel PI, at understanding their function in order to introduce them in biologic fight program. During this work, new informations on digestive proteolysis in Homoptera were gained: cystein proteinase cathepsins (lysosomal enzyme) are specifically expressed in gut and in a specialized organ, the bacteriocyte. They are potential targets of cystein-PI. Seedrapes expressing Oryzacystatine (isolated from rice seed) induce a 25% reduction of Myzus persicea fecundity. This result shows the possibility to express PI in phloem to fight aphids. Improvement of a serine-PI (isolated from pea) via directed mutagenesis was performed but no active form was obtained neither in Pichia pastoris nor in Arabidosis thaliana expression system. We tried to enlarge the gene pool to fight aphids. Isolation of a new cystein-PI from aphid haemolymph was initiated at the molecular and biochemical level. These results show that PI constitute a new strategy to fight aphids
Kirk, Alan Alastair. « Utilisation de la lutte biologique en écologie appliquée : contrôle d'insectes et de mauvaises herbes dans des situations de déséquilibre ». Aix-Marseille 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX30081.
Texte intégralDussouy, Christophe. « Nouveaux disaccharides aux propriétés aphicides ». Amiens, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AMIE0104.
Texte intégralSome disaccharides with a β-D-GlcNAc-(1→4)-α-D-Glc 6-sulfate structure have previously shown aphicidal effects. We have undertaken the synthesis of disaccharides of the same structure substituted or not by sulfates or acetate on specific positions to study their aphicidal properties. Different methods of glycosylation have been assessed in order to selectively obtain this sequence in good yield. From this sequence, we synthesized regioselectively sulfated disaccharides in different positions. Then we have explored the synthesis of sulfated thiodisaccharides from a cyclic sulfamidate. In vivo tests on Myzus persicae (aphid pests of potatoes) of some of these compounds have shown very good physiological effects. Chitinase are the potential biological target of these molecules, therefore their inhibitory activity of endo and exo chitinases from different sources has been evaluated. Some of these compounds are competitive inhibitors with Ki in the micromolar range. The main interest of this work is the development of molecules derived from biomass in crop protection
Alaphilippe, Aude. « Effets secondaires de l'utilisation d'un agent de lutte biologique : rôle des metabolites primaires de surfaces des feuilles dans l'interaction entre l'agent de lutte biologique et Cydia pomonella L ». Paris, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AGPT0039.
Texte intégralBenmoussa-Haichour, Dalila. « Relations termites-nématodes entomopathogènes : applications à la lutte biologique ». Paris 12, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA120039.
Texte intégralMoulenat, Rufingier Catherine. « Résistance aux insecticides et structure génétique des populations de "Nasonovia ribisnigri"(Mosley)(Homoptera : aphididae) ». Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20049.
Texte intégralPelat, Thibaut. « Obtention et ingénierie d'anticorps recombinants thérapeutiques et/ou prophylactiques dirigés contre les agents du risque biologique provoqué ». Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20093.
Texte intégralRecombinant antibodies isolated from non-human primates represent very promising medical countermeasures against bioweapons. The advantages and methodological aspects of this approach have been described. An scFv, neutralizing the lethal toxin of Bacillus anthracis (2LF: KD= 1. 02 nM) and directed against the “lethal factor” subunit was isolated from a phage-displayed immune library, and characterised. Another scFv, 43RCA, neutralizing ricin, was obtained with the same methodology and tested (in particular: KD= 40 pM). This approach may also be used beyond bioweapons, as an scFv directed toward Aspergillus fumigatus was also isolated (MS130i-IIIC3: KD= 0,96 nM). On-line sequence analysis with IMGT tools allowed to show the high degree of similarity between these scFvs and their human counterparts. Antibody fragments were engineered, including an in vitro affinity maturation (KD initial = 3. 4 nM; KD final = 0. 18 nM). Utilizing IMGT standardisation and on-line tools, a “germline humanization” - utilizing FR derived from IgM, encountered by every Human, as opposed to IgG FR - was realized in order to ensure an optimal tolerance for one of our scFvs. A primatized IgG was tested in vivo and showed therapeutic and prophylactic capacities
Avis, Tyler. « Spécificité et génétique de Pseudozyma flocculosa, agent de lutte biologique contre le blanc ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ60760.pdf.
Texte intégralSy, Abdoul Aziz. « Lutte biologique contre la pyriculariose du riz (Pyricularia oryzae Cav.) stratégie et applications / ». Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37611000t.
Texte intégralSy, Abdoul Aziz. « Lutte biologique contre la pyriculariose du riz (Pyricularia oryzae cav. ) : stratégie et applications ». Toulouse, INPT, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987INPT025A.
Texte intégralMasih, Emmanuel Isaac. « Lutte biologique contre Botrytis cinerea, agent de la pourriture grise de la vigne ». Dijon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005DIJOS049.
Texte intégralGrey mould disease caused by Botrytis cinerea is one of the most important diseases of the grapevine. The intensive use of the chemical products to irradicate the grey mould disease resulted in environmental pollution, and appearence of the resistant varieties of the pathogen. This study of research showed the antagonism between the B. Cinerea and the bacteria and yeast, and the different isolates of the genus Pythium. The selected antagonistic microbes to Botrytis cinerea, were identified using morphological as well as genetical tools and the study of their mode of action was initiated. The enzymatic activities and the elicitation capability were also studied. These activities have a direct relationship with the trigerring of the natural defence mechanisms of the grapevine. In the following context, the use of the selected micorobes as biocontrol agents can be undertaken for the effective control of Botrytis cinerea
Gigon, Vincent. « Optimisation de la lutte biologique contre l'acarien Tetranychus urticae en culture de tomate ». Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSARA080/document.
Texte intégralTo suppress pest populations to such levels that damage to thecrop is minimized, multiple biological control agents are oftenintroduced in greenhouses. However, negative interactionsamong them, such as intraguild predation, might appear thatcan decrease the effi ciency of the plant protection strategy.Furthermore, plant direct (physical or chemical) defenseshave a negative impact on the pests but might also have animpact on the natural enemies. Therefore, the question iswhether it is possible to limit the negative interactions amongbiological control agents and the infl uence of the crop on thebehavior and development of the natural enemies. To optimizebiological control of Tetranychus urticae, a very problematicpest in tomato greenhouses, the effi ciency of the predatorymite Phytoseiulus macropilis was tested on two cultivars withdifferent trichome densities and concentrations of secondarycompounds, in presence or absence of Macrolophus pygmaeus,a mirid often used to regulate whitefl y populations.During two years, under greenhouse conditions, P. macropiliswell-controlled the population of T. urticae. There was no evidenceof intraguild predation between the two predators, butin the presence of M. pygmaeus, P. macropilis tended to havea more clumped spatial distribution. However, in microcosms,M. pygmaeus fed on P. macropilis eggs. Moreover, P. macropilislaid signifi cantly more eggs on the tomato cultivar with thehighest density of non-glandular trichomes, but this resultwas only observed in microcosms. The different dynami
Bourarach, Khadija. « Lutte biologique contre les Noctuelles du Maroc : relations hôtes parasitoïdes et biologie de Trichogramma bourarachae Pintureau et Babault (Hym. Trichogrammatidae) ». Paris 6, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA066424.
Texte intégralTirilly, Yves. « L'hyperparasitisme du Hansfordia pulvinata envers le Fulvia fulva et les perspectives de lutte intégrée contre la cladosporiose de la tomate ». Brest, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BRES2036.
Texte intégralDemeule, Elizabeth. « Effet répressif de Bacillus subtilis et de Bacillus pumilus envers Rhizoctonia solani sur tomate et concombre de serre ». Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66758.
Texte intégralLeroy, Valentin. « Décontamination des grains de blé et d'orge par traitements aux ultrasons ». Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27917.
Texte intégralTougeron, Kévin. « Variabilité de la diapause chez les parasitoïdes de pucerons dans le cadre des changements climatiques : implications en lutte biologique ». Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B030/document.
Texte intégralClimate changes alter the phenology of organisms, i.e. the succession over time of the elements of their life-cycle. Diapause expression in insects – that is, the developmental arrest allowing survival to seasonal degradations in the biotic and abiotic environment – is particularly affected. This thesis addresses the existence of different environmental factors acting on the seasonal strategies of Aphidius aphid parasitoids. In cereal agro-systems of western France, host and parasitoid communities have changed rapidly over the past decade. Hence, some parasitoid species enter diapause at low levels due to temperature increase, decrease in frost events and the presence of their hosts during winter, which impose selection on diapause induction thresholds. Parasitoids show plastic adjustments of their response to environmental stimuli inducing diapause. They enter diapause at higher proportion if they develop in sexual morphs of aphids (which inform for upcoming limited resources) than in asexual hosts, which underlines the co-evolution of their life-cycles. Transgenerational plasticity is also involved in these responses since maternal competition induces summer diapause in their offspring. Moreover, winter diapause incidence increases after some parasitoid generations experience the same environmental conditions. Local adaptations of parasitoids to new environmental conditions lead to a loss of diapause expression – which involves ecological and physiological costs – to the benefit of adult overwintering strategies. Modifications in species activity-density within aphids-(hyper)parasitoids communities, due to changes in overwintering strategies, could affect food-webs’ stability and alter positively or negatively the efficiency of biological pest control
Rondeau, Sabrina. « Lutte biologique contre le parasite apicole Varroa destructor à l'aide de l'acarien prédateur Stratiolaelaps scimitus ». Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36553.
Texte intégralEn se nourrissant de l’hémolymphe et des corps gras de l’abeille domestique (Apis mellifera L.) et en lui transmettant de nombreux virus, l’acarien parasite Varroa destructor (Acari : varroidae) constitue la principale cause de mortalité des colonies d’abeilles. Les traitements chimiques présentement utilisés pour lutter contre le varroa comportent plusieurs désavantages, tels que le développement de résistance de l’acarien aux acaricides de synthèse et une toxicité variable pour l’abeille. Via l’utilisation d’ennemis naturels du parasite, la lutte biologique pourrait représenter une avenue durable et sécuritaire pour la santé des colonies. L’objectif principal de cette étude était de tester l’efficacité de l’acarien prédateur Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Acari : Lealapidae) comme moyen de lutte biologique contre le varroa. Une étude du comportement alimentaire du prédateur a d’abord été réalisée afin d’évaluer le risque de prédation du couvain d’abeille (oeufs, larves et pupes) par S. scimitus, ainsi que son potentiel de prédation envers les varroas phorétiques (se trouvant sur le corps des abeilles adultes). Des essais in vivo ont ensuite permis d’évaluer l’efficacité de deux doses d’introduction du prédateur (6 250 ou 12 500 acariens/colonie) à contrôler les populations de varroa dans les colonies d’abeilles en septembre (en comparaison avec l’acaricide biologique Thymovar®) et en novembre (en comparaison avec l’acide oxalique). Bien que S. scimitus soit capable de s’alimenter sur tous les stades de développement de l’abeille en laboratoire, nos résultats suggèrent que le prédateur ne représente pas une menace pour le couvain lorsqu’il est introduit dans la colonie. Par contre, nos résultats démontrent que le prédateur n’est pas en mesure de contrôler les populations de varroas dans les colonies d’abeilles sous les conditions testées, c’est-à-dire lorsqu’il est introduit à l’automne selon la dose actuellement recommandée par certains distributeurs. Cette inefficacité est probablement liée à l’incapacité du prédateur à s’attaquer aux varroas phorétiques.
By feeding on the hemolymph and fat bodies of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) and transmitting many viruses, the parasitic mite Varroa destructor (Acari: varroidae) is considered as the main cause of honey bee colony losses. The use of chemicals in varroa control shows many disadvantages, such as the development of mite resistance to synthetic acaricides and a variable toxicity for bees. Through the use of natural enemies, the biological control of varroa mites could represent a sustainable and safe avenue for colony health. The main objective of this study was to test the effectiveness of the predatory mite Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Acari: Lealapidae) as a means of biological control against varroa mites. A study of the predator’s feeding behaviour was first performed to evaluate the risk of predation of bee brood (eggs, larvae and pupae) by S. scimitus, as well as its predation potential upon phoretic varroa mites (varroa parasitizing adult bees). In vivo trials were then carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of two predator introduction rates (6,250 or 12,500 mites / colony) to control varroa populations in honey bee colonies in September (compared to the organic acaricide Thymovar®) and in November (compared to oxalic acid). Although S. scimitus is able to feed on all bee developmental stages in the laboratory, our results suggest that the predator does not pose a threat to the bee brood when introduced into the colony. On the other hand, our results demonstrate that the predator is not able to control varroa populations in bee colonies under the tested conditions, that is, when it is introduced in fall according to the rate currently recommended by some biocontrol suppliers. This ineffectiveness is probably related to the inability of the predator to attack phoretic varroa mites.
Desgranges, Catherine. « Contribution à la lutte contre la pyrale du maïs : optimisation d'un procédé de production par fermentation en milieu solide, d'un champignon entomopathogène, Beauveria bassiana ». Compiègne, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991COMPD428.
Texte intégralGravel, Valérie. « Lutte contre Pythium ultimum chez la tomate de serre : une approche microbienne ». Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24523/24523.pdf.
Texte intégralDianzinga, Niry Tiana. « Diversité des communautés d’arthropodes et efficacité de la lutte biologique contre les insectes ravageurs ». Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0006.
Texte intégralUnderstanding of driving forces that affect diversity in herbivorous insect communities figures prominently in ecological research, and is necessary for integrated pest management, because some herbivorous insect can become crop pests. Natural enemies and environmental variables are among factors that structure herbivorous insect communities. While natural enemies regulate herbivorous insects, environmental variables affect their diversity and their spatial distribution. The main goal of this thesis was to understand effects of landscape features on diversity of herbivorous thrips communities along elevational gradients in Reunion, and to investigate effects of natural enemy diversity in biological control of pest thrips. In first study, thrips were sampled along replicated elevational gradients, and at each sampling site, landscape features and abiotic variables were estimated within buffers surrounding the site. Study has shown that the greatest diversity of thrips in Reunion is concentrated at lower elevation, although habitats situated in these localities are highly degraded. Thrips diversity was not affected by fragmentation but landscape heterogeneity and habitat amount interacted to affect positively thrips diversity.In second study, we manipulated communities composed of two pest thrips Thrips parvispinus and Frankliniella occidentalis, and two predatory mites Amblyseius swirskii and Proprioseiopis mexicanus. These communities were in cages and were established in greenhouse. Study has shown that both predators are better than one in thrips regulation. That confirms the necessity to maintain biodiversity at the upper trophic level for herbivore control. Moreover, this study revealed that despite intraguild predation, predators would have coexisted because of competition-colonization trade-off
Bouchard-Rochette, Mathieu, et Mathieu Bouchard-Rochette. « Bacillus pumilus et Bacillus subtilis pour lutter contre la pourriture grise chez la tomate et le concombre de serre ». Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38128.
Texte intégralCette étude s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un programme de recherche destiné à évaluer le potentiel d’utilisation en horticulture des bactéries Bacillus pumilus souche PTB180 et Bacillus subtilis souche PTB185. Elle avait pour objectifs (1) d’évaluer in vitro l’activité antagoniste contre Botrytis cinerea des souches PTB180 et PTB185, (2) d’estimer leur capacité à survivre sur la phyllosphère de la tomate et du concombre et 3) d’évaluer leur effet sur le développement de la pourriture grise (B. cinerea) sur des plants de tomate et de concombre cultivés en serre. L'activité antagoniste de PTB180 et PTB185 a été évaluée en boîtes de Pétri sur géloses, sur tissus foliaires de tomate et de concombre et sur fruits de tomate. Les deux souches ont inhibé très fortement la croissance mycélienne et la germination des spores de B. cinerea sur géloses. Sur feuilles de tomate et sur disques foliaires de concombre, PTB185 et le mélange (1:1) des deux souches ont réduit significativement (p ≤ 0,01) la croissance mycélienne de B. cinerea comparativement aux témoins. PTB180 a réprimé significativement la croissance mycélienne de B. cinerea sur les fruits de tomate. Afin d'estimer la survie de PTB180 et PTB185 sur la phyllosphère, des plants de tomate et de concombre ont été pulvérisés jusqu'à ruissellement avec une suspension (1×107 unités formatrices de colonies [UFC]/mL) de PTB180, PTB185 ou d'un mélange (1:1) des deux souches. Les populations de chaque souche ont ensuite été suivies au cours du temps sur les feuilles. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les souches survivent au moins 21 jours sur les plants de tomate et de concombre avec un taux de survie variant de 43% à 100%. De plus, pratiquement aucune variation dans les proportions de chaque souche n'a été observée au fil du temps lorsque PTB180 et PTB185 étaient appliquées en mélange. Enfin, l’application foliaire de PTB180, PTB185 et du mélange (1:1) des deux souches a permis une réduction significative de l’incidence et de la sévérité de la pourriture grise chez des plants de tomate et de concombre inoculés avec B. cinerea et cultivés en serre. Les souches PTB180 et PTB185 ont montré au cours de cette étude une forte activité antagoniste envers B. cinerea, la capacité de survivre sur la phyllosphère de plants de tomate et de concombre et de réprimer le développement de la pourriture grise chez ces derniers. Ces souches pourraient éventuellement être utilisées comme agents de lutte biologique contre la pourriture grise du concombre et de la tomate de serre.
Barbar, Aline. « Caractérisation de la farnésyl diphosphate synthase et de la géranylgéranyl diphosphate synthase chez les Lépidoptères : cibles potentielles pour la lutte bio-rationnelle contre les ravageurs ». Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30307/30307.pdf.
Texte intégralThe present thesis focuses on the characterization of two lepidopteran prenyltransferases, namely farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS), for which there are two paralogs, FPPS-1 and FPPS2, and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS). The main goal of this research was to identify features that are unique to the lepidopteran enzymes so as to assess their suitability as targets for bio-rational pest control. In this study, we clarified the implication of each FPPS paralog in juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis, based on the evaluation of their tissue distribution and kinetic properties. Transcriptional quantification and immunodetection analyses confirmed the ubiquitous expression of FPPS-1 and its high titres in Malpighian tubules, while FPPS-2 expression was confined to the corpora allata (CA). Kinetic analysis of an N-terminally truncated form of FPPS-2 revealed certain unique features to the Lepidoptera. However, a similarly truncated form of FPPS-1 was inactive in vitro. Altogether, these results suggest that FPPS-2 is the lepidopteran FPPS paralog involved in JH biosynthesis in the CA at all stages of development, while preliminary transcriptional analysis suggests that FPPS-1 could play a role in protein prenylation. Characterization of a lepidopteran GGPPS indicated that it belongs to the type III group of GGPPSs, as do the human and bovine GGPPSs. Kinetic analysis of this GGPPS and its molecular modeling pointed to alternative binding modes for its allylic substrate and product, both of which can induce enzyme inhibition. Substrate inhibition appears unique to the lepidopteran GGPPS, possibly due to structural differences that were revealed by homology modeling. Globally, the findings reported herein highlight the unique features of these enzymes in the Lepidoptera and suggest the possibility of using them as targets for the development of insecticidal inhibitors that could block JH biosynthesis and protein prenylation, thereby disrupting development, metamorphosis and reproduction in lepidopteran pests.
Babi, Adnan. « Bioécologie de Trichogramma Cacoeciae Marchal et T. Daumalae Dugats et Voegele (Hym. Trichogrammatidae) : utilisation en lutte biologique contre Lobesia Botrana Den. et Schief. (Lef. Tortricidae) ». Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX30032.
Texte intégralTachapattaworakul, Thunwadee. « Optimisation de la culture et de la traçabilité de la culture de Trichoderma atroviride destiné à la lutte biologique ». Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20076.
Texte intégralFerry, Antonin. « Écologie chimique appliquée à la lutte contre Delia radicum, la mouche du chou ». Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S131.
Texte intégralDelia radicum, the cabbage root-fly, is the principal pest of cabbage crops in Brittany, France. Using odours in Brassicaceae crops to manipulate both the fly and the behaviour of its predators/parasitoids is the aim of this PhD thesis. This work revealed the existence of a major volatile signal driving Brassicaceae-D. Radicum-control agent interactions. Using this compound allowed to attract several bio control agents and to deter the fly. However, initial agronomical studies indicated that using this odour can have adverse effects on the predatory efficiency of the bio control agents. Another experiment unravelled the role of odours in complex interactions that drive species community structure. Results obtained highlight the need to have a fine knowledge of ecosystem functioning to succeed in this approach
Ali-Haimoud, Djamel-Eddine. « Contribution à l'étude de la lutte biologique contre Drechslera teres (Sacc. ) Shoem. , parasite de l'orge ». Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT007A.
Texte intégralBardon, Céline. « Choix d'une souche de trichogrammes (hyménoptera : trichogrammatidae) pour lutter contre Plutella xylostella L. (lepidoptera : plutellidae) ». Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30276.
Texte intégralBouchard-Rochette, Mathieu. « Bacillus pumilus et Bacillus subtilis pour lutter contre la pourriture grise chez la tomate et le concombre de serre ». Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38128.
Texte intégralMousques, Adeline. « Mise en évidence d'une nouvelle substance antifongique produite par une souche de Pseudomonas cepacia isolée du sol : action sur Botrytis Cinerea ». Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR20446.
Texte intégralHoffman, Gérard. « Contribution à l'étude des phanérogames parasites du Burkina Faso et du Mali : quelques aspects de leur écologie, biologie et techniques de lutte ». Aix-Marseille 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX30083.
Texte intégralBraham, Mohamed. « Analyse structurelle et fonctionnelle de la biocoenose de la mineuse des agrumes, phyllocnistis citrella (Lep. , gracillariidae) en Tunisie. Application à la lutte biologique contre le ravageur ». Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30030.
Texte intégralThe aim of this work is the best knowledge of the biology and ecology of the Citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) with the emphasis of its biological control. The population dynamic of the insect was studied on 5 different species and varieties of Citrus in 1996,1997 and 1998. The screening of the Tunisian cultivars of Citrus was undertaken including the percentage of infested leaves, the abundance of eggs, larva and nymphs and shows that all species and varieties were attacked. The location of pre-imaginal stages on the upper and under side of leaves was specified. The parameters a and b from Taylor Power model and Iwao's Patchiness line regression formula were calculated for two cultivars : Citrus sinensis cv Thomson and C. Grandis. The sequential sampling plan was used to determine the number of samples to take for the latest cultivar
Agbessi, Sonya. « Caractérisation moléculaire et pouvoir antagoniste de souches de S. mélanosporofaciens, agents potentiels de lutte biologique contre des agents phytopathogènes ». Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2002.
Trouver le texte intégralMunsch, Patricia. « Lutte biologique contre la tache bactérienne du champignon de Paris au moyen de bactériophages : Spécificité et efficacité du bactériophage TO.1 ». Pau, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PAUU3008.
Texte intégralArous, Safia. « Etude du régulon sigma-54 et de son implication dans la sensibilité aux bactériocines de sous-classe IIa chez Listeria monocytogenes ». Poitiers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004POIT2254.
Texte intégralSubclass IIa bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria, are peptides active against Listeria. The s54 transcriptional factor is involved in the sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes to these peptides. Three s54 associated activators were identified in L. Monocytogenes genome, ManR, LacR and CotR. The s54 factor and ManR regulated the EIItMan synthesis, a mannose PTS permease, which is crucial in sensitivity to IIa bacteriocins. EIItMan is composed of a cytoplasmic subunit, IIABtMan, and a membrane complex IICtMan-IIDtMan. Its membrane localization led our group to suggest that it could be a receptor to antibacterial peptides. The role of s54 and EIItMan in sensitivity to IIa bacteriocins was investigated through two approaches. First, we realised a global analysis of genes regulated by s54, by the comparison of the transcriptome and proteome profiles of a s54 mutant and the wild type EGDe strain. In our conditions study, mptACD, encoding EIItMan, is the only operon shown to be directly regulated by s54. The s54 mutation has a main influence on sugars metabolism, may be due to the repression of mptACD. Second, we study the implication of EIItMan in sensitivity mechanism to IIa bacteriocins. The analysis by RT-PCR of the mptACD expression suggested a link between its level expression and the level of sensitivity of L. Monocytogenes mutants. Besides, the heterologous expression of mptACD in an insensitive species, Lactococcus lactis, led to sensitize the strains to IIa bacteriocins. We also show that only the mptC expression (encoding IICtMan) is necessary to induce sensitivity in L. Lactis. Thus, the membrane subunit, IICtMan is crucial for the sensitivity and could be the particular target of IIa bacteriocins
Frey, Pascal. « Lutte biologique contre le fletrissement bacterien des solanacees a l'aide de mutants hrp#- de pseudomonas solanacearum ». Paris 11, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA112337.
Texte intégralBompard, Laure. « Etude théorique des conséquences démographiques et évolutives des processus s'exprimant à faible densité dans les systèmes hote-parasitoide ». Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077085.
Texte intégralIn low-density populations, genetic diversity is decreased and mate-finding is increasingly difficult, two phenomena that may induce extinctions if the demography is simple. During my thesis, I used mathematical modeling to investigate the impact of such phenomena on parasitoids in which population dynamics are more complex (due to the close interaction between the parasitoid and its host. The study of the fate of small parasitoid populations is particularly justified in the context of biological control, in which parasitoids are widely used and often introduced in low densities. This manuscript is built on scientific papers and organized into three parts: i) a literature synthesis; ii) the theoretical impact of mate-finding Allee effect on the demography of parasitoids and iii) the theoretical impact of Complementary Sex Determination (CSD), which induces a genetic load specific to the Hymenoptera, on the demography of parasitoids on the evolution of mate-choice to avoid the deleterious consequences of this burden at the individual level. I conclude that considering the presence of an interspecific interaction, such as the host-parasitoid interaction, is crucial to predict the consequences of Allee effects and genetic load. We show that parasitoid survival can be very sensitive to mate-finding Allee effects, depending on the host dynamics. We also show that contrary to what has been described in non parasitoid populations, CSD does not induce an extinction vortex in parasitoids, but on the contrary limits their extinction risk. This highly innovative result provides a new look at the demographic and evolutionary consequences of genetic load in interacting populations
Duchet, Claire. « Evaluation du risque environnemental lié à l’utililsation des larvicides d’origine biologique dans le cadre de la lutte anti-culicides : Développement et validation expérimentale de méthodes de suivi des effets à différents niveaux d’organisation biologique chez daphnia pulex et daphnia magna ». Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NSARB058.
Texte intégralThis study focused on the development and use of methods for assessing the environmental risk of biolarvicides (Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis — Bti and spinosad) in the context of mosquito control in coastal wetlands of two French ecoregions: Morbihan (south Brittany) and Grande Camargue (southern France). Daphnia pulex and Daphnia magna were used as model species in laboratory bioassays and as sentinel species in field studies performed in in situ microcosrns (enclosures). The scientific approach aims at determining whether the toxic effects (lethal and non lethal) that affect individuels can be detected at the population lever. Modelling with RAMAS GIS was used to simulate effects of the larvicides on population dynamics. In ail the experiments that revealed larvicide effects, spinosad always showed highly significant impacts on both D. Pulex and D. Magna, whereas no clear tendency was observed for BU. The methods that were developed allowed a proper detection and quantification of the effects of spinosad in daphnids. In addition, they demonstrated that alterations of individuel performances affected population dynamics in both species. Chitobiase activity appeared as an early waming signal of population changes through a relation between the enzyme activity and the cumulated fecundity. Population dynamics, as simulated using RAMAS GIS, confirmed the results obtained in in situ microcosms, and extinction risk of the exposed populations was estirnated. The studies conducted in microcosms also showed (i) the recovery of D. Pulex population when exposed to the lowest spinosad concentration (8 pg/L) and (ii) indirect effects of spinosad application, related to naturel environmental factors (e. G. , salinity) which might have impeded D. Magna recovery. Combination of laboratory bioassays and field microcosm studies provides a sound and reproducible methodological framework that could be used to deflne a strategy for the risk assessment of biolarvicides used for mosquito control in coastal wetlands
Gallet, Jean-Philippe. « Sélection et mode d'action de Trichoderma et de Basidiomycètes lignivores, antagonistes de l'Armillaire (Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn. ) Herink) en vue de leur utilisation comme agents de lutte biologique contre le pourridie du pin maritime ». Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR28322.
Texte intégralAmillaria exerts a powerful, pathogenic action against the maritime pine. Among control methods sudied, biological control seems to be appropriate for use in the forest massif of Gascony. This is the subject of the author's study. The antagonistic action of isolates of T. Harzianum on Amillaria were evaluated. The isolates demonstrating a certain efficaciousness in vitro and in situ provide only temporary protection of young pines in the contex of controlled inoculation in the nursery. The search for fungi of the order Basidiomycetes being wood-degrading and antogonistic was understaken on a forest-wide scale. Intensive collection allowed for obtaining diverse isolates. Among these the white not fungi which demonstrated considerable wood-degrading action were singled out. A method for quantifying antagonistic action in vitro was perfected then applied to the group of isolates previously selected. For the most efficacious among these, a study of their individual antagonistic action in semi-natural conditions was carried out. Four basidiomycetes Bjerkandera adusta, Gymnopilus spectabilis, Hygropsis aurantiaca and Hypholoma fasciculare are able to colonize wood rapidly under non sterile conditions. Additionally, they are capable of eliminating the amillaria inoculum present in the root. The various phenomena present in antagonistic and wood-degrading action were identified. The production of enzymes and of toxins was revealed when amillaria and the different basidiomycetes were paired in a liquid medium. The mycoparasitic action of certain isolates on the root not fungus was demonstrated. The study of enzymatic action inherent in the degradation of the wood was carried out. For B. Adusta ; G. Spectabilis, H. Fasciculare and H. Aurantiaca the lignolytic systems are lire efficacious than these of amillaria. The root bot fungus is characterized by a greater pectinase action than that of the other fungi