Articles de revues : « Radiometric simulations »

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Marzano, F. S., D. Cimini et R. Ware. « Monitoring of rainfall by ground-based passive microwave systems : models, measurements and applications ». Advances in Geosciences 2 (22 juillet 2005) : 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-2-259-2005.

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Abstract. A large set of ground-based multi-frequency microwave radiometric simulations and measurements during different precipitation regimes are analysed. Simulations are performed for a set of frequencies from 22 to 60 GHz, representing the channels currently available on an operational ground-based radiometric system. Results are illustrated in terms of comparisons between measurements and model data in order to show that the observed radiometric signatures can be attributed to rainfall scattering and absorption. An inversion algorithm has been developed, basing on the simulated data, to retrieve rain rate from passive radiometric observations. As a validation of the approach, we have analyzed radiometric measurements during rain events occurred in Boulder, Colorado, and at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program's Southern Great Plains (SGP) site in Lamont, Oklahoma, USA, comparing rain rate estimates with available simultaneous rain gauge data.

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Maslanka, W., L. Leppänen, A. Kontu, M. Sandells, J. Lemmetyinen, M. Schneebeli, H. R. Hannula et R. Gurney. « Arctic Snow Microstructure Experiment for the development of snow emission modelling ». Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems Discussions 5, n^o 2 (18 décembre 2015) : 495–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gid-5-495-2015.

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Abstract. The Arctic Snow Microstructure Experiment (ASMEx) took place in Sodankylä, Finland in the winters of 2013–2014 and 2014–2015. Radiometric, macro-, and microstructure measurements were made under different experimental conditions of homogenous snow slabs, extracted from the natural seasonal taiga snowpack. Traditional and modern measurement techniques were used for snow macro- and microstructure observations. Radiometric measurements of the microwave emission of snow on reflector and absorber bases were made at frequencies 18.7, 21.0, 36.5, 89.0 and 150.0 GHz, for both horizontal and vertical polarizations. Two measurement configurations were used for radiometric measurements: a reflecting surface and an absorbing base beneath the snow slabs. Simulations of brightness temperatures using two microwave emission models were compared to observed brightness temperatures. RMSE and bias were calculated; with the RMSE and bias values being smallest upon an absorbing base at vertical polarization. Simulations overestimated the brightness temperatures on absorbing base cases at horizontal polarization. With the other experimental conditions, the biases were small; with the exception of the HUT model 36.5 GHz simulation, which produced an underestimation for the reflector base cases. This experiment provides a solid framework for future research on the extinction of microwave radiation inside snow.

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Forster, Linda, Meinhard Seefeldner, Andreas Baumgartner, Tobias Kölling et Bernhard Mayer. « Ice crystal characterization in cirrus clouds II : radiometric characterization of HaloCam for the quantitative analysis of halo displays ». Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, n^o 7 (23 juillet 2020) : 3977–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3977-2020.

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Abstract. We present a procedure for geometric, spectral, and absolute radiometric characterization of the weather-proof RGB camera HaloCamRAW and demonstrate its application in a case study. This characterization procedure can be generalized to other RGB camera systems with similar field of view. HaloCamRAW is part of the automated halo observation system HaloCam and designed for the quantitative analysis of halo displays. The geometric calibration was performed using a chessboard pattern to estimate camera matrix and distortion coefficients. For the radiometric characterization of HaloCamRAW, the dark signal and vignetting effect were determined to correct the measured signal. Furthermore, the spectral response of the RGB sensor and the linearity of its radiometric response were characterized. The absolute radiometric response was estimated by cross calibrating HaloCamRAW against the completely characterized spectrometer of the Munich Aerosol Cloud Scanner (specMACS). For a typical measurement signal the relative (absolute) radiometric uncertainty amounts to 2.8 % (5.0 %), 2.4 % (5.8 %), and 3.3 % (11.8 %) for the red, green, and blue channel, respectively. The absolute radiometric uncertainty estimate is larger mainly due to the inhomogeneity of the scene used for cross calibration and the absolute radiometric uncertainty of specMACS. Geometric and radiometric characterization of HaloCamRAW were applied to a scene with a 22∘ halo observed on 21 April 2016. The observed radiance distribution and 22∘ halo ratio compared well with radiative transfer simulations assuming a range of ice crystal habits and surface roughness values. This application demonstrates the potential of developing a retrieval method for ice crystal properties, such as ice crystal size, shape, and surface roughness using calibrated HaloCamRAW observations together with radiative transfer simulations.

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Lotfian, Ali, et Ehsan Roohi. « Radiometric flow in periodically patterned channels : fluid physics and improved configurations ». Journal of Fluid Mechanics 860 (7 décembre 2018) : 544–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.880.

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With the aid of direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC), we conduct a detailed investigation pertaining to the fluid and thermal characteristics of rarefied gas flow with regard to various arrangements for radiometric pumps featuring vane and ratchet structures. For the same, we consider three categories of radiometric pumps consisting of channels with their bottom or top surfaces periodically patterned with different structures. The structures in the design of the first category are assumed to be on the bottom wall and consist of either a simple vane, a right-angled triangular fin or an isosceles triangular fin. The arrangements on the second category of radiometric pumps consist of an alternating diffuse–specular right-angled fin and an alternating diffuse–specular isosceles fin on the bottom wall. The third category contains either a channel with double isosceles triangular fins on its lowermost surface or a zigzag channel with double isosceles triangular fins on both walls. In the first and the third categories, the surfaces of the channel and its structures are considered as diffuse reflectors. The temperature is kept steady on the horizontal walls of the channel; thus, radiometric flow is created by subjecting the adjacent sides of the vane/ratchet to constant but unequal temperatures. On the other hand, for the second category, radiometric flow is introduced by specifying different top/bottom channel wall temperatures. The DSMC simulations are performed at a Knudsen number based on the vane/ratchet height of approximately one. The dominant mechanism in the radiometric force production is clarified for the examined configurations. Our results demonstrate that, at the investigated Knudsen number, the zigzag channel experiences maximum induced velocity with a parabolic velocity profile, whereas its net radiometric force vanishes. In the case of all other configurations, the flow pattern resembles a Couette flow in the open section of the channel situated above the vane/ratchet. To further enhance the simulations, the predictions of the finite volume discretization of the Boltzmann Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook (BGK)–Shakhov equation for the mass flux dependence on temperature difference and Knudsen number are also reported for typical test cases.

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Maslanka, William, Leena Leppänen, Anna Kontu, Mel Sandells, Juha Lemmetyinen, Martin Schneebeli, Martin Proksch, Margret Matzl, Henna-Reetta Hannula et Robert Gurney. « Arctic Snow Microstructure Experiment for the development of snow emission modelling ». Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 5, n^o 1 (14 avril 2016) : 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-5-85-2016.

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Abstract. The Arctic Snow Microstructure Experiment (ASMEx) took place in Sodankylä, Finland in the winters of 2013–2014 and 2014–2015. Radiometric, macro-, and microstructure measurements were made under different experimental conditions of homogenous snow slabs, extracted from the natural seasonal taiga snowpack. Traditional and modern measurement techniques were used for snow macro- and microstructure observations. Radiometric measurements of the microwave emission of snow on reflector and absorber bases were made at frequencies 18.7, 21.0, 36.5, 89.0, and 150.0 GHz, for both horizontal and vertical polarizations. Two measurement configurations were used for radiometric measurements: a reflecting surface and an absorbing base beneath the snow slabs. Simulations of brightness temperatures using two microwave emission models, the Helsinki University of Technology (HUT) snow emission model and Microwave Emission Model of Layered Snowpacks (MEMLS), were compared to observed brightness temperatures. RMSE and bias were calculated; with the RMSE and bias values being smallest upon an absorbing base at vertical polarization. Simulations overestimated the brightness temperatures on absorbing base cases at horizontal polarization. With the other experimental conditions, the biases were small, with the exception of the HUT model 36.5 GHz simulation, which produced an underestimation for the reflector base cases. This experiment provides a solid framework for future research on the extinction of microwave radiation inside snow.

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Xing, Wenhe, Xueping Ju, Jian Bo, Changxiang Yan, Bin Yang, Shuyan Xu et Junqiang Zhang. « Polarization Radiometric Calibration in Laboratory for a Channeled Spectropolarimeter ». Applied Sciences 10, n^o 22 (23 novembre 2020) : 8295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10228295.

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The process of radiometric calibration would be coupled with the polarization properties of an optical system for spectropolarimetry, which would have significant influences on reconstructed Stokes parameters. In this paper, we propose a novel polarization radiometric calibration model that decouples the radiometric calibration coefficient and polarization properties of an optical system. The alignment errors of the polarization module and the variation of the retardations at different fields of view are considered and calibrated independently. According to these calibration results, the input Stokes parameters at different fields of view can be reconstructed accurately through the proposed model. Simulations are performed for the presented calibration and reconstruction methods, which indicate that the measurement accuracy of polarization information is improved compared with the traditional undecoupled calibration method.

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Rosenberger, Maik, Chen Zhang, Pavel Votyakov, Marc Preißler et Gunther Notni. « EMVA 1288 Camera characterisation and the influences of radiometric camera characteristics on geometric measurements ». ACTA IMEKO 5, n^o 4 (30 décembre 2016) : 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v5i4.356.

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<p>Over the past decades, a large number of imaging sensors based mostly on CCD or CMOS technology were developed. Datasheets provided by their developers are usually written on their own standards and no universal figure of merit can be drawn from them for comparison purposes. The EMVA 1288 is a standard aims to overcome this problem by setting parameters and experimental setup for radiometric characterisation of cameras. An implementation of an experimental setup and software environment for radiometric characterisation of imaging sensors following the guidelines of the EMVA 1288 is presented here. Using simulations, the influences and impact of several EMVA 1288 parameters on geometric measurements can be estimated. This paper also presents a signal model and image acquisition chain; measurements of radiometric characteristics of an image sensor; and sensor evaluation for geometric measurements, where the aforementioned influences on geometric measurements are discussed.</p>

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Rykalová, Eva, Zdeněk Peřina, Radek Fabian et Petr Jonšta. « Possibilities of Use of the Thermographic Measurement as a Tool for Detecting Defects and Improving the Production Process ». Advanced Materials Research 1127 (octobre 2015) : 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1127.23.

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Infrared radiometric long-waved systems are widely used in various industries as well as in research and development. This long-waved system is the perfect tool for quick diagnosis of the state of the equipment, easy defect detection, which is reflected by higher temperatures due to increased friction and wear. Infrared radiometric long-waved systems are used especially in civil engineering, electrical engineering, metallurgy and many other industries. They are also used to optimize and improve of the production processes. The series of measurements using the infrared radiometric long-waved system in steel plant were carried out due to prepared research project. Images of temperature fields of ladles with liquid steel, cooled exhaust knee of electric arc furnace and ingot mould were obtained during solidification of steel ingot. Information about the state of wear of the refractory lining of the ladle, exhaust knee can be gained from obtained images. The obtained results can be used for more accurate numerical simulations of the process of casting and solidification of steel ingots.

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Wang, Haofei, Peng Zhang, Dekui Yin, Zhengqiang Li, Huazhe Shang, Hanlie Xu, Jian Shang, Songyan Gu et Xiuqing Hu. « Shortwave Infrared Multi-Angle Polarization Imager (MAPI) Onboard Fengyun-3 Precipitation Satellite for Enhanced Cloud Characterization ». Remote Sensing 14, n^o 19 (29 septembre 2022) : 4855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14194855.

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Accurate measurement of the radiative properties of clouds and aerosols is of great significance to global climate change and numerical weather prediction. The multi-angle polarization imager (MAPI) onboard the Fengyun-3 precipitation satellite, planned to be launched in 2023, will provide the multi-angle, multi-shortwave infrared (SWIR) channels and multi-polarization satellite observation of clouds and aerosols. MAPI operates in a non-sun-synchronized inclined orbit and provides images with a spatial resolution of 3 km (sub-satellite) and a swath of 700 km. The observation channels of the MAPI include 1030 nm, 1370 nm, and 1640 nm polarization channels and corresponding non-polarization channels, which provide observation information from 14 angles. In-flight radiometric and polarimetric calibration strategies are introduced, aiming to achieve radiometric accuracy of 5% and polarimetric accuracy of 2%. Simulation experiments show that the MAPI has some unique advantages of characterizing clouds and aerosols. For cloud observation, the polarization phase functions of the 1030 nm and 1640 nm around the scattering angle of a cloudbow show strong sensitivity to cloud droplet radius and effective variance. In addition, the polarized observation of the 1030 nm and 1640 nm has a higher content of information for aerosol than VIS-NIR. Additionally, the unique observation geometry of non-sun-synchronous orbits can provide more radiometric and polarization information with expanded scattering angles. Thus, the multi-angle polarization measurement of the new SWIR channel onboard Fengyun-3 can optimize cloud phase state identification and cloud microphysical parameter inversion, as well as the retrieval of aerosols. The results obtained from the simulations will provide support for the design of the next generation of polarized imagers of China.

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Gege, Peter, et Arnold G. Dekker. « Spectral and Radiometric Measurement Requirements for Inland, Coastal and Reef Waters ». Remote Sensing 12, n^o 14 (13 juillet 2020) : 2247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12142247.

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This paper studies the measurement requirements of spectral resolution and radiometric sensitivity to enable the quantitative determination of water constituents and benthic parameters for the majority of optically deep and optically shallow waters on Earth. The spectral and radiometric variability is investigated by simulating remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) spectra of optically deep water for twelve inland water scenarios representing typical and extreme concentration ranges of phytoplankton, colored dissolved organic matter and non-algal particles. For optically shallow waters, Rrs changes induced by variable water depth are simulated for fourteen bottom substrate types, from lakes to coastal waters and coral reefs. The required radiometric sensitivity is derived for the conditions that the spectral shape of Rrs should be resolvable with a quantization of 100 levels and that measurable reflection differences at at least one wavelength must occur at concentration changes in water constituents of 10% and depth differences of 20 cm. These simulations are also used to derive the optimal spectral resolution and the most sensitive wavelengths. Finally, the Rrs spectra and their changes are converted to radiances and radiance differences in order to derive sensor (noise-equivalent radiance) and measurement requirements (signal-to-noise ratio) at the water surface and at the top of the atmosphere for a range of solar zenith angles.

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Weber, Anna, Tobias Kölling, Veronika Pörtge, Andreas Baumgartner, Clemens Rammeloo, Tobias Zinner et Bernhard Mayer. « Polarization upgrade of specMACS : calibration and characterization of the 2D RGB polarization-resolving cameras ». Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 17, n^o 5 (7 mars 2024) : 1419–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1419-2024.

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Abstract. The spectrometer of the Munich Aerosol Cloud Scanner (specMACS) is a high-spatial-resolution hyperspectral and polarized imaging system. It is operated from a nadir-looking perspective aboard the German High Altitude and LOng range (HALO) research aircraft and is mainly used for the remote sensing of clouds. In 2019, its two hyperspectral line cameras, which are sensitive to the wavelength range between 400 and 2500 nm, were complemented by two 2D RGB polarization-resolving cameras. The polarization-resolving cameras have a large field of view and allow for multi-angle polarimetric imaging with high angular and spatial resolution. This paper introduces the polarization-resolving cameras and provides a full characterization and calibration of them. We performed a geometric calibration and georeferencing of the two cameras. In addition, a radiometric calibration using laboratory calibration measurements was carried out. The radiometric calibration includes the characterization of the dark signal, linearity, and noise as well as the measurement of the spectral response functions, a polarization calibration, vignetting correction, and absolute radiometric calibration. With the calibration, georeferenced, absolute calibrated Stokes vectors rotated into the scattering plane can be computed from raw data. We validated the calibration results by comparing observations of the sunglint, which is a known target, with radiative transfer simulations of the sunglint.

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Roithmayr, C. M., C. Lukashin, P. W. Speth, D. F. Young, B. A. Wielicki, K. J. Thome et G. Kopp. « Opportunities to Intercalibrate Radiometric Sensors from International Space Station ». Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 31, n^o 4 (1 avril 2014) : 890–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00163.1.

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Abstract Highly accurate measurements of Earth’s thermal infrared and reflected solar radiation are required for detecting and predicting long-term climate change. Consideration is given to the concept of using the International Space Station to test instruments and techniques that would eventually be used on a dedicated mission, such as the Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO). In particular, a quantitative investigation is performed to determine whether it is possible to use measurements obtained with a highly accurate (0.3%, with 95% confidence) reflected solar radiation spectrometer to calibrate similar, less accurate instruments in other low Earth orbits. Estimates of numbers of samples useful for intercalibration are made with the aid of yearlong simulations of orbital motion. Results of this study support the conclusion that the International Space Station orbit is ideally suited for the purpose of intercalibration between spaceborne sensors.

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Guay, Jean-Michel, Antonino Calà Lesina, Graham Killaire, Peter G. Gordon, Choloong Hahn, Sean T. Barry, Lora Ramunno, Pierre Berini et Arnaud Weck. « Laser-written colours on silver : optical effect of alumina coating ». Nanophotonics 8, n^o 5 (4 mars 2019) : 807–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2018-0202.

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AbstractIn this paper we discuss the optical response of laser-written plasmonic colours on silver coated via the atomic layer deposition of alumina. These colours are due to nanoparticles distributed on a flat surface and on a surface with periodic topographical features (i.e. ripples). The colours are observed to shift with increasing alumina film thickness. The colours produced by surfaces with ripples recover their original vibrancy and hue after the deposition of film of thickness ~60 nm, while colours arising from flat surfaces gradually fade and never recover. Analysis of the surfaces identifies periodic topographical features to be responsible for this behaviour. Finite-difference time-domain simulations unravel the role played by the alumina thickness in colour formation and confirm the rotations and recovery of colours for increasing alumina thickness. The coloured surfaces were evaluated for applications in colourimetric and radiometric sensing showing large sensitivities of up to 3.06/nm and 3.19 nm/nm, respectively. The colourimetric and radiometric sensitivities are observed to be colour dependent.

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GAIROLA, R. M., A. K. VARMA et VIJAY K. AGARWAL. « Rainfall estimation using spaceborne microwave radar and radiometric measurements ». MAUSAM 54, n^o 1 (18 janvier 2022) : 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v54i1.1494.

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The present paper deals with some of the recent remote sensing techniques for the estimation of rainfall, mainly from passive and active microwave measurements from space. The sensitivity analysis based on forward approach following the radiative transfer modelling using data from ECMWF and mesoscale models is presented. The inverse methods of retrieving rainfall from satellite microwave measurements mainly from the multiple regression and neural networks are presented based on the sensitivity analysis. The simulations are carried out for the multichannel measurements from TRMM-TMI, DMSP-SSM/I and Indian IRS-P4-MSMR radiometric channels and are assessed with the actual observations thereof. A few examples of the rainfall patterns are described and compared with some of the standard products from TRMM radiometer and radar. The examples of monthly rain rates derived from MSMR, are also shown qualitatively and quantitatively, for a typical monsoon month of August for brevity out of three consecutive years of analysis. Though the status of rainfall estimation presented is not exhaustive one, it is presented in view of the preparedness for the future missions like, Megha-Tropiques and Global Precipitation Mission.

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Ben-Daoued, Amine, Frédéric Bernardin et Pierre Duthon. « A Comparative Review of the SWEET Simulator : Theoretical Verification Against Other Simulators ». Journal of Imaging 10, n^o 12 (27 novembre 2024) : 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10120306.

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Accurate luminance-based image generation is critical in physically based simulations, as even minor inaccuracies in radiative transfer calculations can introduce noise or artifacts, adversely affecting image quality. The radiative transfer simulator, SWEET, uses a backward Monte Carlo approach, and its performance is analyzed alongside other simulators to assess how Monte Carlo-induced biases vary with parameters like optical thickness and medium anisotropy. This work details the advancements made to SWEET since the previous publication, with a specific focus on a more comprehensive comparison with other simulators such as Mitsuba. The core objective is to evaluate the precision of SWEET by comparing radiometric quantities like luminance, which serves as a method for validating the simulator. This analysis is particularly important in contexts such as automotive camera imaging, where accurate scene representation is crucial to reducing noise and ensuring the reliability of image-based systems in autonomous driving. By focusing on detailed radiometric comparisons, this study underscores SWEET’s ability to minimize noise, thus providing high-quality imaging for advanced applications.

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Wethey, David S., Nicolas Weidberg, Sarah A. Woodin et Jorge Vazquez-Cuervo. « Characterization and Validation of ECOSTRESS Sea Surface Temperature Measurements at 70 m Spatial Scale ». Remote Sensing 16, n^o 11 (24 mai 2024) : 1876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16111876.

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The ECOSTRESS push-whisk thermal radiometer on the International Space Station provides the highest spatial resolution temperature retrievals over the ocean that are currently available. It is a precursor to the future TRISHNA (CNES/ISRO), SBG (NASA), and LSTM (ESA) 50 to 70 m scale missions. Radiance transfer simulations and triple collocations with in situ ocean observations and NOAA L2P geostationary satellite ocean temperature retrievals were used to characterize brightness temperature biases and their sources in ECOSTRESS Collection 1 (software Build 6) data for the period 12 January 2019 to 31 October 2022. Radiometric noise, non-uniformities in the focal plane array, and black body temperature dynamics were characterized in ocean scenes using L1A raw instrument data, L1B calibrated radiances, and L2 skin temperatures. The mean brightness temperature biases were −1.74, −1.45, and −1.77 K relative to radiance transfer simulations in the 8.78, 10.49, and 12.09 µm wavelength bands, respectively, and skin temperatures had a −1.07 K bias relative to in situ observations. Cross-track noise levels range from 60 to 600 mK and vary systematically along the focal plane array and as a function of wavelength band and scene temperature. Overall, radiometric uncertainty is most strongly influenced by cross-track noise levels and focal plane non-uniformity. Production of an ECOSTRESS sea surface temperature product that meets the requirements of the SST community will require calibration methods that reduce the biases, noise levels, and focal plane non-uniformities.

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Liebing, P., K. Bramstedt, S. Noël, V. Rozanov, H. Bovensmann et J. P. Burrows. « Polarization data from SCIAMACHY limb backscatter observations compared to vector radiative transfer model simulations ». Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 5, n^o 2 (15 mars 2012) : 2221–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-2221-2012.

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Abstract. SCIAMACHY is a passive imaging spectrometer onboard ENVISAT, designed to obtain trace gas abundances from measured radiances and irradiances in the UV to SWIR range in nadir, limb and occultation viewing modes. Its grating spectrometer introduces a substantial sensitivity to the polarization of the incoming light with nonnegligible effects on the radiometric calibration. To be able to correct for the polarization sensitivity, SCIAMACHY utilizes broadband Polarization Measurement Devices (PMDs). While for the nadir viewing mode the measured atmospheric polarization has been validated against POLDER data (Tilstra and Stammes, 2007, 2010), a similar validation study regarding the limb viewing mode has not yet been performed. This paper aims at an assessment of the quality of the SCIAMACHY limb polarization data. Since limb polarization measurements by other air- or spaceborne instruments in the spectral range of SCIAMACHY are not available, a comparison with radiative transfer simulations by SCIATRAN V3.1(Rozanov et al., 2012) using a wide range of atmospheric parameters is performed. SCIATRAN is a vector radiative transfer model (VRTM) capable of performing calculations of the multiply scattered radiance in a~spherically symmetric atmosphere. The study shows that the limb polarization data exhibit a large systematic bias which is decreasing with wavelength. The most likely reason for this bias is an instrumental phase shift which changes the relative contributions of different Stokes vector components to the PMD signal as compared to on-ground calibration measurements. It is also shown that it is in principle feasible to recalibrate the polarization sensitivity using the in-flight data and the VRTM simulations, enabling also the monitoring of its degradation. Together with an optimization of the algorithm used to calculate the in-flight polarization data an improved polarization correction can increase the radiometric accuracy of SCIAMACHY limb radiance spectra substantially.

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Zheng, Qiaona, Yu Wang, Jun Hong et Aichun Wang. « Feasibility, Design, and Deployment Requirements of TCR for Bistatic SAR Radiometric Calibration ». Remote Sensing 10, n^o 10 (10 octobre 2018) : 1610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10101610.

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The trihedral corner reflector (TCR) is widely used as the calibration device in monostatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) calibration, and the performance of the TCR in radiometric calibration has been studied and verified in depth. As for the bistatic SAR system calibration problem, there have been few published studies. There is a lack of knowledge regarding the exact bistatic radar cross-section (RCS) pattern of TCR with different bistatic angles, and it is also not clear whether the TCR can be used as the calibration target in bistatic SAR. Moreover, the bistatic and monostatic radar cross-section (RCS) characteristics of the TCR are different, even if the bistatic angle is very small. Therefore, the feasibility, design, and deployment requirements of the TCR for bistatic SAR calibration should be carefully investigated. In this paper, we outline the theoretical and practical requirements that need to be satisfied when choosing appropriate calibration devices for bistatic radiometric calibration. Based on these requirements, we analyzed the bistatic RCS patterns using electromagnetic simulation, and concluded that the TCR is feasible for bistatic SAR calibration under relatively small bistatic angles (less than 6°). The change of TCR boresight with the bistatic angle is not considered generally. However, we found that the TCR boresight and peak RCS will change with the bistatic angle. We have also proposed that the bistatic angle can be extended to 20° by taking the change of the TCR boresight into account. In this condition, we should get the TCR boresight according to the bistatic angle and then align it during the deployment. Both of these two conditions have their own unique advantages. Different error sources of TCR RCS from manufacture, misalignment, and deformation were investigated quantitatively with simulations, which can provide a theoretical basis for how to design a suitable TCR and guarantee the calibration accuracy for bistatic calibration. In addition, simulation results are different from those of monostatic calibration. Through experiments, we have further verified the feasibility by comparing the quality of bistatic SAR images and point target energy with several typical bistatic angles as the TCR boresight is considered or not. If the bistatic angle is larger than 6°, taking the TCR optimum boresight into account can improve imaging quality and point target energy.

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Libois, Quentin, Liviu Ivanescu, Jean-Pierre Blanchet, Hannes Schulz, Heiko Bozem, W. Richard Leaitch, Julia Burkart et al. « Airborne observations of far-infrared upwelling radiance in the Arctic ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, n^o 24 (20 décembre 2016) : 15689–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15689-2016.

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Abstract. The first airborne measurements of the Far-InfraRed Radiometer (FIRR) were performed in April 2015 during the panarctic NETCARE campaign. Vertical profiles of spectral upwelling radiance in the range 8–50 µm were measured in clear and cloudy conditions from the surface up to 6 km. The clear sky profiles highlight the strong dependence of radiative fluxes to the temperature inversion typical of the Arctic. Measurements acquired for total column water vapour from 1.5 to 10.5 mm also underline the sensitivity of the far-infrared greenhouse effect to specific humidity. The cloudy cases show that optically thin ice clouds increase the cooling rate of the atmosphere, making them important pieces of the Arctic energy balance. One such cloud exhibited a very complex spatial structure, characterized by large horizontal heterogeneities at the kilometre scale. This emphasizes the difficulty of obtaining representative cloud observations with airborne measurements but also points out how challenging it is to model polar clouds radiative effects. These radiance measurements were successfully compared to simulations, suggesting that state-of-the-art radiative transfer models are suited to study the cold and dry Arctic atmosphere. Although FIRR in situ performances compare well to its laboratory performances, complementary simulations show that upgrading the FIRR radiometric resolution would greatly increase its sensitivity to atmospheric and cloud properties. Improved instrument temperature stability in flight and expected technological progress should help meet this objective. The campaign overall highlights the potential for airborne far-infrared radiometry and constitutes a relevant reference for future similar studies dedicated to the Arctic and for the development of spaceborne instruments.

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Shang, Zhehai, Zhongping Lee, Jianwei Wei et Gong Lin. « Impact of ship on radiometric measurements in the field : a reappraisal via Monte Carlo simulations ». Optics Express 28, n^o 2 (10 janvier 2020) : 1439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.28.001439.

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Zhu, Yajun, Martin Kaufmann, Qiuyu Chen, Jiyao Xu, Qiucheng Gong, Jilin Liu, Daikang Wei et Martin Riese. « A comparison of OH nightglow volume emission rates as measured by SCIAMACHY and SABER ». Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, n^o 6 (10 juin 2020) : 3033–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3033-2020.

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Abstract. Hydroxyl (OH) short-wave infrared emissions arising from OH(4-2, 5-2, 8-5, 9-6) as measured by channel 6 of the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) are used to derive concentrations of OH(v=4, 5, 8, and 9) between 80 and 96 km. Retrieved concentrations are used to simulate OH(5-3, 4-2) integrated radiances at 1.6 µm and OH(9-7, 8-6) at 2.0 µm as measured by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument, which are not fully covered by the spectral range of SCIAMACHY measurements. On average, SABER “unfiltered” data are on the order of 40 % at 1.6 µm and 20 % at 2.0 µm larger than the simulations using SCIAMACHY data. “Unfiltered” SABER data are a product, which accounts for the shape, width, and transmission of the instrument's broadband filters, which do not cover the full ro-vibrational bands of the corresponding OH transitions. It is found that the discrepancy between SCIAMACHY and SABER data can be reduced by up to 50 %, if the filtering process is carried out manually using published SABER interference filter characteristics and the latest Einstein coefficients from the HITRAN database. Remaining differences are discussed with regard to model parameter uncertainties and radiometric calibration.

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Xia, Yuanqing, Zirui Xing et Liansheng Wang. « Comparison of Several Nonlinear Filters for Mars Entry Navigation Using Radiometric Measurements ». Journal of Navigation 70, n^o 5 (24 avril 2017) : 983–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463317000170.

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This paper studies the application of several nonlinear filters for the problem of Mars entry navigation by using radiometric measurements from Mars orbiters and Mars Surface Beacons (MSBs). A suitable dynamic model of Mars entry is developed. The movement of MSBs due to Mars rotation is also considered in the measurement model. The performance of an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), First-order Divided Difference Filter (DDF1), Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF), and Particle Filter (PF) is compared in terms of estimation capability and computation costs. The theoretical Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) of estimation errors are derived for Mars entry to evaluate the performance of the filters. A consistency test is also carried out to verify the filters. In simulations, by the comparison of estimation errors, position and velocity Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), error standard deviation versus Square Root of CRLB (SR CRLB), credibility and computation time, it is concluded that DDF1 is preferred for Mars entry navigation.

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Yan, Lin, Yonghong Hu, Yong Zhang, Xiao-Ming Li, Changyong Dou, Jun Li, Yidan Si et Lijun Zhang. « Radiometric Calibration Evaluation for FY3D MERSI-II Thermal Infrared Channels at Lake Qinghai ». Remote Sensing 13, n^o 3 (28 janvier 2021) : 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13030466.

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The absolute radiometric accuracy of the Fengyun 3D advanced Medium Resolution Spectral Imager (FY3D MERSI-II) thermal infrared bands was evaluated using the collected field measurements and atmospheric transfer simulations during 16–22 August 2019 at Lake Qinghai. A thermal infrared radiometer equipped on an unmanned surface vehicle was used to continuously collect the water temperature. Atmospheric conditions, surface emissivity, and aerosol optical depth measured near the field experiment site were adopted by the atmospheric transfer code to calculate the parameters about the influence of atmosphere on long-wave radiation, including the path radiance and the transmittance propagated from land surface to the satellite. The radiometric calibration accuracy analysis suggests that the differences between the simulated brightness temperature and satellite-based brightness temperature are −0.346 K and −0.722 K for channel 24 on 18 and 20 August, respectively, while it reaches −0.460 K and −1.036 K for channel 25 on 18 and 20 August, respectively. The vicarious calibration coefficients were found to be in good agreement with the internal onboard calibration coefficient in channel 24 and 25 of the FY3D MERSI-II according to the validation analysis in selected regions. The thermal infrared bands of the FY3D have a good in-orbit operational status according to our vicarious calibration experiments.

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Cagnati, Anselmo, Andrea Crepaz, Giovanni Macelloni, Paolo Pampaloni, Roberto Ranzi, Marco Tedesco, Massimo Tomirotti et Mauro Valt. « Study of the snow melt–freeze cycle using multi-sensor data and snow modeling ». Journal of Glaciology 50, n^o 170 (2004) : 419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756504781830006.

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AbstractThe melt cycle of snow is investigated by combining ground-based microwave radiometric measurements with conventional and meteorological data and by using a hydrological snow model. Measurements at 2000 m a.s.l in the basin of the Cor-devole river in the eastern Italian Alps confirm the high sensitivity of microwave emission at 19 and 37 GHz to the snow melt−freeze cycle, while the brightness at 6.8 GHz is mostly related to underlying soil. Simulations of snowpack changes performed by means of hydrological and electromagnetic models, driven with meteorological and snow data, provide additional insight into these processes and contribute to the interpretation of the experimental data.

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Pierdicca, Nazzareno, et Luca Pulvirenti. « Comparing Scatterometric and Radiometric Simulations With Geophysical Model Functions to Tune a Sea Wave Spectrum Model ». IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 46, n^o 11 (novembre 2008) : 3756–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2008.922145.

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Arienzo, Alberto, Bruno Aiazzi, Luciano Alparone et Andrea Garzelli. « Reproducibility of Pansharpening Methods and Quality Indexes versus Data Formats ». Remote Sensing 13, n^o 21 (31 octobre 2021) : 4399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13214399.

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In this work, we investigate whether the performance of pansharpening methods depends on their input data format; in the case of spectral radiance, either in its original floating-point format or in an integer-packed fixed-point format. It is theoretically proven and experimentally demonstrated that methods based on multiresolution analysis are unaffected by the data format. Conversely, the format is crucial for methods based on component substitution, unless the intensity component is calculated by means of a multivariate linear regression between the upsampled bands and the lowpass-filtered Pan. Another concern related to data formats is whether quality measurements, carried out by means of normalized indexes depend on the format of the data on which they are calculated. We will focus on some of the most widely used with-reference indexes to provide a novel insight into their behaviors. Both theoretical analyses and computer simulations, carried out on GeoEye-1 and WorldView-2 datasets with the products of nine pansharpening methods, show that their performance does not depend on the data format for purely radiometric indexes, while it significantly depends on the data format, either floating-point or fixed-point, for a purely spectral index, like the spectral angle mapper. The dependence on the data format is weak for indexes that balance the spectral and radiometric similarity, like the family of indexes, Q2n, based on hypercomplex algebra.

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Loisel, Hubert, Daniel Schaffer Ferreira Jorge, Rick A. Reynolds et Dariusz Stramski. « A synthetic optical database generated by radiative transfer simulations in support of studies in ocean optics and optical remote sensing of the global ocean ». Earth System Science Data 15, n^o 8 (18 août 2023) : 3711–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3711-2023.

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Abstract. Radiative transfer (RT) simulations have long been used to study the relationships between the inherent optical properties (IOPs) of seawater and light fields within and leaving the ocean, from which ocean apparent optical properties (AOPs) can be calculated. For example, inverse models used to estimate IOPs from ocean color radiometric measurements have been developed and validated using the results of RT simulations. Here we describe the development of a new synthetic optical database based on hyperspectral RT simulations across the spectral range of near-ultraviolet to near-infrared performed with the HydroLight radiative transfer code. The key component of this development is the generation of a synthetic dataset of seawater IOPs that serves as input to RT simulations. Compared to similar developments of optical databases in the past, the present dataset of IOPs is characterized by the probability distributions of IOPs that are consistent with global distributions representative of vast areas of open-ocean pelagic environments and coastal regions, covering a broad range of optical water types. The generation of synthetic data of IOPs associated with particulate and dissolved constituents of seawater was driven largely by an extensive set of field measurements of the phytoplankton absorption coefficient collected in diverse oceanic environments. Overall, the synthetic IOP dataset consists of 3320 combinations of IOPs. Additionally, the pure seawater IOPs were assumed following recent recommendations. The RT simulations were performed using 3320 combinations of input IOPs, assuming vertical homogeneity within an infinitely deep ocean. These input IOPs were used in three simulation scenarios associated with assumptions about inelastic radiative processes in the water column (not considered in previous synthetically generated optical databases) and three simulation scenarios associated with the sun zenith angle. Specifically, the simulations were made assuming no inelastic processes, the presence of Raman scattering by water molecules, and the presence of both Raman scattering and fluorescence of chlorophyll a pigment. Fluorescence of colored dissolved organic matter was omitted from all simulations. For each of these three simulation scenarios, the simulations were made for three sun zenith angles of 0, 30, and 60∘ assuming clear skies, standard atmosphere, and a wind speed of 5 m s−1. Thus, overall 29 880 RT simulations were performed. The output results of these simulations include radiance distributions, plane and scalar irradiances, and a whole set of AOPs, including remote-sensing reflectance, vertical diffuse attenuation coefficients, and mean cosines, where all optical variables are reported in the spectral range of 350 to 750 nm at 5 nm intervals for different depths between the sea surface and 50 m. The consistency of this new synthetic database has been assessed through comparisons with in situ data and previously developed empirical relationships involving IOPs and AOPs. The database is available at the Dryad open-access repository of research data (https://doi.org/10.6076/D1630T, Loisel et al., 2023).

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Duque, Maria Rosa Alves. « Numerical Simulations of Terrestrial Heat Flow in the Beiras Region, Mainland Portugal ». International Journal of Terrestrial Heat Flow and Applications 3, n^o 1 (10 mars 2020) : 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31214/ijthfa.v3i1.48.

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Numerical simulations of heat flow density have been made for ten localities in the Beiras region of central Portugal where observational data are absent. The procedure adopted is based on results of deep crustal geophysical surveys and consider that the heat flow measured at the surface of the Earth results from the addition of heat generated in the crust by radioactive sources to that coming from the mantle. Radioactive heat sources in the region are heterogeneous and heat flow values at the surface depends on the thickness of upper crustal layers. Geotherms were obtained considering heat flow by conduction in the vertical direction. The models employed make use of data derived from geophysical surveys of Moho depths and detailed results related with seismic velocity distribution in the crust. In addition, results of radiometric surveys were employed in deriving heat production values for upper layers of the crust. A value around 35 mW m-2 was assumed for heat flow from the mantle. The resulting heat flow density values are similar to those found for areas with similar tectonic characteristics in NW Africa and in Southern Portugal.

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Paffrath, Ulrike, Christian Lemmerz, Oliver Reitebuch, Benjamin Witschas, Ines Nikolaus et Volker Freudenthaler. « The Airborne Demonstrator for the Direct-Detection Doppler Wind Lidar ALADIN on ADM-Aeolus. Part II : Simulations and Rayleigh Receiver Radiometric Performance ». Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 26, n^o 12 (1 décembre 2009) : 2516–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jtecha1314.1.

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Abstract In the frame of the Atmospheric Dynamics Mission Aeolus (ADM-Aeolus) satellite mission by the European Space Agency (ESA), a prototype of a direct-detection Doppler wind lidar was developed to measure wind from ground and aircraft at 355 nm. Wind is measured from aerosol backscatter signal with a Fizeau interferometer and from molecular backscatter signal with a Fabry–Perot interferometer. The aim of this study is to validate the satellite instrument before launch, improve the retrieval algorithms, and consolidate the expected performance. The detected backscatter signal intensities determine the instrument wind measurement performance among other factors, such as accuracy of the calibration and stability of the optical alignment. Results of measurements and simulations for a ground-based instrument are compared, analyzed, and discussed. The simulated atmospheric aerosol models were validated by use of an additional backscatter lidar. The measured Rayleigh backscatter signals of the wind lidar prototype up to an altitude of 17 km are compared to simulations and show a good agreement by a factor better than 2, including the analyses of different error sources. First analyses of the signal at the Mie receiver from high cirrus clouds are presented. In addition, the simulations of the Rayleigh signal intensities of the Atmospheric Laser Doppler Instrument (ALADIN) Airborne Demonstrator (A2D) instrument on ground and aircraft were compared to simulations of the satellite system. The satellite signal intensities above 11.5 km are larger than those from the A2D ground-based instrument and always smaller than those from the aircraft for all altitudes.

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Li, Yan, Mingsen Lin, Xiaobin Yin et Wu Zhou. « Analysis of the Antenna Array Orientation Performance of the Interferometric Microwave Radiometer (IMR) Onboard the Chinese Ocean Salinity Satellite ». Sensors 20, n^o 18 (21 septembre 2020) : 5396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185396.

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The Chinese Ocean Salinity Satellite is designed to monitor global sea-surface salinity (SSS). One of the main payloads onboard the Chinese Ocean Salinity Satellite, named the Interferometric Microwave Radiometer (IMR), is a two-dimensional interferometric radiometer system with an L-band, Y-shaped antenna array. The comparison of two different array orientations is analyzed by an end-to-end simulation based on the configuration of the IMR. Simulation results of the different array orientations are presented and analyzed, including the brightness temperature (TB) images, the distribution of the incidence angles in the field of view, the TB radiometric resolutions, the spatial resolutions, the number of measurements in the Earth grid and the expected SSS accuracy. From the simulations we conclude that one of the array orientations has better performance for SSS inversion than the other one. The advantages mainly result in wider swath and better SSS accuracy at the edge of the swath, which then improve the accuracy of the monthly SSS after averaging. The differences of the Sun’s effects for two different array orientations are also presented. The analysis in this paper provides the guidance and reference for the in-orbit design of the array orientation for the IMR.

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Roy, A., A. Royer, O. St-Jean-Rondeau, B. Montpetit, G. Picard, A. Mavrovic, N. Marchand et A. Langlois. « Microwave snow emission modeling uncertainties in boreal and subarctic environments ». Cryosphere Discussions 9, n^o 5 (27 octobre 2015) : 5719–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-9-5719-2015.

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Abstract. This study aims to better understand and quantify the uncertainties in microwave snow emission models using the Dense Media Radiative Theory-Multilayer model (DMRT-ML) with in situ measurements of snow properties. We use surface-based radiometric measurements at 10.67, 19 and 37 GHz in boreal forest and subarctic environments and a new in situ dataset of measurements of snow properties (profiles of density, snow grain size and temperature, soil characterization and ice lens detection) acquired in the James Bay and Umijuaq regions of Northern Québec, Canada. A snow excavation experiment – where snow was removed from the ground to measure the microwave emission of bare frozen ground – shows that small-scale spatial variability in the emission of frozen soil is small. Hence, variability in the emission of frozen soil has a small effect on snow-covered brightness temperature (TB). Grain size and density measurement errors can explain the errors at 37 GHz, while the sensitivity of TB at 19 GHz to snow increases during the winter because of the snow grain growth that leads to scattering. Furthermore, the inclusion of observed ice lenses in DMRT-ML leads to significant improvements in the simulations at horizontal polarization (H-pol) for the three frequencies (up to 20 K of root mean square error). However, the representation of the spatial variability of TB remains poor at 10.67 and 19 GHz at H-pol given the spatial variability of ice lens characteristics and the difficulty in simulating snowpack stratigraphy related to the snow crust. The results also show that for ground-based radiometric measurements, forest emission reflected by the surface leads to TB underestimation of up to 40 K if neglected. We perform a comprehensive analysis of the components that contribute to the snow-covered microwave signal, which will help to develop DMRT-ML and to improve the required field measurements. The analysis shows that a better consideration of ice lenses and snow crusts is essential to improve TB simulations in boreal forest and subarctic environments.

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Reimann, Jens, Anna Maria Büchner, Sebastian Raab, Klaus Weidenhaupt, Matthias Jirousek et Marco Schwerdt. « Highly Accurate Radar Cross-Section and Transfer Function Measurement of a Digital Calibration Transponder without Known Reference—Part II : Uncertainty Estimation and Validation ». Remote Sensing 15, n^o 8 (19 avril 2023) : 2148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15082148.

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Active radar calibrators (ARCs), also known as calibration transponders, are often used as reference targets for the absolute radiometric calibration of radar systems due to their large radar cross-sections (RCSs). Before such a transponder can be used as a reference target, the hardware itself has to be calibrated. A novel method, called the three-transponder method, was proposed some years ago to allow for RCS calibration of digital transponders without using any known RCS targets as reference. The first part of this paper refines the technique and presents the measurement setup as well as the results of a comprehensive measurement campaign performed to calibrate a single digital transponder. In this part of the paper, the results are validated and a comprehensive uncertainty analysis is performed to estimate the total RCS uncertainty associated with the presented measurement data. This uncertainty analysis follows the international standard “Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement” (GUM) and will derive expressions for all major sources of uncertainty. For the validation, the measurement results will be compared with full-wave electromagnetic simulations of trihedral corner reflectors; there is excellent agreement between the simulation and measurements.

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Lubey, Daniel P., et Todd A. Ely. « Anomaly Detection in Autonomous Deep-Space Navigation via Filter Bank Gating Networks ». Applied Sciences 12, n^o 21 (3 novembre 2022) : 11161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122111161.

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This study investigates methods for autonomous navigation of a deep-space spacecraft where one-way radiometric and on-board optical information are fused to create a fully informed state estimate. The specific focus is on using filter bank methods (i.e., Multiple Model Estimation [MME] and Mixture of Experts [MoE]) to detect when measurement and/or dynamical mis-modeling occurs. We develop a new χ2-based gating network for a filter bank that may be used to identify poorly performing filters (i.e., those with low weights), which may be used as a signal for mis-modeling in the system. In addition to defining and deriving this new weighting scheme, numerical simulations based on NASA’s InSight mission demonstrate this new algorithm’s performance with and without measurement and dynamical mis-modeling present.

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Lemańska, Joanna, Krzysztof Isajenko, Karol Wiatr, Barbara Piotrowska, Agnieszka Matysiak, Maciej Norenberg et Slawomir Jednorog. « The influence of method precision on assessing radiological hazards for patients using radium water in balneotherapy ». Nukleonika 69, n^o 2 (1 juin 2024) : 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2024-0012.

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Abstract The influence of uncertainty on the method adopted for the determination of radioactive radium concentration in water was analyzed due to the assessment of the radiation hazards of balneotherapy. For the calculation, we considered the influence of the bath in radioactive water containing only 226Ra. 226Ra concentration was determined with two γ-spectrometers armed with HPGe detectors with different relative efficiencies. Both spectrometers were energy-efficiency calibrated with a calibration source and based on numerical simulations. Different methods for qualitative γ-spectrum analysis were adopted. The emanation method and the liquid scintillation method were also used. The uncertainty of humans hazard assessment linearly depends on the adopted radiometric method precision. For effective dose calculation, two models were adopted: the model of external exposure proposed by ICRP Publication 144 and the Reference Men model proposed by ICRP Publication 23, respectively.

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Vidot, Jérôme, Ralf Bennartz, Christopher W. O’Dell, René Preusker, Rasmus Lindstrot et Andrew K. Heidinger. « CO2 Retrieval over Clouds from the OCO Mission : Model Simulations and Error Analysis ». Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 26, n^o 6 (1 juin 2009) : 1090–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jtecha1200.1.

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Abstract Spectral characteristics of the future Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) sensor, which will be launched in January 2009, were used to infer the carbon dioxide column-averaged mixing ratio over liquid water clouds over ocean by means of radiative transfer simulations and an inversion process based on optimal estimation theory. Before retrieving the carbon dioxide column-averaged mixing ratio over clouds, cloud properties such as cloud optical depth, cloud effective radius, and cloud-top pressure must be known. Cloud properties were not included in the prior in the inversion but are retrieved within the algorithm. The high spectral resolution of the OCO bands in the oxygen absorption spectral region around 0.76 μm, the weak CO2 absorption band around 1.61 μm, and the strong CO2 absorption band around 2.06 μm were used. The retrieval of all parameters relied on an optimal estimation technique that allows an objective selection of the channels needed to reach OCO’s requirement accuracy. The errors due to the radiometric noise, uncertainties in temperature profile, surface pressure, spectral shift, and presence of cirrus above the liquid water clouds were quantified. Cirrus clouds and spectral shifts are the major sources of errors in the retrieval. An accurate spectral characterization of the OCO bands and an effective mask for pixels contaminated by cirrus would mostly eliminate these errors.

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Wagner, T., S. Beirle, S. Dörner, M. Penning de Vries, J. Remmers, A. Rozanov et R. Shaiganfar. « A new method for the absolute radiance calibration for UV–vis measurements of scattered sunlight ». Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, n^o 10 (14 octobre 2015) : 4265–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-4265-2015.

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Abstract. Absolute radiometric calibrations are important for measurements of the atmospheric spectral radiance. Such measurements can be used to determine actinic fluxes, the properties of aerosols and clouds, and the shortwave energy budget. Conventional calibration methods in the laboratory are based on calibrated light sources and reflectors and are expensive, time consuming and subject to relatively large uncertainties. Also, the calibrated instruments might change during transport from the laboratory to the measurement sites. Here we present a new calibration method for UV–vis instruments that measure the spectrally resolved sky radiance, for example zenith sky differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) instruments or multi-axis (MAX)-DOAS instruments. Our method is based on the comparison of the solar zenith angle dependence of the measured zenith sky radiance with radiative transfer simulations. For the application of our method, clear-sky measurements during periods with almost constant aerosol optical depth are needed. The radiative transfer simulations have to take polarisation into account. We show that the calibration results are almost independent from the knowledge of the aerosol optical properties and surface albedo, which causes a rather small uncertainty of about < 7 %. For wavelengths below about 330 nm it is essential that the ozone column density during the measurements be constant and known.

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Fountoulakis, Ilias, Kyriakoula Papachristopoulou, Emmanouil Proestakis, Vassilis Amiridis, Charalampos Kontoes et Stelios Kazadzis. « Effect of Aerosol Vertical Distribution on the Modeling of Solar Radiation ». Remote Sensing 14, n^o 5 (25 février 2022) : 1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14051143.

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Default aerosol extinction coefficient profiles are commonly used instead of measured profiles in radiative transfer modeling, increasing the uncertainties in the simulations. The present study aimed to determine the magnitude of these uncertainties and contribute towards the understanding of the complex interactions between aerosols and solar radiation. Default, artificial and measured profiles of the aerosol extinction coefficient were used to simulate the profiles of different radiometric quantities in the atmosphere for different surface, atmospheric, and aerosol properties and for four spectral bands: ultraviolet-B, ultraviolet-A, visible, and near-infrared. Case studies were performed over different areas in Europe and North Africa. Analysis of the results showed that under cloudless skies, changing the altitude of an artificial aerosol layer has minor impact on the levels of shortwave radiation at the top and bottom of the atmosphere, even for high aerosol loads. Differences of up to 30% were, however, detected for individual spectral bands. Using measured instead of default profiles for the simulations led to more significant differences in the atmosphere, which became very large during dust episodes (10–60% for actinic flux at altitudes between 1 and 2 km, and up to 15 K/day for heating rates depending on the site and solar elevation).

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Wagner, T., S. Beirle, S. Dörner, M. Penning de Vries, J. Remmers, A. Rozanov et R. Shaiganfar. « A new method for the absolute radiance calibration for UV/vis measurements of scattered sun light ». Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 8, n^o 5 (28 mai 2015) : 5329–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-5329-2015.

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Abstract. Absolute radiometric calibrations are important for measurements of the atmospheric spectral radiance. Such measurements can be used to determine actinic fluxes, the properties of aerosols and clouds and the short wave energy budget. Conventional calibration methods in the laboratory are based on calibrated light sources and reflectors and are expensive, time consuming and subject to relatively large uncertainties. Also, the calibrated instruments might change during transport from the laboratory to the measurement sites. Here we present a new calibration method for UV/vis instruments that measure the spectrally resolved sky radiance, like for example zenith sky Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS-) instruments or Multi-AXis (MAX-) DOAS instruments. Our method is based on the comparison of the solar zenith angle dependence of the measured zenith sky radiance with radiative transfer simulations. For the application of our method clear sky measurements during periods with almost constant aerosol optical depth are needed. The radiative transfer simulations have to take polarisation into account. We show that the calibration results are almost independent from the knowledge of the aerosol optical properties and surface albedo, which causes a rather small uncertainty of about <7%. For wavelengths below about 330 nm it is essential that the ozone column density during the measurements is constant and known.

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Xiao, Peng, Min Liu, Wei Guo et Wenjiao Chen. « Reconstruction of Synthetic Aperture Radar Raw Data under Analog-To-Digital Converter Saturation Distortion for Large Dynamic Range Scenes ». Remote Sensing 11, n^o 9 (2 mai 2019) : 1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11091043.

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Digital storage and transmission are common processes in modern synthetic aperture radar systems; thus, analog-to-digital converters are indispensable. Such processes can lead to two types of error: quantization (or granular) error and saturation (or clipping) error, which cause sampling noise, and radiometric and harmonic distortions in final images. Traditionally, reasonable choices of the gain and the number of quantization bits by the analog-to-digital converter based on the echo distribution can effectively reduce these errors. However, establishing the gain control repository of a synthetic aperture radar mission is a long process. In addition, if the dynamic range of the backscattering coefficient is extremely large or if unexpected strong targets appear in a scene, then harmonics occur in the echo, which turns the variable gain amplifier into chaos based on statistic and, inevitably, results in saturation in the raw data. Once raw data saturation occurs, the SAR system can conventionally adjust only the analog-to-digital converter in the next observation, thus reducing timeliness. Power loss compensation based on a statistical model and saturation (clipping) factor on a large-scale could compensate for the energy loss in images; however, detail interference, such as harmonic distortion, cannot be effectively suppressed, which will lead to false targets in the focused data. To address this particular problem, a novel anti-saturation method for large dynamic range scenes is proposed in this paper. The log-normal distribution is used in this article to describe dynamic range scenes with strong isolated targets, which mainly cause receiver saturation. Using the statistical distribution of complex scenes as a priori information, a maximum a posteriori estimation algorithm is proposed to simultaneously compensate for the saturated values in the raw data and retain the non-saturated values. Thus, the details of the weak background are well preserved, and the isolated strong targets with sparsity are reconstructed perfectly. With Monte Carlo simulation, the proposed method can improve the radiometric accuracy by 5 to 10 dB and effectively suppress the energy of false targets. Based on TerraSAR-X, ALOS-2, and Radarsat-1 synthetic aperture radar data, the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method are also verified by simulations.

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Wu, Wan, Xu Liu, Liqiao Lei, Xiaozhen Xiong, Qiguang Yang, Qing Yue, Daniel K. Zhou et Allen M. Larar. « Single field-of-view sounder atmospheric product retrieval algorithm : establishing radiometric consistency for hyper-spectral sounder retrievals ». Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 16, n^o 20 (24 octobre 2023) : 4807–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4807-2023.

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Abstract. The single field-of-view (SFOV) sounder atmospheric product (SiFSAP) retrieval algorithm has been developed to address the need to retrieve high-spatial-resolution atmospheric data products from hyper-spectral sounders and ensure the radiometric consistency between the retrieved properties and measured spectral radiances. It is based on an integrated optimal-estimation inversion scheme that processes data from the satellite-based synergistic microwave (MW) and infrared (IR) spectral measurements from advanced sounders. The retrieval system utilizes the principal component radiative transfer model (PCRTM), which performs radiative transfer calculations monochromatically and includes accurate cloud-scattering simulations. SiFSAP includes temperature, water vapor, surface skin temperature and emissivity, cloud height and microphysical properties, and concentrations of essential trace gases for each SFOV at a native instrument spatial resolution. Error estimations are provided based on a rigorous analysis for uncertainty propagation from the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) spectral radiances to the retrieved geophysical properties. As a comparison, the spatial resolution for the traditional hyper-spectral sounder retrieval products is much coarser than the native resolution of the instruments due to the common use of the “cloud-clearing” technique to compensate for the lack of cloud-scattering simulation in the forward model. The degraded spatial resolution in traditional cloud-clearing sounder retrieval products limits their applications for capturing meteorological or climate signals at finer spatial scales. Moreover, a rigorous uncertainty propagation estimation needed for long-term climate trend studies cannot be given due to the lack of direct radiative transfer relationships between the observed TOA radiances and the retrieved geophysical properties. With the advantages of the higher spatial resolution; the simultaneous retrieval of atmospheric, cloud, and surface properties using all available spectral information; and the establishment of “radiance closure” in the sounder spectral measurements, the SiFSAP provides additional information needed for various weather and climate studies and applications using sounding observations. This paper gives an overview of the SiFSAP retrieval algorithm and assessment of SiFSAP atmospheric temperature, water vapor, clouds, and surface products derived from the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) and Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) data.

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Wang, Ling, Xiuqing Hu, Lin Chen et Lingli He. « Consistent Calibration of VIRR Reflective Solar Channels Onboard FY-3A, FY-3B, and FY-3C Using a Multisite Calibration Method ». Remote Sensing 10, n^o 9 (22 août 2018) : 1336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10091336.

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The FengYun-3 (FY-3) Visible Infrared Radiometer (VIRR), along with its predecessor, the Multispectral Visible Infrared Scanning Radiometer (MVISR), onboard the FY-1C and FY-1D, has collected continuous daily global observations for 18 years. Achieving accurate and consistent calibration for VIRR reflective solar bands (RSBs) has been challenging, as there is no onboard calibrator and the frequency of in situ vicarious calibration is limited. In this study, a new set of reflectance calibration coefficients were derived for RSBs of the FY-3A, FY-3B, and FY-3C VIRRs using a multisite (MST) calibration method. This method is an extension of a previous MST calibration method, which relies on radiative transfer modeling over the multiple stable earth sites, and no synchronous in situ measurements are needed; hence, it can be used to update the VIRR calibration on a daily basis. The on-orbit radiometric changes of the VIRR onboard the FY-3 series were assessed based on analyses of new sets of calibration slopes. Then, all recalibrated VIRR reflectance data over Libya 4, the most frequently used stable Earth site, were compared with those provided from the Level 1B (L1B) product. Additional validation was performed by comparing the recalibrated VIRR data with those derived from radiative transfer simulations using measurements from automatic calibration instruments in Dunhuang. The results indicate that the radiometric response changes of the VIRRs onboard FY-3A and FY-3B were larger than those of FY-3C VIRR and were wavelength dependent. The current approach can provide consistent VIRR reflectances across different FY-3 satellite platforms. After recalibration, differences in top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance data across different VIRRs during the whole lifetime decreased from 5–10% to less than 3%. The comparison with the automatic calibration method indicates that MST calibration shows good accuracy and lower temporal oscillations.

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Fox, Stuart, Clare Lee, Brian Moyna, Martin Philipp, Ian Rule, Stuart Rogers, Robert King et al. « ISMAR : an airborne submillimetre radiometer ». Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, n^o 2 (8 février 2017) : 477–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-477-2017.

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Abstract. The International Submillimetre Airborne Radiometer (ISMAR) has been developed as an airborne demonstrator for the Ice Cloud Imager (ICI) that will be launched on board the next generation of European polar-orbiting weather satellites in the 2020s. It currently has 15 channels at frequencies between 118 and 664 GHz which are sensitive to scattering by cloud ice, and additional channels at 874 GHz are being developed. This paper presents an overview of ISMAR and describes the algorithms used for calibration. The main sources of bias in the measurements are evaluated, as well as the radiometric sensitivity in different measurement scenarios. It is shown that for downward views from high altitude, representative of a satellite viewing geometry, the bias in most channels is less than ±1 K and the NEΔT is less than 2 K, with many channels having an NEΔT less than 1 K. In-flight calibration accuracy is also evaluated by comparison of high-altitude zenith views with radiative-transfer simulations.

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Arulraj, Malarvizhi, et Ana P. Barros. « Shallow Precipitation Detection and Classification Using Multifrequency Radar Observations and Model Simulations ». Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 34, n^o 9 (septembre 2017) : 1963–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-17-0060.1.

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AbstractDetection of shallow warm rainfall remains a critical source of uncertainty in remote sensing of precipitation, especially in regions of complex topographic and radiometric transitions, such as mountains and coastlines. To address this problem, a new algorithm to detect and classify shallow rainfall based on space–time dual-frequency correlation (DFC) of concurrent W- and Ka-band radar reflectivity profiles is demonstrated using ground-based observations from the Integrated Precipitation and Hydrology Experiment (IPHEx) in the Appalachian Mountains (MV), United States, and the Biogenic Aerosols–Effects on Clouds and Climate (BAECC) in Hyytiala (TMP), Finland. Detection is successful with false alarm errors of 2.64% and 4.45% for MV and TMP, respectively, corresponding to one order of magnitude improvement over the skill of operational satellite-based radar algorithms in similar conditions. Shallow rainfall is misclassified 12.5% of the time at MV, but all instances of low-level reverse orographic enhancement are detected and classified correctly. The classification errors are 8% and 17% for deep and shallow rainfall, respectively, in TMP; the latter is linked to reflectivity profiles with dark band but insufficient radar sensitivity to light rainfall ( mm h−1) remains the major source of error. The potential utility of the algorithm for satellite-based observations in mountainous regions is explored using an observing system simulation (OSS) of concurrent CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) and GPM Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) during IPHEx, and concurrent satellite observations over Borneo. The results suggest that integration of the methodology in existing regime-based classification algorithms is straightforward, and can lead to significant improvements in the detection and identification of shallow precipitation.

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Obata, Kenta. « Sensitivity Analysis Method for Spectral Band Adjustment between Hyperspectral Sensors : A Case Study Using the CLARREO Pathfinder and HISUI ». Remote Sensing 11, n^o 11 (6 juin 2019) : 1367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11111367.

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The International Space Station has become the platform for deploying hyperspectral sensors covering the solar reflective spectral range for earth observation. Intercalibration of hyperspectral sensors plays a crucial role in evaluating/improving radiometric consistency. When intercalibrating between hyperspectral sensors, spectral band adjustment is required to mitigate the effects of differences between the relative spectral responses (RSRs) of the sensors. Errors in spectral parameters used in spectral band adjustment are propagated through to the adjustment results. The present study analytically approximated the uncertainty in the spectral band adjustment for evaluating the relative contributions of uncertainties in parameters associated with the exo-atmosphere, atmosphere, and surface to the total uncertainty. Numerical simulations using the derived equations were conducted to perform a sensitivity analysis for the case of the spectral band adjustment between the Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) Pathfinder (CPF) and the Hyperspectral Imager Suite (HISUI). The results show that the effects of errors in the solar irradiance were greater than those of other sources of error, indicating that accurate estimates of atmospheric reflectances and tranismittances are not needed for spectral band adjustment between CPF and HISUI in the atmospheric windows. The accuracy of the analytical approximation was also evaluated in the simulations. The framework of the sensitivity analysis is applicable to other pairs of hyperspectral sensors.

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Adesanya, Misbaudeen Aderemi, Wook-Ho Na, Anis Rabiu, Qazeem Opeyemi Ogunlowo, Timothy Denen Akpenpuun, Adnan Rasheed, Yong-Cheol Yoon et Hyun-Woo Lee. « TRNSYS Simulation and Experimental Validation of Internal Temperature and Heating Demand in a Glass Greenhouse ». Sustainability 14, n^o 14 (6 juillet 2022) : 8283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148283.

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The energy demand in greenhouses is enormous, and high-performance covering materials and thermal screens with varying radiometric properties are used to optimise the energy demand in building energy simulations (BES). Transient System Simulation (TRNSYS) software is a common BES tool used to model the thermal performance of buildings. The calculation of the greenhouse internal temperature and heating demand in TRNSYS involves the solution of the transient heat transfer processes. This study modelled the temperature and heating demand of two multi-span glass greenhouses with concave (farm A) and convex (farm B) shapes. This study aims to investigate the influence of the different BES longwave radiation modes on greenhouse internal temperature in different zones and the heating demand of a conditioned zone. The standard hourly simulation results were compared with the experimental data. The results showed that the standard and detailed modes accurately predicted greenhouse internal temperature (the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) > 0.7 for all three zones separated by thermal screens) and heating demand (NSE > 0.8) for farms A and B. The monthly heating demand predicted by the simple and standard radiation modes for farm A matched the experimental measurements with deviations within 27.7% and 7.6%, respectively. The monthly heating demand predicted by the simple, standard, and detailed radiation modes for farm B were similar to the experimental measurements with deviations within 10.5%, 6.7%, and 2.9%, respectively. In the order of decreasing accuracy, the results showed that the preferred radiation modes for the heating demand were standard and simple for farm A, and detailed, standard, and simple for farm B.

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Eriksson, P., F. Merino, D. Murtagh, P. Baron, P. Ricaud et J. de la Noë. « Studies for the Odin sub-millimetre radiometer : I. Radiative transfer and instrument simulation ». Canadian Journal of Physics 80, n^o 4 (1 mars 2002) : 321–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p02-024.

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The Odin satellite mission will include radiometric measurements of the Earth's atmosphere in a limb-sounding mode, using frequencies between 480 and 580 GHz, with the overall aim of retrieving vertical distributions of atmospheric constituents. The current paper, being one of a three-part series, addresses primarily the modelling of atmospheric radiative transfer and the effect of instrumental properties: the forward model. Such a model is required for the retrieval process and this presentation puts emphasis on refraction, sensor characteristics, systematic model errors, and some implementation aspects. Refraction must be considered below about 15 km and an efficient algorithm to include this effect is presented. Sensor parts treated are the antenna, the side-band filter, and the spectrometer. The forward model is also essential for determining the needed weighting functions. A semi-analytical expression for species-abundance weighting functions is derived. To form a common basis for the article series, a comprehensive formalism is reviewed and general issues, such as the separation between fixed and variable uncertainties, discussed. As a complement to the theoretical characterization, limited to linear situations, the possibility of using repeated simulations is also described. PACS Nos.: 42.68A, 07.07D, 07.57K

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Phan, X. V., L. Ferro-Famil, M. Gay, Y. Durand, M. Dumont, S. Morin, S. Allain, G. D'Urso et A. Girard. « 1D-Var multilayer assimilation of X-band SAR data into a detailed snowpack model ». Cryosphere 8, n^o 5 (27 octobre 2014) : 1975–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1975-2014.

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Abstract. The structure and physical properties of a snowpack and their temporal evolution may be simulated using meteorological data and a snow metamorphism model. Such an approach may meet limitations related to potential divergences and accumulated errors, to a limited spatial resolution, to wind or topography-induced local modulations of the physical properties of a snow cover, etc. Exogenous data are then required in order to constrain the simulator and improve its performance over time. Synthetic-aperture radars (SARs) and, in particular, recent sensors provide reflectivity maps of snow-covered environments with high temporal and spatial resolutions. The radiometric properties of a snowpack measured at sufficiently high carrier frequencies are known to be tightly related to some of its main physical parameters, like its depth, snow grain size and density. SAR acquisitions may then be used, together with an electromagnetic backscattering model (EBM) able to simulate the reflectivity of a snowpack from a set of physical descriptors, in order to constrain a physical snowpack model. In this study, we introduce a variational data assimilation scheme coupling TerraSAR-X radiometric data into the snowpack evolution model Crocus. The physical properties of a snowpack, such as snow density and optical diameter of each layer, are simulated by Crocus, fed by the local reanalysis of meteorological data (SAFRAN) at a French Alpine location. These snowpack properties are used as inputs of an EBM based on dense media radiative transfer (DMRT) theory, which simulates the total backscattering coefficient of a dry snow medium at X and higher frequency bands. After evaluating the sensitivity of the EBM to snowpack parameters, a 1D-Var data assimilation scheme is implemented in order to minimize the discrepancies between EBM simulations and observations obtained from TerraSAR-X acquisitions by modifying the physical parameters of the Crocus-simulated snowpack. The algorithm then re-initializes Crocus with the modified snowpack physical parameters, allowing it to continue the simulation of snowpack evolution, with adjustments based on remote sensing information. This method is evaluated using multi-temporal TerraSAR-X images acquired over the specific site of the Argentière glacier (Mont-Blanc massif, French Alps) to constrain the evolution of Crocus. Results indicate that X-band SAR data can be taken into account to modify the evolution of snowpack simulated by Crocus.

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Liebing, P., K. Bramstedt, S. Noël, V. Rozanov, H. Bovensmann et J. P. Burrows. « Polarization data from SCIAMACHY limb backscatter observations compared to vector radiative transfer model simulations ». Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6, n^o 6 (5 juin 2013) : 1503–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-1503-2013.

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Abstract. SCIAMACHY is a passive imaging spectrometer onboard ENVISAT designed to obtain trace gas abundances from measured radiances and irradiances in the UV to SWIR range in nadir-, limb- and occultation-viewing modes. Its grating spectrometer introduces a substantial sensitivity to the polarization of the incoming light with nonnegligible effects on the radiometric calibration. To be able to correct for the polarization sensitivity, SCIAMACHY utilizes broadband Polarization Measurement Devices (PMDs). While for the nadir-viewing mode the measured atmospheric polarization has been validated against POLDER data (Tilstra and Stammes, 2007, 2010), a similar validation study regarding the limb-viewing mode has not yet been performed. This paper aims at an assessment of the quality of the SCIAMACHY limb polarization data. Since limb polarization measurements by other air/spaceborne instruments in the spectral range of SCIAMACHY are not available, a comparison with radiative transfer simulations by SCIATRAN V3.1 (Rozanov et al., 2013) using a wide range of atmospheric parameters is performed. SCIATRAN is a vector radiative transfer model (VRTM) capable of performing calculations of the multiply scattered radiance in a spherically symmetric atmosphere. The study shows that the limb polarization data exhibit a large time-dependent bias that decreases with wavelength. Possible reasons for this bias are a still unknown combination of insufficient accuracy or inconsistencies of the on-ground calibration data, scan mirror degradation and stress induced changes of the polarization response of components inside the optical bench of the instrument. It is shown that it should in principle be feasible to recalibrate the effective polarization sensitivity of the instrument using the in-flight data and VRTM simulations.

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Battaglia, Alessandro, et Giulia Panegrossi. « What Can We Learn from the CloudSat Radiometric Mode Observations of Snowfall over the Ice-Free Ocean ? » Remote Sensing 12, n^o 20 (10 octobre 2020) : 3285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12203285.

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The quantification of global snowfall by the current observing system remains challenging, with the CloudSat 94 GHz Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) providing the current state-of-the-art snow climatology, especially at high latitudes. This work explores the potential of the novel Level-2 CloudSat 94 GHz Brightness Temperature Product (2B-TB94), developed in recent years by processing the noise floor data contained in the 1B-CPR product; the focus of the study is on the characterization of snow systems over the ice-free ocean, which has well constrained emissivity and backscattering properties. When used in combination with the path integrated attenuation (PIA), the radiometric mode can provide crucial information on the presence/amount of supercooled layers and on the contribution of the ice to the total attenuation. Radiative transfer simulations show that the location of the supercooled layers and the snow density are important factors affecting the warming caused by supercooled emission and the cooling induced by ice scattering. Over the ice-free ocean, the inclusion of the 2B-TB94 observations to the standard CPR observables (reflectivity profile and PIA) is recommended, should more sophisticated attenuation corrections be implemented in the snow CloudSat product to mitigate its well-known underestimation at large snowfall rates. Similar approaches will also be applicable to the upcoming EarthCARE mission. The findings of this paper are relevant for the design of future missions targeting precipitation in the polar regions.

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Cascarano, Pasquale, Francesco Corsini, Stefano Gandolfi, Elena Loli Piccolomini, Emanuele Mandanici, Luca Tavasci et Fabiana Zama. « Super-Resolution of Thermal Images Using an Automatic Total Variation Based Method ». Remote Sensing 12, n^o 10 (20 mai 2020) : 1642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12101642.

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The relatively poor spatial resolution of thermal images is a limitation for many thermal remote sensing applications. A possible solution to mitigate this problem is super-resolution, which should preserve the radiometric content of the original data and should be applied to both the cases where a single image or multiple images of the target surface are available. In this perspective, we propose a new super-resolution algorithm, which can handle either single or multiple images. It is based on a total variation regularization approach and implements a fully automated choice of all the parameters, without any training dataset nor a priori information. Through simulations, the accuracy of the generated super-resolution images was assessed, in terms of both global statistical indicators and analysis of temperature errors at hot and cold spots. The algorithm was tested and applied to aerial and terrestrial thermal images. Results and comparisons with state-of-the-art methods confirmed an excellent compromise between the quality of the high-resolution images obtained and the required computational time.

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