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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Rail area detection »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 7 juin 2025

Mis à jour le 2 août 2025

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Rail area detection"

Fang, Zhongbin, Xiaojie Huang, Kangquan Ye, et al. "An algorithm for extracting groove rail area based on improved Hough transform." MATEC Web of Conferences 336 (2021): 02025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133602025.

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In order to improve the accuracy and real-time performance of the automatic cleaning of groove rails in modern trams, this paper proposes a groove rail region extraction algorithm based on improved Hough transform. First, in order to speed up the detection and remove noise, the algorithm performs a series of pre-processing on the images collected by the camera, and then use the Canny edge detection method to extract the edge feature information of the groove rail. Finally, the algorithm is improved on the basis of the traditional Hough transform method according to the actual environment. The

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Choi, Jung-Youl, and Jae-Min Han. "Deep Learning (Fast R-CNN)-Based Evaluation of Rail Surface Defects." Applied Sciences 14, no. 5 (2024): 1874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14051874.

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In current railway rails, trains are propelled by the rolling contact between iron wheels and iron rails, and the high frequency of train repetition on rails results in a significant load exertion on a very small area where the wheel and rail come into contact. Furthermore, a contact stress beyond the allowable stress of the rail may lead to cracks due to plastic deformation. The railway rail, which is the primary contact surface between the wheel and the rail, is prone to rolling contact fatigue cracks. Therefore, a thorough inspection and diagnosis of the condition of the cracks is necessary

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di Scalea, Francesco Lanza, Ivan Bartoli, Piervincenzo Rizzo, and Mahmood Fateh. "High-Speed Defect Detection in Rails by Noncontact Guided Ultrasonic Testing." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1916, no. 1 (2005): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105191600110.

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Recent train accidents have reaffirmed the need to develop rail defect detection systems that are more effective than those used today. This paper proposes new inspection systems for detecting transverse-type cracks in the rail head, notoriously the most dangerous flaws in rails. In principle these systems can be applied to both continuous welded rail and jointed tracks because bidirectional inspection can be implemented. However, the systems may fail to detect defects located close to a joint. The proposed technology uses ultrasonic guided waves that are detected by remote sensors positioned

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Wang, Zhangyu, Xinkai Wu, Guizhen Yu, and Mingxing Li. "Efficient Rail Area Detection Using Convolutional Neural Network." IEEE Access 6 (2018): 77656–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2883704.

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Tverdomed, Volodymyr, Anatoliy Gorban, and Lesia Kushmar. "Image segmentation method of rail head defects and area measurement of selected segments." MATEC Web of Conferences 390 (2024): 04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202439004008.

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The operation safety of railway transport, which is the most important economic and social factor, is largely determined by the technical condition of the rail track and measures to maintain the quality of its track management system. One of the system elements for ensuring the accident-free operation of the track is the technical diagnosis of rails using a method complex of non-destructive control of rails, such as acoustic (ultrasonic), magnetic, combined, etc., and monitoring of the track using methods of measuring the geometry of the rail track and its disturbances. When the wheel interact

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Li, Liming, Rui Sun, Shuguang Zhao, Xiaodong Chai, Shubin Zheng, and Ruichao Shen. "Semantic-Segmentation-Based Rail Fastener State Recognition Algorithm." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (March 2, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8956164.

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Rail fastener status recognition and detection are key steps in the inspection of the rail area status and function of real engineering projects. With the development of and widespread interest in image processing techniques and deep learning theory, detection methods that combine the two have yielded promising results in practical detection applications. In this paper, a semantic-segmentation-based algorithm for the state recognition of rail fasteners is proposed. On the one hand, we propose a functional area location and annotation method based on a salient detection model and construct a no

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Shen, Tuo, Jinhuang Zhou, Tengfei Yuan, Yuanxiang Xie, and Xuanxiong Zhang. "LiDAR-Based Urban Three-Dimensional Rail Area Extraction for Improved Train Collision Warnings." Sensors 24, no. 15 (2024): 4963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24154963.

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The intrusion of objects into track areas is a significant issue affecting the safety of urban rail transit systems. In recent years, obstacle detection technology based on LiDAR has been developed to identify potential issues, in which accurately extracting the track area is critical for segmentation and collision avoidance. However, because of the sparsity limitations inherent in LiDAR data, existing methods can only segment track regions over short distances, which are often insufficient given the speed and braking distance of urban rail trains. As such, a new approach is developed in this

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Cao, Jinghao, Yang Li, and Sidan Du. "Robust Artificial Intelligence-Aided Multimodal Rail-Obstacle Detection Method by Rail Track Topology Reconstruction." Applied Sciences 14, no. 7 (2024): 2795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14072795.

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Detecting obstacles in the rail track area is crucial for ensuring the safe operation of trains. However, this task presents numerous challenges, including the diverse nature of intrusions, and the complexity of the driving environment. This paper presents a multimodal fusion rail-obstacle detection approach by key points processing and rail track topology reconstruction. The core idea is to leverage the rich semantic information provided by images to design algorithms for reconstructing the topological structure of railway tracks. Additionally, it combines the effective geometric information

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Zheng, Danyang, Liming Li, Shubin Zheng, et al. "A Defect Detection Method for Rail Surface and Fasteners Based on Deep Convolutional Neural Network." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2021 (July 29, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2565500.

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As a result of long-term pressure from train operations and direct exposure to the natural environment, rails, fasteners, and other components of railway track lines inevitably produce defects, which have a direct impact on the safety of train operations. In this study, a multiobject detection method based on deep convolutional neural network that can achieve nondestructive detection of rail surface and fastener defects is proposed. First, rails and fasteners on the railway track image are localized by the improved YOLOv5 framework. Then, the defect detection model based on Mask R-CNN is utili

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Signore, James M., Mohamed G. Abdel-Maksoud, and Barry J. Dempsey. "Fiber-Optic Sensing Technology for Rail-Buckling Detection." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1584, no. 1 (1997): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1584-06.

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Buckling and cracking of steel rails is a contributing factor in accidents on railroads today. Detection and notification of buckled track sections before a train reaches these locations will significantly increase rail safety. A fiber-optic-based sensing system, with the fiber affixed to a beam, was developed and evaluated to detect buckled regions. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the sensitivity of the fiber-optic sensing system to buckling of a long structural member. Numerous facets of fiber-optic sensing have been explored. Fiber-to-steel bonding techniques were examined and t

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Thèses sur le sujet "Rail area detection"

Shrestha, Survesh Bahadur. "Defect Detection on Rail Base Area Using Infrared Thermography." OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2758.

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This research aims to investigate the application of infrared thermography (IRT) as a method of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) for the detection of defects in the rail base area. Rails have to withstand harsh conditions during their application. Therefore, defects can develop in the base area of rails due to stresses such as bending, shear, contact, and thermal stresses, fatigue, and corrosion. Such defects can cause catastrophic failures in the rails, ultimately leading to train derailments. Rail base defects due to fatigue and corrosion are difficult to detect and currently there are no rel

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Glisson, Wesley J., Courtney J. Conway, Christopher P. Nadeau, and Kathi L. Borgmann. "Habitat models to predict wetland bird occupancy influenced by scale, anthropogenic disturbance, and imperfect detection." WILEY, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625200.

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Understanding species-habitat relationships for endangered species is critical for their conservation. However, many studies have limited value for conservation because they fail to account for habitat associations at multiple spatial scales, anthropogenic variables, and imperfect detection. We addressed these three limitations by developing models for an endangered wetland bird, Yuma Ridgway's rail (Rallus obsoletus yumanensis), that examined how the spatial scale of environmental variables, inclusion of anthropogenic disturbance variables, and accounting for imperfect detection in validation

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Chiang, Lee-Chen, and 姜禮城. "Ⅰ. Determination of the Chemical Oxgen Demand. Ⅱ. Determination the Efficiency of Detection Chemical Components and Physical Components for the Rainwater in Jong-Lih Area by Acid rain Automatic Monitoring." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85025288337277938831.

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碩士<br>淡江大學<br>水資源及環境工程學系<br>87<br>Ⅰ. Determination of the Chemical Oxgen Demand in the Wastewater Using Microwave Energy — The Comparison Between the Closed Method And the Open Focus Reflux Method. In environmental analytic chemistry microwave-assisted methods for sample preparation have been increased rapidly in recent years .The closed vessel method and open focus reflux method were used for the determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the digestion-oxidation step which was by using microwave energy. The goals of this study are to develop the mercury-free mi

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Livres sur le sujet "Rail area detection"

Office, General Accounting. Air pollution: Improvements needed in detecting and preventing violations : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. GAO, 1990.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Rail area detection"

Migliaccio, M., F. Nunziata, A. Marino, C. Brekke, and S. Skrunes. "Ocean Applications." In Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56504-6_6.

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AbstractIn this chapter, the most promising techniques to observe oil slicks and to detect metallic targets at sea using polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data are reviewed and critically analysed. The detection of oil slicks in SAR data is made difficult not only by the presence of speckle but also by the presence of, e.g. biogenic films, low-wind areas, rain cells, currents, etc., which increase the false alarm probability. The use of polarimetric features has been shown to both observe oil slicks and distinguish them from weak-damping look-alikes but also to extract some of their

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Sinatra, Tiin, Edy Maryadi, Syahrul, Syukri Darmawan, Ginaldi Ari Nugroho, and Asif Awaludin. "Evaluation of Detecting and Tracking Algorithms of Reflectivity Area Based on Rain Scanner Observation Data." In Springer Proceedings in Physics. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9768-6_74.

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Ramos Helena G., Rocha Tiago J., Pasadas Dário J., and Ribeiro A. Lopes. "Defect Detection with Velocity Induced Eddy Currents Using a Permanent Magnet." In Studies in Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics. IOS Press, 2014. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-407-7-263.

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Rail flaw detection is at present an important research and development area. Technological developments augmented the circulating speed of trains, improved their comfort and increased the use of railway transportation in Europe making the safety of railway networks a paramount issue. One item associated with today's rail track assessment is inspection speed. This paper presents a contribution to attain a solution for this problem. It proposes a testing method whose sensitivity increases with the moving speed of the probe in relation with the material to be tested.

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Malinskiy, S. V., A. V. Abramov, and V. O. Sharova. "AUTOMATIC DETERMINATION OF DANGEROUS RAILWAY SECTIONS BOUNDARIES." In Intelligent Transportation Systems. FSBEO HPE Moscow State University of Railway Engineering (MIIT), 2025. https://doi.org/10.30932/9785002587582-2025-624-630.

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The article considers the solution of the problem of automatic detection of boundaries of dangerous sections of a railway track using the cumulative sum algorithm when modeling the geometry of a rail track using AR and ARMA models. The parameters of the algorithm for its application in detecting the moment of change in the properties of vertical irregularities are determined.

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V. Ngo, Binh, and Ya-Fu Lee. "Ecology of the Granular Spiny Frog Quasipaa verrucospinosa (Amphibia: Anura - Dicroglossidae) in Central Vietnam." In Protected Area Management - Recent Advances. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99656.

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We conducted a large-scale assessment at 35 primary forest sites and 42 secondary forest sites in Bach Ma National Park, central Vietnam, using the detection/non-detection data for each site over multiple visits, to quantify the site proportions that were occupied by granular spiny frogs (Quasipaa verrucospinosa). We additionally investigated the effect of site covariates (primary versus secondary forests) and sample covariates (temperature, humidity, and precipitation) to examine the environmental needs that may be incorporated for conserving rain forest amphibians in Vietnam. From the best m

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Kohli, Shruti. "Exploring Cyber Security Vulnerabilities in the Age of IoT." In Detecting and Mitigating Robotic Cyber Security Risks. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2154-9.ch014.

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The modernization of rail control systems has resulted in an increasing reliance on digital technology and increased the potential for security breaches and cyber-attacks. Higher-level European Train Control System(ETCS) systems in particular depend on communications technologies to enable greater automation of railway operations, and this has made the protecting the integrity of infrastructure, rolling stock, staff and passengers against cyber-attacks ever more crucial. The growth in Internet of Things (IoT) technology has also increased the potential risks in this area, bringing with it the

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Jia, Qiang, Feng Han, Yuan Li, Miaomiao Qi, and Zhibo Liu. "Track Damage Recognition Algorithm Based on Improved Convolution." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde200232.

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Railway inspection and maintenance in uninhabited high-cold areas are facing great challenges according to the rapid development of Sino-Russian railway. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed, which is image edge detection track structure recognition and damage detection based on improved convolution model. This paper use image acquisition method and improved two-dimensional convolution to image filtering, thus the original image matrix is processed by determinant transformation to enhance image boundary elements. On the basis of the linear characteristics obtained from edge detection, the f

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Roy, Gargi, Debodyuti Upadhaya, Partha Das, et al. "AUTOMATIC RAILWAY LEVEL CROSSING SYSTEM & TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT WITH REAL TIME MONITORING." In Proceedings of International Conference on Engineering Materials and Sustainable Societal Development [ICEMSSD 2024]. Iterative International Publishers (IIP), Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd., 2025. https://doi.org/10.58532/nbennuricemssd16.

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Unmanned railway level crossings pose significant risks to road users, particularly in high-traffic or rural regions with limited surveillance and automation. This paper proposes a smart and integrated solution for automatic railway gate control and real-time traffic management using an IR sensor-based detection system, microcontroller control logic, traffic light signaling, a manual override mechanism, and a live video monitoring module. The prototype is designed to detect incoming trains, activate gates and traffic signals autonomously, and stream live footage to enhance operational safety.

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N. Ramos-Bernal, Rocío, René Vázquez-Jiménez, Sulpicio Sánchez Tizapa, and Roberto Arroyo Matus. "Characterization of Susceptible Landslide Zones by an Accumulated Index." In Landslides - Investigation and Monitoring. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89828.

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In order to characterize the landslide susceptibility in the central zone of Guerrero State in Mexico, a spatial model has been designed and implemented, which automatically generates cartography. Conditioning factors as geomorphological, geological, and anthropic variables were considered, and as a detonating factor, the effect of the accumulated rain. The use of an inventory map of landslides that occurred in the past (IL) was also necessary, which was produced by an unsupervised detection method. Before the design of the model, an analysis of the contribution of each factor, related to the

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Jepri Sutanto, Ratih Luhuring Tyas, Desi Listianti, and Joko Triyanto. "Reliability Of of Radiation Portal Monitor Using False Alarm Testing." In Prosiding Seminar Nasional Aplikasi Isotop dan Radiasi 2021: Peran Isotop dan Radiasi untuk Indonesia yang Berdaya Saing. Penerbit BRIN, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55981/brin.690.c659.

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As an effort to improve security and safety in the nuclear facility area, The Center for Nuclear Facility Engineering, National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia (PRFN-BATAN) has developed a system for measuring Radiation Portal Monitor (RPM). This facility will be installed at the entrance and exit gates in the nuclear facility area which aims to monitor the safety of radioactive substances in vehicles entering and leaving the nuclear facility area. To ensure the reliability of the radiation portal monitor that has been made, testing and certification of the equipment must be carried out in

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Rail area detection"

Beggs, Joel, and John H. Fitzgerald. "Preparing Gas Distribution Piping for the Construction of a Light Rail Transit System." In CORROSION 2003. NACE International, 2003. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2003-03711.

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Abstract The light rail transit (LRT) system in Minneapolis, Minnesota is being constructed in response to the need to ease freeway congestion and move more people. To prepare the gas distribution piping for detection, monitoring and control of any stray current that might occur, the gas company has isolated the piping and installed various testing and measurement facilities. Stray current provisions include buried permanent reference electrodes in strategic locations, current measuring hoops on the piping to detect magnitude and direction of current, special piping construction for pipe cross

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Schütte, Jörg, and Sven Scholz. "Recent Experience on Guideway Intrusion Detection System Implementations." In 2017 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2017-2334.

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During the last decade, several Public Transportation Operators have started to test and implement technical equipment that shall detect passengers or objects intruding the clearance profile of trains in the station area. The deployed or tested systems typically supervise the track area of subways or light rails and shall stop incoming trains if an obstacle has been detected on the tracks (Guideway Intrusion Detection System, GIDS). While some scientific and operational publications can be found in the literature for Onboard Obstacle Detection Systems and on different technical solutions for G

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Lin, Tu-Huan, Yu-Lin Shih, Jyh-Cherng Jong, and Chian-Shan Suen. "Development of an Intelligent Module Used in Railway Level Crossings to Solve the Safety and Punctuality Issues in Urban Area." In 2017 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2017-2220.

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In urban area, frequent train services during peak hours often keep interrupting roadway traffic approaching level crossings (LXs). In Taiwan, more than 24 trains per hour pass the LXs in peak hours, and it leads to more than 40% time blocked by the barriers. To mitigate the potential risk of accidents between trains and roadway vehicles, almost 20% LXs had been installed with obstacle detection devices. It, however, leads to the following issues: (1) when the level crossings open and then close within a short period of time, the vehicles would likely be trapped in the dangerous area; (2) if t

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Frison, Benjamin, and David Y. Jeong. "Rail Integrity Experience on the Washington Metro System." In 2016 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2016-5710.

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The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) provides passenger rail service to the nation’s capital. Although the rail system carries only passenger trains, the rail integrity issues that WMATA must manage are similar to those that freight railroads also face. These issues include occurrences of broken rail from internal rail head defects, detection of such defects, and repair of the rail to restore service. Another example is the development of damage on the running surface of the rail, called rolling contact fatigue (RCF). Such surface damage is known to adversely affect the d

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Hu, Ping, Joseph A. Turner, Constantine Tarawneh, Brent Wilson, and Allen J. Fuller. "Multiple Frequency Ultrasonic Detection of Subsurface Near-Race Inclusions for Improved Fatigue Life Performance." In 2015 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2015-5785.

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The importance of steel cleanliness for the performance of tapered roller bearings has been clearly established and has led to on-going improvements in steel production methods. The presence of non-metallic impurities within the steel can result in hard/brittle inclusions that may serve as initiation sites for damage due to sub-surface rolling contact fatigue (RCF) if the inclusions lie within the near-race of the bearing components due to the high mechanical stress present. Current inspection standards define steel cleanliness with respect to bulk inclusion morphology, which limits inspection

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De Los Santos, Nancy, Robert Jones, Constantine M. Tarawneh, Arturo Fuentes, and Anthony Villarreal. "Development of Prognostic Techniques for Surface Defect Growth in Railroad Bearing Rolling Elements." In 2017 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2017-2262.

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Prevention of bearing failures which may lead to catastrophic derailment is a major safety concern for the railroad industry. Advances in bearing condition monitoring hold the promise of early detection of bearing defects, which will improve system reliability by permitting early replacement of failing components. However, to minimize disruption to operations while providing the maximum level of accident prevention that early detection affords, it will be necessary to understand the defect growth process and try to quantify the growth speed to permit economical, non-disruptive replacement of f

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Thurston, David F. "Highway Crossing Control Using PTC Technology." In 2013 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2013-2493.

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Positive Train Control (PTC) was mandated by Congress in 2008 to be installed on an extensive network of rail carriers within the United States before the end of 2015. As such, the short time frame for implementation has dictated that several key features that could be adopted within the train control area not be considered until the base development is finished. One of the areas that has been pushed off until later is the interface to Highway crossings. This is being explored in part by Caltrain in their Communications Based Overlay Signal System (CBOSS) project that adapts Incremental Train

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Ding, Yi, and Li R. Cheng. "High Speed Overload and Imbalance Load System in China." In 2018 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2018-6223.

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An Overload and Imbalance Load Detection (OID) system monitors rolling stock on the railroad tracks, and identifies and alarms on improperly loaded vehicles. In China, OID systems have been installed near train stations close to the railroad signals and curves. The location and condition of the track in the area of the OID system can affect the weighing performance. In recent years, the dedicated high-speed passenger lines have freed up a great deal of train capacity on the freight tracks, enabling freight train speed to increase from 60km/h to 80∼120km/h. It has become necessary to install OI

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De Los Santos, Nancy, Constantine M. Tarawneh, Robert E. Jones, and Arturo Fuentes. "Defect Prognostics Models for Spall Growth in Railroad Bearing Rolling Elements." In 2018 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2018-6214.

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Prevention of railroad bearing failures, which may lead to catastrophic derailments, is a central safety concern. Early detection of railway component defects, specifically bearing spalls, will improve overall system reliability by allowing proactive maintenance cycles rather than costly reactive replacement of failing components. A bearing health monitoring system will provide timely detection of flaws. However, absent a well verified model for defect propagation, detection can only be used to trigger an immediate component replacement. The development of such a model requires that the spall

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Fukuoka, Tomotaka, Takahiro Minami, Makoto Fujiu, and Junichi Takayama. "Study of filming condition for deep learning based crack detection method." In 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2020.1059.

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Recently, the study of extending the service life of bridges has gained attention. In Japan, there are about 730,000 bridges with a length of 2 m or longer, and many of these were built during a period of high economic growth, and have now reached the end of their service life. Therefore, their rebuilding and the extension of their service life must be considered. However, some local public organizations have problems that insufficient manpower relative to the number of bridges to manage, as well as insufficient funding for maintenance. Thus, these organizations are unable to perform routine c

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Rail area detection"

Butler, Christopher, and Tabitha Olsen. Inventory of eastern black rail (Laterallus jamaicensis) to Inform Padre Island National Seashore prescribed fire management. National Park Service, 2025. https://doi.org/10.36967/2311590.

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The Eastern Black Rail (Laterallus jamaicensis jamaicensis) is an elusive, federally threatened marsh bird with declining populations, making effective monitoring and habitat management critical. This study investigated Black Rail occupancy and habitat characteristics at Padre Island National Seashore (PAIS) using a combination of call-playback surveys, passive acoustic monitoring, trail cameras, and vegetation sampling. Over a survey season from March to July 2024, call-playback surveys detected Black Rails at eight locations, primarily in Upper Bird Island Basin, although Eastern Black Rails

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Paxton, Barton, and Chance Hines. Black rail inventory at Cape Lookout and Cape Hatteras national seashores. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2304485.

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The black rail (Laterallus jamaicensis) is the most secretive of the secretive marsh birds and one of the least understood species in North America. On the east coast, eastern black rails historically bred in tidal and freshwater marshes along the Atlantic coast from Massachusetts, south to Florida. Within the mid-Atlantic region suitable black rail habitat is concentrated in the high marsh along the upper elevational zone of salt marshes. This zone is dominated by salt meadow hay (Spartina patens), saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), and is often interspersed with shrubs such as marsh elder (Iva

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Zhang, Renduo, and David Russo. Scale-dependency and spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties. United States Department of Agriculture, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7587220.bard.

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Water resources assessment and protection requires quantitative descriptions of field-scale water flow and contaminant transport through the subsurface, which, in turn, require reliable information about soil hydraulic properties. However, much is still unknown concerning hydraulic properties and flow behavior in heterogeneous soils. Especially, relationships of hydraulic properties changing with measured scales are poorly understood. Soil hydraulic properties are usually measured at a small scale and used for quantifying flow and transport in large scales, which causes misleading results. The

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