Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Recirculation du filtrat »

AbstractThe bleaching sector of the wood pulp industry is its largest effluent generator. The aim of this study was to reuse the bleaching filtrate in order to reduce water consumption. The experiment was conducted by simulating the D0(EP)D1 bleaching sequence and recirculating different amounts of filtrate from the oxidation stage to control the pulp consistency of the delignification stage (pre-O). Physical, mechanical, chemical and optical properties of the pulp were studied. The accumulation of the non-process elements (NPE) and their effects were evaluated with the Aspen-Plus® computer simulator. The results of the computational modeling were satisfactory. The recirculation of filtrates increased the saturation index of the system by 19 %, but remained at sub-saturation levels. The pulp viscosity and elongation remained statistically stable. Recirculation of up to 50 % of the filtrate did not produce differences in pulp brightness; however, there were slight losses in the pulp resistances. In order to maintain 84 % ISO brightness, there was a higher consumption of the bleaching reagents. Up to 50 % of recirculation of the filtrates was accomplished without jeopardizing the system and the pulp quality and resulted in a savings of 55 m3 h−1 of water – 7 % of the consumption of the entire mill.

The model of an anaerobic bioreactor in which the basic biochemical reactions under the influence of an acting atmospheric precipitation, technological modes recirculation of a filtrate and participation of alive substance is developed transform a file of waste products in three phase system (gas, a liquid and firm substance).

In this study, an elemental chlorine free (ECF) bleach plant with a D0(EOP)D1(EP)D2 sequence was studied with the aim of identifying options for significantly decreasing (fresh) water usage in the bleach plant and decreasing the effluent volume. A base-case simulation model for a softwood kraft market pulp mill was made based on a reference model representing the best available techniques as well as data produced in an extensive laboratory pulp bleaching study. This model was used to evaluate increased closure within the bleach plant and the recirculation of bleach plant effluent to the brownstock system and their effects on both the bleach plant and the recovery cycle. The results indicate that it is possible to reduce the fresh water consumption from 15 metric tons/a.d. metric ton in the base case to about 2 metric tons/a.d. metric ton, without increasing the carryover of chemical oxygen demand (COD) to the pulp machine. Nonprocess elements in wood contribute to the levels of metals found in the bleach plant and thus to the risk of precipitates such as calcium oxalate, barium sulfate, and calcium carbonate. The risk of precipitates forming is a key factor determining the possible degree of closure. In addition, chloride concentration in the black liquor is another important factor that is affected by recirculating bleach plant filtrate to the brownstock washer and by the grade of the sodium hydroxide used in the mill.

The MUC (Montreal Urban Community) treatment plant produces approximately 270 tons of dry sludge daily (270 tds/day) during the physico-chemical treatment of wastewater. Recently, this treatment plant endowed a system of drying and granulation of sludge for valorization as an agricultural fertilizer having a capacity of 70 tds/day (25% of the daily sludge production). However, the metal content (mainly Cu and Cd) of the sludge surpasses the norms for biosolids valorization. In order to solve this problem, a demonstration project, from the lab scale to the industrial pilot plant, was carried out to test the Metix-AC technology for the removal of metals. A strongly metal-loaded filtrate was generated during the sludge decontamination. Tests concerned the study of the metal recovery by total precipitation and selective precipitation, as well as the use of alternative products for the metal precipitation. Other works consisted to simulate the acid filtrate recirculation from the decontaminated sludge (25% of the total volume) in the untreated sludge (75% of the total volume) intended for the incineration. The total precipitation with hydrated lime appeared effective for the recovery of metals (87% Cd, 96% Cr, 97% Cu, 98% Fe, 71% Ni, 100% Pb, 98% Zn). However, this option entails the production of an important quantity of metallic residue, which should be disposed of expensively as dangerous material. The selective iron precipitation does not appear to be an interesting option because the iron in solution within the leached sludge was principally present in the form of ferrous iron, which cannot be precipitated at pH lower than five. On the other hand, the use of commercial precipitating agents (TMT-15, CP-33Z, CP-NB and CPX) without pH adjustment of filtrate gave good results for the recovery of Cu and, to a lesser degree for the recovery of Pb. However, the efficiency for the other metals' (Cd, Cr, Fe, Ni and Zn) recovery was weaker (< 25%). Finally, the acid filtrate recirculation containing solubilised metals in untreated sludge destined for incineration appears to be the most interesting option. Metals in solution in the acid filtrate, precipitate or adsorb effectively (97% Cd, 97% Cr, 99% Cu, 82% Ni, 100% Pb and 87% Zn) on the solids of the untreated sludge. Moreover, TCLP tests were done on ashes produced during the incineration of sludge mixed with the acid filtrate produced during sludge decontamination. These tests showed that there were no significant differences, as regards the extractability of metals, between such ashes and those produced during the untreated sludge incineration without addition of filtrate. Therefore, it was predictable that this method can respect the current environmental standards required by the different governmental authorities.

Abstract The approaches to the choice of measures to ensure the environmental safety of closed facilities for the disposal of solid municipal waste (MSW) are considered. Laws of the Russian Federation in terms of requirements for ensuring the safety of waste disposal facilities during the operational and reclamation periods have been studied. Scenarios of the conduct of processes at MSW landfills after reclamation are presented. The article presents the results of engineering and geological research: a comprehensive study of engineering and geological and hydrogeological conditions of the site, composition, condition and properties of soils, the activity of geological processes for making design decisions. Field engineering and geological work, soil sampling from wells have been carried out. Laboratory research of soil samples has been carried out in a soil laboratory. The project of reclamation cover of MSW landfill has been completed, including geosynthetic materials and natural soils, a network of pipelines supplying filtrate for recirculation has been calculated, and a set of work and selection of vegetation at the biological stage of reclamation have been justified. Scenarios of the conduct of processes in the course of reclamation of a waste disposal facility are considered in the case of application of the filtrate recirculation technology with preliminary pH-regulation by changing the structure of the landfill in the first year after reclamation and according to the scheme of the section of the reclaimed landfill upon reaching the stage of destruction of the biodegradable part of the waste. The advantages of the developed reclamation pavement are shown: high cultivation capacity, preservation of drainage properties at high loads, reduced costs for excavation and crushed stone laying, high chemical resistance and environmental friendliness of the material.

Pemeliharaan ikan lele yang dilakukan pembudidaya di Pokdakan ROI Lele sebagian besar tidak melakukan upaya pengelolaan kualitas air seperti, filtrasi, sirkulasi maupun penggantian air (water exchange). Hal ini menyebabkan penurunan mutu air sebagai akibat dari penumpukan sisa pakan maupun feses ikan serta sisa hasil metabolisme lainnya. Lingkungan perairan merupakan suatu hal yang sangat berperan penting dalam pertumbuhan ikan lele (Clarias sp.). Oleh karena itu, perlu adanya manajemen lingkungan dan kesehatan pada pemeliharaan ikan lele (Clarias sp.). Keberhasilan suatu usaha budidaya sangat erat kaitannya dengan kondisi lingkungan yang optimum untuk kelangsungan hidup dan pertumbuhan ikan yang dipelihara. Setelah Tim PKM Mengidentifikasi pemecahan masalah yang ada, maka kegiatan pemecahan atau pengembangan yang dilakukan harus sesuai dengan kebutuhan yakni dengan menerapkan teknologi Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) pada kolam budidaya ikan di Pokdakan ROI Lele. Dalam penerapan sistem RAS, penggunaan filtrasi air sangat menentukan keberhasilan sirkulasi air. Pada progam PKM ini akan menggunakan Filtrasi air terdiri dari filter mekanis, filter biologi dan filter kimia. Hasil dari kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat PKM terhadap mitra adalah Pengetahuannya meningkat, keterampilannya meningkat, kapasitas produksi meningkat dan keuntungannya meningkat.

A recirculating in vitro CAVH system was designed which generated pulsatile blood and filtrate flows. Monitors recorded hydrostatic pressures simultaneously in the arterial, venous and filtrate lines during varying plasma or blood flow rates and predilution (vs postdilution) replacement fluid flow rates. Similar hydrostatic pressure monitoring was carried out during multiple maneuvers to generate suction on the filtrate side of the hemofilter (Amicon® D-20's and Renaflo®‘s). With a plasma flow (Qp) of 100 cc/min and predilution replacement fluid infusion rate of 500 cc/hr, the arterial pressure was 5% greater than during postdilution (p < 0.05). With a blood flow (Qb) of 50 cc/min, predilution fluid replacement rates of 500 and 1000 cc/hr, and vacuum suction applied to the filtrate compartment, the arterial pressure was 33% lower than during postdilution fluid replacement (p < 0.03). Nonetheless, the ultrafiltration rate (UFR) was 10 to 30% higher (p < 0.03). At many other combinations of Qp, Qb and replacement rates and modes, there were no significant changes in arterial pressure. Despite these arterial pressure changes, > 70% of the transmembrane hydrostatic pressure (TMP) was due to the negative pressure induced by filtrate suction (gravity, Gomco®, wall suction, IMED®). The actual pressure in the filtrate compartment measured during Gomco® or wall suction was 3/4 of that stated by their gauges, presumably due to leakage. Maximum wall suction never generated TMP's > 150 mmHg. Using an IMED® 960 as the suction device (bypassing the air alarm), for a Qp of 50, IMED® settings of 300, 600 and 900 cc/hr generated TMP's of 67 ± 3, 77 ± 3, and 97 ± 3 mmHg, respectively. When Qp was 20 cc/min, an IMED® setting of 999 cc/hr generated TMP's consistently < 136 mmHg but UFR was only 668 ± 246 cc/hr. With the IMED® set at 999 cc/hr and Qp of 30 cc/min, the TMP was < 132 mmHg and the UFR was 944 ± 10 cc/hr. No filters ruptured. These suction maneuvers do not generate enough pressure to rupture filters. When Qp is low the IMED® may not generate the UFR one expects. Predilution will probably alleviate this concern.

Cascade filtration (CF) has been performed in 67 on-line procedures in 9 normolipidemic patients with paraproteinemic disorders. A modified dead-end technique has been employed, with high flow rate recirculating plasma on the plasma fractionation filter (QD recycled CF), and an albumin-rich, globulin-poor filtrate was reinfused into the patient. Postprocedure recoveries were 81 ± 15% for albumin, 55 ± 23% for IgM and 48% for cryocrit, with an increase in A/G ratio from 1.8 to 2.1. An improvement was observed also in antiatherogenic/atherogenic lipoproteins ratio, suggesting a possible use of this technique in the treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia. Plasma primary separation was obtained by centrifugation or by filtration, and no significant differences were observed on subsequent protein fractionation process. An albumin priming of the plasmafractionation circuit accounted for an additional 13% saving in postprocedure level. Different surface area secondary filters have been employed: with larger surfaces, larger volumes were processed without any increase in the waste volume and with reduced need for washouts, but with an additional loss of small molecules possibly due to entrapping onto the membrane.

Actuellement l’électro-déshydratation des boues est un procédé qui apparaît comme étant prometteur. Il consiste à combiner la déshydratation mécanique à l’application d’un champ électrique. L’analyse de la littérature a montré qu’elle permettait de réduire de façon significative le volume des suspensions tout en étant économiquement plus rentable qu’un traitement thermique. La présente étude a donc pour objectif d’approfondir les connaissances liées à la mise en place de ce nouveau dispositif en vue d’une industrialisation du procédé. Ainsi une attention particulière est portée sur les problèmes d’échauffement, de contrôle du pH et de corrosion qui représentent trois verrous majeurs à l’heure actuelle. Les nouvelles applications éventuelles du dispositif sont également mises en évidence. Le but de ce présent travail est de sélectionner des boues avec les différents partenaires du projet afin de réaliser des essais d’électrofiltration et de mettre en évidence la pertinence du procédé en fonction de la suspension. Il a été montré que pour un même lapse de temps, l’application d’un champ électrique permet d’augmenter le volume de filtrat extrait de façon significative par rapport à une filtration simple. Une montée en température importante a été observée lors d’essais sans dispositif de recirculation du filtrat à l’anode, risquant d’endommager le matériel. Une adaptation des équipements laboratoire a donc été nécessaire et a été faite en fonction des recommandations du précédent projet. Un dispositif de recirculation du filtrat aux électrodes a notamment été mis en place. Afin de pouvoir prédire le comportement des suspensions en présence d’un champ électrique, une modélisation de l’électrofiltration a été réalisée. Les prédictions majeures du modèle ont été confirmées par les données expérimentales. L’électrofiltration a été optimisée pour certaines boues étudiées telles que la bentonite, des suspensions contenant des hydrocarbures ou des boues biologiques de pisciculture. Un nouveau procédé d’électro-lavage a également été étudié. Il présente un potentiel intéressant pour la décontamination de gâteaux sucrés. Cette nouvelle technique offre de nouvelles perspectives de décontamination des suspensions contenant des polluants difficilement séparables de la matière solide. Les travaux, après validation à l’échelle laboratoire, ont ensuite été transférés à l’échelle semi-industrielle lors du développement d’une nouvelle unité pilote de filtration. Les premiers essais pilotes ont permis de mettre en évidence de nouveaux verrous technologiques qui ont conduit à une phase d’optimisation globale du dispositif
Sludge electrodewatering is a new process which seems to be very interesting. It combines classical mechanical dehydration with the application of an electric field. The literature has shown that the sludge volume can be reduced significantly. Moreover this process costs less than thermal dehydration. The goal of this work is to select sludges, provided by several industrial partners, and try to electrodehydrate them. Essential parameters for electrodehydration can be identified. Experimentation has shown that, for a same duration, the application of an electric field increases less significantly the extraction filtrate volume compare to a simple filtration. However, an important increase of temperature has been observed during experiments without anode flushing. This is why, at lab scale, a new system has been developed. It allows to recirculate the filtrate to the electrode side. In order to predict the sludge behavior in this new system, an electrodehydration modeling has been realized. The main prediction of this model has been confirmed by experimental data. Electrodehydration has been optimized for some sludge like bentonite, sludge containing hydrocarbons or biological sludge from fish farms. A new electro-washing process has also been studied. His potential is very interesting in cake decontamination like for heavy metal removal or in sugar industry. After lab-scale validation, those improvements have been transferred to pilot scale. The first pilot-scale experiment has highlighted new technical locks. This leads to a global improvement of the pilot

Le rejet des nutriments (phosphates et nitrates) issues des eaux usées domestiques entraînent la dégradation des écosystèmes (74 % du territoire français concerné en 2006). Compte tenu de la situation, l'Etat français a promulgué la Loi sur l'Eau et les Milieux Aquatiques le 30décembre 2006 qui vise à atteindre le " bon état écologique des eaux et des milieux aquatiques " d'ici 2015. Cette notion bien que difficilement intégrable a généré des normes plus strictes pour les stations d'épuration en termes de rejet de nutriments vers le milieu récepteur (jusque 15 mg NTOT.L-1 et 2 mg PTOT.L-1). Depuis la fin des années 1990, la technologie des filtres plantés de roseaux (FPR) est de plus en plus employée(> 2500 unités en 2012) pour le traitement des eaux usées domestiques des petites collectivités inférieures à 2000 Equivalent-Habitants. Cependant, des limites de traitement existent sur les concentrations résiduelles en azote (rejet de 70-80 mg NTOT.L-1) et en phosphore (rejet> 10 mg PTOT.L-1), en vue de répondre à la réglementation future. Ce travail a eu pour objectif de mettre en oeuvre des améliorations telles que la recirculation sur un étage de traitement pour le traitement de l'azote d'une part et l'emploi de matériaux réactifs pour piéger le phosphore d'autre part. La démarche scientifique expérimentale déployée a consisté à suivre des pilotes sur site réel et en laboratoire pendant 2 années. Le suivi des performances épuratoires et hydrauliques a été réalisé au cours du temps. Pour l'azote, 2 FPR (2,5 m²) garnis de schiste expansé (Mayennite®) ont été alimentés en effluent brut. L'effet de la hauteur de saturation en eau dans la partie drainante ainsi que l'effet de la recirculation ont été étudiés. Les résultats obtenus ont montré : une couche saturée à 38 % (rapporté à la hauteur totale) et un ratio de recirculation de 100 % permettent une meilleure élimination de la matière particulaire-carbonée (Arrêté du22 juin 2007) et de l'azote (< 20 mg NTK.L-1 ; < 45 mgNTOT.L-1). Deux laitiers de four à arc électrique ont été sélectionnés pour le traitement du phosphore. Ceux-ci ont été mis en œuvre dans 5 colonnes (6 L) en laboratoire alimentées en effluent synthétique en phosphore puis secondaire et dans 4 filtres réactifs pilote (0,3 m² ; 34 L) à flux horizontal sous surfacique alimentés en effluent secondaire. Il ressort de ces expériences: (i) des disparités existent entre les deux échelles en termes de performances (< 2 mg P.L-1 pendant 20 mois en colonne et variation saisonnière des performances en pilote) et mécanismes épuratoires (adsorption/précipitation P-Caen colonne ; P-Ca + P-Fe en pilote), (ii) l'augmentation de la température (> 15 °C) et/ou du temps de séjour (48h et plus) améliore la cinétique d'élimination du phosphore à échelle pilote et (iii) l'implantation d'un filtre réactif garni de laitier de four à arc électrique est limité par le degré de traitement souhaité et la distance du futur chantier (coût du transport).

Na aquacultura de recirculação são utilizados filtros biológicos para o tratamento do efluente antes que este retorne aos tanques. Estas unidades de tratamento têm como finalidade a transformação de nitrogênio amoniacal em nitrato, pois a amônia e o nitrito são tóxicos para os peixes. O nitrogênio amoniacal tende a se acumular na água de cultivo, pois é um importante produto de excreção dos organismos aquáticos e degradação da ração não consumida. Nestes filtros biológicos, os microorganismos responsáveis pelo tratamento da água residuária se encontram aderidos no meio de preenchimento, formando um biofilme. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar as comunidades microbianas presentes no biofilme associado ao filtro biológico de uma unidade experimental de tratamento de efluente de aquacultura. Durante o experimento, realizado em dois sistemas paralelos representando unidades de aquacultura com e sem recirculação de água, também foram monitorados parâmetros de qualidade da água. Os tanques experimentais foram povoados com juvenis de tilápias-do-Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), que foram submetidos a pesagens a cada quinze dias para avaliar seu ganho de biomassa. As bactérias foram identificadas através da técnica de análise microbiológica da hibridização fluorescente in situ (FISH). A estrutura do biofilme foi avaliada através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados indicam que a nitrificação teve um papel mais importante no controle da qualidade da água no sistema com recirculação em relação ao tanque sem recirculação. A análise microbiológica do meio de preenchimento do filtro revelou uma presença marcante (com proporções de Cy3/DAPI variando entre 0,5% e 7,6%) de células ativas de organismos nitrificantes (oxidadores de amônia e de nitrito), pertencendo a gêneros distintos como Nitrobacter, Nitrococcus e Nitrosomonas, além de outros grupos de presença expressiva, como bactérias filamentosas (com proporções de 11,2% a 17,3% da contagem de células marcadas com DAPI). As imagens de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura revelaram a natureza do arranjo destas bactérias no meio filtrante, caracterizando um biofilme bem desenvolvido, composto por diversos morfotipos microbianos. O conhecimento das bactérias que compõe este biofilme pode tornar possível a geração de melhorias que podem ser implementadas para aumentar a eficiência do sistema.
In recirculating aquaculture, biological filters are used for treating the effluent before it returns to tanks. These treatment units are intended for transforming ammoniacal nitrogen into nitrate, since ammonia and nitrite are toxic to fish. Ammoniacal nitrogen tends to accumulate in culture water, because it is an important excretion product from aquatic organisms and also due to degradation of non consumed feed. In these biological filters, microorganisms responsible for the treatment of waste water adhere to the filler, forming a biofilm. The present work intended to characterize the microbial community present in the biofilm associated to the biological filter at an experimental aquaculture effluent treatment unit. During the experiment, conducted in two parallel systems representing aquaculture units with and without water recirculation, water quality parameters were also monitored. Experimental tanks were populated with juvenile Nile Tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus), which were subjected to weighing every 15 days in order to assess their biomass gain. Bacteria were identified through the microbiological analysis technique of Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH). The biofilm structure was assessed using scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that nitrification had a more important role in the control of water quality in the system with recirculation compared with the tank without recirculation. The microbiological analysis of the filter media revealed a significant presence (with Cy3/DAPI range between 0.5% e 7.6%) of active cells from nitrifying organisms (ammonia and nitrite oxidizers), which belonged to different genera such as Nitrobacter, Nitrococcus and Nitrosomonas, in addition to groups that had an expressive presence, such as filamentous bacteria (representing 11.2% to 17.3% of the total DAPI stained cells). Scanning Electron Microscopy images revealed the nature of the arrangement of these bacteria in the filtering media, characterizing a well developed biofilm made up of diverse microbial morphotypes. The knowledge about the bacteria making up the biofilm may enable improvements that can be implemented to increase system effectiveness.

O intenso desenvolvimento da aquacultura tem sido acompanhado de um aumento nos impactos ambientais causados por esta atividade. As descargas de efluentes da aquacultura em ecossistemas aquáticos são uma fonte de deterioração da qualidade ambiental e podem causar eutrofização. O presente trabalho investigou e avaliou o desempenho de um sistema de tratamento e recirculação de efluentes de aquacultura em relação à sua eficiência em manter e restaurar os parâmetros de qualidade da água em níveis adequados ao ciclo produtivo, considerando as implicações desta técnica na conservação dos recursos hídricos. O experimento foi conduzido em dois sistemas funcionando paralelamente, simulando situações com e sem tratamento e recirculação de efluentes. Os sistemas aquícolas, em escala experimental, foram compostos pelos tanques e pelas unidades de tratamento e recirculação. Os tanques de cultivo foram povoados com juvenis de tilápia-do-Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Os sistemas sem recirculação e com recirculação receberam, respectivamente, 65 indivíduos (biomassa total inicial = 477g) e 64 indivíduos (biomassa total inicial = 491g). O sistema de tratamento e recirculação de efluentes foi composto por um filtro biológico de leito flutuante granular (floating beads biofilter) e duas colunas de aeração, com diferentes meios de preenchimento. Ao longo dos seis meses de experimento foram medidos os principais parâmetros de qualidade da água para a aquacultura e para a estimativa do funcionamento e desempenho do sistema de tratamento e recirculação de efluentes. O desempenho zootécnico obtido nos tanques foi também avaliado e comparado. Análise de variância (ANOVA) foi utilizada para comparar os dados. Na comparação entre a água de cultivo dos tanques, os seguintes parâmetros apresentaram um valor mais elevado (p<0,05) para o sistema com recirculação: nitrato, carbono orgânico total, fosfato, cloreto, sulfato e condutividade. A água de cultivo do tanque sem recirculação apresentou maiores valores de nitrogênio amoniacal, sólidos suspensos e turbidez (p<0,05). As duas colunas de aeração usadas no experimento não apresentaram diferenças significativa entre si (p>0,05), apresentando uma eficiência de aeração de 67%. O sistema com recirculação foi caracterizado por um uso semanal de água significativamente menor (p<0,05), utilizando apenas 36% do volume de água que foi necessário para o tanque sem recirculação. Indícios de nitrificação foram identificados em ambos os sistemas, porém este processo apresentou uma importância maior sobre a qualidade da água no sistema com recirculação e filtro biológico. O sistema com recirculação produziu efluentes (através da retrolavagem do filtro) mais concentrados (p<0,05) em relação a nitrato, alcalinidade, carbono orgânico total, fosfato, sólidos suspensos e dissolvidos, cloreto, sulfato, condutividade. Em relação à carga de resíduos lançada ao ambiente, o sistema sem recirculação obteve valores maiores (p<0,05) de nitrogênio amoniacal, nitrato, carbono orgânico total, fosfato, sólidos suspensos, sólidos dissolvidos, fluoreto, cloreto e sulfato. Para os demais parâmetros, não houve diferenças significativas quanto à carga de resíduo do efluente produzido (p>0,05). Não houve diferenças significativas entre os dois sistemas comparados (p>0,05) quanto ao ganho de peso das tilápias durante o período de avaliação do desempenho zootécnico. A partir da biomassa total de peixes produzida nos dois tanques durante todo o período experimental calculou-se que o sistema sem recirculação fez uso de 4053 litros de água para cada kg (L/kg) de peixe produzido e o sistema com recirculação usou 1129 L/kg. O sistema de aquacultura com recirculação estudado, construído a partir de materiais nacionais e de baixo custo, obteve êxito como forma de criação de peixes, oferecendo uma significativa redução no volume de água usado e na carga de alguns resíduos em seus efluentes, quando comparado a técnicas convencionais de aquacultura. Apesar de haver significativas necessidades de aprimoramento do protótipo usado e de estudos complementares em relação ao assunto tendo em vista a realidade brasileira, principalmente contemplando a sua viabilidade econômica em diferentes cenários, o experimento conduzido oferece subsídios para o desenvolvimento da tecnologia de aquacultura com recirculação em âmbito nacional.
The active aquaculture growth that has been observed over the last few decades has been accompanied by important environmental impacts. One main concern is the discharge of aquaculture effluents in aquatic systems. Since these effluents contain nutrients, their discharge can contribute to the eutrophication of the receiving water bodies. The present work describes an investigation in which the aquaculture effluent was treated and recycled back to the system. The treatment process was evaluated with respect to its capability to remove contaminants and restore water quality to levels that were adequate to the fishing productive cycle. Such a system can contribute to the conservation of water resources by saving water and discarding fewer pollutants. The experiment was conducted in two pilot systems working in parallel, simulating fish culture processes with and without effluent treatment and recycling. The culture tanks were populated with Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The systems with and without recirculation were populated with 65 (initial total biomass = 477g) and 64 (initial total biomass = 491g) individuals, respectively. The effluent treatment and recirculation system were composed by a floating bead biofilter and two natural aeration columns, each filled with different media. The experiment was conducted along six months, during which the systems were monitored for water quality parameters and zootechnical performance. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare data collected in the culture tanks. The following parameters presented a higher value (p<0.05) in the recirculation system: nitrate, total organic carbon, phosphate, chloride, sulfate and conductivity. Culture water without recirculation presented higher values for total ammonia nitrogen, suspended solids and turbidity (p<0.05). The two aeration columns used in the experiment had about 67% aeration efficiency. Water use in the recirculation system was significantly lower (p<0.05) than the system without recycling, using just 36% of the water needed by the latter. Nitrification occurred in both systems, but had greater importance in the process with recycling and biological filtration. Filter backwashing from the recirculating system produced effluent that was more concentrated (p<0.05) than the system without recycling with respect to nitrate, alkalinity, total organic carbon, phosphate, suspended and dissolved solids, chloride, sulfate and conductivity. On the contrary, the residue loads discharged from the system without recirculation were higher (p<0.05) for total ammonia nitrogen, nitrate, total organic carbon, phosphate, suspended and dissolved solids, fluoride, chloride and sulfate. For the remaining parameters, no significant difference in the residue loads of the two systems was observed (p>0.05). One important observation was that no significant difference occurred between the two systems (p>0.05) regarding tilapia weight gains in the experimental period. Based on the fish biomass growth and water use measured on both systems, it was calculated that the system without recirculation used 4053 liters of water per each kg of produced fish. On the other hand, the system with recirculation used 1129 liters per kg. Considering the outlined results, it was concluded that the recirculating aquaculture system, built with simple and low cost national material, was successful with respect to fish cultivation, water use reduction, and effluent residue load discharges when compared with the conventional aquaculture technique. Despite the required refinements of the tested prototype, especially regarding scale and economic viability in different scenarios, it offers subsidies to the advance of the recirculating aquaculture technology at the national level.

The scope of this dissertation work is a description of modern methods of reducing exhaust emission in diesel engines. The fundamental part is the application of these methods for diesel engines for off-road use that means for engines that are used in tractors and road machines. The mentioned evidence for the practical utility of the results of this dissertation thesis in practice and their verification on the actual engine are given in the conclusion.

Aim of my work is influence of high level breeding of Euroasian perch on quality of water and operation of mechanicle drum filter and fluized bed biofilter. Euroasian perch is reared in recirculating aquaculture systeme. Fish were devide into six groups in dependence on their body weight. Groups of fish with avarage start weight (g) {$\pm$} SD; biomass (kg) 232,9 {$\pm$} 10,0; 15,14 (I), 196,4 {$\pm$} 8,1; 15,32 (II), 139,8 {$\pm$} 6,1; 15,10 (III), 102,4 {$\pm$} 5,5; 15,06 (IV), 59,4 {$\pm$} 5,5; 15,04 (V), 37,7 {$\pm$} 7,5; 15,00 (VI) were put into plastic tank (600l). Three measurement was with fed fish and three measurement with food-deprived fish. Fed day was organised like feeding period (light phase) 12 hours and 12 hours non-feeding period (dark phase). First part of my project was about impact mechanicle filtration to remove solids from water. Mechanical filter can keep the water quality on perfect level for fish farming. Second part was about evaluation of nitrifying biologickle filters. Biologicle filtration was did her function well, because levels of amonia, nitrite and nitrate were keep on optimum values. Third part of my project was about measurement of oxygen consumption and amonia excretion. Was observed significant diurnal changes of oxygen consumption and amonia excretion for fed fish. For food-deprived fish was observed significant diurnal changes of oxygen consuption. Changes of amonia excretion were not significant.