Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Red food »

Color nutrition information (CNI) based on a traffic light system conveys information about food quality with a glance. The color red typically indicates detrimental food characteristics (e.g., very high sugar content) and aims at inhibiting food shopping and consumption. Red may, however, also elicit cross-modal associations with sweet taste, which is a preferable food characteristic. We conducted two experiments. An eye-tracking study investigated whether CNI has an effect on cue reactivity (dwell time, saccadic latency, wanting/liking) for sweet foods. The participants were presented with images depicting sweets (e.g., cake). Each image was preceded by a colored circle that informed about the sugar content of the food (red = high, green = low, gray = unknown). It was tested whether the red circle would help the participants to direct their gaze away from the ‘high sugar’ item. A second experiment investigated whether colored prime circles (red, green, gray) without nutrition information would influence the assumed sweetness of a food. In Experiment 1, CNI had the opposite of the intended effect. Dwell time and saccadic latency were higher for food items preceded by a red compared to a green circle. This unintended response was positively associated with participants’ liking of sweet foods. CNI did not change the wanting/liking of the displayed foods. In Experiment 2, we found no evidence for color priming on the assumed sweetness of food. Our results question whether CNI is helpful to influence initial cue reactivity toward sweet foods.

Abstract. Empirical evidence suggests that the color red acts like an implicit avoidance cue in food contexts. Thus specific colors seem to guide the implicit evaluation of food items. We built upon this research by investigating the implicit meaning of color (red vs. green) in an approach-avoidance task with healthy and unhealthy food items. Thus, we examined the joint evaluative effects of color and food: Participants had to categorize food items by approach-avoidance reactions, according to their healthfulness. Items were surrounded by task-irrelevant red or green circles. We found that the implicit meaning of the traffic light colors influenced participants’ reactions to the food items. The color red (compared to green) facilitated automatic avoidance reactions to unhealthy foods. By contrast, approach behavior toward healthy food items was not moderated by color. Our findings suggest that traffic light colors can act as implicit cues that guide automatic behavioral reactions to food.

The interaction between the parasite Trichostrongylus tenuis and food quality was investigated in red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus, to determine the cause of variation in population cycles between different areas (Scotland and England). Analysis of long-term data, field experiments and population modelling were carried out. Food quality, in terms of nutrient content of heather, was lower on Scottish grouse moors than on English moors. Parasite burdens were also lower in Scottish grouse populations, than in English grouse populations. A three-way interaction, between food, parasites and area (ScotlandlEngland), acting on breeding production, could explain the variation in population cycle period between areas. However, body condition of grouse was not affected by a food-parasite interaction. Experimental manipulation of food quality and parasite burden did not influence the breeding production of female grouse. Modelling the effects of a food-parasite interaction on grouse populations provided evidence that such an interaction could explain variation in cycle period between areas, although other factors are likely to be important in some cases. Red grouse are not unique, as other species also have cycles driven by food and parasites. Other species do not show cyclic population fluctuations because of having shared parasites, and a strong immune response. There is a specialist predator-prey relationship between red grouse and T. tenuis.

Food competition is an expected cost of group living. It is therefore puzzling that there is little evidence for competition among group-living folivorous monkeys. Given the expected advantages of group living, it is even more puzzling that folivores do not form larger groups despite this apparent lack of food competition. This has become known as the folivore paradox, and to date there is no broadly accepted theoretical solution. However, there have been theoretical and methodological problems with previous studies, preventing clear interpretation of results. I synthesized existing theory and data and demonstrated that, when habitat conditions are appropriately accounted for, folivores do show signs of food competition. I provide a broadened list of behavioural indices of food competition, and suggest an expanded working model to better organize and understand primate socioecology. The notion that folivores experience little or no food competition is based in part on the assumption that their food resources are superabundant and evenly dispersed, and thus non-depletable. I examined the foraging behaviour of red colobus monkeys (Procolobus rufomitratus) in Kibale National Park, Uganda and found that intake rate slowed despite increasing feeding effort during patch occupancy. Furthermore, occupancy time was related to the size of the feeding group and to the size of the patch. These results suggest that red colobus depleted patches of preferred foods, and that larger groups deplete patches more quickly. Because food patches are depletable, red colobus likely experience increasing foraging costs in larger groups due to scramble competition. I conducted a multi-group, ecologically controlled study to determine whether red colobus display any predicted behavioural indicators of food competition. I simultaneously followed 9 groups of red colobus and controlled for spatial and temporal variation in food availability. I found that larger groups occupied larger home ran
La compétition pour la nourriture est considérée coûteuse pour les espèces vivant en groupe. Fait déconcertant; nous avons très peu d'évidences que la compétition affecte les espèces de singes folivores grégaires. Il est donc surprenant que les singes folivores ne forment pas de larges groupes en cette apparente absence de compétition pour les ressources alimentaires. Ces observations sont à la base du «paradoxe des folivores», et jusqu'à maintenant, aucune théorie ne fait l'unanimité. Plusieurs problèmes théoriques et méthodologiques ont été répertoriés dans les études précédentes, et ces problèmes peuvent être à la base de ce paradoxe via une interprétation biaisée des résultats. Suite a un travail de synthèse des théories et bases de données existantes, j'ai finalement démontré que lorsque les conditions de l'habitat sont incluses dans l'analyse, les singes folivores confirment des signes de compétition pour les ressources alimentaires. Dans cet ouvrage, je fourni une liste d'indices comportementaux qui examinent la compétition pour les ressources alimentaires et je suggère un nouveau modèle afin de mieux organiser notre compréhension de la socio-écologie des primates. La notion sur laquelle les espèces folivores sont sujettes à une faible ou une absence de compétition pour les ressources alimentaires réside en partie sur la supposition que leurs ressources sont inépuisables, c'est-à-dire surabondantes et également distribuées. J'ai examiné le comportement d'alimentation des singes Colobe rousse (Procolobus rufomitratus) dans le Parc National de Kibale, Ouganda. J'ai découvert que le taux d'alimentation diminue malgré une augmentation de l'effort durant la quête alimentaire pour une parcelle donnée. De plus, le temps d'occupation de la parcelle était relié à la taille des groupes d'alimentation ainsi qu'à la taille de la parcelle d'alimentation. Ces résultats suggèrent que les Colobe rousse épuis

Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Agricultural Economics
Glynn Tonsor
Few things facing the U.S. meat industry in recent years have garnered more attention of economic researchers than food safety events, policies, and mitigation efforts. This dissertation has two main essays and themes focusing on both domestic and international food safety issues. Contributing new insights to this situation, the impacts of FSIS (Food Safety Inspection Service) recalls on consumer meat demand in the United States are estimated by a series of Rotterdam models in the first study using monthly grocery-scanner data. Multiple model specifications are employed to further assess effects across meat products and geographic regions. Recall variables are constructed separately as beef E. coli recall, beef non-E. coli recall, pork recall, and poultry recall variables to facilitate finer assessment of demand impacts. Results suggest beef E. coli recalls significantly reduce the demand for ground beef contemporaneously among most, but not all, regions in the United States. The ultimate finding of food safety effects neither being fully homogeneous nor entirely heterogeneous warrants appreciation. In order to protect domestic consumers and meat industries from potential food safety hazards, some member countries of the WTO implement sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures as non-tariff barriers. The second study focuses on investigating the determinants of red meat trade patterns and associated impacts of SPS regulations. This analysis uses multiple product-level gravity equation models and PPML (Poisson Pesudo Maximum-likelihood estimators to overcome sample selection bias and heteroscedasticity and examine the trade relationship among other factors. Results indicate that, trade values of frozen beef and pork are significantly reduced by the implementation of SPS measures. Also, the spillover effects across meat products on trade were detected which provides essential information to the meat industry, policy makers, and trade representatives.

The objective of this work is the didactic integration of apps that are used in the management of livestock farms in the Degree in Agro-Food and Agro-Environmental Engineering. The academic results indicated that the scores improved by 1.67 points when the apps were included in the teaching. In addition, a questionnaire was carried out for the student, resulting that more than 66% of the students answered "Totally agree" to the sentence "The proposed task has made it easier for me to learn the subject". This was also the response for 33% of the students to the sentences "The use of apps has helped me understand the subject" and "I would recommend the use of apps in other subjects of the subject". The answer "Neither agree nor disagree" was the answer selected by 66% of the students for the sentence "The use of apps has brought me closer to that of the livestock sector". The conclusions of this work are that the introduction of apps in teaching improves the academic performance of the student as they facilitate learning. It would be advisable to use this methodology to other subject.

Color degradation is an important factor that affect the quality and acceptability of fruit juices and purees; several enzymes, as well as the microbial endogenous population are not only responsible for this phenomenon but for changes in flavor and texture. Traditional stabilization methods have been used to preserve these kind of products; however, there is a negative impact on vitamins and bioactive compounds composition. High Pressure Processing (HPP) is a non-thermal alternative that has been applied for the extension of shelf life of fresh products, reducing the adverse effects of classical treatments. The aim of this review is to provide a scientific base on the effect of HPP technology in terms of enzymatic inactivation (peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, ascorbate oxidase and β-glucosidase) in comparison with a conventional pasteurization process in strawberries, sour cherries and red grapes, and to propose an optimization strategy for the operational parameters to achieve the greatest inactivation

Denne rapport, hvis målgruppe er den brede offentlighed med et særligt blik for personale i det pædagogiske område, gør rede for Fulton følgeforskningen og dens resultater i perioden fra 2017 til 2021. Selve Fulton-projektet blev igangsat i 2017 som et samarbejde mellem Fulton Fonden, Esbjerg Kommune og Lauritzen Fonden med henblik på at give udsatte unge i Esbjerg Kommune en mulighed for at komme ud af deres daglige omgivelser og problemstillinger ved at få et ophold på skonnerten Fulton og indgå i skibets daglige aktiviteter. Hensigten med Fulton-projektet er først og fremmest at få udsatte unge i Esbjerg Kommune ”tilbage på ret køl”. Afhængig af den enkelte unges forudsætninger, har de unge gennem kortere og/eller længevarende ophold på skonnerten Fulton skullet indgå på lige fod med skipper og den øvrige besætning i de daglige aktiviteter, der er forbundet med skonnerten Fultons sejladser i de danske farvande. Dette skal dog ses i sammenhæng med at Fulton samtidig afspejler den klassiske hierarkiske kultur, der altid har været på sejlskibe, og som kan ses som nødvendig for at skibet overhovedet kan sejle sikkerhedsmæssigt forsvarligt.

As users of forest products and guardians of traditional knowledge, women have always been involved in forestry. Nevertheless, their access to forest resources and benefits and participation in forest management is limited compared to mens despite the fact that trees are more important to women, who depend on them for their families food security, income generation and cooking fuel. This guide aims to facilitate the incorporation of a gender lens in climate change mitigation and adaptation operations in forests, with special attention to those framed in REDD. This guide addresses four themes value chains, environmental payment schemes, firewood and biodiversity that relate directly to 1) how climate change impacts affect women in the forest and 2) how mitigation and adaptation measures affect womens access to resources and benefits distribution.

1.1 Macroeconomic summary Economic recovery has consistently outperformed the technical staff’s expectations following a steep decline in activity in the second quarter of 2020. At the same time, total and core inflation rates have fallen and remain at low levels, suggesting that a significant element of the reactivation of Colombia’s economy has been related to recovery in potential GDP. This would support the technical staff’s diagnosis of weak aggregate demand and ample excess capacity. The most recently available data on 2020 growth suggests a contraction in economic activity of 6.8%, lower than estimates from January’s Monetary Policy Report (-7.2%). High-frequency indicators suggest that economic performance was significantly more dynamic than expected in January, despite mobility restrictions and quarantine measures. This has also come amid declines in total and core inflation, the latter of which was below January projections if controlling for certain relative price changes. This suggests that the unexpected strength of recent growth contains elements of demand, and that excess capacity, while significant, could be lower than previously estimated. Nevertheless, uncertainty over the measurement of excess capacity continues to be unusually high and marked both by variations in the way different economic sectors and spending components have been affected by the pandemic, and by uneven price behavior. The size of excess capacity, and in particular the evolution of the pandemic in forthcoming quarters, constitute substantial risks to the macroeconomic forecast presented in this report. Despite the unexpected strength of the recovery, the technical staff continues to project ample excess capacity that is expected to remain on the forecast horizon, alongside core inflation that will likely remain below the target. Domestic demand remains below 2019 levels amid unusually significant uncertainty over the size of excess capacity in the economy. High national unemployment (14.6% for February 2021) reflects a loose labor market, while observed total and core inflation continue to be below 2%. Inflationary pressures from the exchange rate are expected to continue to be low, with relatively little pass-through on inflation. This would be compatible with a negative output gap. Excess productive capacity and the expectation of core inflation below the 3% target on the forecast horizon provide a basis for an expansive monetary policy posture. The technical staff’s assessment of certain shocks and their expected effects on the economy, as well as the presence of several sources of uncertainty and related assumptions about their potential macroeconomic impacts, remain a feature of this report. The coronavirus pandemic, in particular, continues to affect the public health environment, and the reopening of Colombia’s economy remains incomplete. The technical staff’s assessment is that the COVID-19 shock has affected both aggregate demand and supply, but that the impact on demand has been deeper and more persistent. Given this persistence, the central forecast accounts for a gradual tightening of the output gap in the absence of new waves of contagion, and as vaccination campaigns progress. The central forecast continues to include an expected increase of total and core inflation rates in the second quarter of 2021, alongside the lapse of the temporary price relief measures put in place in 2020. Additional COVID-19 outbreaks (of uncertain duration and intensity) represent a significant risk factor that could affect these projections. Additionally, the forecast continues to include an upward trend in sovereign risk premiums, reflected by higher levels of public debt that in the wake of the pandemic are likely to persist on the forecast horizon, even in the context of a fiscal adjustment. At the same time, the projection accounts for the shortterm effects on private domestic demand from a fiscal adjustment along the lines of the one currently being proposed by the national government. This would be compatible with a gradual recovery of private domestic demand in 2022. The size and characteristics of the fiscal adjustment that is ultimately implemented, as well as the corresponding market response, represent another source of forecast uncertainty. Newly available information offers evidence of the potential for significant changes to the macroeconomic scenario, though without altering the general diagnosis described above. The most recent data on inflation, growth, fiscal policy, and international financial conditions suggests a more dynamic economy than previously expected. However, a third wave of the pandemic has delayed the re-opening of Colombia’s economy and brought with it a deceleration in economic activity. Detailed descriptions of these considerations and subsequent changes to the macroeconomic forecast are presented below. The expected annual decline in GDP (-0.3%) in the first quarter of 2021 appears to have been less pronounced than projected in January (-4.8%). Partial closures in January to address a second wave of COVID-19 appear to have had a less significant negative impact on the economy than previously estimated. This is reflected in figures related to mobility, energy demand, industry and retail sales, foreign trade, commercial transactions from selected banks, and the national statistics agency’s (DANE) economic tracking indicator (ISE). Output is now expected to have declined annually in the first quarter by 0.3%. Private consumption likely continued to recover, registering levels somewhat above those from the previous year, while public consumption likely increased significantly. While a recovery in investment in both housing and in other buildings and structures is expected, overall investment levels in this case likely continued to be low, and gross fixed capital formation is expected to continue to show significant annual declines. Imports likely recovered to again outpace exports, though both are expected to register significant annual declines. Economic activity that outpaced projections, an increase in oil prices and other export products, and an expected increase in public spending this year account for the upward revision to the 2021 growth forecast (from 4.6% with a range between 2% and 6% in January, to 6.0% with a range between 3% and 7% in April). As a result, the output gap is expected to be smaller and to tighten more rapidly than projected in the previous report, though it is still expected to remain in negative territory on the forecast horizon. Wide forecast intervals reflect the fact that the future evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic remains a significant source of uncertainty on these projections. The delay in the recovery of economic activity as a result of the resurgence of COVID-19 in the first quarter appears to have been less significant than projected in the January report. The central forecast scenario expects this improved performance to continue in 2021 alongside increased consumer and business confidence. Low real interest rates and an active credit supply would also support this dynamic, and the overall conditions would be expected to spur a recovery in consumption and investment. Increased growth in public spending and public works based on the national government’s spending plan (Plan Financiero del Gobierno) are other factors to consider. Additionally, an expected recovery in global demand and higher projected prices for oil and coffee would further contribute to improved external revenues and would favor investment, in particular in the oil sector. Given the above, the technical staff’s 2021 growth forecast has been revised upward from 4.6% in January (range from 2% to 6%) to 6.0% in April (range from 3% to 7%). These projections account for the potential for the third wave of COVID-19 to have a larger and more persistent effect on the economy than the previous wave, while also supposing that there will not be any additional significant waves of the pandemic and that mobility restrictions will be relaxed as a result. Economic growth in 2022 is expected to be 3%, with a range between 1% and 5%. This figure would be lower than projected in the January report (3.6% with a range between 2% and 6%), due to a higher base of comparison given the upward revision to expected GDP in 2021. This forecast also takes into account the likely effects on private demand of a fiscal adjustment of the size currently being proposed by the national government, and which would come into effect in 2022. Excess in productive capacity is now expected to be lower than estimated in January but continues to be significant and affected by high levels of uncertainty, as reflected in the wide forecast intervals. The possibility of new waves of the virus (of uncertain intensity and duration) represents a significant downward risk to projected GDP growth, and is signaled by the lower limits of the ranges provided in this report. Inflation (1.51%) and inflation excluding food and regulated items (0.94%) declined in March compared to December, continuing below the 3% target. The decline in inflation in this period was below projections, explained in large part by unanticipated increases in the costs of certain foods (3.92%) and regulated items (1.52%). An increase in international food and shipping prices, increased foreign demand for beef, and specific upward pressures on perishable food supplies appear to explain a lower-than-expected deceleration in the consumer price index (CPI) for foods. An unexpected increase in regulated items prices came amid unanticipated increases in international fuel prices, on some utilities rates, and for regulated education prices. The decline in annual inflation excluding food and regulated items between December and March was in line with projections from January, though this included downward pressure from a significant reduction in telecommunications rates due to the imminent entry of a new operator. When controlling for the effects of this relative price change, inflation excluding food and regulated items exceeds levels forecast in the previous report. Within this indicator of core inflation, the CPI for goods (1.05%) accelerated due to a reversion of the effects of the VAT-free day in November, which was largely accounted for in February, and possibly by the transmission of a recent depreciation of the peso on domestic prices for certain items (electric and household appliances). For their part, services prices decelerated and showed the lowest rate of annual growth (0.89%) among the large consumer baskets in the CPI. Within the services basket, the annual change in rental prices continued to decline, while those services that continue to experience the most significant restrictions on returning to normal operations (tourism, cinemas, nightlife, etc.) continued to register significant price declines. As previously mentioned, telephone rates also fell significantly due to increased competition in the market. Total inflation is expected to continue to be affected by ample excesses in productive capacity for the remainder of 2021 and 2022, though less so than projected in January. As a result, convergence to the inflation target is now expected to be somewhat faster than estimated in the previous report, assuming the absence of significant additional outbreaks of COVID-19. The technical staff’s year-end inflation projections for 2021 and 2022 have increased, suggesting figures around 3% due largely to variation in food and regulated items prices. The projection for inflation excluding food and regulated items also increased, but remains below 3%. Price relief measures on indirect taxes implemented in 2020 are expected to lapse in the second quarter of 2021, generating a one-off effect on prices and temporarily affecting inflation excluding food and regulated items. However, indexation to low levels of past inflation, weak demand, and ample excess productive capacity are expected to keep core inflation below the target, near 2.3% at the end of 2021 (previously 2.1%). The reversion in 2021 of the effects of some price relief measures on utility rates from 2020 should lead to an increase in the CPI for regulated items in the second half of this year. Annual price changes are now expected to be higher than estimated in the January report due to an increased expected path for fuel prices and unanticipated increases in regulated education prices. The projection for the CPI for foods has increased compared to the previous report, taking into account certain factors that were not anticipated in January (a less favorable agricultural cycle, increased pressure from international prices, and transport costs). Given the above, year-end annual inflation for 2021 and 2022 is now expected to be 3% and 2.8%, respectively, which would be above projections from January (2.3% and 2,7%). For its part, expected inflation based on analyst surveys suggests year-end inflation in 2021 and 2022 of 2.8% and 3.1%, respectively. There remains significant uncertainty surrounding the inflation forecasts included in this report due to several factors: 1) the evolution of the pandemic; 2) the difficulty in evaluating the size and persistence of excess productive capacity; 3) the timing and manner in which price relief measures will lapse; and 4) the future behavior of food prices. Projected 2021 growth in foreign demand (4.4% to 5.2%) and the supposed average oil price (USD 53 to USD 61 per Brent benchmark barrel) were both revised upward. An increase in long-term international interest rates has been reflected in a depreciation of the peso and could result in relatively tighter external financial conditions for emerging market economies, including Colombia. Average growth among Colombia’s trade partners was greater than expected in the fourth quarter of 2020. This, together with a sizable fiscal stimulus approved in the United States and the onset of a massive global vaccination campaign, largely explains the projected increase in foreign demand growth in 2021. The resilience of the goods market in the face of global crisis and an expected normalization in international trade are additional factors. These considerations and the expected continuation of a gradual reduction of mobility restrictions abroad suggest that Colombia’s trade partners could grow on average by 5.2% in 2021 and around 3.4% in 2022. The improved prospects for global economic growth have led to an increase in current and expected oil prices. Production interruptions due to a heavy winter, reduced inventories, and increased supply restrictions instituted by producing countries have also contributed to the increase. Meanwhile, market forecasts and recent Federal Reserve pronouncements suggest that the benchmark interest rate in the U.S. will remain stable for the next two years. Nevertheless, a significant increase in public spending in the country has fostered expectations for greater growth and inflation, as well as increased uncertainty over the moment in which a normalization of monetary policy might begin. This has been reflected in an increase in long-term interest rates. In this context, emerging market economies in the region, including Colombia, have registered increases in sovereign risk premiums and long-term domestic interest rates, and a depreciation of local currencies against the dollar. Recent outbreaks of COVID-19 in several of these economies; limits on vaccine supply and the slow pace of immunization campaigns in some countries; a significant increase in public debt; and tensions between the United States and China, among other factors, all add to a high level of uncertainty surrounding interest rate spreads, external financing conditions, and the future performance of risk premiums. The impact that this environment could have on the exchange rate and on domestic financing conditions represent risks to the macroeconomic and monetary policy forecasts. Domestic financial conditions continue to favor recovery in economic activity. The transmission of reductions to the policy interest rate on credit rates has been significant. The banking portfolio continues to recover amid circumstances that have affected both the supply and demand for loans, and in which some credit risks have materialized. Preferential and ordinary commercial interest rates have fallen to a similar degree as the benchmark interest rate. As is generally the case, this transmission has come at a slower pace for consumer credit rates, and has been further delayed in the case of mortgage rates. Commercial credit levels stabilized above pre-pandemic levels in March, following an increase resulting from significant liquidity requirements for businesses in the second quarter of 2020. The consumer credit portfolio continued to recover and has now surpassed February 2020 levels, though overall growth in the portfolio remains low. At the same time, portfolio projections and default indicators have increased, and credit establishment earnings have come down. Despite this, credit disbursements continue to recover and solvency indicators remain well above regulatory minimums. 1.2 Monetary policy decision In its meetings in March and April the BDBR left the benchmark interest rate unchanged at 1.75%.

The current testing environment for food and feed samples is complex and uses a wide variety of analytical technologies that range from chemical to PCR-based. Whilst these approaches can be deemed fit for purpose in terms of their final analytical result, they tend to be highly specialised and require considerable frontend processing to ensure that the target analyte can be reliably detected and quantified. These combined sample processing and analytical requirements typically impact on testing times and have associated cost implications that must be factored into routine testing and monitoring applications. MSI uses multiple discrete and informative wavelengths covering regions such as the UV and near infra-red spectrum to quickly determine surface colour, texture and possible chemical composition. Compared to traditional molecular biology approaches utilising DNA extraction followed by PCR-based analyses, MSI can simplify and reduce the time/costs associated with sample analysis. It is rapid and non-destructive.