Articles de revues sur le sujet « Research Board for National Security »

Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) issued a religious advice (fatwa)that the Social Security Administrator Board (BPJS) Healthcare is not appropriate with sharia law. Thatreligious advice (fatwa) was issued through decisionfrom taken conjunction (ijtima’) by religious advice (fatwa) commissions of Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) at at-Tauhidiyah boarding school Cikura, Bojong, Tegal, Central Java, in the middle past of 2015.Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) alleged thatthe Social Security Administrator Board (BPJS) Healthcarewhich started since the beginning of 2014 until today, in practice containing elements of gambling (maisir), deception (gharar), and usury (riba).Related to that problem, the author wanted to know the standing of problem of the Social Security Administrator Board (BPJS) Healthcare in proportion in a case study at the Social Security Administrator Board (BPJS) Healthcare in Jember regency, which dynamic and religious views. Therefore the aim of this study was to determine the practice of the Social Security Administrator Board (BPJS) Healthcare in Jember regency and to determine whether the existing mechanism in these institution is in conformity with the legal provisions of sharia economy or not.This study is qualitative research. The data collection methods that used are observation, interviews and documentation.The data obtained and analyzed using descriptive method.The validity of the data using perseverance techniqueor constancy observation.Based on the research that has been done, the result of this study are: 1) Practice ofthe Social Security Administrator Board (BPJS) Healthcare in serving members was in accordance to the provision of the National Social Security System (SJSN) Act Number 40 in 2004 and Social Security Administrator Board (BPJS) Act Number 24 in 2011 and some related regulations, such as a Presidential Regulation (Perpres); 2). According to the law of sharia economic perspective in the practice of that institution, there are several matters that appropriate to thesharia provisions, such as the mechanisms of participation and healthcare insurance. While in the aspects of the payment and fund management are not appropriate to the sharia provisions. There are extant elementsof gambling (maisir), deception (gharar), and usury (riba) in the Social Security Administrator Board (BPJS) Healthcare in Jember regency

Transportation Technology Center, Inc., with support from the Center for Urban Transportation Research at the University of South Florida, was tasked by the FTA to research areas of transit safety risk, identify existing specifications and guidelines for rail transit tunnel design, construction, maintenance, and rehabilitation, and perform a gap analysis to establish the need for additional standards, guidance, or recommended practices to support and further the safe operation of the United States’ public transportation industry. This paper presents industry needs with a focus on security and safety that were identified by reviewing past tunnel incidents and related literature. The compilation of past tunnel incidents includes available reports published by the National Transportation Safety Board and other U.S. and European agencies. These reports generally involve rare but high-risk events such as fires and flooding, and emphasize public safety. A summary of needs obtained through a literature review emphasizes the need for continually updated specifications and best practices. The industry needs findings include the need for working fire detection, ventilation, and emergency egress along with coordinated emergency response plans that can be utilized by trained personnel.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 13.05pt 6pt 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.95pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The general objective of this research was to analyze food agriculture wet land size requirement in fulfilling food requirement of population in West Lampung District. This research was conducted by using retrospective design and secondary data which then analyzed descriptively. The research used some data, it was : 1) demography data year 2001-2007 from Central Bureau of Statistics, 2) food balance sheet data year 2007 from Food Security Board of West Lampung District, 3) food consumption data year 2007 from Agriculture and Food Security Office of Lampung Province, 4) production data, productivity data, and plant index year 2002-2007 from Crops and Horticulture Office of West Lampung District, and 5) land potential of food agricultural development year 2004 from National Survey and Mapping Coordination Board. The result of the research indicates that rice requirement in West Lampung District until year 2012 can be fulfilled by production with wet land size utilized for rice planting in 2007 (13 320 hectar) and production 103 711 ton dry harvest.</span></p>

This study aims to analyze the disposition factors in the implementation of the National Health Insurance Program-Healthy Indonesia Card in Makassar City. This research uses qualitative methods. This research focuses on disposition factors in the implementation of health insurance service delivery policies at the Guarantee Administration with a phenomenological approach. Sources of data were collected through direct observation and in-depth interviews. The results showed that the disposition in the implementation of the National Health Insurance Program-Healthy Indonesia Card at the Makassar City Social Security Administration is through the appointment of employees in the Social Security Administering Bodies (BPJS) organizational structure at the level. Specific requirements (minimum S1, minimum 5 years work experience as supervisor for the Supervisory Board and directors for the Board of Directors) are considered qualified to hold the position. The selection of branch leaders is imposed by an internal selection system of BPJS Kesehatan. Incentives received by the leadership and employees for determining the amount of salary based on the provisions of the central level and adjusted to the region. The amount of salary / incentive for Makassar City BPJS Health employees is determined according to the lowest Makassar City Minimum Wage, the rest is based on position level. It can be understood that the performance of the Makassar City Healthcare BPJS has not provided the satisfaction of JKK KIS users because there are still complaints from prospective participants who are still taking care of membership, even though it is admittedly the process of validating data originating from the kelurahan, people still consider it slow.

IntroductionGiven the reach and influence of social media, the National Children’s Study Vanguard Study evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, and cost of using social media to support participant retention.MethodsWe describe a social media experiment designed to assess the impact of social media on participant retention, discuss several key considerations for integrating social media into longitudinal research, and review factors that may influence engagement in research-related social media.ResultsUser participation varied but was most active when at launch. During the short life of the private online community, a total of 39 participants joined. General enthusiasm about the prospect of the online community was indicated. There were many lessons learned throughout the process in areas such as privacy, security, and Institutional Review Board clearance. These are described in detail.ConclusionsThe opportunity to engage participants in longitudinal research using online social networks is enticing; however, more research is needed to consider the feasibility of their use in an ongoing manner. Recommendations are presented for future research seeking to use social media to improve retention in longitudinal research.

ABSTRACT Objective To identify potentialities and limitations for the execution of a State Plan for Food and Nutrition Security. Methods This is a qualitative research, using as a case the State Plan of Food and Nutrition Security of the state of Santa Catarina. The data were collected from an interview with eight key informants nominated by the executive secretaries of the Food and Nutrition Security Council and the Inter-Sectoral Food and the state Nutrition Security Board. The analysis took place through the Collective Subject Discourse method. Results The main potentialities were the quality of the plan and the structuring of the National System of Food and Nutrition Security in the state. The main limitations were related to the financial resources, to political interests and to the structure of the Management Chamber. Conclusion It is hoped that this study may support strategies that strengthen potentialities and minimize the limitations identified in the case studied, as well as in similar state contexts, contributing to the qualification of the Plans and consequent execution of the Food and Nutrition Security Policy.

The purpose of this study was to determine the rights and obligations of the Social Security Organizing Agency. The type of research used is the type of normative legal research and the data source used is a secondary data source. The rights and obligations of the Social Security Organizing Body are regulated in the provisions of articles 12 and 13 of Law Number 24 of 2011. The right of the Social Security Organizing Body is to obtain operational funds for the operation of programs sourced from social security funds and / or other sources in accordance with statutory provisions -invitation. Whereas the obligation of the Social Security Organizing Body is to provide a single identity number to the participant, that is, a number given specifically by the Social Security Organizing Board to each participant to ensure orderly administration of the rights and obligations of each participant. Information on the performance and financial condition of the Social Security Organizing Agency includes information on the amount of assets and liabilities, receipts and disbursements for each Social Security Fund and / or the total assets and liabilities, receipts and disbursements of the Social Security Organizing Body, providing benefits to all participants in accordance with the Law - Law on the National Social Security System, providing information to participants about the rights and obligations to follow applicable regulations, providing information to participants about the procedure for obtaining rights and fulfilling their obligations, providing information to participants about balances.

Since 2000 a number of controversial research projects have raised concerns that states or terrorist groups might use published research results to replicate the work for malevolent purposes. The issue came into greater focus in December 2011, after it was revealed that the U.S.-based National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity had requested one U.S. and another Dutch lab to halt publication of work describing what was done to enhance the transmissibility of the H5N1 flu virus to mammals. In spite of a decade of debate and policy development to prevent bio-attacks and the misuse of dual-use research, little effort has been made to determine whether scientific publications can indeed help replication by untrained individuals. This paper taps into the extensive science and technology literature and recent studies in the security field, to show that replication of scientific work is inherently difficult and probably inaccessible to untrained individuals. The paper also offers new policy options designed to more effectively prevent the misuse of dual-use research.

Purpose of the study: The position of Indonesia at the point of three plates of the earth and its location in the tropics makes it vulnerable to disasters. To face the possible disaster, Indonesia Armed Force following its mandate based on Law No. 34 of 2007, synergize with the National Board of Disaster Management to design disaster management cooperation through joint exercise training routinely until 2015. Methodology: The research used a qualitative method, with primary data in the form of interview and observation, and secondary data were obtained from related documents, such as meeting notes and data on the deployment of troops to the disaster area. Main Findings: The results show that the synergy between two institutions through the cooperation of personnel training, considering the strengths of each institution that can be mutually reinforcing in disaster management is very important to be continued. Applications of this study: This study which about military operations other than war (MOOTW) can be useful in every country because of this research look at the synergy between the military and other institutions in disaster management, Social Science, Security Studies and Social Science. Novelty/Originality of this study: Research on military operations other than war generally looks more at how the military serves as peacekeepers in conflict-prone areas. Very little research has examined the synergy of the military and other institutions in tackling natural disasters.

The authors have carried out a study to determine and evaluate the impact of factors affecting the choice of accommodation for students in Vietnam National University – Ho Chi Minh City. Based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the theory of consumer choice by Mankiw, a new theory of residential location by Hoang Huu Phe and Wakely, the buyer decision process in consumption by Kotler to build a research model. The study was conducted through 2 phases: qualitative research and quantitative research with 515 answer sheets from students in Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City, and applied the analytical method using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The analysis shows that there are 5 factors that affect the choice of accommodation for students in Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City descending order including: (1) Social relations, (2) Prices, (3) Security, (4) Services, (5) Location. In practical terms, the results show the need/concern of students in Vietnam National University – Ho Chi Minh City when making choice of accommodation, thereby giving recommendations to improve the quality of accommodation for landlords, the board of dormitory management and the departments agency. In addition, this result is an important basis for reference when building smart applications to find accommodation to serve the increasingly diverse needs of students.

As a barometer of political stability, defense and security. Development of policy and strategy leadership of the Police on community policing (community policing) as a follow up of National Police chief SKEP No. Pol .: SKEP / 737 / X / 2005. The program is intended for the police closer to the community so that people are encouraged / motivated to cooperate with the police in assisting the principal task of the police to create security and order (security and public order). Identification of problems in this study were 1) How the duties and functions of the Police and Community Partnership Forum in resolving conflicts in society, 2) Any barriers and Efforts faced by Police and Community Partnership Forum in resolving conflicts in the community The purpose of this study was to determine the duties and functions FKPM, barriers, and efforts to resolve conflicts in society. In writing this essay, the writer used descriptive analytical research. This research method is used to make the description clear, systematic, transparent and precise about the facts / specific nature of the area and population which is then analyzed to obtain the desired facts. Results of this study concluded that the duties and functions of the Police and Community Partnership Forum in resolving conflicts in society in order to realize the maximum and community policing has not yet impact on the increasing public perception of the police. The direct impact of the policy community policing in all areas is simply the birth of the board-board FKPM. In terms of implementation, it appears less optimal competence of officers in the police station and police station level. Instructive culture within the police, which was adopted from the military norm policing policy making by officials on the ground is seen more as a mere 'implementation of new tasks' rather than the 'improvement of quality of service'.

Background. The draft law on the requirements for independent members of the supervisory boards of state-owned enterprises submitted by the People's Deputy of Ukraine makes it impossible for foreigners to participate in the supervisory boards of a state-owned enterprise. The main requirements in the bill are citizenship, age, period of residence in Ukraine and knowledge of the state language, but there are no professional requirements. In this regard, it is worth conducting a study on the participation of foreigners in the supervisory boards of state-owned enterprises. An analysis of recent research and publications has shown that, despite the existence of scientific achievements, an important scientific and practical problem of participation of foreigners in the supervisory boards of state-owned enterprises has not yet been fully explored. The purpose of the article – is the participation of foreigners in the supervisory board of state enterprises. Materials and methods. In the course of the research general and special methods of cognition of legal phenomena and processes were used: dialectical, system approach, formal-logical, generalization, comparative jurisprudence. The information base of the article is the constitutional, corporate and economic legislation of Ukraine, the decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, the works of domestic scientists. Results. A study of current legislation, the practice of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, scientific work on the participation of foreigners in the supervisory boards of state enterprises. According to the results of the study, the participation of foreigners in the supervisory boards of state enterprises is due to the need to disseminate the experience of effective corporate governance. Secondly, Ukrainian legislation does not prohibit the participation of foreigners in the supervisory boards of state enterprises. Thirdly, the participation of foreigners in the supervisory boards of state-owned enterprises does not pose a threat to Ukraine's national danger, as under certain conditions foreigners may even be admitted to state secrets. But information about the activities of a state-owned enterprise is not a state secret. Conclusion. The state is a guarantor of equal protection of all economic entities, regardless of ownership. All subjects of property rights are equal before the law in exercising their rights and obligations. In this regard, foreigners have the same rights and obligations as citizens of Ukraine. The appointment of foreigners to the supervisory board of a state unitary enterprise is not a threat to the national security of Ukraine. Information on the activities of such a state-owned enterprise is not information with limited access, on the contrary, state-owned enterprises are obliged to publish information on their financial and economic activities annually. There are no restrictions in the legislation of Ukraine on the appointment of foreigners to the supervisory boards of state unitary enterprises. It is impossible to agree with the proposals contained in the draft Law № 3487 of 15.05.2020 on the requirements for candidates for the position of an independent member of the Supervisory Board.

Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) has developed quickly in recent years, with applications expanding from automatic driving and smart manufacturing to personal healthcare and algorithm-based social media utilization. During the COVID-19 pandemic, AI has played an essential role in identifying suspected infections, ensuring epidemic surveillance and quickening drug screening. However, many questions accompanied AI’s development. How to protect citizens’ privacy and national information security? What measures can help AI learn and practice good human behaviors and avoid unethical use of AI technologies? To answer these questions, Nation Science Review (NSR) interviewed Yi Zeng, Professor and Deputy Director at the Research Center for Brain-inspired Artificial Intelligence at the Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). He is a board member for the National Governance Committee of Next-Generation Artificial Intelligence affiliated to the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MOST). Zeng is also in AI ethics expert groups at the World Health Organization and the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). He jointly led the drafting of Beijing AI Principles (2019) and the National Governance Principles of New Generation AI of China (GPNGAI, 2019).

The introductory paper by the editor-in-chief of the next issue of “Legal Concept = The Legal paradigm” is a brief justification of the relevance of the stated topic – “The modern methodology for the coordination of criminal procedure activities of the law enforcement agencies”, and also accumulates the quintessence of the knowledge presented in the scientific papers of the heading “The main topic of the issue” and the research results of the coordination of the law enforcement agencies in the fight against crime. The editorial board of the journal believes that the coordination activity being studied from the standpoint of criminal procedure science is of particular interest in the context of eliminating threats to the national security of the Russian Federation by legal methods and means. The author substantiates the urgency of the problem of ensuring and improving the interaction of the law enforcement agencies in the fight against crime, primarily, the complex criminal situation in the country. It is noted that the participation of various law enforcement agencies in the fight against crime determines the need for the systematic coordination of their efforts. The coordination of the law enforcement activities to combat crime in connection with this fact is one of the central functions of the prosecutor’s office and at the same time a mechanism to ensure the guarantee of such coordination, a tool to increase the efficiency of countering crime. The paper analyzes the scientific and practical significance of the papers that make up the heading “The main topic of the issue” and are characterized by both the theoretical and applied value. The general orientation of the papers and their distinctive features as original, creative research developments distinguished by the scientific novelty is described briefly. The multi-aspect nature of the stated topic is justified through the variety of questions formulated by the authors of the main topic. The author hopes that the collected thematic papers will be especially useful while improving the law enforcement practice in the fight against crime.

For the best part of seven years, an increasing number of warring factions fought a vicious civil war for control of the West African state of Liberia. In August 1996, the fourteenth peace accord led to presidential and parliamentary elections in July of the following year. Charles Taylor and his National Patriotic Party (NPP), formed out of the original invasion force, emerged victorious with a landslide 75 per cent of the vote. Given the international reputation of Taylor as a brutal warlord whose sole aim had never wavered from the capture of power in Monrovia, Taylor's across-the-board victory appears difficult to explain. Having concluded that, despite problems and allegations, the election did seem more free and fair than not, the article examines the factors that probably influenced the electorate's choices. The results of this research show an election heavily dependent on an uncertain security situation. However, it suggests that, although a former ‘warlord’ has been rewarded, the voting was a reasoned ploy by the electorate to maximise the possibility of improved living conditions.

The focus of the article revolves around NATO’s roadmap of smart defense against cyber attacks as the bedrock of Euro-Atlantic security. The author discloses NATO’S new policy and cutting-edge technical initiatives, aimed at focusing on countering global threats and cyber security challenges. It is stressed out, that new ideas towards a more synergetic approach between all the NATO Cyber Defense agencies should be explored to develop a shared framework for cybersecurity that might provide up-to-the date intelligence in order to ensure the development, acquisition and maintenance of the necessary military capabilities. The research highlights the core aspects of the 2010 Lisbon Summit that adopted NATO’s Strategic Concept ‘Active Engagement, Modern Defense: Strategic Concept for the Members of the North Atlantic. Treaty Organization’, that recognizes Cyber Defense as one of its strategic priorities. In particular, to foster Allied Nations’ cooperative efforts to counter terrorism, cyber attacks, prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction (WMD), Reinforce energy security and environmental constraints. Develop the capacity to contribute to energy security, including protection of critical energy infrastructure and transit areas and lines, cooperation with partners, and consultations among Allies on the basis of trategic assessments and contingency planning; In July 2011, NATO Defense Ministers adopted revised NATO Policy on Cyber Defense, which highlighted three areas: • The principles of subsidiarity and proportionality, which involve the assistance provided only upon request, in any other cases, the principle of selfresponsibility of sovereign states is applied; • Avoiding unnecessary duplication of the structures or capabilities and approaches on the international, regional and national levels; • Collaboration based on trust, with regard to the potential sensitivity and vulnerability of the system, the access to which has to be given. After the 2014 Wales Summit, in the revised NATO Cyber Defense Policy, cyber threats were identified as a potential prerequisite for collective defense under the Article 5 of the NATO Treaty. Noteworthy, Cyber Security is responsible for providing the broad spectrum of services in the following specialist security areas: CIS Security, Cyber Defense, Information Assurance, and Computer & Communications Security. Cyber defense is provided by many Alliance bodies: any NATO response concerning collective defense against cyber attacks will be subordinated to the North Atlantic Council (NAC), The Cyber Defense Committee (CDC) – the leading advisory body of the NAC. The executive level is represented by The Cyber Defense Management Board (CDMB), NATO Communications and Information Agency (NCI Agency), Cyber Security incorporates the NATO Computer Incident Response Capability (NCIRC) Technical Centre, providing specialist services to prevent, detect, respond to and recover from cyber security incidents.

Abstract China has achieved unprecedented economic growth in the past decades. This has had serious consequences on the environment and public health. The Chinese government now realizes that it is not just the quantity, but the quality of development that matters. It has begun to instigate a series of policies to tackle pollution, increase the proportion of clean energy, and redress the balance between urban and rural development—in a coordinated effort to build a harmonious society. Building a harmonious world was also the theme of the 33rd International Geographical Congress, which was held in Beijing last August. At the meeting, Bojie Fu, a member of National Science Review’s editorial board, shared a platform with geographers from Australia, China, Canada and France to discuss the challenges of urbanization, the roles of geographers in sustainable development, as well as the importance of food security, safety and diversity. Dadao Lu Economic geographer at the Institute of Geography and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Jean-Robert Pitte Historical and cultural geographer at the University of Paris-Sorbonne in Paris, France Mark Rosenberg Health geographer at Queen's University in Ontario, Canada Mark Stafford Smith Ecologist at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Canberra, Australia Bojie Fu (Chair) Physical geographer at the Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; President of Geographical Society of China

Purpose The purpose of this study is to analyze the cybersecurity assurance approaches to determine the key issues and weaknesses within the internal audit and risk management perspective. Organizations increasingly rely on digital data to drive their growth and they are interconnected in a complex web to a multitude of stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, cybersecurity is defined, and cybersecurity assurance model is explained based on the relevant literature. In addition, the role of internal auditing is introduced within this new business landscape. Finally, recommendations are made to provide best practices for stakeholders. Findings There are four major cyber-focused standards and frameworks in the current literature, namely, Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology, International Organization for Standardization, The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and National Institute of Standards and Technology. In addition, there are many mechanisms in existence and operation currently which support cybersecurity assurance to prevent major threats. These include risk assessment, risk treatment, risk management, security assurance and auditing. Research limitations/implications Cyber risk is not something that can be avoided; instead, it must be managed. Hence, it is very important to maintain formal documentation on related cyber controls. Internal audit should be an integral part of cybersecurity assurance process, as internal audit have a unique position to look across organizations. The contribution of internal audit also provides comfort to the Board and Audit Committee. Practical implications A model is introduced how the internal audit and information security functions could work together to support organizations accomplish a cost-effective level of information security. The key issues and approaches are explained for how to become a trusted cybersecurity advisor and a sample cybersecurity awareness program checklist is provided at Appendix 1. Social implications Considering cybersecurity threats grow with speed, complexity, and impact, organizations are no longer satisfied with an answer to a question like “are we secure?” instead, they need the answer for such a question like “how to give a reasonable assurance that our business will be secure enough?”. In that respect, the role of internal audit is discussed based on the relevant literature and the current condition of the business environment. Originality/value A model is introduced how the internal audit and information security functions could work together to support organizations accomplish a cost-effective level of information security. The key issues and approaches are explained for how to become a trusted cybersecurity advisor and a sample cybersecurity awareness program checklist is provided at Appendix 1.

Sharia Council is an institution that plays a role in securing the standard of Sharia in every Islamic Financial institution in the world. In Indonesia, the role is conducted by the National Sharia Council (DSN) established by the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) in 1998, strengthened by the Decree of the MUI Leadership Board. Kep-754/MUI/II/1999 dated February 10, 1999. The existence of MUI DSN in managing the settlement of sharia banking disputes has not been fully recognized by the people of Indonesia. It can be seen in the implementation of sharia contracting in sharia banking has not yet decided dispute resolution option through National Syariah Arbitration Board (BASYARNAS). The purpose of writing a paper is to know the legal basis of the binding force of the Fatwa DSN in arranging the settlement of dispute Sharia Economy in Indonesia through BASYARNAS and its consequences for the Islamic financial institutions (LKS) who disobey the fatwa DSN. This research is a normative research with the philosophical, juridical and sociological approach. Data analysis with qualitative descriptive. The results of this study indicate that the legal basis of the power of the DSN Fatwa in regulating the settlement of Sharia Banking disputes is Article 26 of Law No. 21 Th. 2008 and Article 31 of Decree of the Board of Managing Directors of Bank Indonesia Number 32/34/1999. There will a negative impact for LKS do not comply with the content of the DSN Fatwa, such as the difficulty in carry out its activities, aside of negatively influencing the performance and level of credibility of DPS in LKS.

Crop genetic resources (CGRs) are renewable resources. These resources are enriched rather than depleted by their use in research and plant breeding. Both at the time of Vavilov and, later, in the early 1970s, when concerted international efforts to collect and preserve CGRs started with the initiatives of the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR), CGRs were considered to be the common heritage of humankind. Now, they are widely accepted as "national heritage." Possible impacts of this nationalization on the utilization and enrichment of global crop genetic diversity and, consequently, on global food security are issues of great significance. At present, efficient management and adequate use of CGRs are more important concerns than their further exploration and collection. To increase the use of preserved CGRs in plant breeding, the formation of core collections, by selecting representative subsets from large ex situ collections of CGRs, was recommended in 1984. Since then, the core-collection strategy has been further justified as a practical approach to genetic resources management, as well as to their conservation. As a cost-saving germplasm-management strategy, the core-collection concept has considerable merit. However, the rapidly increasing popularity of core collections may undermine the genetic wealth stored in national gene banks of both developed and developing countries. Distinction is made between subsets of working collections and core collections. When a small number of CGRs is required for specific plant breeding purposes, a properly formed working collection is more useful than a representative collection. Despite the relative abundance of genetic diversity in crop plants in traditional agroecosystems, maintenance of these agroecosystems is not a realistic long-term alternative for preserving crop genetic diversity and ensuring global food security. What is needed in the "gene-rich" developing countries is the adoption of "biodiversity friendly" plant breeding and agricultural practices.Key words: crop genetic resources, core collection, germplasm conservation, in situ conservation, ex situ conservation, modern landraces.

How can community-engaged scholars best undertake grounded, policy-relevant, food systems research and teaching in ways that support the capacity of—and meaningfully build on—the experiences of civil society organizations working on these issues in Canada? This paper analyzes four case studies in the context of a research project that brings together members of the Canadian Association for Food Studies and Food Secure Canada. One case was led by Region of Waterloo Public Health and faculty from the University of Waterloo; a second by the Food Security Research Network at Lakehead University in Thunder Bay and the North Superior Workforce Planning Board; a third by the national student organization Meal Exchange and Ryerson University in Toronto; and a fourth by the BC Food Systems Network. We argue that the answer to the question above lies in establishing respectful relationships and recognizing the different cultures involved, and we offer five methodological insights for building effective relationships in practice. The first is the need to disaggregate the concept of ‘community’ in order to acknowledge the distinct needs and assets of the diverse organizations and populations involved. Our second and third insights are linked: Establish the relationship around a shared vision, and <em>then</em> negotiate mutually-beneficial teaching or research projects. Fourth, practitioners should approach community-campus engagement through the framework of contextual fluidity, which includes seeing the relationships and the vision at the heart of the work, while remaining open to shifts and new opportunities. Finally, adopting community capacity building practices helps practitioners realize their shared vision.

ObjectiveTo explore the experiences and lessons learnt by the study team and participants of the Workplace-based HIV self-testing among Men trial during the COVID-19 pandemic in Uganda.DesignAn explorative qualitative study comprising two virtual focus group discussions (FGDs) with 12 trial team members and 32 in-depth participant interviews (N=44). Data were collected via telephone calls for in-depth interviews or Zoom for FGDs and manually analysed by inductive content analysis.SettingFourteen private security companies in two Uganda districts.ParticipantsMembers of the clinical trial study team, and men working in private security companies who undertook workplace-based HIV testing.ResultsThe key themes for participants experiences were: ‘challenges in accessing HIV treatment and care, and prevention services’, ‘misinformation’ and ‘difficulty participating in research activities’. The effects on HIV treatment and prevention resulted from; repercussions of the COVID-19 restrictions, participants fear of coinfection and negative experiences at health facilities. The difficulty in participating in research activities arose from: fear of infection with COVID-19 for the participants who tested HIV negative, transport difficulties, limited post-test psychosocial support and lack of support to initiate pre-exposure prophylaxis. The key study team reflections focused on the management of the clinical trial, effects of the local regulations and government policies and the need to adhere to ethical principles of research.ConclusionsFindings highlight the need to organise different forms of HIV support for persons living with HIV during a pandemic. Additionally, the national research regulators and ethics committees or review boards are strongly urged to develop policies and guidelines for the continuity of research and clinical trials in the event of future shocks. Furthermore, this study calls on the appropriate government agencies to ensure public and researchers’ preparedness through continuing education and support.Trial registration numberClinicaltrials.gov NCT04164433; Pre-results.

As an important part of the CTCS-3 train control system, the on-board subsystem is a safety critical system, and it plays an important role in assuring the safety of train. In this essay, we choose a hybrid testing method combined with the advantage of black-box and white-box testing method in the test of the Simulation of on-board subsystem of the CTCS-3 train control system. The main idea is to divide the tested system into several functional parts, and then test them step by step. At last, we use an example to show the advantage of this testing method in reducing the number of test cases. 1 Current situation in the testing of train control system at home and abroad Train control system plays an important role in ensuring the operational safety of the train, At home and abroad researchers attach great importance to the testing of the train control system, and also a lot of research has been done. The simulation test makes it easier for the testers to work in the lab instead of the field, so that it reduce the human and material costs, and the test environment can be controlled and repeatable easily. Besides, the special environment of the site can also be simulated. University of Florence in Italy has developed the loop of the ATP / ATC test system based on the simulation technology HIL (Hardware in Loop), it provides an effective solution to the test of ATP speed measurement device. CEDEX LIF laboratory in spain simulation has used the test method of simulation to establish the Eurocab test platform, and developed a number of testing tools, moreover, they have defined test sequence. Test sequence generation and viewing, test management and test result analysis and evaluation function have also achieved. Beijing Jiaotong University in China rail traffic control and security National Key Laboratory of CTCS-3 train Control System has also established simulation test platform, so that simulation test can be performed.

Plant-associated microorganisms are critical to agricultural and food security and are key components in maintaining the balance of our ecosystems. Some of these diverse microbes, which include viruses, bacteria, oomycetes, fungi, and nematodes, cause plant diseases, whereas others prevent diseases or enhance plant growth. Despite their importance, we know little about them on a genomic level. To intervene in disease and understand the basis of biological control or symbiotic relationships, a concerted and coordinated genomic analysis of these microbes is essential. Genome analysis, in this context, refers to the structural and functional analysis of the microbe DNA including the genes, the proteins encoded by those genes, as well as noncoding sequences involved in genome dynamics and function. The ultimate emphasis is on understanding genomic functions involved in plant associations. Members of The American Phytopathological Society (APS) developed a prioritized list of plant-associated microbes for genome analysis. With this list as a foundation for discussions, a Workshop on Genomic Analysis of Plant-Associated Microorganisms was held in Washington, D.C., on 9 to 11 April 2002. The workshop was organized by the Public Policy Board of APS, and was funded by the Department of Energy (DOE), the National Science Foundation (NSF), U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), and USDA-National Research Initiatives (USDA-NRI). The workshop included academic, industrial, and governmental experts from the genomics and microbial research communities and observers from the federal funding agencies. After reviewing current and near-term technologies, workshop participants proposed a comprehensive, international initiative to obtain the genomic information needed to understand these important microbes and their interactions with host plants and the environment. Specifically, the recommendations call for a 5-year, $500 million international public effort for genome analysis of plant-associated microbes. The goals are to (i) obtain genome sequence information for several representative groups of microbes; (ii) identify and determine function for the genes/proteins and other genomic elements involved in plant-microbe interactions; (iii) develop and implement standardized bioinformatic tools and a database system that is applicable across all microbes; and (iv) educate and train scientists with skills and knowledge of biological and computational sciences who will apply the information to the protection of our food sources and environment.

This article discusses national health insurance-based medical services for the community in patient surgery for Social Security Administrator Board (BPJS) non army at the Naval Hospital Dr. Ramelan in Surabaya. The main problem is whether Tangibles factors; Reliability; Responsiveness; Assurance; Empathy; Expertise; Outcome contributed to the surgical treatment of “BPJS” non army patients at the Naval Hospital Dr. Ramelan. The main focus of this analysis is the use of SERVPERF's Services Quality Model to analyze the factors that support and hinder the service of surgery for “BPJS” non army patients at the Naval Hospital Dr. Ramelan. The research was carried out in a descriptive case-based quantitative study with in-depth interview, documentation and questionnaire techniques, to assess service quality class intervals based is used on the mean and standard deviation. The results of the study show that surgical treatment services in 2015-2016 found a tendency of the increasing number of surgery mainly on major surgery and special surgery, because hospitals can respond to public trust in the sense that medical service employees are able to implement excellent services for “BPJS” non army patients so that patients are satisfied with services provided. The findings that still need to be improved are the Assurance factor in line with the development of science and technology as an effort to increase the competitiveness of human resources and the availability of facilities equivalent to international hospitals. Keywords: SERVPERF model, “BPJS” Non Army, Surgical Treatment Services

Patients with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) frequently present for emergency care with pain or fever. The rate of emergency visits/year is between 2-4 per patient every year with 12% of patients visiting the emergency 4 or more times/year1. National medical organizations in Canada and the United States recommend pain therapy within 30 minutes of arriving to the emergency department2,3. Feedback from patients in Canada reflected a lack of awareness of the medical community regarding the disease and optimal management. As a response Canadian Haemoglobinopathy Association2 (CanHaem), created the "Sickle Cell Disease Emergency Wallet Cards" which were inspired from the successful Hemophilia "Factor First Card4". The goal of the cards was to provide simple care instructions to an emergency responder and facilitate timely care for patients in crisis. These wallet cards have recommendations for treatment of pain and fever within 30 minutes, patient's diagnosis, program contact details, and patient's individual pain plan. The cards have been in circulation for 4 years. The purpose of this study was to determine if the cards are used by parents and patients as intended. Research Questions: 1.Are the CanHaem Cards used by patients and families? 2. Do patients find the card helpful in facilitating their care delivery? Methods: The surveys were administered to patients and/or proxies. Prior to survey distribution three parents/patients have verified the utility of the questions, the content and the readability of the survey. The survey was translated into French/Arabic by two independent translators per language. It was distributed in Alberta and British Columbia, Canada in specialty clinics known to use the cards. The University of Alberta Ethics Board deemed the project a quality improvement initiative and the ARECCI tool: A pRoject Ethics Community Consensus Initiative was completed prior to quality improvement project start. Results: 140/184 participants completed the survey. The response rate: 76%. Demographics: 91% province of Alberta. Proxy: 49%; Patients: 51%. The majority of respondents were female: 54%, median age: 37 years (range 16-84 years). See graphs 1-4 below: 72.3% felt the card was helpful in their care. 78.6% carry the physical card (purse, wallet, and diaper bag), while 10.7% have a picture on their phone, 9.3% don't carry the card, 7.1% state they never received a card. The majority (63.6%) show the card at first contact in emergency, 48.9% felt staff read the card. Total of 68 comments. 67.6% of comments were positive: "Sense of security"; "Get us in to see the doctor faster..." Neutral comments (22%) ranged from requests for lamination to provider response to the card being variable "sometimes it is faster and sometime(s) doesn't really change anything". Finally, 10% were negative reflecting long wait times "Good concept, the idea itself is great. Execution... could be improved greatly", and requests for more information on the card. Conclusion: In Canada, SCD is an uncommon disease and many healthcare providers may not be aware of national and international guidelines regarding acute presentations. To help facilitate knowledge transfer and to aid communication with emergency services, CanHaem created wallet cards as a Canada-wide initiative. This survey demonstrates the patient/parent perspective of the emergency cards. Eighty-nine percent of patients/proxies carried the card (either digitally or physically) and 63% showed the card in the acute care setting. The discrepancy between those who carry the card and those who show it may reflect that numerous respondents stated they had not required emergency care since receiving the card as well some respondents were "carried away by the pain and forget to use the card". Comments revealed a sense of security and patient's appreciation for having the card available to them indicating the value of card to patients. The card demonstrates a simple and low cost intervention to facilitate emergency care for hemoglobinopathy patients. References: 1. Paulukonis ST et al. Emergency department utilization by Californians with sickle cell disease. Ped Blood and Ca 2017. doi: 1002/pbc.26390 2. CanHaem https://www.canhaem.org/healthcare-professionals/ 3. Evidence-Based Management of Sickle Cell Disease: Expert Panel, 2014. 4. Canadian Hemophilia Society. Stop the Bleeding. https://www.hemophilia.ca/files/ER%20CARD%20E_%20Jan%2009.pdf Figure Disclosures Ezzat: Novartis: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; ApoPharma: Research Funding.

IntroductionThis community-based participatory research,Growing Resilience,will be the first full-scale randomised controlled trial we have identified that is designed to evaluate impacts of home gardening on family health. It is based on observational studies suggesting home food gardening has myriad health benefits, Wind River Indian Reservation (WRIR) families’ interest in home gardening and the need to end Native American health disparities with empowering, appropriate and effective health interventions.Methods and analysisA total of 100 Native American families in WRIR who have not gardened recently but want to garden will be randomly allocated (1:1) to intervention (receiving 2 years of support designing, installing and maintaining a home food garden of at least 80 square feet (approximately 7 square meters) or to delayed-intervention control (receiving same gardening support after 2 years of data collection). Willing family members aged 5 and up will participate in data collection each February and August for 2 years, with blood, biometric and survey measures at each. The primary outcome is adult body mass index (BMI). Secondary outcomes include child BMI, and adult hand strength, self-reported physical and mental health, diabetes control and food security. Primary analysis will be intention to treat (ITT), using univariate and bivariate descriptive statistics followed by a mixed model to estimate the ITT effect of the intervention using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) estimation. We will also examine treatment affects using a gardening fidelity measure, combined adult and child BMI outcomes using a lambda mu and sigma (LMS) Z-score reference data set and possible mechanisms of health impacts.Ethics and disseminationThis protocol was approved by the University of Wyoming Institutional Review Board (IRB) and the project’s Community Advisory Board. De-identified data will be shared with each tribe, and results will be published in peer-reviewed journals, summarised for distribution in WRIR, and shared at a national event to be hosted in WRIR in 2020.Trial registration numberNCT02672748; Pre-results.

6142 Background: Hurricane Katrina displaced patients (PT) and physicians (MD). Time & resources were needed to match displaced PT with oncology (ONC) practices (PRC) for ongoing care. Disruption of care can be life-threatening to ONC PT who need to adhere to schedules & monitoring. California (CA) is particular risk for natural disaster. In order to better support PT in a future emergency (E) MOASC & ANCO created a model EORS with pilot implementation of select elements. Methods: MOASC & ANCO prepared a multi-component COEMP. Joint calls & meetings yielded a draft EORS approved by both society boards. Initial & long-term funding is expected via granting mechanisms. Pilot implementation of specific elements began in 11/2005. Results: Goals of the COEMP are: Establish dedicated E ONC MD network; Create a voluntary ONC-specific PT medical record (MR) template & secure data repository; Create & test a functional E MD responder system for CA ONC MD; Develop liaison with relief providers (Homeland Security, FEMA, Red Cross); Strengthen existing role with Bio-Pharma (BP) for delivery of medicine (Rx) to displaced PT and PRC; Develop specific educational materials for the EORS (PT, MDs, Insurers, BP); Create & distribute an EORS “PT Wallet Card” with PT national digital record (NDR) and E responder contacts. To prioritize components of the COEMP, a needs assessment, reviewing past E experience, response, and current capacity, has been initiated. The specific active components of the EORS include: 1-E ONC MD support network: ONC MDs have been invited to volunteer via email and at regional meetings. 2-Secure PT MR repository: MDs and PT will coordinate relevant MR, insurance, and E contact data, in locations (home of PT, w/relatives, NDR). 3-E coordinator MDs & staff will respond to E calls from PT/MD via phone & email. 4-Open dialogue with BP for E access to Rx for displaced PT. 5-Educational & training for PRC and PT in printed & electronic form. Conclusions: COEMP provides an initial E model for ONC. It may be applicable for state societies or national ONC groups. At ASCO 2006, MDs will be invited to participate and expand COEMP capabilities. Although we hope COEMP/EORS need never be used, its development will enable ONC practices to be more prepared for loco-regional E. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Internal security is today an intensively explored area of national security. This is hardly surprising. It is this area that is mainly concerned with emerging threats. Hence, new scientifically justified solutions are being sought to counteract them and minimise the effects of their occurrence. Given the above, the research has been conducted, and its results are presented in this paper. It addresses the main problems relating to internal security through the prism of identification criteria, essence, and systemic approach. That has made it possible to present the assumptions of the project in question. The research aimed to diagnose the functioning of the state’s internal security system, and the participation of academic centres dealing with security issues. One of such centres is the Police Academy, which is implementing a project entitled “Vacuum chamber for revealing fingerprints with organic compounds in the gas phase’, No DOB-BIO9/03/01/2018. It was financed by the National Centre for Research and Development under call for proposals No 9/2018 for the execution and financing of projects in the field of scientific research or development work for the benefit of national defence and security. After they were implemented, it was stated that the constant changes in the internal security environment, and the limited potential of state institutions designated to care for this security entail the need to continually search for practical solutions to ensure the undisturbed existence and development opportunities of each entity. These searches are conducted by scientific institutions, which with their knowledge and experience serve to improve the tools used in the practice of institutions responsible for internal security.

How does one define the ”national security research bureaucracy” (NSRB) in the Chinese context and are there enough empirical data to sustain an article on this topic? The definition one chooses directly determines the data base one uses and, in turn, answers the question of the viability of the topic.

The study is relevant as the category of "national security" is multilevel. The work reveals the characteristics and components of this system. The concept of national security exists all over the world. It is one of the most important types of security and is studied by academics from different countries. Furthermore, the concept of national security means a set of scientific and theoretical ideas, opinions and views that dominate in each society and is a subjective reflection of objective ties and national security relations in the public consciousness. From a documentary methodology the article aims to study the legal nature and essence of national security. It is concluded that the genesis of this concept tracks the dialectical interaction of objective and subjective factors. The legal regulation of national security is a comprehensive and multifaceted process based on a complex system of legal rules and regulations. The most significant ones are analyzed in this study. However, academics have not considered all the legal components of national security.

Based on guidance RG 1.109, RG 1.111 published by United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) our research concentrates on assessing radiation doses caused by radioactive substances released from the Ninh Thuan 1 nuclear power plant (NPP) to the environment under scenario of an INES-level 7 nuclear accident caused by two incidents: Station Black Out (SBO) and Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA) using software RASCAL4.3 provided by the Emergency Operations Center of USNRC. The NPP Ninh Thuan 1 is assumed to use the VVER-1200 technology with a total power of 2400 MWe from two units. The input data for the model calculations is built based on the accident scenario, the technical parameters of VVER-1200 technology and the meteorology. In this work the meteorological data on dry and rainy seasons which are typical for the Ninh Thuan region was considered. The maximum dose distributions were calculated within 40 km from the NPP site. The distributions are strongly affected by meteorological conditions. In the rainy season the dose values near the plant are higher than those in the dry season due to deposition effect of the radioactive substances. The calculation results show that consequences of the accident are very serious. A total radioactivity of radiological equivalence 225,000 TBq to 131I released to the atmosphere. Within 20km the Total Effective Dose Equivalence (TEDE) values are very high, about several tens of times greater than the dose limit. It is requested to establish National Steering Board for Accident Response to direct the relevant authorities in response for the accident consequences and ensure for security in the area of NPP. The public communication, emergency preparedness plan, people evacuation must be implemented under the guidance of Circular 25/2014/TT-BKHCN

Purpose The following paper is a “Q&A interview” conducted by Joanne Pransky of Industrial Robot Journal as a method to impart the combined technological, business and personal experience of a prominent, robotic industry PhD and innovator regarding his pioneering efforts and his personal journey of bringing a technological invention to market. This paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The interviewee is Dr Howard Chizeck, Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Adjunct Professor of Bioengineering at the University of Washington (UW). Professor Chizeck is a research testbed leader for the Center for Neurotechnology (a National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center) and also co-director of the UW BioRobotics Laboratory. In this interview, Chizeck shares the details on his latest startup, Olis Robotics. Findings Howard Jay Chizeck received his BS and MS degrees from Case Western Reserve University and the ScD degree in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He served as Chair of the Department of Systems, Control and Industrial Engineering at Case Western Reserve University and was also the Chair of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at the University of Washington. His telerobotic research includes haptic navigation and control for telerobotic devices, including robotic surgery and underwater systems. His neural engineering work involves the design and security of brain-machine interfaces and the development of devices to control symptoms of essential tremor and Parkinson’s disease. Originality/value Professor Chizeck was elected as a Fellow of the IEEE in 1999 “for contributions to the use of control system theory in biomedical engineering” and he was elected to the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (AIMBE) College of Fellows in 2011 for “contributions to the use of control system theory in functional electrical stimulation assisted walking.” From 2008 to 2012, he was a member of the Science Technology Advisory Panel of the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory. Professor Chizeck currently serves on the Visiting Committee of the Case School of Engineering (Case Western Reserve University). He is a founder and advisor of Controlsoft Inc (Ohio) and also is a founder and Chair of the Board of Directors of Olis Robotics, Inc., which was established in 2013 (under the name of BluHaptics) to commercialize haptic rendering, haptic navigation and other UW telerobotic technologies. He holds approximately 20 patents, and he has published more than 250 scholarly papers.

Purpose – This article, a “Q&A interview” conducted by Joanne Pransky of Industrial Robot Journal, aims to impart the combined technological, business, and personal experience of a prominent, robotic industry engineer-turned entrepreneur regarding the evolution, commercialization, and challenges of bringing a technological invention to market. Design/methodology/approach – The interviewee is Dr Rodney Brooks, the Panasonic Professor of Robotics (emeritus), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab; Founder, Chief Technical Officer (CTO) and Chairman of Rethink Robotics. Dr Brooks shares some of his underlying principles in technology, academia and business, as well as past and future challenges. Findings – Dr Brooks received degrees in pure mathematics from the Flinders University of South Australia and a PhD in computer science from Stanford University in 1981. He held research positions at Carnegie Mellon University and MIT, and a faculty position at Stanford before joining the faculty of MIT in 1984. He is also a Founder, Board Member and former CTO (1991-2008) of iRobot Corp (Nasdaq: IRBT). Dr Brooks is the former Director (1997-2007) of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and then the MIT Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. He founded Rethink Robotics (formerly Heartland Robotics) in 2008. Originality/value – While at MIT, in 1988, Dr Brooks built Genghis, a hexapodal walker, designed for space exploration (which was on display for ten years in the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.). Genghis was one of the first robots that utilized Brooks’ pioneering subsumption architecture. Dr Brooks’ revolutionary behavior-based approach underlies the autonomous robots of iRobot, which has sold more than 12 million home robots worldwide, and has deployed more than 5,000 defense and security robots; and Rethink Robotics’ Baxter, the world’s first interactive production robot. Dr Brooks has won the Computers and Thought Award at the 1991 International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, the 2008 IEEE Inaba Technical Award for Innovation Leading to Production, the 2014 Robotics Industry Association’s Engelberger Robotics Award for Leadership and the 2015 IEEE Robotics and Automation Award.

The Canadian Thoracic Society (CTS) is leveraging its strengths in guideline production to enable respiratory guideline implementation in Canada. The authors describe the new CTS Framework for Guideline Dissemination and Implementation, with Concurrent Evaluation, which has three spheres of action: guideline production, implementation infrastructure and knowledge translation (KT) methodological support. The Canadian Institutes of Health Research ‘Knowledge-to-Action’ process was adopted as the model of choice for conceptualizing KT interventions. Within the framework, new evidence for formatting guideline recommendations to enhance the intrinsic implementability of future guidelines were applied. Clinical assemblies will consider implementability early in the guideline production cycle when selecting clinical questions, and new practice guidelines will include a section dedicated to KT. The framework describes the development of a web-based repository and communication forum to inventory existing KT resources and to facilitate collaboration and communication among implementation stakeholders through an online discussion board. A national forum for presentation and peer-review of proposed KT projects is described. The framework outlines expert methodological support for KT planning, development and evaluation including a practical guide for implementers and a novel ‘Clinical Assembly – KT Action Team’, and in-kind logistical support and assistance in securing peer-reviewed funding.

Why should international educators encourage research abroad? The work of the students represented in this Special Volume of Frontiers exemplifies the best of undergraduate research abroad. Their research shows an achievement of one, or all, of the goals international educators typically set for learning abroad: linguistic competence, cross-cultural skills, cultural competence, and disciplinary learning. Research abroad often holds strong incentives for successful student learning. Students choose their own research topics, providing intrinsic motivation to move beyond superficial explorations of their topic. Fulfilling faculty expectations for student learning, whether in the form of a paper, thesis, data collection or ethnographic study provides extrinsic motivation. The value of disciplinary learning abroad, especially in course-based programs, disputed on home campuses. Undergraduate research abroad can demonstrate that the cultural context of learning enhances the disciplinary knowledge gained. Disciplinary learning in another cultural context can correct culturally-ingrained research biases. Students gain knowledge difficult to capture without the cultural exposure provided by the experience abroad, which informs their work with nuances of first-hand research, moving it beyond the intellectual. Home-campus faculty may be less skeptical of the merits of sending students abroad for disciplinary learning if that experience results in an increase in knowledge or a demonstration of the application of previously gained disciplinary knowledge in a new context. Developing research skills in an international context means that students must learn how to navigate in another culture. Students must interact with people who are not their peers and who are outside a traditional classroom setting. By approaching organizations and individuals that inform their research, students learn much about the workings of the culture. And success in one attempt to navigate a host-culture can lead to success in further attempts. For the student-researcher, persistence is necessary because their research goal depends on successfully gaining access to the information they require. Cross-cultural skills are the tools that enable student-researchers to accomplish their goals and finish their projects. In order to achieve this in non-English language locations, students must develop a certain level of linguistic competence or, if using an interpreter, basic forms of communication in the host language. They must develop these competencies not only in everyday topics, but also in their fields of research. How will they ask about their topic if they do not learn some of the vocabulary? How will they obtain the help or information they need if they cannot ask people for it in appropriate forms? Since a research project typically requires a number of weeks to complete, student-researchers are likely to use these linguistic skills on an on-going basis. As a result, the linguistic competency gained is reinforced, and becomes more permanent. This cultural and linguistic learning can lead students to develop generalized cross-cultural skills with the assistance of international educators. We can provide valuable help to students doing research by asking them questions that will encourage them to realize that these skills transfer into other cultural situations. Often it requires simple queries: “What did you do to get this information? Did you have someone specific in the culture that gave you good advice? How did you find this person? What steps did you take when you succeeded in doing a piece of your research? When you did not succeed how did you figure out what went wrong? What did you do to try again? Beyond these basic questions, there are larger ones that can spur on student learning: “What did you learn from doing this project that would allow you to do another one in a completely different culture? How did you make sure your project was culturally appropriate? Did you think about making your project useful for local people? How would you share these results in the most effective way?” In posing these questions, we encourage students to examine the specific context of their research, and also to consider a meta-level analysis that places their research in a broader context. The hope is that students will see these skills in the wider global context, and that future cultural learning will be analyzed in a similar manner and transferred into other cross-cultural situations. If we achieve this, then we have certainly met the highest goals of encouraging students to learn to transcend cultural differences in constructive ways and to adapt to differing cultural modes as appropriate. Student research abroad can be a powerful way to accomplish all types of cultural learning. Supporting Undergraduate Research Abroad Even with these benefits, not many undergraduate students undertake research opportunities abroad. Faculty may advise students that research in their chosen discipline is better done at home, given the resources of the home campus. Students may be told that their language skills are not strong enough or that they are simply not mature enough as scholars in their disciplines to conduct relevant research. Students may be encouraged to conduct research or participate in directed study, but not to do field work or participate in experiential learning. A student may be able to receive credit for an internship that requires a substantial paper, but not for an ethnographic study. Moreover, the very idea of conducting research may be daunting to some students. Efforts should be made to advertise existing research opportunities abroad and to encourage new ideas for conducting research. If undergraduate research is endorsed by the highest academic officers of our institutions, our Presidents, Provosts and Academic Deans, faculty are more likely to provide encouragement and support, and then students will be more likely to pursue these options. International educators can assist these efforts by creating programs that offer research options, advertising such programs, and, most importantly, finding funding sources for such efforts. In order for students to take advantage of possible opportunities, it may be necessary to find ways to register students who might otherwise travel abroad independently (and thereby not be registered at their home institutions) in credit-bearing programs that would make them eligible for funding. The National Security Education Program David L. Boren Undergraduate Scholarships provides a model that allows advanced undergraduates with strong language skills to apply for funding for individually-arranged, supervised independent study. International educators may also help by designing processes on the home campus that support student research abroad. Research can take many forms, from the use of original documents and artifacts in libraries, archives, and museums, to service-learning, conducting field work, joining a research group, conducting interviews, doing a creative project, or interning or volunteering for an organization. On-campus administrative processes should make clear to students what types of projects are eligible to receive credit. If a student expects to receive credit at their home institution, they need to be able to review easily the criteria for determining whether credit will be granted with the appropriate on-campus authority (e.g. academic dean, department head, or registrar). Receiving credit helps to motivate the student and to validate the undertaking; making the credit-granting process clear can make a big difference to students exploring these options. It also assures that there will be faculty input, if not throughout the project, at least in the determination of granting credit on the home campus. In designing programs abroad with research components, faculty involvement is essential. Indeed, faculty supervision and support can make or break such projects for students. Faculty supervisors on the home campus or abroad will be more likely to agree to support a student researcher if they feel that this is a recognized part of their teaching. The supervision of an independent study can be time-consuming. Do departments consider this supervision when assigning workloads? Is extra compensation provided? Should these financial concerns be addressed in the budgets of the abroad programs? Can students continue follow-up work with faculty after they return home? Faculty supervision of student research abroad may follow various models. In some cases, research is an integral part of a study abroad program. Arrangements may be made to train the student on-site, perhaps as part of a course. The student conducts the research on-site, under the supervision of a resident director, or an on-site faculty member, and the course ultimately becomes a part of the student’s academic record, along with all other courses taken abroad. Another model has a faculty member at the student’s home institution supervising the student, along with some support given by a local faculty member. This model requires effective communication between the student and the faculty member on the home campus. In both cases clear goals need to be established about the nature of the project, research methods, and the final product. Fortunately, many of these formats can follow timelines and processes already developed on the home campus. However, once in the host country, parameters may change. Students may discover new opportunities, or their original ideas and plans may not be feasible. The logistics of conducting research in an international setting may make it impossible to keep to the original goals. In addition to guiding research and assessing the final product, faculty can serve in other important roles. They may introduce students to opportunities to submit their work for publication, present it at professional conferences, or compete for academic awards. Undergraduate research funding from the home institution might require a student to present their findings. Some institutions organize annual opportunities for students to give oral presentations or poster sessions during research fairs or conferences on campus. Others have a journal of student research. Resources and opportunities that are provided to students who conduct research on campus should also be extended to those whose work is done overseas. In many cases students may use the research conducted abroad as the foundation for a senior thesis. Students may choose to conduct independent research abroad. If students do research and are not enrolled in a program (e.g., during the summer) and have been encouraged to do so by their institution, have received funds from their institution, and will perhaps receive credit, their home institution should prepare them for the experience. Faculty and administrators should conduct seminars, orientation programs, and research methodology sessions to prepare students. Institutions should consider offering benefits to individual students that they would normally offer to students going abroad on registered study abroad programs (i.e., access to emergency services). By regularizing these aspects of going abroad, even to conduct independent research, institutions will be better able to track students who are conducting research abroad. At the minimum, students going abroad independently should be directed to information sources on health, safety, and security preparations when traveling to the host country. Additionally, students should be made aware of any legal issues related to doing research, and have their proposals vetted through the usual campus channels such as institutional review boards. Outcomes of Student Research Little data exists on how many students conduct research abroad, or on how this experience affects their academic work when they return to campus as well as their career decisions after graduation. Currently the national data on study abroad from the Institute of International Education’s annual Open Doors report documents only participation in credit-bearing programs. No statistics are kept on the numbers of students conducting research abroad who will not receive credit for their research. Among the questions this lack of data raises are: Are these students more likely to attend graduate school in their major discipline and to look for opportunities to conduct research abroad? Are they more likely to pursue independent research in sites that are less common as study abroad destinations? If they conducted research in a foreign language, are they more likely to study this language at an advanced level? The Lincoln Commission articulates the need for more in-depth international educational experiences, of which research can play an important part: An understanding of the diverse cultures of the world, especially those of developing countries, should be an essential component of the 21st-century education of our nation’s students. Direct exposure to foreign languages and other aspects of these cultures can best be achieved through a meaningful study abroad experience. Broader global awareness among America’s future leaders will, in turn, lead to more effective U.S. foreign policy, greater security from terrorism and economic resilience in the increasingly competitive world of trade. The research benefits discussed above mesh well with the current national interests that call for broader global awareness, and international educators should seriously consider designing and supporting research opportunities as one of their efforts to increase such competencies. Conducting research abroad can be one of the most personally satisfying parts of a student’s undergraduate academic career. These undertakings can also be frustrating and fraught with difficulties unless there is good planning and communication with a students’ academic advisors. International educators can assist in making these opportunities as effective, safe, and rewarding as possible. Faculty and administrators should look for ways to help students overcome the potential barriers to a successful experience, including the credit-approval process, organizing faculty supervision, and accessing information about opportunities, as well as funding. Since undergraduate student research abroad can lead to improved linguistic competence, cross-cultural skills, cultural competence, and disciplinary knowledge, we should do everything we can to develop and promote it. Mell C. Bolen~ Brown University Pat Martin~ University of Pennsylvania About the IFSA Foundation: The IFSA Foundation was founded to assist the continuing advancement of international education through direct and indirect support of study abroad by undergraduate students from U.S. colleges and universities. This is the first foundation whose mission focuses exclusively on the advancement of study abroad as a major component of higher education in the United States The Directors of the Foundation believe that effective study abroad for U.S. students involves minimally a semester length experience and, wherever possible, close academic integration with recognized universities abroad and, in all cases, the provision by the program sponsors of comprehensive student services to maximize the academic and cultural benefit of the experience and provide for the welfare and security of students. The IFSA Foundation intends to concentrate on projects that will provide muchneeded strength to undergraduate study abroad in the United States: scholarships to extend opportunities (particularly among underrepresented groups); start-up funding for underdeveloped areas of semester and full year study abroad programs; and support for the development of innovative projects designed to broaden the scope of the undergraduate study abroad experience. The IFSA Foundation grants are given only to institutions; scholarship grants are not tied to participation of students on any particular program. For more information: http://www.theifsafoundation.org

Abstract The importance of manufacturing to national security is recognized by defense professionals across the political spectrum. And yet, investments in American manufacturing infrastructure have fallen behind other nations, exacerbating security concerns. As a new administration sets its course for both economic and security policy, there is an opportunity for new investments in infrastructure, education, and research and development to support advanced manufacturing that can enhance the national defense.

The subject of this article is energy security. An in-depth study of the literature on the subject and the analysis of normative documents allowed to formulate the main objective of the work, which is to describe energy security as a component of state security. The goal formulated in such a way creates the need to solve the main research problem of this study, presented in the form of a question: What is the significance of energy security as a component of state security? Achieving the assumed goal and solving the research problem was supported by studying the subject literature and normative documents, as well as the hypothesis that energy security is an important component of state security, and its role is constantly increasing, confirmed in the course of the study.

The article is continuing the research “Modelling and Assessment of Russia’s National Power”, dedicated to calculating the index of national power, which is currently the most informative and popular indicator in the world that integrally characterizes the aggregate potential of a particular country and allows at the same time to compare the level of its power and socio-economic development with the other countries’ level. The research results were published in the “Economic Strategies” magazine No. 2 for 2020. [1]. If the national power of the state, in fact, determines its potential capabilities and mainly gross indicators are used for the calculation, then the national security indicators are calculated on the basis of normalized values (as a rule, per capita) and witness the development level of one or another component of the country’s socio-ecologic and economic system, as well as efficiency of using the existing potential. It should be reminded that in terms of the National Integral Strength Index, which includes many components, Russia ranks fourth in the world, slightly behind India. In this article, using the methods of multivariate statistical analysis, we’ll calculate the national security indicators of the UN member states, also defining the position of Russia, but in addition, we'll also estimate the threshold values for all the factors of national security considered in the work. In the last part of the paper, we'll give a medium-term forecast of national security.

Abstract Climate change is increasingly recognized as having national security implications, which has prompted dialogue between the climate change and national security communities—with resultant advantages and differences. Climate change research has proven useful to the national security community sponsors in several ways. It has opened security discussions to consider climate as well as political factors in studies of the future. It has encouraged factoring in the stresses placed on societies by climate changes (of any kind) to help assess the potential for state stability. And it has shown that changes such as increased heat, more intense storms, longer periods without rain, and earlier spring onset call for building climate resilience as part of building stability. For the climate change research community, studies from a national security point of view have revealed research lacunae, such as the lack of usable migration studies. This has also pushed the research community to consider second- and third-order impacts of climate change, such as migration and state stability, which broadens discussion of future impacts beyond temperature increases, severe storms, and sea level rise and affirms the importance of governance in responding to these changes. The increasing emphasis in climate change science toward research in vulnerability, resilience, and adaptation also frames what the intelligence and defense communities need to know, including where there are dependencies and weaknesses that may allow climate change impacts to result in security threats and where social and economic interventions can prevent climate change impacts and other stressors from resulting in social and political instability or collapse.

The subject of this research is the key changes in the institutional provision of national security. The object of this research is the national security management. Provision of national security is an inextricable element of state administration. The article examines the system of views that reflect state&rsquo;s position on the question of national security protection, presented in the legislative acts, conceptual and strategic documents considering amendments thereto. The goal of this study consists in determination of transformation of approach of the government of the Russian Federation towards ensuring national security. Federal laws, conceptual and strategic documents of the Russian Federation served as the information base for this research. The scientific novelty consists in systematization of approaches of the state towards understanding of boundaries and organization of national security protection of the Russian Federation. The conducted retrospective analysis allows tracing the changes in approaches of the states towards ensuring national security, observing the transformation of government&rsquo;s priorities within and outside the country, as well as determining interdependence of the system of national security protection and its structure on the power of state&rsquo;s authority and the status of development of administration in the Russian Federation. The overall conclusion of this research lies in the statement that the system of national security management is dynamic; its transformation depends on the international relations and factors outside the Russian Federation, as well as on the level of development and stability of the national system of administration.