Thèses sur le sujet « Réserves forestières »
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Nkankeu, François. « Les forêts classées du Moungo (Cameroun) : analyse des facteurs de leur évolution et conséquences ». Toulouse 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU20055.
Texte intégralThe objective of this research based on the problems posed by the conservation and the management of forest reserves in the higher agricultural coastal region of Cameroon, and that of Mbanga in particular, is to examine and analyse the various forms of ecological destruction. This study which enlightens us on land problems impairing the Mungo, aim to seek ways and means necessary to reconcile the urgent socio-economic needs of a population in rapid growth and the protection of the biodiversity. This means that the efforts of development must integrated ecological ethics which recognises the vital link between man and nature, the rupture of which would have heavy consequences. Truly, the invasion of the forest reserves in the Mungo by the population is a problem which demands to be solved, but at the same time, the natural equilibrium will not be preserved if the roots of poverty are not extirpated
Kouassi, Kouadio Désiré. « Forêts classées de Côte d'Ivoire : la conservation à l'épreuve des modes d'appropriation : exemple de la forêt d'Irobo-Méné ». Bordeaux 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR21565.
Texte intégralThis thesis tries to understand and explain the very cause of the agricultural deforests done in the classified forest of Irobo-Méné. It analysis the fundaments of the relations of the colonial and postcolonial States, as well as the people from the deforest area, with the land and its resources. The founding is that, in their coexistence, the pattern of local organization towards the use of the lands is submitted to a profound evolution, under the influence of the State's model of space distribution, at its turn accompanied by the expansion of plantation agriculture and monetary transformation of economy. At the same, the social practices associated with the State's control are dominated as well by a radical transformation. The situation determines a strong individualization among citizens, along with the modification of land's usage. This internal dynamics of the rural communities has been reinforced when the State had liberalized the exploitation of the rural space. The phenomenon determined the apparition of social, economic and political strategies, all in confrontation towards the ownership of the lands. Consequently, this relation with the lands, dominated by money, has been prolonged into the classified forest
Boussougou, Boussougou Guy Fidèle. « Vulnérabilité des paysages forestiers en relation avec les activités humaines et la variabilité climatique en Tanzanie : analyse prospective des dynamiques de l'occupation du sol des réserves forestières de Pugu et de Kazimzumbwi ». Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0035/document.
Texte intégralThe objective of this work is on one hand to show the vulnerability of forest landscapes in relation to climate variability at the scale of Tanzania and on the other hand to analyze forest dynamics in order to carry out a prospective study of the dynamics of land use in the forest reserves of Pugu and Kazimzumbwi. Analysis of the TRMM data over the period from 2001 to 2013 has allowed revealing a seasonal and inter-annual variability in precipitation across the country. The inter-annual precipitation maps have made it possible to distinguish the years with low rainfall (2003, 2005, 2012 ), the years of high rainfall (2002, 2007, 2006, 2011) and the years of intermediate rainfall (2001, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2013). It has also help to distinguish 11 types of rainfall regimes marked by different patterns of seasonal variability at the scale of Tanzania. There are oppositions between the rainfall regimes of the central savannah region on one hand marked by low annual heights over an important period of seven dry months, also more affected by inter-annual variability, and the northern, southern and eastern forest regions are more humid and presenting low deficits of heights inter-annual rainfall. The sensitivity of plant phenology to rainfall variability has been analyzed by the examination of the spatio-temporal relationships between the standardized vegetation index NDVI-MODIS and rainfall (rain TRMM). The rain / NDVI correlation maps show an opposition between the dry regions of the center marked by savannah landscapes highly vulnerable to rainfall variability and the southern regions of moist forests, mountains and coastal regions, mangrove forests Reacting poorly to this rainfall variability. In the savannah regions of the center, the intensity of rain / NDI dependence is measured by a correlation coefficient of 0.70. A monitoring of the analysis of human pressures on forest reserves was carried out using the example of the Pugu and Kazimzumbwi forests during the period 1995-2015 using SPOT 6 (high resolution) and LANDSAT imagery. The land use classifications were realized from the object oriented method. The forest review shows that in 2015 (55% of which 32% is dense forest), from the two reserves only the reserve of Pugu still preserves nearly the half of its surface in forest while the reserve forest of Kazimzumbwi contains only 5% of its area. Over the entire period studied, the sub-period 2009-2014 was the most critical in terms of forest loss. In fact, within five years the forest reserves of Pugu and Kazimzumbwi have almost lost the double of their area. Based on the increased vulnerability of human pressures in the Pugu and Kazimzumbwi forest reserves and their periphery, a multicriteria analysis has made it possible to identify areas of high and low human pressures. The most vulnerable areas remain those located close to the communication axes and cities. Consequently forest reserves are more vulnerable in their eastern parts, close to major roads and major urban centers such as Pugu and Kazimzumbwi. The use of a model for prospective modeling in 2050 has required the integration of the explanatory variables of the observed changes and the land use maps of 1995 and 2014. The model is validated from a predicted map and a real map. The result shows an exact simulation at 72%, based on this hypothesis of an increase in anthropogenic human pressures on the two forest reserves over time; we have predicted the land use map of 2050 under the effect of explanatory variables. This prospective modeling therefore envisages, by 2050, an expansion and densification of artificial surfaces, notably at the north-eastern periphery of the reserve of Pugu and on the south in the kazimzumbwi reserve. This growth in artificial surfaces will result in a significant decline in existing forest areas within reserves
Ruest, Bélanger Catherine Éva. « Vers une gouvernance communautaire des forêts : visions mapuches pour un projet de parc national au Chili ». Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/32566.
Texte intégralDoua, Marcel. « La protection juridique intégrée des forêts en Côte d'Ivoire ». Thesis, Rennes 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN20009.
Texte intégralThe Ivorian forest is facing advanced degradation. To preserve it, Côte d’Ivoire has drafted Law No. 65 - 425 dated 20 december 1965 on the Forest Code and its implementing regulations. But first legal instrument of protection was not as effective as expected. Indeed, sectoral scope , forest law can govern the entire forest area. Other sectoral legalization as the 1965 Law on hunting, the Water Code, the 1998 Law on rural land law will step in to fill the legislative gap in the forestry code. The result is a law on the forest and its uncoordinated and non-integrated resources, the consequences are obvious risks of overlapping jurisdiction, sources of conflict and blocking and duplication. To ensure appropriate legal framework for the protection of the Ivorian forest, this legal integration must take into account all socio-political and economic dimensions of forests, ensuring the participation of all stakeholders, allow the integration of text content and require a cooperation of management structures
Parmain, Guilhem. « Contribution de différents éléments forestiers et non-forestiers de la trame de très vieux bois à la diversité des coléoptères saproxyliques ». Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2017/document.
Texte intégralHabitat loss and fragmentation are considered as major threats to biodiversity in forests, one of the species-richest terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. The structural simplification and the loss of key habitat elements resulting from forest harvesting threaten forest biodiversity. Through the analysis of datasets shared between laboratories and two original datasets created during this thesis, I intended to evaluate the role for associated beetle diversity of several components of the saproxylic habitat network at local and landscape scales. The effect of local environmental variables has been evaluated and the biodiversity associated with ageing stands, forest reserves and isolated non-forest trees were explored. In parallel, we have analyzed the main technique used to sample our study group. We highlighted (i) strong effects of spatial or temporal replication of sampling on data, but (ii) negligible effects of data simplification by excluding a time-expensive family on results. We demonstrated significant effects of forest setting aside on the restoration, mainly of dead wood and tree microhabitats, but also on associated saproxylic beetle assemblages. Extended rotations in ageing stands did not provide such positive effects. Besides, we evidenced that a high density of forest reserves in the landscape (over 20%) seems necessary to efficiently favor the saproxylic fauna. In addition, we observed that a significant proportion of saproxylic species prefer non-forest solitary tree habitats. The whole saproxylic fauna is therefore not hosted by forests. These non-forest saproxylic structures have to be included in conservation strategies dedicated saproxylic biodiversity
Venne, Frédéric. « Pertinence et acceptabilité sociale d’une aire protégée d’utilisation durable pour les pourvoiries de l’ouest de l’île d’Anticosti en contexte d’inscription sur la Liste du patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO ». Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68760.
Texte intégralThe protection of the forests of Anticosti Island in the context of the inscription of the island to the UNESCO World Heritage List relaunches the debate on the legitimacy of forest management within certain types of protected areas. Using a qualitative methodology, it was possible to establish that the creation of a protected area with sustainable on the territory of the outfitters on the western part of Anticosti Island is perceived as a relevant and socially acceptable project by the co-construction network formed during this research project. Thru this study, ecological restoration forestry and hunting management are seen as compatible with the socioecological system of outfitters on Anticosti Island in the context of the creation of a protected area with sustainable use. The development of a new conservation formula is also seen as an opportunity to develop an inclusive governance structure for local organizations as well a way to revise certain forest practices proposedby the present general integrated forest management plan of the island of Anticosti, such as unfenced cut blocks,perceived as a threat to this socio-ecological system.Despite certain opposing views concerning the future status of protected area with sustainable use, proposed inthe Quebec government’s Bill 46, An Act to amend the Natural Heritage Conservation Act and other provisions,the protected area network on Anticosti island presented to the UNESCO World Heritage Center crystallizes the need for a new form of protected area in Quebec. We believe that the design principles of the network of protected areas on Anticosti Island have the potential to serve as a reference to modernize the network of protected areas in Quebec and establish the conservation traditions of the future.
Nlend, V. Georges Boniface. « Analyse sociologique des causes de la marginalisation des communautés locales et examen des conditions et conséquences de leur capacitation dans la gouvernance forestière au Cameroun ». Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33430.
Texte intégralKilensele, Muwele Thérèse. « Limites des stratégies de conservation forestière en République Démocratique du Congo, cas de la réserve de Luki ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209069.
Texte intégralL'objectif de notre étude est de mener une réflexion sur les problèmes rencontrés par les gestionnaires d’une aire protégée dans la mise en œuvre de la stratégie de conservation par zonage.
Nous avons d'abord travaillé sur l’identification des modes d'appropriation et de gestion des terres, avant et après l'implantation de l'aire protégée. Nous avons procédé à l’analyse des modalités de prise en compte des structures endogènes dans la mise en œuvre des stratégies de conservation appliquées. Pour ce faire, nous avons mené des entretiens avec des personnes ressources, des acteurs au sein des populations locales, des personnes choisies en fonction de la représentativité qu’elles incarnent. Les résultats de ces entretiens ont été couplés aux relevés de terrain réalisés dans le but de cartographier les parcours de déplacement des populations en identifiant les éléments humains d'occupation de l'espace.
Nous avons ainsi identifié et cartographié l'état de la réserve de Luki en termes de surfaces exploitées avant et après l'implantation de l'aire protégée. Ce travail nous a conduit à découvrir les inconforts fonciers subis par les populations lors de l'implantation de l'aire protégée. Des situations d’inconfort le plus souvent ignorées par les acteurs de conservation.
Après l’étude sur les modes d'appropriation et de gestion des terres, l’analyse des modalités de prise en compte des structures endogènes et la cartographie des espaces exploités, nous avons poursuivi la recherche par l’examen des effets du zonage sur le développement et sur la conservation. L'évaluation des effets du zonage sur le développement a été faite sur base des données socio-économiques relatives aux activités introduites par les projets. L'évaluation des effets du zonage sur la conservation a été faite grâce au logiciel Envi 4.6, par l'analyse de trois images satellites. Ces observations ont été mises en parallèle avec les résultats des entretiens et des enquêtes par questionnaires effectués auprès des populations de la réserve. Les entretiens ont porté sur la carbonisation du bois et sur la chasse du gibier, deux activités que nous avons jugées destructrices de la réserve.
Les résultats de nos enquêtes montrent que les structures endogènes de gestion de la terre n’ont pas été impliquées, ni dans la création de la réserve, ni dans la mise en œuvre du zonage. Il existe pourtant un comité de concertation avec un représentant de la population, mais celui-ci n’est pas représentatif de l’ensemble des lignages. Les éléments qui caractérisent l’occupation de l’espace par les populations avant la création de la réserve n’ont pas non plus été pris en compte. Dans un tel contexte, les objectifs de conservation sont difficiles atteints à cause du manque d’appropriation du zonage par les acteurs locaux. Le zonage est motivé par la conservation et la conformité au modèle de réserve de la biosphère, le souci de développement socioéconomique restant secondaire. Le premier zonage réalisé en 1937 a initié des pratiques de gestion favorables à la conservation forestière, mais les effets socioéconomiques qui en ont découlé, ont contribué à accélérer la dégradation de la forêt. Le nouveau zonage effectué en 2004 n’a pas davantage permis de maîtriser la dégradation qui s’accélère encore.
L’étude débouche sur de suggestions permettant aux aménagistes de prendre en compte les besoins des populations locales avant tout intervention d'aménagement.
Doctorat en Sciences
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Tremblay, Véronique. « Dendroécologie du dépérissement du bouleau blanc, Betula papyrifera (Marsh.) après coupe forestière dans la Réserve faunique des Laurentides ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ49053.pdf.
Texte intégralKumba, Lubemba Sylvain. « Ecologie spatiale des espèces arborescentes de la Réserve Forestière de Yoko : structure spatiale et mise en évidence des facteurs écologiques responsables, Ubundu, Province Orientale, R.D. Congo ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209056.
Texte intégralPour ce faire, une parcelle d’échantillonnage de 25 ha (500m 500m) a été délimitée dans le bloc sud de la RFY constitué d’une végétation ligneuse mixte et semi-décidue. Un inventaire forestier a permis d’analyser la composition floristique et structurale de la zone. Trois techniques (ou modèles statistiques) relevant de l’écologie spatiale pour l’analyse de la structure horizontale des espèces ont été utilisées :la méthode du voisin le plus proche de Clark & Evans (1954), la méthode d’échantillonnage aléatoire de Hines & Hines (1979), ces deux méthodes reposant sur une analyse à échelle unique de la parcelle d’étude, et la méthode de Ripley (1977) permettant non seulement une analyse multi-échelle mais aussi l’étude des relations intra et interspécifiques. Concernant ce point précis, les arbres ont été catégorisés en trois stades de développement sur la base de leurs diamètres (les jeunes, les immatures et les adultes). Une analyse comparative et théorique des trois méthodes a été effectuée.
Un total de 169 espèces appartenant à 36 familles dont 114 genres ont été identifiées, et la famille des Fabaceae dont la majorité des espèces appartiennent à la sous famille des Caesalpinioideae est apparue prépondérante. Trois espèces se sont révélées les plus abondantes et les plus représentatives du peuplement, et ont pour cette raison fait l’objet de toutes les analyses :Gilbertiodendron dewevrei J. Léonard (De Wild), Scorodophloeus zenkeri Harms et Uapaca guineensis Mull. Arg. Elles ont toutes les trois montré une structure agrégée, et cela à toutes les échelles d’analyse. Les agrégats observés présentent un rayon d’environ 25 m de distance. L’analyse en fonction du diamètre a indiqué une structure agrégée pour les plus petits diamètres et régulière pour les plus grands, et que l’agrégation diminue avec le diamètre. Les résultats montrent également que les structures spatiales observées dépendent de l’échelle d’analyse considérée et de la méthode utilisée. La méthode de Clark & Evans est sensible à la variation de l’étendue. À cet égard, l’échantillonnage aléatoire de Hines & Hines est apparu plus adaptée que celui de Clark & Evans. Les fonctions de Ripley et dérivées sont des outils efficaces et apportent plus d’information. Les analyses ont montré des associations positives entre G. dewevrei et S. zenkeri, ainsi qu’entre G. dewevrei et U. guineensis. Par contre, une indépendance a été constatée entre S. zenkeri et U. guineensis. Il apparaît également que les jeunes sont associés positivement aux adultes supposés reproducteurs, et que les immatures sont indépendants par rapport aux adultes. La dispersion faible ou limitée des graines à proximité des arbres parents en est le principal facteur endogène responsable. Ce facteur explique également les associations positives entre les jeunes et les adultes de la même espèce. La compétition entre des individus pour les besoins en espace, en lumière ou en nutriments dans le sol, explique la structure régulière observée ainsi que l’indépendance des immatures envers les adultes. La dispersion limitée n’est cependant pas le seul facteur explicatif de l’agrégation spatiale des arbres, d’autres facteurs tels que l’hétérogénéité environnementale (sol, topographie,…) ou la perturbation sont vraisemblablement aussi impliqués. La perturbation anthropique ou naturelle est un processus écologique qui devrait avoir joué un rôle déterminant dans l’organisation spatiale des communautés de la forêt. Combinée au phénomène de masting, aux effets de Janzen-Connell et aux ectomycorhizes, elle est très probablement à la base des structures spatiales et des relations spatiales observées entre les espèces de la RFY. / Tropical forests contain tree-stands with management and planning requires knowledge of their spatial organization and dynamics. Analyses of the spatial structure of tree species can be used in natural forests to identify the underlying mechanisms that structure of forest stands to improve the understanding of the relationships between species. This study was conducted in the Yoko Forest Reserve (YFR) around Kisangani in eastern DR Congo (DRC). It is to analyze the horizontal spatial structure of the most abundant species and to try to identify, on a local scale, factors and / or potentially explicative ecological processes to draw valuable lessons for the management of forest areas nearby Kisangani.
To do this, a sample plot of 25 ha (500m x 500m) was delineated in the southern block of the YFR consists of a mixed woody vegetation and semi-deciduous. A forest inventory was used to analyze the floristic and structural composition of the area. Three techniques (or statistical models) under spatial ecology for the analysis of the horizontal structure of the species were used: the nearest neighbor method of Clark & Evans (1954), the random sampling method Hines & Hines (1979), these two methods based on a single scale analysis of the study plot, and the method of Ripley (1977) allows not only a multi-scale analysis, but also the study of intra- and inter-relationships. Regarding this point, the trees were categorized into three stages of development on the basis of their diameters (young, immature and adult). A comparative and theoretical analysis of the three methods was performed.
A total of 169 species belonging to 36 families with 114 genera have been identified and the family Fabaceae which the majority of species belong to the subfamily Caesalpinioideae appeared decisive. Three species have proved the most abundant and the most representative of the stand, and for this reason the subject of all analyzes Gilbertiodendron dewevrei J. Léonard (De Wild) Scorodophloeus zenkeri Harms and Uapaca guineensis Mull. Arg. They all three showed an aggregated structure, and that all scales of analysis. Observed aggregates have a radius of about 25 m distance. The analysis based on the diameter indicated an aggregated structure for smaller diameters and regular for larger and that aggregation decreases with diameter. The results also show that the observed spatial structures depend on the considered analysis of scale and the method used. The method of Clark & Evans is sensitive to the variation in the extent. In this regard, the random sampling of Hines & Hines appeared more suitable than that of Clark & Evans. Ripley's functions and derivatives are effective tools and provide more information. Analyses showed positive associations between G. dewevrei and S. zenkeri, and between G. dewevrei and U. guineensis. By against, independence was found between S. zenkeri and U. guineensis. It also appears that young people are positively associated with the supposed breeding adults and immatures are independent compared to adults. The low or limited seed dispersal near parent trees is the main endogenous factor responsible. This factor also explains the positive associations between youth and adults of the same species. The competition between individuals to space requirements, light or nutrients in the soil, explains the observed regular structure and the independence of immature towards adults. Limited dispersal, however, is not the only factor explaining the spatial aggregation trees, other factors such as environmental heterogeneity (soil, topography, ) or disturbance are probably also involved. Anthropogenic or natural disturbance is an environmentally friendly process that should have played a decisive role in the spatial organization of forest communities. Combined with masting phenomenon, the effects of Janzen-Connell and Ectomycorrhizae, it is very probably the basis of spatial structures and spatial relationships observed between species of the YFR.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
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Bodin, Stéphanie. « Caractérisation de l'impact des feux anthropiques de la période pré-colombienne sur la végétation forestière de la Réserve Naturelle des Nouragues en Guyane française par une approche anthracologique ». Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG029.
Texte intégralThe Amazonian forest has long been considered "virgin" from any ancient human impact. However, evidence contradicting this preconceived idea has been accumulating over the past few decades, including vast expanses of terra pretas. These are soils that are highly enriched in nutrients, very fertile and whose anthropogenic origin is now beyond doubt. They are proof that pre-Columbian societies have had a considerable impact on their environment. Many studies have focused on the central and western Amazon where terra preta areas are numerous and host very diversified vegetation. The Guiana Shield has not benefited from the same interest. However, in the Guianan forests, there are many signs of ancient human occupation, including in the vegetation. As on terra preta sites, many useful species are found in some places, in greater abundance than can be observed in the case of natural dispersion. It is in this context that this thesis, which focuses on the impact of pre-Columbian populations on the forest vegetation of the Nouragues Reserve in French Guiana, is based. This work seeks to characterize this impact through an anthracological approach - the identification of charcoal, a method rarely used in tropical ecosystems. As a result, a significant part of the thesis is devoted to methodology. As a first step, an identification key specifically adapted to the anatomical characteristics observed on charcoal and targeting Guianan species was implemented to facilitate the identification process. This key is freely downloadable online and is editable, so that new descriptions and taxa can be added. Then, different methods of charcoal sampling - soil profile sampling, auger sampling and opportunistic sampling on uprooting mounds or during digging - were compared. The results show that the first two methods allow to recover the same amount of charcoal but not the same taxonomic diversity. In most of the studied sites, sampling along a soil profile provides more diversity than augers because of the often monospecific assemblages provided by the latter. Nevertheless, almost every new auger sampling allows to recover a new taxon. Opportunistic sampling also increases the assemblage diversity. The combination of the three methods therefore makes it possible to obtain more diversified and more representative assemblages. A sampling protocol combining several pits, augers and opportunistic sampling is proposed to ensure a better representation of anthracological assemblages and to overcome this spatial heterogeneity as much as possible. Finally, the dates carried out on the charcoals collected during the thesis indicate that the Nouragues experienced two main periods of occupation ranging from 1300-1000 cal years BP to 600-400 cal years BP. Anthracological assemblages show that these occupations have induced significant vegetation changes at some sites. Indeed, in two sites, the forest has given way to very different plant formations, dominated by bambusiform poaceae or lianas. The results suggest that one of the bamboo formations may have developed after the abandonment of a semi-permanent cultivation plot, thus joining hypotheses formulated in previous historical ecological studies. The results of anthracological analyses also show the presence of useful and secondary vegetation taxa, thus reflecting the impact of ancient populations on forest environment. Finally, the selection of firewood seems to have been adapted according to the local vegetation. The type of activity that causes these vegetation changes remains to be defined and the understanding of pre-Columbian sites in French Guiana, as elsewhere in the Amazon, should be improved through the complementary contributions of other disciplines.Keywords: Amazonian dark earths – French Guiana – Anthracology – Charcoal – Pre-Columbian period – Tropical forest
Girard, Sabine. « Déterminants écophysiologiques de la crise de transplantation de plants d'espèces forestières résineuse (Pinus nigra ssp laricio Poir. Var Corsicana) et feuillue (Quercus rubra L. ) : effets du stockage des plants ». Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN10157.
Texte intégralKaushal, Parvinder. « Analyse écophysiologique des effets de stress liés aux transplantations des arbres forestiers ». Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10299.
Texte intégralSenterre, Bruno. « Recherches méthodologiques pour la typologie de la végétation et la phytogéographie des forêts denses d'Afrique tropicale ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210954.
Texte intégralII. Field data consisted in phytosociological homogeneous sample plots localized within different recognized phytogeographical entities, in a region of tropical Africa where these entities are known to be well conserved. A total of 37 such plots were inventoried in the region extending from the littoral forests of Ndoté, Equatorial Guinea, which are wet evergreen forests, to the continental forests of the Dja, Cameroon, known as evergreen seasonal forests. The studied region also included the oriental Atlantic forests of Equatorial Guinea, known as moist evergreen forests or caesalp forests. In various parts of this continentality gradient, some plots were localized within climax non-zonal formations, namely the submontane rain forests. The emphasis was put on the vegetation of the Monte Alén National Park.
The sampling methodology was willing to be as "complete ", including all strata, "quantitative ", enumerating all individuals, and "representative ", within each stratum, as possible. These multi-layers plots were realised using nested sub-plots, with a sampling size of 100 individuals for every ligneous stratum recognized (dominant trees, dominated trees and shrubs) and a sampling size of 200m² for the herbaceous and suffrutex stratum.
Forest types were defined independently for each stratum and the differences were analysed. A method was proposed for the simultaneous analysis of all floristic data, converting and standardizing the values from ligneous strata, on the one hand, and from understorey strata, on the other hand.
III. Ten forest types were described using IndVal and discussed in the general context of the guineo-congolian region, from a syntaxonomic view point (agglomerative classification) and from a phytogeographical view point (divisive classification). Homologies between these two approaches are described. The proposed phytogeographical system is based on an "open " conception of hierarchical classifications, combining advantages of agglomerative and divisive classifications. In concrete terms, the non-zonal criteria, for example the submontane variants, are categorised separately and in analogy with the zonal criteria, related to the usual phytochoria.
Analysis of ecological relationships for the 10 communities showed that the main variables related to the floristic variability in our mainland rain forests are elevation, rainfall, hygrometry (estimated using bryophytes cover levels) and distance to the ocean. The two extremes on the vertical microclimatic gradient, dominant trees stratum and herbaceous stratum, give similar typologies, however canonical analysis showed that for the herbaceous layer, non-zonal variables (hygrometry and elevation) were gaining more importance when the influence of the two zonal variables was attenuated. In every case, spatial autocorrelation was less important than the environment in explaining floristic variability but its role increased in the spatial arrangement of understorey species, whose dispersal capacity is generally lower than canopy trees. The phytosociological, phytogeographical and ecological description of forest types is accompanied by a physiognomical description using biological types spectrum, as well as architectural models, leaf sizes, etc.
With regard to diversity, we have demonstrated that species richness was higher from upper to lower strata because of the accumulation in lower strata of species from various strata. On the other hand, the proper stratum diversity, i.e. the structural set, decreased from dominant trees to shrubs. The proper diversity of the herb layer showed relatively high figures mainly due to the higher individual density in relation to the existence of microstrata. Within the 37 sample plots, 1,050 taxa have been identified to species or morpho-species levels, for a total of 25,750 individuals. These taxa represent 442 genus among 104 families. The richest forest type is found on the foothills of the Niefang range, on the windward side. This forest type is also characterised by a high number of oligotypic genus and by species belonging to functional types indicators of glacial refuges. These functional types are defined on the basis of the dispersal capacity and on kind of stand needed for effective germination. We formulated the hypothesis that this kind of "foothills refuge ", characterised by his zonal nature, could have been one of the rare refuges for species from mainland rain forests, while montane and fluvial refuges would mainly have preserved species from non-zonal forest types: (sub)montane and riverine.
Based on indicator species of submontane forests, a potential distribution map of this forest type has been realised at the Atlantic central African scale. More than 400 submontane forest localities have been mapped. These forests begin at 400m of altitude near the ocean, and progressively at higher altitude for increasing distance to the ocean. Many lowland localities also comprised submontane species, which could indicate the existence of ecological transgressions. These transgressions would allow migratory tracks for submontane species between isolated mountain ranges, not only during glacial periods, through heights at the northern and southern borders of the congo basin, but also contemporarily through the lowland riverine forest network, in the centre of this basin. Finally, a special attention has been attributed to littoral forests and to some cases of choroecological transgressions, coupled to the ecological equalization phenomenon.
Doctorat en sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
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