Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Reunionese creole »

The question of writing Creole is a question that concerns many Reunionese. How were the different Creole scripts emerged on the island? What are their history and evolution in this Reunionese society whose Creole language seems to be becoming more French daily? Since the writing of Reunionese Creole is neither normalized nor standardized, several graphic solutions are available to anyone who wants to use Reunionese Creole to write in society. In the absence of unity and for lack of information, many Reunionese write either spontaneously or by following the spellings recommended since 1977. The spelling remains a thorny and passionate subject in Reunion, on the one hand, the partisans of a script close to the spelling of French, on the other hand, the supporters of a spelling that is completely distant from that of French; in between, supporters of a graphic unity which proposes a graphic synthesis with a new theoretical contribution to reading. However, since 2012, some fears have begun to fade, but the “conflict” remains. The lack of unity did not prevent the production of writings in Creole. This situation of polygraphy of Reunionese Creole will continue. Keywords: writing, spelling, Creole language, creole from Reunion Island.

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a hypothesis for the genesis of Creole French by drawing conclusions from an illustrative comparison of Louisiana Creole and Haitian Creole, and by presenting a depiction of the social-historical context in which Louisiana Creole developed.Bickerton's bioprogram and Baker and Corne's model comparing Mauritian Creole and its Reunionese congener are considered and found to be inadequate descriptions of the genesis of Creole French, since they assume that all parts of colonial Saint-Domingue, the île Bourbon (Reunion) and the île de France (Mauritius) had the same demographic mix and social structure. This paper offers and alternative model which suggests that French planation colonies did not constitute monolithic socio–politico–economic entities. On the contrary, differences in social setting were reflected by variartions in the local form of Creole French. Furthermore, certain structural features were diffused from one territory to another via the focal centres that also diffused the colonial model of social, political and economic organization. These are considered together to account for the range of variation found today in Louisiana Creole, and to explain the striking similarities between Louisiana Cre le and its geographically most proximate Creole French congener, Haitian Creole.

Este artículo está dedicado al estudio del proceso de transición entre memoria e historia de las obras dedicadas al estudio de la participación española en la Resistencia francesa. Para ello analizo, la bibliografía e historiografía que se ha ocupado del tema, y lo hago presentando un breve estado de la cuestión de publicaciones, reuniones científicas y homenajes dedicados a los resistentes españoles. Con él pretendo reflexionar tanto sobre la transición propuesta como sobre la creación de figuras míticas a las que en ocasiones han dado lugar ciertas obras y homenajes.Palabras claveExilio, historia, memoria, Resistencia.AbstractThis paper is focused on the delayed transition from memory to history in works devoted to the Spanish participation in the French Resistance. To this purpose, we shall examine the bibliography and historiography dedicated to this topic by presenting a balance of the publications, scientific meetings, and recent homages devoted to the Spaniards Resistance volunteers. With it we want to reflect both the kind of suggested transition and the contribution to create mythical figures to which some works and homages have given raise.Key WordsExile, history, memory, Resistance

The beginnings of this century sets up the dilemma of more energy or betterment of the environment. If “energy” is the capacity to do work, as often said, then it can be made profitable. If protecting the ecology of Earth is what the COP reunions of the UN aim at, then it is hardly a surprise that China and India reneged against the original formulation of phasing out coal power. Both countries use a lot of coal plants to get cheap energy for rapid economic development. This is dismal fact for COP endeavours. The efforts of the UN to create global ecology coordination will be harmed by the war in Ukraine, but how realistic is the 1.5 temperature goal anyhow?

Using Chicago as our case, this article puts forth a notion of black placemaking that privileges the creative, celebratory, playful, pleasurable, and poetic experiences of being black and being around other black people in the city. Black placemaking refers to the ways that urban black Americans create sites of endurance, belonging, and resistance through social interaction. Our framework offers a corrective to existing accounts that depict urban blacks as bounded, plagued by violence, victims and perpetrators, unproductive, and isolated from one another and the city writ large. While ignoring neither the external assaults on black spaces nor the internal dangers that can make everyday life difficult, we highlight how black people make places in spite of those realities. Our four cases – the black digital commons, black public housing reunions, black lesbian and gay nightlife, and black Little League baseball – elucidate the matter of black lives across genders, sexualities, ages, classes, and politics.

In this survey of the role of f o od in children's literature different attitudes towards food and eating are focused upon, for instance how food can play an important part in the common revolt against parental authority and discipline. T h e major point of departure is the grotesque which is compared to themes of populär carnivals and feasts as well as the theme of "mundus inversus" found in depictions o f nonsense worlds. 1'edagogical and phychological aspects are also discussed in connection with the strong symbolic value of food when illustrating conflicts between patents and children. Especially the conflict between mother and daughter, a frequent theme in children's literature, often centres around situations involving food, something child psychologists connect to the oral phase of a child's development. The fact that food and eating also on a symbolical level create feelings of comfort and security, of togetherness and joie de vivre, is also taken into account. The many huge parties and family reunions in children's literature can be seen as rituals promoting a sense of belonging, o f intimacy between child and adult.

Abstract: AI-based face recognition for missing person searches is a promising strategy that has the potential to significantly speed up and improve accuracy. The system makes use of artificial intelligence algorithms to match surveillance camera realtime video footage with facial images of people who have gone missing. Face recognition technology in video surveillance systems is used in this project to come up with a strategy for locating people who have gone missing. The system involves gathering information about the missing person, creating a database of facial images, and matching those images to real-time video footage with the help of artificial intelligence algorithms. The goal of the field of computer science known as artificial intelligence (AI) is to create intelligent machines that can carry out tasks that typically call for human intelligence. This includes tasks like translating languages, visual perception, speech recognition, and decision-making. Machine learning algorithms are used by AI systems to learn from data and allow them to improve their performance over time. A powerful method for training artificial neural networks with many layers, deep learning, a subset of machine learning, has emerged, allowing. The system can be used to quickly identify and locate missing people in public places like airports and train stations. The speed and accuracy of missing person searches could be significantly enhanced by the proposed system, increasing the likelihood of successful reunions. Finding missing people in view of face acknowledgment utilizing Convolutional Brain Organization (CNN) calculation is a well-known approach that has shown promising outcomes. CNN is a deep learning algorithm that works well for face recognition because it is widely used for image recognition and classification.

<p>http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-795X.2015v33n1p97</p><p>Este artigo apresenta reflexões sobre a formação literária de professores de escolas públicas que atuam na educação infantil e nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental, na condição de participantes de um projeto de extensão da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Iniciado no ano de 2009, o projeto Tertúlia Literária: quem lê também tem muito a dizer concebe a prática da leitura como uma atividade propícia ao estabelecimento de relações intersubjetivas, e, para que isso ocorra, promove encontros mensais com o objetivo de socialização de leituras realizadas a cada mês por professores e mediadores convidados. Em seis anos ininterruptos de encontros e atividades diversas, mantém-se a finalidade de destacar a literatura como uma das leituras que devem fazer parte da vida e, consequentemente, da trajetória de formação dos professores. A experiência acumulada reúne elementos sobre a leitura literária no contexto do Projeto, que busca romper com modelos de formação que dificultam e até mesmo afastam o almejado encontro dos leitores com os livros de literatura. Este texto se propõe a discutir e problematizar aspectos relativos à leitura literária que o Projeto tem revelado, em contexto de formação na Universidade.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Literary Salon: building paths to literary training of literacy teachers at the university</strong></p><p> <strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>This article reflects on the literary training of a group of public school teachers who work in childhood education and the early primary school years, and who participated in extension project at UFMG. The project “Tertúlia Literária: quem lê também tem muito a dizer” (Literary Talk: the one who reads also has a lot to say), which was has begun in 2009, views the practice of reading as an activity that supports the establishment of intersubjective relationships and contributes to achieving this by encouraging monthly gatherings to create socialization opportunities around readings by teachers and invited guests. After six consecutive years of gatherings and various activities, it was identified that literature remains one of the reading formats that should be part of life and, consequently, of teacher training. Accumulated experience brings together elements about literary reading in the context of the Project, which seeks to break with the training models that make difficult or even diminish the desired connection between readers and literature books. This paper seeks to discuss and question the aspects of literary reading raised by the Project, within the training context of the University.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Literature. Literary Reading. Education Teacher.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Tertulia literaria: construyendo caminos para la formación literaria del maestro alfabetizador en la universidad</strong></p><p> <strong>Resumen</strong></p><p>Este artículo presenta reflexiones sobre la educación literaria de los maestros de escuelas públicas que actúan en la educación infantil y en la escuela primaria, como condición de participantes en un proyecto de extensión de la Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Iniciado en el año 2009, el proyecto “Tertúlia Literária: quem lê também tem muito a dizer” (Tertulia literaria: quien lee también tiene mucho que decir) concibe la práctica de la lectura como una actividad propicia para el establecimiento de las relaciones interpersonales, y para que esto suceda, mantiene reuniones mensuales con el fin de socializar lecturas realizadas cada mes por los profesores e invitados mediadores. En seis años consecutivos de reuniones y diversas actividades, sigue buscando resaltar la lectura literaria como una de las lecturas que deben formar parte de la vida y por lo tanto de la trayectoria de formación docente. La experiencia del Proyecto busca romper con modelos de formación que dificultan e incluso alejan a los lectores de los libros de literatura. Este texto tiene como objetivo discutir y reflexionar acerca de aspectos de la lectura literaria que el proyecto ha revelado, en el contexto de formación de la Universidad.</p><p><strong>Palabras claves:</strong> Literatura. Lectura literaria. Formación del professorado.</p>

Since urban space is one of the important places that tourism takes place, in order to create stability in tourism, the interaction between tourism planning and urban sustainable development should be investigated with regard to cultural elements. Lifestyle is derived from culture as a social phenomenon and affects it and is a reflection of human thoughts in relation with behavior, ethics and culture. Therefore, this aim of this research is to investigate the role of lifestyle in urban tourism sustainable development in Esfahan city, the third most populous city in Iran. This research’s goal is Practical and developmental and about the origin and method, it is descriptive, analytical and casual that has been done in a field research method. The statistical populations of this research are: tourism custodians, tourism experts, national tourists who have travelled to Esfahan city and local residents of all 15 municipal districts of the city. Simple random sampling method was utilized and 838 questionnaires were gathered from 4 statistical populations. In order to analyze the data, factor analysis test was utilized by smart PLS software. The results show that there are meaningful connections among the variables “lifestyle”, “sustainable development” and “urban tourism”. The most frequent factor that was selected by respondents for the concept of lifestyle in the statistical population was sociocultural factor (such as: visiting relatives and friends and attending soirees, traditional foods and drinks festivals, the desirability of Esfahan city in order to spend leisure time, the willingness toward group entertainment). For the concept “urban tourism”, all the populations chose urban texture significantly (such as: revival of workshops for producing traditional clothes, hand-made attractions, systematizing historical areas, developing sidewalk routes, constructing modern entertaining centers and systematizing landscapes and providing equipment for parks). About the sustainable development and its multi-dimensional nature, however, different factors were selected by respondents which in order of importance and frequency are economic, environmental, urban management, sociocultural, urban texture and political factors. Among the recommendations, a few can be stated: arranging cultural plans with a focus on soiree and elders’ reunions, holding traditional and religious festivals in different parts of the city, improving the condition of the existing theme parks and diversifying leisure and entertainment facilities of Esfahan city and pitching in municipal management and being parallel with plans of different organization in city. Especially by mayoralty as a trustee for city and cultural heritage could be mentioned as a tourism trustee.

This article is the second in a three-part series on the theory and applications of a music care framework. Music is increasingly being recognized in health care as an effective psychosocial and rehabilitative intervention. Currently, there is little standardization as to how music may best be integrated into health care settings. It is the absence of standardization that prompted the authors to identify new possibilities for integrating music in health care. The purpose of this study was to explore how music could be optimized in complex rehabilitation and continuing care environments, using one such facility in Ontario, Canada, as an example. Data collection focused on the feasibility of incorporating music in care delivery by surveying stakeholders regarding the potential for music in the facility, and collecting specific ideas for the integration of music within the space. Participants’ perspectives were collected using 4 methods: design charrettes, a musical café, an electronic questionnaire and ‘idea boxes’. Data revealed participants’ perceived values and assumptions about the importance of music in care. The researchers utilized a conceptual framework of music care, which was designed to help clarify various dimensions of music in care, assist in the mapping of existing music care initiatives, and identify opportunities to optimize the use of music in care. The study concluded with site specific recommendations, which may be applicable to other health care settingsSpanishOptimizando la Música en Rehabilitación Compleja y en Cuidado Continuo y Rehabilitación; un estudio en centros de atención comunitarias.Este artículo es el segundo de una serie de tres partes sobre la teoría y aplicación de la música en el marco de atención de salud. La música está siendo altamentereconocida en las comunidades de atención de salud como una intervención psicosocial y de rehabilitación efectiva, incrementando muchos aspectos de la calidad de vida. Actualmente, existe poca estandarización sobre cómo integrar de forma eficiente a la música dentro de los objetivos de atención individual y en los centros de atención. Es esta ausencia en la estandarización la que ha llevado a los autores a desarrollar un marco conceptual de atención musical, de esta manera los variados ámbitos de la práctica que incluyen a la música pueden ser distinguidos unos de otros y pueden ser identificadas nuevas posibilidades de optimización musical en los centros de atención.El primer estudio de esta serie examina la optimización de la música en centros de atención a largo plazo en Canadá [1], el propósito del mismo es explorar como la música puede ser optimizada en ambientes de atención compleja y continua, utilizando un centro de estas características como lugar de exploración, ubicado en Ontario, Canadá. Este estudio examina la viabilidad de incorporar música dentro de la atención de este lugar mediante encuestas a sus miembros sobre como ellos evalúan el potencial de la música en la institución, y sobre ideas específicas que pueden tener sobre como optimizar la música en ese espacio. Los datos fueron tomados utilizando 4 métodos: reuniones de directorio, café musical, cuestionarios electrónicos y caja de ideas. Los investigadores desarrollaron un marco conceptual de atención musical como una herramienta de investigación, diseñada para ayudar a clarificar las dimensiones de la música en atención de salud, mapear las iniciativas existentes en atención musical y optimizar el uso de la música en atención de salud. El estudio concluye con ideas y estrategias para la optimización musical, y una lista de recomendaciones para instituciones específicas. Los datos revelan que los participantes tienen valores y suposiciones sobre la importancia de la música en atención de salud que se correlaciona con la importancia de la atención centrada en la persona.Palabras claves: atención musical, cuidado centrado en el paciente, cuidado continuo complejo, optimización musical, diez dominios de la atención musical German Optimierung von Musik in dem Gesamt der Rehabilitation und der kontinuierlichen Versorgung und Rehabilitation: eine Studie über VersorgungseinrichtungenAbstract: Dieser Artikel ist der dritte einer dreiteiligen Serie über Theorie und Anwendung eines Versorgungsrahmens mit Musik. In Versorgungs-einrichtungen wird Musik zunehmend als eine effektive psychosoziale und rehabilitative Intervention anerkannt, die viele Aspekte der Lebensqualität verbessert. Zurzeit gibt es wenig Standardisierung wie Musik am besten in individuelle Versorgungsziele und –settings integriert werden kann. Die noch nicht vorhandene Standardisierung hat die Autoren angeregt, das Konzept eines Versorgungsrahmen mit Musik zu entwickeln, so dass die verschiedenen Praxisbereiche, die Musik integrieren, voneinander unterschieden und neue Möglichkeiten, die Anwendung von Musik in der Versorgung zu optimieren, identifiziert werden können.Während die erste Studie dieser Serie die Optimierung der Musikversorgung in kanadischen Langzeitpflegeheimen [1] untersuchten, ist der Zweck dieser Studie herauszufinden, wie man Musik in komplexen Pflegeeinrichtungen optimieren könnte, dafür wurde solch eine Einrichtung in Ontario/Canada ausgewählt. Diese Studie untersuchte die Möglichkeiten, Musik in die Pflege dieser Einrichtung einzubringen, indem sie die Mitglieder dieser Gemeinschaft beobachteten, wie sie das Potential von Musik der Einrichtung einschätzen, sowie ihre spezifischen Ideen, Musik in diesem Raum zu optimieren.Die Daten wurden mithilfe von vier Methoden erhoben: Design charettes, musikalisches Café, ein elektronischer Fragebogen und Boxen für Ideen. Die Forscher entwickelten einen konzeptuellen Rahmen für die Musikversorgung als Forschungstool, der helfen soll, die Dimensionen der Musikversorgung zu klären, Initiativen zur Musikversorgung zu kategorisieren, und die Anwendung von Musik in der Pflege zu optimieren. Die Studie schließt mit Ideen und Strategien zur Optimierung der Musik und eine Liste von Vorschlägen für spezifische Einrichtungen. Die Daten enthüllt, dass die von den Teilnehmern wahrgenommenen Werte und Annahmen über die Bedeutung von Musik in der Pflege mit der Bedeutung der personen-zentrierten Pflege korrelieren. Keywords: Versorgung mit Musik, patientenzentrierte Pflege, komplexe Langzeitpflege, Optimierung von Musik, zehn Bereiche von Pflege mit Musik.ItalianOttimizzazione della musica nelle Riabilitazioni Complesse e di Cura continua: A facility community site studyQuesto è il secondo di una serie di tre articoli sulla teoria e le applicazioni della cura (riabilitazione) tramite la musica. La musica è sempre piú riconosciuta nelle comunitá di assistenza sanitaria come un efficace intervento psicosociale e riabilitativo, aumentado molti aspetti della qualitá della vita. Ad oggi c’é una leggera standardizzazione su come la musica puó essere meglio integrata per obbiettivi di cura individuale e in altri ambiti di cura. É proprio questa assenza di standardizzazione che ha portato gli autori a creare un quadro concettuale di cura con la musica, cosi i diversi scopi delle pratiche che integrano la musica possono essere distinti gli uni dagli altri, rendendo quindi possible l’ identificazione di nuove possibilitá per utilizzare la musica come cura.Mentre il primo studio ha esaminato l’ottimizzazione della cura con la musica in strutture di assistenza a lungo termine canadesi [1], lo scopo di questo studio é quello di esplorare come la musica possa essere ottimizzata in complessi ambienti di cura continua, utilizzando un impianto in Ontario, Canada, come sito di esplorazione.Questo studio ha esaminato la fattibilitá di incorporare la cura con la musica all’interno di questa struttura, sorvegliando come I membri della comunitá valutano il potenziale della musica nella struttura e su idée specifiche che potrebbero avere per ottimizzare l’uso della musica nello spazio. I dati sono stati raccolti secondo 4 metodi: * (designed charrettes, musical café, an electronic questionnaire and idea boxes). I ricercatori hanno sviluppato un quadro concettuale di cura con la musica come strumento di ricerca, progettato per aiutare a chiarire il ruolo della musica nella cura ,e ottimizzarne l’ uso. Lo studio si é concluso con idée e strategie per l’ottimizzazione della musica, e un elenco di raccomandazioni per un istituto specifico. I dati hanno rilevato valori ed ipotesi fornite dai partecipanti circa l’importanza della musica nella cura correlalandola al significato di cura incentrata sulla persona.Parole Chiave: cura tramite musicaJapanese要旨：本論文は、３部の連続した音楽ケア構造の理論と応用の第２部である。音楽は、心理社会的かつ社会復帰のための効果ある介入としてヘルスケアコニュニティーにおいてますます認知され 、QOLの多くの様相を高めている。現時点では、音楽が個人ケアの目的とケア設定の中にどのように最適に調和させられるかに関して標準化されたものはわずかである。この標準化の欠乏が著者に音楽ケアの構造概念の構築を先導した。音楽を調和した臨床の異なる機会は相互から識別されることができ、ケアの中での音楽の最適化の新しい可能性を見極めることができるかもしれない。このシリーズの第一部でカナダの長期ケア施設での音楽ケアの最適化を考察したが、この研究の目的は音楽が複雑に継続するケア環境の中でどのように最適化されるか、カナダのオンタリオの施設を実地サイトとして探求することである。本研究では、このサイトでのケアに音楽を取り入れることの可能性について、施設コミュニティーのメンバーがどのように音楽の施設内利用の可能性について評価しているか、また、どのように音楽を最適化するか特定のアイディアについて、アンケートを用いて調査した。データは、4つのメソッドを用いて収集された：デザインシャレット、ミュージカルカフェ、電子アンケート、そしてアイディアボックス。研究者達は研究ツールとしての音楽ケアの構造概念を構築し、ケアの中での音楽の重要性を明確にすることを助長するデザインをし、存在する音楽ケア構想をマッピングし、ケアの中での音楽利用を最適化した。研究は音楽の最適化のためのアイディアと方法、特定の施設のための推奨事項を含めて完結した。データは、参加者が認めた有用性と、人間中心ケアの意義とケアの相互関係の中での音楽の重要性の仮説について明らかにしている キーワード：音楽ケア、患者中心ケア、複合継続ケア、音楽最適化、音楽ケアの10の領域

La recherche, en Etudes Créoles, se fonde sur un corpus complexe de données linguistiques, sociales et historiographiques, représentatives du spectacle vivant des humoristes réunionnais, agent majeur de la tradition orale créole sur 48 années. La discussion s'instaure avec les théoriciens de l'humour (Freud S. (1905), Escarpit R. (1960) et Stora-Sandor J. (2015). Il en résulte une formalisation linguistique du champ sémantique de l'humour, ses universaux et ses spécificités créoles réunionnaises. Après Attardo, S. (1994), un nouveau schéma sémantique s'établit grâce à une relecture comparative des ouvrages lexicographiques majeurs (1972-2014). Le corpus performé de base - une sélection de 131 productions, 661 citations, issues de 59 performances scéniques (soit six heures) met en scène 119 personnages dont les répliques sont celles des humoristes : Cazal (1963), Kichenin (1965), Vabois (1979, 1990), Jardinot (1989, 1990, 2011) Mangaye et Cadet (2005), Sinaman et Faubourg (2011). Notre historiographie de l'humour à La Réunion de 1804 à 2017 confirme l'hypothèse que les formes de spectacle populaires nées de la tradition orale créole sont réinvesties par les humoristes. La langue créole de l'humour, reconstruite en dix champs sémantiques et deux cents unités lexicales, révèle une clef du lexique à la croisée de la syntaxe et de la sémantique (Staudacher-Valliamée, G., 2004, 2010). Le fonds créole commun réinvesti par la scène et les nouvelles technologies de la communication identifie une classe grammaticale d'interjections, un recours humoristique à la référenciation du signe linguistique, la mise en œuvre de 50 procédés linguistiques et culturels
The research Creole Studies is based on a complex linguistic, social and historiographical framework, represented in the live shows of Réunionese comedians, major contributors to the oral tradition across 48 years. The discussion explores the theories of humour defined by Freud S. (1905) and Stora-Standor J. (2015). Questioning the sematic schema of humour elaborated by Attardo S. (1994) a new schema, specific to the situation of Créole Réunionese, is established thanks to a comparative study of lexicographical works on Créole Réunionese (1972-2014). This thesis leads to the linguistic formalization of a semantic field of humour, with the universal and specific schemas of Réunionese Créoles. The corpus of live performances, selected from a body of 131 productions, includes 661 quotes from 59 shows, totalling 6 hours, comprised of 119 characters are from the following performers: Cazal (1963), Kichenin (1965), Vabois (1979, 1990), Jardinot (1989, 1990, 2011) Mangaye and Cadet (2005), Sinaman and Faubourg (2011). The historiography of humour in Réunion Island from 1804 to 2017 and confirms the hypothesis of a convergence between mass entertainment originating in the oral tradition and reinvented by the comedians. Créole language humour, thus reconstructed in 10 semantic fields and 200 lexical units, shows a key to the lexicon of humour at the intersection of syntactic and semantic data (Staudacher-Valliamée G., 2004, 2010). The collective Créole knowledge used on stage and in the new communication technologies identifies a grammatical class of interjection, the use of humour in referencing linguistic signs, the implementation of 50 linguistic and cultural methods

Nos recherches concernent l'apprentissage - l'enseignement de l'anglais et les modalités d'évaluation en vigueur au sein d'établissements secondaires de l'île de La Réunion, département français de l'océan Indien. II s'agit d'un milieu plurilingue, où le français demeure la langue officielle dominante et reste donc le principal médium des savoirs transmis par l'école. Bien que le créole soit parlé par une grande majorité et reconnu comme langue régionale depuis plus de deux décennies, il a du mal à acquérir une véritable place dans les institutions scolaires. Il ne cesse d'être stigmatisé et ce, même lorsqu'il renégocie ses frontières avec le français dans des productions interlectales. Rares sont les établissements scolaires de l'île qui intègrent cette réalité linguistico-culturelle et socioculturelle dans une perspective d'adaptation de l'enseignement. Dans ce contexte sociolinguistique particulier, les formes interlinguales classiques en langue anglaise, à l'école, se mêlent au créole réunionnais aussi bien à l'oral qu'à l'écrit et les productions interlectales en langue française influent sur l'apprentissage de l'anglais et sur son évaluation. L'évaluation de la compréhension de la langue anglaise, réalisée en langue française, au sein des lycées par exemple, démontre des compétences fragiles en langue française, notamment en stratégies de lecture et d'analyse qui influent à leur tour sur la compréhension de la langue étrangère et l'appropriation des savoirs dans cette langue. Les investigations qualitatives menées sur le terrain mettent ainsi en évidence l'inadéquation d'un système éducatif français monolingue exclusif, incompatible avec les spécificités sociolinguistiques des apprenants de La Réunion
Our research deals with English language teaching and learning, and the effective assessment modalities in secondary schools situated in Reunion Island, a French overseas department in the Indian Ocean. It is a multilingual milieu where French remains the dominant official academic language and the main medium of knowledge transmitted by school. Although creole is spoken by most of the population and has been recognized as a regional language for more than two decades, the language is still struggling for acceptance in educational settings. It continues to be stigmatized, even though its boundaries with the French language through interlectal productions are constantly being renegotiated. The schools rarely adopt this cultural linguistic and sociocultural reality aiming at a new perspective of teaching adaptation. Reunionese creole language orally as well as in the written language; moreover, French interlectal productions have an impact on English teaching and on its assessment. For example, fragile French language skills, particularly in reading and analyzing strategies are revealed by assessing the English language comprehension skills from French language in High schools. These low French skills consequently have a significant influence on understanding a foreign language and acquiring knowledge in this new language. The mainly qualitative investigations achieved in this environment highlight the incompatibility between an exclusive monolingual French educational system and the specific sociolinguistic patterns of the Reunionese learners

Cette thèse porte sur l'histoire et les formes de la poésie en langue créole à La Réunion et à Maurice. Elle propose de faire le point sur l'émergence, l'élaboration, la circulation et la réception d'un genre littéraire polymorphe qui occupe une place essentielle dans les productions artistiques des territoires créoles. L'objectif est de caractériser les rapports qu'entretiennent des poèmes considérés comme novateurs avec les sociétés, fondamentalement travaillées par des processus de créolisations (linguistique, littéraire, culturelle), qui les produisent. Afin d'observer le passage à l'écriture littéraire en langue créole, des origines à aujourd'hui, les formes poétiques – qu'elles soient thématiques, énonciatives, formelles, discursives ou encore intertextuelles – sont systématiquement replacées dans leurs mouvements historiques et dans leurs contextes d'énonciation. Face à des productions qui manipulent des références et des filiations en prise directe sur leurs espaces insulaires et sur leurs pratiques anthropologiques, les notions, ailleurs courantes, de poème, de poète, d'écriture et de lecteur demandent, parce qu'elles sont chargées, dans les faits, d'autres dynamiques, à être redéfinies
This thesis examines the history and types of creole poetry in La Reunion and Mauritius. It proposes to summarise the emergence, elaboration, circulation and reception of a type of a polymorphous literary type which plays a vital role in the artistic creativity of the creole islands. The objective is to establish a link between those poems, regarded as innovative, and the nations (La Reunion and Mauritius) in which they are written. These nations are fundamentally shaped by this process of ‘Creolization’. In order to observe the transition to literary writing in creole, from its origins to today, the poetic forms whether thematic, enunciatively, formal, discursive or intertextual, are systematically placed in their historical and enunciative context. With works that manipulate references and links to their own island and their anthropological practice, the concepts, otherwise common, of poem, poet, writing and reader need other dynamics to be redefined

While the Disruption marked the culmination of over a century of schism within Scottish Presbyterianism, the decade followed saw a series of reunions with Presbyterian dissent. This chapter covers three major events: the 1847 ‘voluntary’ union between the United Secession and Relief churches; the 1852 merger of the establishmentarian Original Secession Church into the Free Church; and the 1857 resolutions to unite the Free and United Presbyterian churches. Though the unions of 1847 and 1852 were on the surface based on competing voluntary and establishment principles respectively, this chapter argues that a dissenting (but not voluntary) and a national (but not strictly establishmentarian) viewpoint emerged from these unions that paved the way for the albeit failed attempt to secure broader dissenting union in 1857, which would in essence create a national dissenting church to truly rival and possibly overtake the Established Church. While historians have generally tended to overlook these church unions, they offer valuable insight into the development of Presbyterian dissent after 1843. This chapter, and the section in general, places greater emphasis on inter-church co-operation within Scottish dissent between 1843 and 1863, and attempts to explain the background to the 1863 negotiations.