Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Rural Haiti »

Orientador: Silvia Beatriz Adoue<br>Resumo: No contexto econômico e político em que se encontra o Haiti nos dias atuais, a ajuda que se oferece ali está diretamente ligada ao projeto de sociedade que pretende se desenvolver e esse espaço está em disputa. A agricultura haitiana absorve grandes esforços na recuperação do país, embora esses esforços sejam pouco eficientes na promoção da soberania alimentar naquele país. Para entender qual papel desempenham as diversas concepções de cooperação internacional e qual seus efeitos sobre a vida das pessoas, fizemos um resgate histórico da situação haitiana, abordando a forma como se deu a ocupação e colonização da ilha, os reflexos da primeira revolução vitoriosa de trabalhadores escravizados e como se desenvolveu o capitalismo dependente haitiano. A forma violenta como foi implantado, por meio de endividamento, golpes de estado e da longa ditadura Duvalier, excluiu uma grande massa de trabalhadores desse processo, que se concentraram nas montanhas, a garantir seu sustento, ou migraram, para garantir a reprodução de sua vida. A agricultura desenvolvida nos montes é dependente da natureza, pois as tecnologias não estão disponíveis para implantação nas pequenas posses haitianas, ela por sua vez dá sinais de esgotamento, iminência da catástrofe. Para garantir sua sobrevivência, as formas de organização do povo haitiano e sua cultura em si, o Kreyol, o Vodou e o Lakou, podem ser importantes instrumentos para construção da resistência haitiana, desde que organizados sob uma perspect... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Mestre

Rural Haiti provides an excellent case to study the human security crisis threatening women. Haitian women are often single mothers, leading average households of 4-6. In elected positions, female leadership is seldom recognized. With only 3.5% of parliament comprised of female leaders, policies decided at the state level seldom address the challenges women face in the countryside (HDI, 2017). Haiti has the highest mortality rate for children below the age of 5 and expectant mothers in the Western Hemisphere (WHO, 2017). This crisis is a significant one. When a mother struggles, both her life and her child's are threatened. Yet the human security crisis is not all we can learn from rural Haiti. We can also examine the unique ways women have chosen to respond to this crisis and the potential for female democratic agency. There is a significant lack of elected female officials in Haiti. This fact invites us to consider the impact rural Haitian females, such as the famn chay, are potentially making in Haiti. Famn chay are traditional birth attendants who assist mothers in their home deliveries. They are also first responders in times of crisis, providing meals to hungry families and using their collective resources to benefit children in need. Some famn chay, I suggest, are promoting an innovative form of democratic agency through their local community council, konsey kominote. Such form of agency does not focus on formal mechanisms of representation. Instead, threatened by growing social and income inequalities, this particular group has chosen to organize to address the human security crisis currently threatening women in rural Haiti.<br>MA<br>The human security crisis threatening women and children in rural Haiti has motivated Haitian traditional birth attendants known as the famn chay, to generate a response relative to the crisis and generate social change. This crisis is a significant one. When a mother struggles in childbirth, both the life of her and her child’s are threatened. Women in rural Haiti also face gender and economic inequalities. Despite these realities, the famn chay have chosen to mobilize and create what is known as a konsey kominote. Konsey kominote are community groups found throughout rural Haiti and are a key entry points for citizen engagement for many rural Haitians. This study seeks to examine the unique ways the famn chay have chosen to respond to the crisis through their konsey kominote and the potential for female democratic agency. There is a significant lack of elected female officials in Haiti. The historical roots of female gender discrimination stretch as far back as Haiti’s independence. By researching the impact rural Haitian females, such as the famn chay, are making in Haiti, we can begin to discover the potential for female democratic agency existing in rural Haiti.

Submitted by LIVIA MORENA BRANTES BEZERRA (morena.livia@gmail.com) on 2016-09-30T13:28:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LIVIA MORENA modificada.pdf: 2469924 bytes, checksum: cdf6b1987814b144cae190483805c16b (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-10-04T12:40:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 bezerra_lmb_me_ippri.pdf: 2469924 bytes, checksum: cdf6b1987814b144cae190483805c16b (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-04T12:40:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 bezerra_lmb_me_ippri.pdf: 2469924 bytes, checksum: cdf6b1987814b144cae190483805c16b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-24<br>Nan contèks ekonomik ak politik nap jwenn Ayiti jounen jodiya, èd yo konn ofri là ap liye dirèkman nan pwojè sosiyete yo vle devlople epi espas sa a se an diskisyon li ye. Agrikilti ayisyen an absòbe anpil jefò nan rekiperasyon peyi a, malgre jefò sa yo pa tèlman efikaz pou ankoraje soverente alimantè nan peyi a. Pou nou kapab konpran ki wòl jwe pliziè pwen de vi sou kowoperasyon entenasyonal la epi ki efè yo genyen nan lavi moun yo, nou fè yon revizyon istorik sou sitiasyon ayisyen, ki abòde jann okipasyon ak kolonizasyon te fè nan zile a, refleksyon pou la premye revolisyon viktorye fèt pou travayè esklav yo epi koman kapitalis depandan ayisyen an te devlope. Jan violan li te deplwaye, a dèt, koudetà epi long diktati Duvalier, tout sa yo mete deyò yon gwo mas travayè, ki te konsantre nan mòn yo, oubyen yo te migre, pou garanti mwayen pou yo viv. Agrikilti kap devlope nan mòn yo se depandan lanati li ye, paske teknoloji yo pa disponib pou yo mete kanpe li nan ti pòs tè ayisyen. Mètnan agrikilti sa a bay si fatig, iminans catastwòf la. Pou garanti mwayen pou yo viv, fòm oganizasyon pèp ayisyen yo ak kilti tèt li, Kreyol, Vodou ak Lakou, se zouti enpòtan pou konstwi rezistans ayisyen, depi yo oganize nan yon pèrspektiv liberasyon, pa de opresyon, tankou yo te itilize nan tann ki sot pase yo. Fòk nou rekonèt epi valorize yo. Prezans entenasyonal an Ayiti lap defye, sitou sou wòl li jwe nan rekonstriksyon, wòl yo pwoklame, men yo pajanm reyalize. ONG yo ak Entenasyonal Kominote, kap travay pou diminye prekarizasyon lavi pèp ayisyen, ap apeze opresyon tipik kapital la, fonksyone tankou zouti kominote por neyoliberalism La, epi yo pa sous finansman ak fòmasyon, ki kapab fè enfliyans resistans ayisyen an. Ensenble peyi Sid yo kapab enfliyans peyizaj sa a, depi yap voye kontenjan militè yo pou yo antretyen lòd la, atravè Misyon Nasyonzini yo.Pandan sa a, Mouvman Sosyal yo ki konpran ke fòk fè pouse solidarite ant pèp yo, yo chèche egzèsis li, yap etabli lyen ant yo epi yap chanje eksperians, kapasite, fòmasyon ak travay. Se konsa Via Campesina te ne, epi se konsa li etabli nan Amerik Latin nan, espesyalman an Ayiti. Se sa yo ki gwo diferans ant aksyon ki emplwaye pou kowoperasyon entenasyonal la ak solidarite ouvriye yo: entansyon, pratik ak objèktif yo.<br>No contexto econômico e político em que se encontra o Haiti nos dias atuais, a ajuda que se oferece ali está diretamente ligada ao projeto de sociedade que pretende se desenvolver e esse espaço está em disputa. A agricultura haitiana absorve grandes esforços na recuperação do país, embora esses esforços sejam pouco eficientes na promoção da soberania alimentar naquele país. Para entender qual papel desempenham as diversas concepções de cooperação internacional e qual seus efeitos sobre a vida das pessoas, fizemos um resgate histórico da situação haitiana, abordando a forma como se deu a ocupação e colonização da ilha, os reflexos da primeira revolução vitoriosa de trabalhadores escravizados e como se desenvolveu o capitalismo dependente haitiano. A forma violenta como foi implantado, por meio de endividamento, golpes de estado e da longa ditadura Duvalier, excluiu uma grande massa de trabalhadores desse processo, que se concentraram nas montanhas, a garantir seu sustento, ou migraram, para garantir a reprodução de sua vida. A agricultura desenvolvida nos montes é dependente da natureza, pois as tecnologias não estão disponíveis para implantação nas pequenas posses haitianas, ela por sua vez dá sinais de esgotamento, iminência da catástrofe. Para garantir sua sobrevivência, as formas de organização do povo haitiano e sua cultura em si, o Kreyol, o Vodou e o Lakou, podem ser importantes instrumentos para construção da resistência haitiana, desde que organizados sob uma perspectiva libertadora, e não opressora, como já foram utilizados em outras épocas. É preciso reconhecê-los e valorizá-los. A atuação Internacional no Haiti tem sido contestada, principalmente quanto ao seu papel reconstrutor, tão clamado, mas raramente realizado. As ONGs e a Internacional Comunitária, trabalhando para diminuir a precariedade em que vive o povo haitiano, aplacando a opressão típica do capital, funcionam como instrumentos comunitários do neoliberalismo e não como fontes de recursos e formação capazes de influenciar na resistência haitiana. O conjunto de países do Sul também influencia nesse cenário, fornecendo contingentes militares para manutenção da Ordem, através das Missões das Nações Unidas. Os movimentos sociais, por sua vez, entendendo que deve haver uma crescente solidariedade entre os povos, buscam exercitá-la, estabelecendo laços entre si e trocando experiências, capacidades, formação e trabalho. Assim nasce a Via Campesina, e assim se estabelece na América Latina, e especialmente no Haiti. Essa é a grande diferença entre as ações empregadas pela cooperação internacional e a solidariedade proletária: as intenções, práticas e objetivos.<br>In the economical and political context in which we found Haiti nowadays, the help offered there is directly linked to the project of society intended to be developed, and this space is in dispute. The Haitian agriculture absorbs great efforts in the recovery of the country, although these efforts tend to be inefficient in the promotion of the food sovereignty there. To understand the role of a variety of conceptions of international cooperation and what are their effects over the life of the people, we have make a historical rescue of the Haitian situation, addressing the way how occupation and colonization of the island occurred, the reflections of the first victorious revolution of slavered workers and how has the Haitian dependent capitalism developed. The violent way it was implemented, through debt, coups d’état, and with the long Duvalier dictatorship, excluded a great mass of workers, who concentrated in the mountains, ensuring their livelihood, or migrated ensuring the reproduction of their lives. The agriculture they develop in the mountains depends on the nature, once the technologies are not available to be used in the little Haitian ownerships. Meanwhile, nature gives signs of exhaustion, impending catastrophe. In order to guarantee their survival, the ways Haitian people organize themselves and their culture itself, the Kreyol, the Vodou and the Lakou, can be important instruments to build the Haitian resistance, if they’re organized by a liberating perspective, not oppressing, like it was used in the past. We need to recognize them and enrich them. The international acting in Haiti has been contested, mainly because it's rebuilding so claimed role is rarely accomplished. The NGOs and the Communal International, working to reduce the precariousness in which Haitian people live, placating typical oppression of capital, behave like communal instruments of neoliberalism and not like funding and education sources, capable of actuate in the Haitian resistance. The ensemble of the South countries also accounts for this scenario, sending military contingents to maintain the order, through United Nations Missions. Meanwhile, social movements, knowing that there must be a growing solidarity between the people, search to exercise it, establishing links between them and exchanging experiences, capacities, education and work. That is how Via Campesina is born, and that is how it establishes through Latin America, especially in Haiti. Those are the great differences between the actions employed by the international cooperation and the proletarian solidarity: the intentions, the actions and the goals.<br>En el contexto económico y político en que se encuentra Haití actualmente, la ayuda que se ofrece allí está directamente enlazada al proyecto de sociedad que se busca desarrollar y ese espacio está en disputa. La agricultura haitiana absorbe grandes esfuerzos en la recuperación del país, aún que ellos sean poco eficaces en la búsqueda de la soberanía alimentar en aquel país. Para comprender cuál es el juego de roles de los diversos conceptos de cooperación internacional y cual son sus efectos sobre la vida de las personas, hicimos un rescate histórico de la situación haitiana, como se pasan la ocupación y la colonización de la isla, los reflejos de la primera revolución victoriosa de trabajadores esclavizados y como se desarrolló el capitalismo dependiente haitiano. La forma violenta como fue implantado, por medio del endeudamiento, golpes de estado y de la longa dictadura Duvalier, excluyó una gran masa de trabajadores, que se concentraran en las montañas, a garantizar su sustento, o migraran, para asegurar la reproducción de su vida. La agricultura hecha en los montes es dependiente de la naturaleza, porque las tecnologías no están disponibles en las pequeñas tenencias haitianas, ella por su parte da señales de agotamiento, inminencia de la catástrofe. Para garantizar su sobrevivencia, las formas de organización del pueblo haitiano e su cultura en si, el Kreyol, el Vodou y el Lakou, poden ser importantes instrumentos para la construcción de la resistencia haitiana, siempre que organizados bajo una perspectiva libertadora, y no opresora, como han sido ya utilizados. Se hace necesario reconocerlos y valorizarlos. La actuación internacional en Haití ha sido contestada, principalmente cuanto a su rol reconstructor, tan clamado, pero raramente cumplido. Las ONGs y la Internacional Comunitaria, trabajando para disminuir la precariedad en que vive el pueblo haitiano, apaciguando la opresión típica del capital, funcionan como instrumentos comunitarios del neoliberalismo y no como fuentes de recursos y formación capaces de influenciar la resistencia haitiana. El conjunto de países del Sur también influencia este escenario, forneciendo contingentes militares para manutención de la orden, por medio de las Misiones de las Naciones Unidas. Los movimientos sociales, por su lado, comprendiendo que debe haber una creciente solidaridad entre los pueblos, buscan ejercitarla, estableciendo lazos entre si y cambiando experiencias, capacidades, formación y trabajo. Así nasce la Vía Campesina, y así se establece en la América Latina, y especialmente en Haití. Esa es la gran diferencia entre las acciones empleadas por la cooperación internacional y la solidaridad proletaria: las intenciones, prácticas y objetivos.

This present research has investigated the perceptions of Haitians regarding social, economic and environmental impacts which tourism development might have in rural area of Haiti. Three sites were chosen as low, moderate and high regarding their increased flow of visitors annually. The researcher used the ethnographer's approach where a domain analysis was built by gathering data from local people. This domain analysis was then tested by interviewing more local people. A population of eighty vacationers (adults, students and professionals) randomly chosen was surveyed. Nonparametric tests were used to analyze collected data during the summer of 2003 in Haiti. The perceptions of locals become more positive (or negative) with the increased flow of visitors. The perceptions of vacationers about social impacts of tourism were more negative among older vacationers rather than younger vacationers. Locals and vacationers had different perceptions toward the future development of tourism in rural Haiti.<br>Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management

This dissertation applies the theoretical perspective of gender relations and develops methods to understand and analyze the movement of women from the center of social systems to its margins when these systems are undergoing rapid socio-economic and political change. This research responded to the pressing need for the application of newer, more appropriate theoretical and methodological perspectives to examine shifting power relations between women and men in areas undergoing transformation. In the case study, I investigate the locus of power in a system of cooperatives in the Departement du Nord, Haiti and discover how and why female members are being relegated to the periphery of this development programme. I find that a system of gender-based social power is causing unequal opportunities and oppressive power relations for female members in the cooperatives. I analyze how and why this system of social power causes conflict when the interests of female and male members differ in the cooperatives and I explore strategies for change. This dissertation also contributes to a greater understanding of the power dynamics which exist when one group holds different preferences and practices to the dominant group whose framework is the one considered acceptable in the society.

Thesis (M.P.H.)--Georgia State University, 2008.<br>Title from file title page. Richard Rothenberg, committee chair; John Beltrami, Michael Eriksen, committee members. Electronic text (111 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Aug. 22, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-73).

Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2004.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaf 24).<br>This paper describes the design and implementation of a solar power system for a school and health center in Petit-Anse, Haiti. The end-use applications are lighting via a set of fluorescent and incandescent bulbs, and a coolbox for medical refrigeration at the health center. The power is derived from five 120W photovoltaic BP Solar panel units. The author and colleagues traveled to Petit-Anse in January 2002, and a final implementation plan for the Spring of 2004, describing budget, team development, and itinerary is described.<br>by Shaheer M. Hussam.<br>S.B.

Heart failure is a final common pathway of many cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which together represent the leading causes of death and DALYs worldwide. The limited existing data on heart failure in low-income countries demonstrate a set of etiologies distinct from high-income countries and a significant burden of disease caused by these etiologies. In this study, we focus on post-discharge outpatient follow-up characteristics for patients admitted to a hospital in rural Haiti with heart failure to better understand factors influencing retention in chronic disease management and ultimately improve the heart failure care delivery model in rural Haiti. This study is a retrospective cohort analysis of patients (≥18 years old) admitted to Mirebalais University Hospital (HUM) with a primary diagnosis of heart failure between October 2013 and September 2014. Data on heart failure etiology, inpatient mortality rates, readmission rates, post-discharge “linkage” (30-day) and “retention” (60-day) to outpatient heart failure follow-up care at HUM, and demographic data (age, sex, and distance from HUM as approximated by referral zones) were collected and analyzed in this study. A total of 311 patients met eligibility criteria. The average age of patients admitted with heart failure was 53, with nearly 1 out of 3 patients admitted under the age of 40 years. Of the 88% of patients who survived admission, 37% (n=101) returned for outpatient follow-up at HUM within 30 days of discharge, and 48% of these patients (n=48) returned for a second follow-up appointment within 60 days post-discharge. Stratifying post-discharge patients into 4 geographic zones of ascending distance from HUM demonstrated decreasing “linkage” to care rates with distance from the HUM clinic (45%, 39%, 35%, and 25%, respectively). Distance from HUM represents one likely factor influencing the low 30-, 60-, and 90-day outpatient follow-up rates observed in this study. This observation fits into a broader set of literature on chronic disease management in rural Haiti indicating that structural barriers to care, such as the economic burdens associated with increasing distance from outpatient care, require close attention and intervention to improve chronic disease management for conditions like heart failure in rural Haiti and other similar settings globally.

This dissertation makes use of data from three large and detailed rural household surveys conducted in Haiti to examine elements of economic behavior in poor rural households. We use the earliest survey to formulate a set of hypotheses and use statistical meta-analysis to test them against all three surveys. Results in the areas of household vulnerability, form, migration, and education contribute to theory-refinement in Economic Anthropology.

“Sovereignty and Soil” analyses how agricultural labor and the non-adoption of soil conservation strategies becomes a site of resistance to the impositions of foreign aid. Throughout Haiti’s agricultural and environmental history, foreign intervention has laid claim to the trees and crops of Haiti, and in doing so has threatened the very stuff of sovereignty: Haiti’s soil. Not only is it important to consider the history of agricultural extraction in Haiti, it is equally important to consider the efforts of international aid that ostensibly attempt to rectify such ills. This contemporary ethnographic research details how environmental aid projects have unsuccessfully attempted to use Haiti’s collective labor groups as a site for individualized wage labor incentives. The impositions of individualized wage labor are in stark contrast to the way that Haitian cooperative labor groups work for group rather than individual benefit. Ultimately, this article documents how long held agricultural practices are continuing assertions of rural solidarity.