Thèses sur le sujet « Rural Haiti »

Orientador: Silvia Beatriz Adoue<br>Resumo: No contexto econômico e político em que se encontra o Haiti nos dias atuais, a ajuda que se oferece ali está diretamente ligada ao projeto de sociedade que pretende se desenvolver e esse espaço está em disputa. A agricultura haitiana absorve grandes esforços na recuperação do país, embora esses esforços sejam pouco eficientes na promoção da soberania alimentar naquele país. Para entender qual papel desempenham as diversas concepções de cooperação internacional e qual seus efeitos sobre a vida das pessoas, fizemos um resgate histórico da situação haitiana, abordando a forma como se deu a ocupação e colonização da ilha, os reflexos da primeira revolução vitoriosa de trabalhadores escravizados e como se desenvolveu o capitalismo dependente haitiano. A forma violenta como foi implantado, por meio de endividamento, golpes de estado e da longa ditadura Duvalier, excluiu uma grande massa de trabalhadores desse processo, que se concentraram nas montanhas, a garantir seu sustento, ou migraram, para garantir a reprodução de sua vida. A agricultura desenvolvida nos montes é dependente da natureza, pois as tecnologias não estão disponíveis para implantação nas pequenas posses haitianas, ela por sua vez dá sinais de esgotamento, iminência da catástrofe. Para garantir sua sobrevivência, as formas de organização do povo haitiano e sua cultura em si, o Kreyol, o Vodou e o Lakou, podem ser importantes instrumentos para construção da resistência haitiana, desde que organizados sob uma perspect... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Mestre

Rural Haiti provides an excellent case to study the human security crisis threatening women. Haitian women are often single mothers, leading average households of 4-6. In elected positions, female leadership is seldom recognized. With only 3.5% of parliament comprised of female leaders, policies decided at the state level seldom address the challenges women face in the countryside (HDI, 2017). Haiti has the highest mortality rate for children below the age of 5 and expectant mothers in the Western Hemisphere (WHO, 2017). This crisis is a significant one. When a mother struggles, both her life and her child's are threatened. Yet the human security crisis is not all we can learn from rural Haiti. We can also examine the unique ways women have chosen to respond to this crisis and the potential for female democratic agency. There is a significant lack of elected female officials in Haiti. This fact invites us to consider the impact rural Haitian females, such as the famn chay, are potentially making in Haiti. Famn chay are traditional birth attendants who assist mothers in their home deliveries. They are also first responders in times of crisis, providing meals to hungry families and using their collective resources to benefit children in need. Some famn chay, I suggest, are promoting an innovative form of democratic agency through their local community council, konsey kominote. Such form of agency does not focus on formal mechanisms of representation. Instead, threatened by growing social and income inequalities, this particular group has chosen to organize to address the human security crisis currently threatening women in rural Haiti.<br>MA<br>The human security crisis threatening women and children in rural Haiti has motivated Haitian traditional birth attendants known as the famn chay, to generate a response relative to the crisis and generate social change. This crisis is a significant one. When a mother struggles in childbirth, both the life of her and her child’s are threatened. Women in rural Haiti also face gender and economic inequalities. Despite these realities, the famn chay have chosen to mobilize and create what is known as a konsey kominote. Konsey kominote are community groups found throughout rural Haiti and are a key entry points for citizen engagement for many rural Haitians. This study seeks to examine the unique ways the famn chay have chosen to respond to the crisis through their konsey kominote and the potential for female democratic agency. There is a significant lack of elected female officials in Haiti. The historical roots of female gender discrimination stretch as far back as Haiti’s independence. By researching the impact rural Haitian females, such as the famn chay, are making in Haiti, we can begin to discover the potential for female democratic agency existing in rural Haiti.

Submitted by LIVIA MORENA BRANTES BEZERRA (morena.livia@gmail.com) on 2016-09-30T13:28:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LIVIA MORENA modificada.pdf: 2469924 bytes, checksum: cdf6b1987814b144cae190483805c16b (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-10-04T12:40:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 bezerra_lmb_me_ippri.pdf: 2469924 bytes, checksum: cdf6b1987814b144cae190483805c16b (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-04T12:40:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 bezerra_lmb_me_ippri.pdf: 2469924 bytes, checksum: cdf6b1987814b144cae190483805c16b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-24<br>Nan contèks ekonomik ak politik nap jwenn Ayiti jounen jodiya, èd yo konn ofri là ap liye dirèkman nan pwojè sosiyete yo vle devlople epi espas sa a se an diskisyon li ye. Agrikilti ayisyen an absòbe anpil jefò nan rekiperasyon peyi a, malgre jefò sa yo pa tèlman efikaz pou ankoraje soverente alimantè nan peyi a. Pou nou kapab konpran ki wòl jwe pliziè pwen de vi sou kowoperasyon entenasyonal la epi ki efè yo genyen nan lavi moun yo, nou fè yon revizyon istorik sou sitiasyon ayisyen, ki abòde jann okipasyon ak kolonizasyon te fè nan zile a, refleksyon pou la premye revolisyon viktorye fèt pou travayè esklav yo epi koman kapitalis depandan ayisyen an te devlope. Jan violan li te deplwaye, a dèt, koudetà epi long diktati Duvalier, tout sa yo mete deyò yon gwo mas travayè, ki te konsantre nan mòn yo, oubyen yo te migre, pou garanti mwayen pou yo viv. Agrikilti kap devlope nan mòn yo se depandan lanati li ye, paske teknoloji yo pa disponib pou yo mete kanpe li nan ti pòs tè ayisyen. Mètnan agrikilti sa a bay si fatig, iminans catastwòf la. Pou garanti mwayen pou yo viv, fòm oganizasyon pèp ayisyen yo ak kilti tèt li, Kreyol, Vodou ak Lakou, se zouti enpòtan pou konstwi rezistans ayisyen, depi yo oganize nan yon pèrspektiv liberasyon, pa de opresyon, tankou yo te itilize nan tann ki sot pase yo. Fòk nou rekonèt epi valorize yo. Prezans entenasyonal an Ayiti lap defye, sitou sou wòl li jwe nan rekonstriksyon, wòl yo pwoklame, men yo pajanm reyalize. ONG yo ak Entenasyonal Kominote, kap travay pou diminye prekarizasyon lavi pèp ayisyen, ap apeze opresyon tipik kapital la, fonksyone tankou zouti kominote por neyoliberalism La, epi yo pa sous finansman ak fòmasyon, ki kapab fè enfliyans resistans ayisyen an. Ensenble peyi Sid yo kapab enfliyans peyizaj sa a, depi yap voye kontenjan militè yo pou yo antretyen lòd la, atravè Misyon Nasyonzini yo.Pandan sa a, Mouvman Sosyal yo ki konpran ke fòk fè pouse solidarite ant pèp yo, yo chèche egzèsis li, yap etabli lyen ant yo epi yap chanje eksperians, kapasite, fòmasyon ak travay. Se konsa Via Campesina te ne, epi se konsa li etabli nan Amerik Latin nan, espesyalman an Ayiti. Se sa yo ki gwo diferans ant aksyon ki emplwaye pou kowoperasyon entenasyonal la ak solidarite ouvriye yo: entansyon, pratik ak objèktif yo.<br>No contexto econômico e político em que se encontra o Haiti nos dias atuais, a ajuda que se oferece ali está diretamente ligada ao projeto de sociedade que pretende se desenvolver e esse espaço está em disputa. A agricultura haitiana absorve grandes esforços na recuperação do país, embora esses esforços sejam pouco eficientes na promoção da soberania alimentar naquele país. Para entender qual papel desempenham as diversas concepções de cooperação internacional e qual seus efeitos sobre a vida das pessoas, fizemos um resgate histórico da situação haitiana, abordando a forma como se deu a ocupação e colonização da ilha, os reflexos da primeira revolução vitoriosa de trabalhadores escravizados e como se desenvolveu o capitalismo dependente haitiano. A forma violenta como foi implantado, por meio de endividamento, golpes de estado e da longa ditadura Duvalier, excluiu uma grande massa de trabalhadores desse processo, que se concentraram nas montanhas, a garantir seu sustento, ou migraram, para garantir a reprodução de sua vida. A agricultura desenvolvida nos montes é dependente da natureza, pois as tecnologias não estão disponíveis para implantação nas pequenas posses haitianas, ela por sua vez dá sinais de esgotamento, iminência da catástrofe. Para garantir sua sobrevivência, as formas de organização do povo haitiano e sua cultura em si, o Kreyol, o Vodou e o Lakou, podem ser importantes instrumentos para construção da resistência haitiana, desde que organizados sob uma perspectiva libertadora, e não opressora, como já foram utilizados em outras épocas. É preciso reconhecê-los e valorizá-los. A atuação Internacional no Haiti tem sido contestada, principalmente quanto ao seu papel reconstrutor, tão clamado, mas raramente realizado. As ONGs e a Internacional Comunitária, trabalhando para diminuir a precariedade em que vive o povo haitiano, aplacando a opressão típica do capital, funcionam como instrumentos comunitários do neoliberalismo e não como fontes de recursos e formação capazes de influenciar na resistência haitiana. O conjunto de países do Sul também influencia nesse cenário, fornecendo contingentes militares para manutenção da Ordem, através das Missões das Nações Unidas. Os movimentos sociais, por sua vez, entendendo que deve haver uma crescente solidariedade entre os povos, buscam exercitá-la, estabelecendo laços entre si e trocando experiências, capacidades, formação e trabalho. Assim nasce a Via Campesina, e assim se estabelece na América Latina, e especialmente no Haiti. Essa é a grande diferença entre as ações empregadas pela cooperação internacional e a solidariedade proletária: as intenções, práticas e objetivos.<br>In the economical and political context in which we found Haiti nowadays, the help offered there is directly linked to the project of society intended to be developed, and this space is in dispute. The Haitian agriculture absorbs great efforts in the recovery of the country, although these efforts tend to be inefficient in the promotion of the food sovereignty there. To understand the role of a variety of conceptions of international cooperation and what are their effects over the life of the people, we have make a historical rescue of the Haitian situation, addressing the way how occupation and colonization of the island occurred, the reflections of the first victorious revolution of slavered workers and how has the Haitian dependent capitalism developed. The violent way it was implemented, through debt, coups d’état, and with the long Duvalier dictatorship, excluded a great mass of workers, who concentrated in the mountains, ensuring their livelihood, or migrated ensuring the reproduction of their lives. The agriculture they develop in the mountains depends on the nature, once the technologies are not available to be used in the little Haitian ownerships. Meanwhile, nature gives signs of exhaustion, impending catastrophe. In order to guarantee their survival, the ways Haitian people organize themselves and their culture itself, the Kreyol, the Vodou and the Lakou, can be important instruments to build the Haitian resistance, if they’re organized by a liberating perspective, not oppressing, like it was used in the past. We need to recognize them and enrich them. The international acting in Haiti has been contested, mainly because it's rebuilding so claimed role is rarely accomplished. The NGOs and the Communal International, working to reduce the precariousness in which Haitian people live, placating typical oppression of capital, behave like communal instruments of neoliberalism and not like funding and education sources, capable of actuate in the Haitian resistance. The ensemble of the South countries also accounts for this scenario, sending military contingents to maintain the order, through United Nations Missions. Meanwhile, social movements, knowing that there must be a growing solidarity between the people, search to exercise it, establishing links between them and exchanging experiences, capacities, education and work. That is how Via Campesina is born, and that is how it establishes through Latin America, especially in Haiti. Those are the great differences between the actions employed by the international cooperation and the proletarian solidarity: the intentions, the actions and the goals.<br>En el contexto económico y político en que se encuentra Haití actualmente, la ayuda que se ofrece allí está directamente enlazada al proyecto de sociedad que se busca desarrollar y ese espacio está en disputa. La agricultura haitiana absorbe grandes esfuerzos en la recuperación del país, aún que ellos sean poco eficaces en la búsqueda de la soberanía alimentar en aquel país. Para comprender cuál es el juego de roles de los diversos conceptos de cooperación internacional y cual son sus efectos sobre la vida de las personas, hicimos un rescate histórico de la situación haitiana, como se pasan la ocupación y la colonización de la isla, los reflejos de la primera revolución victoriosa de trabajadores esclavizados y como se desarrolló el capitalismo dependiente haitiano. La forma violenta como fue implantado, por medio del endeudamiento, golpes de estado y de la longa dictadura Duvalier, excluyó una gran masa de trabajadores, que se concentraran en las montañas, a garantizar su sustento, o migraran, para asegurar la reproducción de su vida. La agricultura hecha en los montes es dependiente de la naturaleza, porque las tecnologías no están disponibles en las pequeñas tenencias haitianas, ella por su parte da señales de agotamiento, inminencia de la catástrofe. Para garantizar su sobrevivencia, las formas de organización del pueblo haitiano e su cultura en si, el Kreyol, el Vodou y el Lakou, poden ser importantes instrumentos para la construcción de la resistencia haitiana, siempre que organizados bajo una perspectiva libertadora, y no opresora, como han sido ya utilizados. Se hace necesario reconocerlos y valorizarlos. La actuación internacional en Haití ha sido contestada, principalmente cuanto a su rol reconstructor, tan clamado, pero raramente cumplido. Las ONGs y la Internacional Comunitaria, trabajando para disminuir la precariedad en que vive el pueblo haitiano, apaciguando la opresión típica del capital, funcionan como instrumentos comunitarios del neoliberalismo y no como fuentes de recursos y formación capaces de influenciar la resistencia haitiana. El conjunto de países del Sur también influencia este escenario, forneciendo contingentes militares para manutención de la orden, por medio de las Misiones de las Naciones Unidas. Los movimientos sociales, por su lado, comprendiendo que debe haber una creciente solidaridad entre los pueblos, buscan ejercitarla, estableciendo lazos entre si y cambiando experiencias, capacidades, formación y trabajo. Así nasce la Vía Campesina, y así se establece en la América Latina, y especialmente en Haití. Esa es la gran diferencia entre las acciones empleadas por la cooperación internacional y la solidaridad proletaria: las intenciones, prácticas y objetivos.

This present research has investigated the perceptions of Haitians regarding social, economic and environmental impacts which tourism development might have in rural area of Haiti. Three sites were chosen as low, moderate and high regarding their increased flow of visitors annually. The researcher used the ethnographer's approach where a domain analysis was built by gathering data from local people. This domain analysis was then tested by interviewing more local people. A population of eighty vacationers (adults, students and professionals) randomly chosen was surveyed. Nonparametric tests were used to analyze collected data during the summer of 2003 in Haiti. The perceptions of locals become more positive (or negative) with the increased flow of visitors. The perceptions of vacationers about social impacts of tourism were more negative among older vacationers rather than younger vacationers. Locals and vacationers had different perceptions toward the future development of tourism in rural Haiti.<br>Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management

This dissertation applies the theoretical perspective of gender relations and develops methods to understand and analyze the movement of women from the center of social systems to its margins when these systems are undergoing rapid socio-economic and political change. This research responded to the pressing need for the application of newer, more appropriate theoretical and methodological perspectives to examine shifting power relations between women and men in areas undergoing transformation. In the case study, I investigate the locus of power in a system of cooperatives in the Departement du Nord, Haiti and discover how and why female members are being relegated to the periphery of this development programme. I find that a system of gender-based social power is causing unequal opportunities and oppressive power relations for female members in the cooperatives. I analyze how and why this system of social power causes conflict when the interests of female and male members differ in the cooperatives and I explore strategies for change. This dissertation also contributes to a greater understanding of the power dynamics which exist when one group holds different preferences and practices to the dominant group whose framework is the one considered acceptable in the society.

Thesis (M.P.H.)--Georgia State University, 2008.<br>Title from file title page. Richard Rothenberg, committee chair; John Beltrami, Michael Eriksen, committee members. Electronic text (111 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Aug. 22, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-73).

Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2004.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaf 24).<br>This paper describes the design and implementation of a solar power system for a school and health center in Petit-Anse, Haiti. The end-use applications are lighting via a set of fluorescent and incandescent bulbs, and a coolbox for medical refrigeration at the health center. The power is derived from five 120W photovoltaic BP Solar panel units. The author and colleagues traveled to Petit-Anse in January 2002, and a final implementation plan for the Spring of 2004, describing budget, team development, and itinerary is described.<br>by Shaheer M. Hussam.<br>S.B.

Heart failure is a final common pathway of many cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which together represent the leading causes of death and DALYs worldwide. The limited existing data on heart failure in low-income countries demonstrate a set of etiologies distinct from high-income countries and a significant burden of disease caused by these etiologies. In this study, we focus on post-discharge outpatient follow-up characteristics for patients admitted to a hospital in rural Haiti with heart failure to better understand factors influencing retention in chronic disease management and ultimately improve the heart failure care delivery model in rural Haiti. This study is a retrospective cohort analysis of patients (≥18 years old) admitted to Mirebalais University Hospital (HUM) with a primary diagnosis of heart failure between October 2013 and September 2014. Data on heart failure etiology, inpatient mortality rates, readmission rates, post-discharge “linkage” (30-day) and “retention” (60-day) to outpatient heart failure follow-up care at HUM, and demographic data (age, sex, and distance from HUM as approximated by referral zones) were collected and analyzed in this study. A total of 311 patients met eligibility criteria. The average age of patients admitted with heart failure was 53, with nearly 1 out of 3 patients admitted under the age of 40 years. Of the 88% of patients who survived admission, 37% (n=101) returned for outpatient follow-up at HUM within 30 days of discharge, and 48% of these patients (n=48) returned for a second follow-up appointment within 60 days post-discharge. Stratifying post-discharge patients into 4 geographic zones of ascending distance from HUM demonstrated decreasing “linkage” to care rates with distance from the HUM clinic (45%, 39%, 35%, and 25%, respectively). Distance from HUM represents one likely factor influencing the low 30-, 60-, and 90-day outpatient follow-up rates observed in this study. This observation fits into a broader set of literature on chronic disease management in rural Haiti indicating that structural barriers to care, such as the economic burdens associated with increasing distance from outpatient care, require close attention and intervention to improve chronic disease management for conditions like heart failure in rural Haiti and other similar settings globally.

This dissertation makes use of data from three large and detailed rural household surveys conducted in Haiti to examine elements of economic behavior in poor rural households. We use the earliest survey to formulate a set of hypotheses and use statistical meta-analysis to test them against all three surveys. Results in the areas of household vulnerability, form, migration, and education contribute to theory-refinement in Economic Anthropology.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade UnB Planaltina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Rural, 2017.<br>Submitted by Raiane Silva (raianesilva@bce.unb.br) on 2017-07-17T18:00:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_MarcosAurelioLopesFilho.pdf: 2400328 bytes, checksum: bb8fc34404940e425196cead05c254e2 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2017-08-29T18:35:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_MarcosAurelioLopesFilho.pdf: 2400328 bytes, checksum: bb8fc34404940e425196cead05c254e2 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-29T18:35:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_MarcosAurelioLopesFilho.pdf: 2400328 bytes, checksum: bb8fc34404940e425196cead05c254e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-29<br>O presente trabalho propõe uma análise das modalidades de disseminação pelo Brasil dos seus modelos de políticas públicas de segurança alimentar e nutricional, no Haiti. A pesquisa procurou caracterizar a influência direta ou indireta das políticas brasileiras de compras institucionais da agricultura familiar, através de um estudo de caso comparativo de dois programas de compras locais no Haiti. Os principais resultados obtidos foram a identificação e caracterização dos fatores e elementos que contribuíram para a efetiva adequação dessas iniciativas à realidade haitiana. Desde 2003, a segurança alimentar esteve associada à agricultura familiar nas prioridades da cooperação do Brasil na América Latina e no Caribe. Mas as políticas brasileiras de segurança alimentar vão tomar dimensão especial na Região e no mundo, a partir do segundo mandato do Presidente Lula, em particular junto à Organização das Nações Unidas para Alimentação e Agricultura (FAO), quando a cooperação brasileira desenvolveu um novo paradigma de assistência alimentar. Nesse contexto, insere-se projeto de fortalecimento de micro leiterias Lèt Agogo (Leite em Abundância), no Haiti, bem como projeto piloto de compras locais para a alimentação escolar no município de Petite Rivière de Nippes. A metodologia associa o mapeamento dos processos de disseminação da política brasileira com a análise da reinterpretação e adaptação nacional da experiência brasileira. Na primeira seção são apresentadas as principais reflexões teóricas sobre a cooperação internacional em segurança alimentar e nutricional; o protagonismo brasileiro nesse tema; a relevância do modelo de compras locais e as principais modalidades teóricas de análise dos processos de disseminação internacional de políticas públicas. A segunda seção trata da caracterização e da análise das duas experiências de disseminação dos modelos brasileiros, buscando evidenciar os fatores fundamentais e adjacentes que contribuíram para sua adaptação em âmbito nacional. Na terceira seção buscou-se comprovar a hipótese de que a adequação dos modelos ao contexto local está diretamente relacionada ao grau de participação do Governo e das sociedades civis brasileira e haitiana nos processos de transferência de políticas, reforçando a ideia de um imbricamento de diferentes modalidades de disseminação internacional de políticas públicas.<br>The present work proposes an analysis of the modalities of dissemination of public policy models for food and nutrition security developed by Brazil in the Haitian context. The research sought to characterize the direct or indirect influence of the Brazilian policies of institutional purchases from family farmers through a comparative case study of two local purchase programs in Haiti. The main results were the identification and characterization of the factors and elements that contributed to the effective adaptation of these initiatives to the Haitian reality. Since 2003, food security has always been associated with family farming in the priorities of the Brazilian cooperation in Latin America and the Caribbean. But Brazilian food security policies have taken on a special dimension in the Region and in the world starting with President Lula's second term, especially with the support of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), when the Brazilian cooperation developed a new paradigm for food assistance. It is in this context that a project to strengthen micro-dairy “Lèt Agogo” (Milk in Abundance) in Haiti is inserted, as well as a pilot project of local purchases for school feeding in the municipality of Petite Rivière de Nippes. The methodology associates the mapping of the processes of dissemination of Brazilian policies with the analysis of the reinterpretation and national adaptation of the Brazilian experience. The first section presents the main theoretical reflections on international cooperation in food and nutrition security; the Brazilian protagonism in this theme; the relevance of the local purchasing model and the main theoretical modalities of analysis of the processes of international dissemination of public policies. The second section deals with the characterization and analysis of the two experiences of dissemination of the Brazilian models, seeking to highlight the fundamental and adjacent factors that contributed to their adaptation at the national level. In the third section, we tried to prove the hypothesis that the adequacy of the models to the local context is directly related to the degree of participation of the Government and of the Brazilian and Haitian civil societies in the processes of transference of policies, reinforcing the idea of an imbrication of different modalities of dissemination of public policies.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the extent and potential correlates of sexual risk taking behaviors related to condom use and number of sexual partners among Haitians aged 15 to 49 years old living in the urban and rural areas. Methods: Data were obtained from the 2005-2006 cross-sectional survey conducted by the Demographic Health survey. Our study population (15143) was analyzed based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) theory using a bivariate and multiple logistic regression analysis with SPSS for windows. Results: In both rural and urban areas dwellers had an accurate knowledge of the disease. However, a small proportion in both areas used condoms during their last sexual intercourse. Perceiving the disease's severity was more likely associated with condom use in the urban (OR 1.36, p ≤ .01) and in the rural areas (OR 1.45, p ≤.05). Strong associations have been found between some variables of the HBM and condom use but none have been found associated with zero or one sex partner. Findings were similar in both areas Conclusion: Holistic approach should be considered in the prevention strategy conducted in Haiti to tackle other factors that may contribute in delaying responsible sexual behavior in that country.

Background: In 2010, a massive earthquake left the capitol Port-au-Prince in ruins and destroyed infrastructure providing electricity, piped clean water, and waste removal to the region. Water, sanitation, and hygiene intervention programs attempt to reduce the burden of water-related disease in earthquake-affected regions. However, there are few evaluations of these programs, especially following natural disasters. Methods: Data provided by Samaritan’s Purse Canada’s WASH program were examined. The data set included a household (N=1198) and a latrine (N=167) survey that recorded household use of laundry pads, bath houses, hand-pumped drilled wells, health and hygiene education sessions, and latrines as well as demographic data. Data analysis was conducted in IBM SPSS Version 20.0. Descriptive statistics were computed, and statistical relationships were analyzed for 1.) Health and hygiene education session attendance and program outcomes and 2.) Household diarrheal disease and program interventions Results:This study found that households attending any of four health and hygiene sessions were significantly more likely to use program-provided bath houses and hand-pumped wells (p Discussion: This study concluded that health and hygiene session attendance is positively associated with the utilization of program interventions. However, further improvements in data collection methodology are needed to fully understand the effects of this multi-intervention WASH program on target communities.

Background: In 2010, a massive earthquake left the capitol Port-au-Prince in ruins and destroyed infrastructure providing electricity, piped clean water, and waste removal to the region. Water, sanitation, and hygiene intervention programs attempt to reduce the burden of water-related disease in earthquake-affected regions. However, there are few evaluations of these programs, especially following natural disasters. Methods: Data provided by Samaritan’s Purse Canada’s WASH program were examined. The data set included a household (N=1198) and a latrine (N=167) survey that recorded household use of laundry pads, bath houses, hand-pumped drilled wells, health and hygiene education sessions, and latrines as well as demographic data. Data analysis was conducted in IBM SPSS Version 20.0. Descriptive statistics were computed, and statistical relationships were analyzed for 1.) Health and hygiene education session attendance and program outcomes and 2.) Household diarrheal disease and program interventions Results: This study found that households attending any of four health and hygiene sessions were significantly more likely to use program-provided bath houses and hand-pumped wells (p<0.05). Attendance was also significantly associated with increased knowledge of diarrheal disease prevention and hand washing technique. Households using the program-provided hand pump reported lower rates of diarrhea in children under five years old. Discussion: This study concluded that health and hygiene session attendance is positively associated with the utilization of program interventions. However, further improvements in data collection methodology are needed to fully understand the effects of this multi-intervention WASH program on target communities.

Ausgehend von narrativen Interviews, Beobachtungen und gemeinsamen Erfahrungen während eines interkulturellen Lehrerfortbildungsprojekts im ländlichen Haiti wird in dieser Arbeit ein detailliertes Bild der Lebenswelt ausgewählter haitianischer Grundschullehrer/-innen gezeichnet. Insbesondere wird den Fragen nachgegangen, welchen Hindernissen diese Lehrer/-innen in ihrer eigenen Ausbildung begegneten, welche professionellen und sozialen Herausforderungen ihre alltägliche Berufsausübung mit sich bringt und wie ein genaues Verstehen ihres Hintergrunds und ihres Alltags dazu beitragen kann, sowohl die Qualität ihres Unterrichts als auch ihre sozio-ökonomischen Aussichten zu verbessern. Verspätete und unzureichende Ausbildung, ein geringer Verdienst und herausfordernde Arbeitsbedingungen, sowie weitgehende Vernachlässigung durch den Staat kennzeichnen die Realität dieser Lehrer/-innen. Dennoch zeigen sie Elan und vertrauen auf eine bessere Zukunft. In dieser Studie kommen die haitianischen Lehrer/-innen selber zu Wort. Darüber hinaus wird der Prozess der interkulturellen Kommunikation und Reflexion, der mit einem solchen Projekt und einer derartigen Recherche einhergeht dokumentiert.<br>This study offers a detailed description of selected Haitian primary school teachers’ living and working conditions based on narrative interviews, observations, and common experiences during a cross-cultural in-service teacher training program in rural Haiti. The research is focused on the following questions: What type of obstacles did primary school teachers in rural Haiti encounter in their own education, what professional and social challenges are faced in the daily routines of these teachers, and how can a thorough knowledge of both their backgrounds and the conditions of their current lives help to improve the quality of their teaching as well as their prospects for socio-economic advancement? The reality of these teachers is characterized by a delayed and limited education, low remuneration and challenging working conditions, as well as a more or less complete lack of state support. Nevertheless, they demonstrate vitality and trust in a better future. Central to this study are the Haitian teachers’ viewpoints, but the process of cross-cultural communication and reflection going on during such a program and research is documented as well.

People living in rural Haiti lack access to basic health care services due to poverty. Rural poverty in Haiti particularly affects women's health because Haiti has had the highest maternal mortality and infant mortality rates in the Americas, in addition to some of the worst health statistics in the Western Hemisphere. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to cultivate a greater understanding of the poverty factors that affect access to health care services specifically among poor women living in rural Haiti. This study was based on the social ecological model for population health development, theorizing that a person's health is influenced by factors at multiple levels including intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, and public policy and community roles. The main research question in this study explored potential relationships between poverty and poor health among women in rural Haiti as it relates to health status and access to health care services. Using semi structured interviews and Moustakas's modified van Kaam 7 steps method for phenomenological analysis, I explored the poverty phenomenon and various aspects of the lived experiences of 12 poor women in rural Haiti. The research findings indicated that factors such as barriers to health care, alternative health care, and poor living conditions contributed to the way that the poverty phenomenon affects the health and lives of poor rural Haitian women. The social change implication for this study includes development of new programs in rural Haiti that improve access to basic health care services together with more accessible clinics and staff on call 24 hours a day, 7 days a week that will positively influence women's health outcomes and health status.

Background: Because economic conditions are both a risk factor for disease and may themselves be objectives for health delivery interventions, monitoring changes in economic outcomes has become a routine priority for health and development efforts. However, the lack of formal commerce in poor agrarian communities creates challenges for measuring economic status. Data on household finances, such as income, are ideal but are time-consuming, costly, and less reliable, whereas proxy measures of wealth such as indices of durable assets are easier to measure but relatively coarse and are less sensitive to rapid changes in underlying drivers. Methods: We used data from a cohort of 528 people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) enrolled in a food intervention study on household demographics, agricultural production, cash income, in-kind income, household durable assets and health status, including CD4 count. We created a household economic index using principal components analysis (PCA) and compared it with three other economic indicators generated from the data (income, expenditures, poverty score). Through multivariate logistic regression analysis we evaluated the effect of the economic metric on probability of survival within the first year of study. Results: Socioeconomic status determined by PCA of durable assets, weighted by the square root of the household size, was the only consistently significant economic predictor of probability of death. It remained significant even after controlling for direct health indicators such as CD4 count. There was no significant correlation between CD4 count and the economic indicators, which may be attributable to uniform access to ART among study participants. Conclusion: Among people who have HIV and are all enrolled in ART and food programs, household socioeconomic status is an important predictor of mortality rates, even after controlling for direct health measurements such as CD4 count and other health-related covariates. The SES indicator from PCA is also a simple metric to estimate. The study underscores that poverty is a social determinant of mortality even in the context of equal access to health services, and is suggestive of the importance of poverty alleviation activities as an important supplement to clinical interventions.

Magister en Gestión y Políticas Públicas<br>A causa de la defectuosa organización de la tenencia de la tierra y las condiciones sociales, políticas y económicas a las que está sujeta la población haitiana, el mundo rural, en especial, conoció desde la década de los 50 el fenómeno del éxodo rural, lo que se traduce en un importante flujo migratorio desde el campo hacia la ciudad y el extranjero; lo que repercute en la productividad del sector agrícola, reduciendo de manera considerable el aporte al PIB del sector silvoagropecuario, pasando de 45 a 24% del PIB en el corto periodo que va desde 1970-2013. Por lo tanto, la pregunta investigativa es ¿Qué incidencia tiene la organización de la tenencia de la tierra en el medio rural haitiano en la explotación de sus potencialidades? El autor, en vista de contestar a esta pregunta se propone como objetivo general: hacer un diagnóstico de la situación de la tenencia de tierra en el medio rural haitiano, estableciendo como objetivos específicos: sistematizar información sobre uso actual del suelo y sus potencialidades; analizar la evolución de la población rural y la tenencia de tierra; analizar la evolución del PIB y sus proyecciones y analizar las políticas públicas sobre la tenencia. Para ello, el procedimiento de recolección de datos que se usó fue la de fuente segundaria, haciendo un análisis documental de organismos nacionales e internacionales y también la consulta de otros documentos tales como tesis, revistas, artículos de prensa, etc., los que servirán en la confección de una matriz de análisis usando variables de dimensiones sociales, económicas y políticas. El resultado del diagnóstico arrojó las siguientes conclusiones y recomendaciones: Haití es un país montañoso y la superficie destinada a la productividad agrícola representa no más del 44%. Además, predomina el modo de gestión informal y pequeña propiedad en la tenencia de la tierra con 73.9% de las superficies midiendo menos de 1 carreau. El país no cuenta con las superficies irrigadas necesarias para la explotación de los cultivos. Tampoco está dotado de infraestructura necesaria para impulsar el desarrollo de este sector. Su cobertura vegetal es de alrededor de 1.5% sobre el conjunto del territorio, lo que generó un importante éxodo rural. Por lo que toda recomendación debe pasar primero por: una regularización de la situación de la tenencia; mejorar y mantener las infraestructuras de conducción, captación y acumulación del agua; frenar el proceso de deforestación y redistribuir las tierras a las personas que realmente las trabajan.

Dans un régime démocratique l’organisation de l’Etat vise à protéger la société contre tout excès ou abus de pouvoir de la part des gouvernants. Ce régime doit garantir les libertés publiques et empêcher les agents du pouvoir d’empiéter sur le domaine des droits civiques, individuels et sociaux. Cette conception de la démocratie est tirée de la certitude que le développement humain y est au centre et contribue efficacement à l’accroissement des participations collectives et à la progression de tous les domaines de la vie communautaire ,. Certes les politiques économiques doivent créer des emplois productifs pour réduire la pauvreté en Haïti et développer des moyens de subsistances solides. Mais aussi, elles doivent limiter le phénomène de désagrarisation par la revalorisation des productions locales agricoles, un meilleur encadrement des habitants en zone rurale et une répartition équitable des revenus. Il ne s’agit donc pas de procéder à une réorientation sectorielle, mais plutôt à une réorientation plus profonde qui met la production, les capacités productives et les emplois productifs au cœur des politiques favorisant le développement et la réduction de la pauvreté dans le pays<br>In a democratic regime the structure of the State aims to protect the people against all excess or abuse of power from the leaders. This regime must, guaranty public freedom and prevent agents of power to trespass upon individual and social civic rights. This conception of democracy stems from the certainty that it is centered around human development; it also efficiently contributes to the growing of the collective participation as well as the progression of community life. Of course the politics surrounding the economy must create productive employment in order to reduce poverty in Haiti and to develop solid means of subsistence. Furthermore, they must limit the desagrarisation phenomenon by promoting local agrarian production with a stronger support to the rural population and an equal distribution of revenue. This is not a matter of sectorial reorientation, but a much more deeper reorientation that would put production, productive capacities and productive employment at the heart of the politics favouring the development and the reduction of poverty in the country. ……

Par la decouverte d'halti en 1492 par christophe colomb, l'espace agraire occupe, faconne et gere par des autochtones en conformite avec les traditions locales entra brusquement dans l'ere de la modernite. Quatre grandes periodes ont profondement marque la transformation de la vie socio-economique emergee de cette modernite. La periode coloniale (1492-1803), axee sur la specialisation agraire, fut dominee par l'exploitation exclusive de l'espace au profit des cultures d'exportation. La decolonisation (1804-1914) interrompit ce processus. Il fut repris par l'occupation americaine (1915-1934) et se poursuit pendant la periode contemporaine (1935 a nos jours). En effet, la problematique du faconnement et de la gestion de l'espace agraire est au centre de toutes les contradictions qui surgissent comme consequence des liens d'une extreme ambiguite entre les diverses couches sociales qui ont occupe et transforme cet espace. Des mesures, adoptees pour la reforme du systeme d'economie de plantation, du fait de l'association des cultures d'exportation avec le secteur d'agriculture de subsistance que privilegie la masse des petits proprietaires ou fermiers aux statuts socio-juridique et economique precaires, ont toutes echoue, par consequent, l'economie haitienne dont la plus grande partie des revenus provient du secteur primaire, en subit les consequences et connait une crise generalisee ne permettant ni la survivance de l'economie de plantation, tres florissante au 17eme et 18eme siecles, et du secteur vivrier en expansion au 19eme siecle, ni encore moins la naissance d'un systeme de production independant. Devant ce constat, et suite aux experiences de l'auteur realisees au rwanda et au mali dans l'organisation rurale et l'amenagement agraire, cette these propose une alternative fondee sur une restructuration du milieu social et economique en vue du remodelage de l'espace agraire d'haiti, condition essentielle de l'emergence d'une societe civile et d'un apprentissage a la democratie pour se substituer au systeme actuel et permettre aux haitiens de mieux s'adapter a leur milieu<br>The agrarian land of haiti, until then occupied, tilled and managed by the indigenous population respecting the local traditions, was force into the modern era by christopher columbus in 1492. The socio-economic changes brought about by this modernity were profoundly marked by four long periods. The colonial period (1490-1803). Concentrating on agricultural specialization, used the land exclusively for export crops. Decolonisation (18041914) interrupted this process. It was taken up again during the american occupation (1915-1934) and has continued into the contemporary period (1935 to date). At the centre of all the contradictions which have appeared as a consequence of the extremely ambiguous bonds created between the different social strata to which those who have occupied and transformed this land belong, is the issue of the tilling and management of the land. Some of the measures adopted to reform plantation economics have failed because they associated export crops with the subsistence sector preferred by the numerous small-holding farmers or farmers in a precarious social, legal and economic situation. The haitian economy whose largest source of income is from the primary sector, is suffering the consequences and undergoing a general economic crisis, preventing the survival of the plantation economics which flourished in the 17th and 18th centuries, the expanding food-production sector of the 19th century and not event allowing an independent production system to spring up. In the face of this situation, and after working in rural organization and agricultural development in rwanda and mali, the author of this thesis suggests an alternative for haiti, based on a restructuring of its social and economic environments with a view to land use replanning. This is seen as essential to allow a civilian society to emerge and for the step towards democracy to be taken to replace the present political system and to allow the haitian people to better adapt to their environment

La thèse analyse le rapport entre formes de structuration du pouvoir politique et formes légitimes de tenure foncière en Haïti, dans la plaine de l'Aribonite. Celle-ci a connu de violents conflits terriens suite à des travaux d'irrigation qui ont valorisé les terres rizicoles et entraîné une concentration foncière. La reconstitution des conflits montre la coïncidence entre des pics de violence et des évènements politiques majeurs. Les récits de conflits mêlent histoires familiales, intrigues politiques, clivages idéologiques, juges vénaux et répression armée. À la chute de la dictature duvaliériste en 1986, une génération militante paysanne née au contact du christianisme de libération se bat pour le droit à la terre, la défense des droits humains et contre l'impunité. La réforme agraire bute sur la pression démographique, l'enchevêtrement des formes de tenure et des traditions politiques antidémocratiques. La faillite du processus de transition démocratique conduit à l'échec de la réforme<br>The thesis analyzes the relationship between forms of the political power and legitimate forms of land tenure in Haiti, in the plain of Artibonite. This district has witnessed violent land conflicts since irrigation works have been carried out, in the fifties, giving greater value to these rice-growing lands and involving a land concentration. The constitution of the conflicts mix family and political intrigues, ideological cleavages, venal judges and armed repression. With the fall of the duvalierist dictatorship in 1986, a new generation of peasant activists born in contact with Theology of Liberation fights for access to land, for human rights and against impunity. The land reform confronts an enormous demographic pressure, the entanglement of land tenure systems and the antidemocratic political traditions. The bankruptcy of the democratic transition led to the failure of the land reform

Cette these sur l'economie rurale du plateau central couvre la periode historique allant de l'occupation americaine d'haiti de 1915 a 1934 jusqu'a nos jours. De cette periode remonte en grande partie son sous-developpement, sa desarticulation et sa dependance actuelle. Nous avons montre que la structure economique du plateau central presente toutes les caracteristiques d'une economie precapitaliste dominee et assujettie a l'economie de "la republique de port-au-prince" dependante du centre capitaliste. Les consequences de cette economie desarticulee sont: le non developpement des forces productives, des systemes d'education et de sante inadequats, l'analphabetisme, la malnutrition a l'etat endemique, l'absence d'infrastructure administrative et de transport dans la region. Nous avons d'autre part demontre que la paysannerie a toujours, a travers l'histoire d'haiti principalement celle du plateau central, par sa resistance armee et ou socio-economique, fait face a la spoliation et a l'exploitation. L'enjeu de cette resistance ou de cette strategie de survie a toujours ete la lutte pour la possession du principal moyen de production : la terre et l'elimination des principaux mecanismes d'extorision du surproduit. Finalement, nous avons etabli que cette resistance caracterise l'essentiel de la lutte des classes qui a oppose la paysannerie tant au niveau national qu'a celui du plateau central, aux oligarchies dominantes de la formation sociale haitienne<br>This thesis on rural economy of central plateau covers the historic period begining with the american occupation in haiti precicely from 1915 to 1934 up to nowadays. It's from that period of time that the major part of its underdevelopment, its dislocation and its actual dependance originates. We have demonstrated that the economy structure of the central plateau shows all the caracteristics of a pre-capitalis economy dominated and subjugated to the economy of the "republic of port-au-prince" dependant of the capitalist's center. The consequences of this desarticulation are : the non-development of the productive forces, the inadequate education and healt systems, illeteracy, the malnutrition to the endemic state, the absence of transport and administrative infrastructure in the region. We have also demonstrated, through haiti's history espacially central plateau, that the peasantry by its armed and or socioeconomic resistance, has always faced despoilment and exploitation. The stoke in this resistance or in this survival stategy has always been the strugle for the possession of the principal mean of production : the land and the elimination of the main mecanisms of the surproduct extorsion. We have also established that the resistance caracterizes the essential in the class strugle that has opposed peasantry on the national as well as on the central plateau's level, to the dominating oligarchy of haitian's social formation

Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdorales, 2016-2017<br>Ce projet de recherche en développement international est ancré dans une perspective féministe postcoloniale. Celui-ci vise à reconnaître et approfondir la multiplicité et les complexités du pouvoir, dans un but d’empowerment, auprès des femmes de Lhomond, une communauét rurale en Haïti. Cette étude a documenté les discours de femmes (n=10) à propos de l’actualisation de leur propre empowerment au quotidien. Le cadre conceptuel choisi relatif à l’empowerment décline le pouvoir en quatre types : le « pouvoir intérieur », le « pouvoir de », le « pouvoir avec » et le « pouvoir sur » (Charlier, 2006b, 2006a; Oxaal et Baden, 1997; Rowlands, 1997). La collecte de données s’est déroulée sur une période de trois mois. La méthodologie utilisée a mis en place des entrevues (individuelles et de groupe) ainsi qu’une observation participante. Les résultats ont mis en lumière les descriptions des femmes de plusieurs situations de leur vie quotidienne au sein desquelles se manifestaient ces quatre types de pouvoir. De plus, les participantes ont fait part de nombreuses interactions ayant lieu entre différents types de pouvoir. Ces résultats ont reconfirmé des recherches antérieures sur les différents types de pouvoir et leur lien avec le processus d’empowerment. Par exemple, un « pouvoir de » limité (dépendance financière, analphabétisme, accès difficile à l’emploi, etc.) tend à freiner le processus d’empowerment, alors qu’un « pouvoir avec » renforcé (solidarité, partage, action collective, etc.) tend à favoriser le processus d’empowerment malgré la faiblesse d’autres types de pouvoir. À partir des résultats obtenus, cette étude amène quelques nuances ainsi qu’une complexité additionnelle au cadre conceptuel adopté au départ et met en lumière d’autres aspects du pouvoir à considérer dans de futures recherches portant sur l’empowerment des femmes.<br>This research project in the field of international development and the empowerment of women is rooted in a postcolonial feminist perspective. This research attempts to recognize and foreground the multiplicity and complexities of power – within the goal of empowerment – for the women of Lhomond, a rural community in Haiti. The study documented women’s discourse (n=10) with respect to their own sense of empowerment in their daily lives. The conceptual model chosen portrays power along four lines : “power within”, “power to”, “power with” and “power over” (Charlier, 2006b, 2006a; Oxaal &amp; Baden, 1997; Rowlands, 1997). Data collection occurred over a three month period. Principal methodology included interviews (individual and group) and participant observation. Results showcase the women’s descriptions of multiple situations in their daily life in which these four types of power were occurring. Moreover, these women articulated numerous interactions taking place between these four types of power. These results reaffirm previous research with respect to differing types of power and their relationship with empowerment. For example, a limited sense of “power to” (financial dependance, illiteracy, poor access to employment, etc.), tends to diminish the process of empowerment, whereas an enhanced sense of “power with” (solidarity, sharing, collective action, etc.), tends to enhance the process of empowerment (and this even when the other types of power are weak). Based on the results, this study offers some nuances – additional complexity – to the conceptual model and highlights some additional aspects of power to be considered for future research in regards to the empowerment of women.<br>Pwojè rechèch sa a, ki nan sijè devlòpman entènasyonal, li gen yon pèspèktiv feminist ak poskolonyalis. Li vle konnen pi byen konplèksite ak miltiplikasyon pouvwa a nan yon objèktif ranfòsman pouvwa a pou fanm Lonmon, yon zòn ki andeyò an Ayiti. Etid sa a te fèt sou pawòl fanm yo (n=10) sou ki jan yo wè ranfòsman pouvwa pa yo nan lavi chak jou yo. Modèl ranfòsman pouvwa a gen 4 jan pouvwa yo: “pouvwa nan ou a”, “pouvwa de”, “pouvwa avèk” ak “pouvwa sou” (Charlier, 2006b, 2006a; Oxaal ak Baden, 1997; Rowlands, 1997). Kolèksyon done yo te fèt sou yon peryòd 3 mwa. Fason etid la te fèt se ak entèvyou (endividyèl ak an gwoup) epi tou ak obsèvasyon a patisipasyon. Rezilta yo te pèmèt wè, ak pawòl fanm Lomon yo, kijan 4 jan pouvwa yo reyalize nan lavi yo. Epi tou, fanm yo te montre entèraksyon yo ki rive ant 4 jan pouvwa yo. Etid sa a te vin konfime ki sa lòt etid lòt moun yo te fèt anvan yo te jwenn sou jan pouvwa yo ak ranfòsman pouvwa a. Pou ègzanp, yon “pouvwa de” ki fèb (lè ou sou kont on moun, lè ou pa konn li ak ekri, lè ou pa ka jwenn djòb, elatriye) ka bloke pwosesis ranfòsman pouvwa, menm jan ak yon “pouvwa avèk” ki fò (tèt ansanm, youn ede lòt, pataj, aksyon kolèktif, elatriye) ka ede pwosesis sa a menm si lòt jan pouvwa yo fèb. Ak rezilta etid sa a te genyen, li pote kèk presizyon ak pi fò konplèksite nan modèl ranfòsman pouvwa a epi tou li mete nan limyè lòt aspè pouvwa yo lòt pwojè rechèch sou ranfòsman pouvwa fanm yo ta ka etidye nan jou kap vini yo.

Contexte. Alors que la majorité des études ont documenté la nature du handicap de l’enfant et son impact sur la famille, aucune étude à ce jour n’a fait la lumière sur les facteurs facilitant et contraignant la prise en charge familiale d’enfants handicapés. Le besoin de reconnaître ce qui aide et entrave la prise en charge familiale d’enfants handicapés se révèle pertinent pour offrir à la famille des soins infirmiers répondant à ses besoins et lui permettant de mieux composer avec ces facteurs. But et Cadre de référence. Cette étude explore les facteurs facilitant et contraignant la prise en charge familiale d’enfants handicapés physiques et /ou psychologiques (Haïti, Mare Rouge), et le modèle de l’adaptation de Roy a servi d’ancrage disciplinaire. Méthode. Un devis exploratoire descriptif quantitatif utilisant un questionnaire auto-rapporté et une entrevue semi-structurée auprès de 15 familles a été utilisé. Puis, des analyses descriptives, qualitatives et quantitatives ont permis de révéler les facteurs facilitants et contraignants. Résultats. Ainsi, différents facteurs facilitateurs (état de santé, relations familiales, religion-spiritualité, perception de contrôle) et différents obstacles (précarité financière liée aux dépenses pour les soins et autres exigences de la gestion de l’enfant et l’absence d’emploi, mauvais état de santé lié au stress écrasant et à la charge de travail, mauvaise gestion et coordination des soins de santé de l’enfant liée au système de santé) ont émergé des données. Discussion. S’occuper d’enfants handicapés est donc une expérience enrichissante, mais ponctuée de défis. Nombreux sont les obstacles à la prise en charge familiale affectant la santé des familles. Un écart existe entre le système de santé et les besoins en soins de santé pour les enfants. Ces facteurs sont à considérer dans les pratiques d’interventions infirmières et d’autres professionnels travaillant auprès de cette clientèle. Des recommandations sont énoncées pour la formation, la pratique, la gestion et la recherche.<br>Context. While the majority of studies have documented the nature of the child's disability and its impact on the family, no study to date has shed light on the factors that facilitate and constrain family care for children with disabilities. The need to recognize what helps and hinders the family care of children with disabilities is relevant to providing the family with nursing care that meets their needs and allows them to better deal with these factors .Purpose and Frame of Reference. This study explores the factors facilitating and constraining the family care of children with physical and / or psychological disabilities (Haiti, Mare Rouge) and Roy's adaptation model served as a disciplinary anchor. Method. A quantitative descriptive exploratory quote using a self-reported questionnaire and a semi-structured interview with 15 families was used. Then, descriptive, qualitative and quantitative analyzes, revealed the facilitating and constraining factors. Results. Thus, different facilitating factors (state of health, family relationships, religion-spirituality, perception of control) and different obstacles(financial precariousness linked to expenses for care and other requirements of the management of the child and the absence of employment, poor health linked to overwhelming stress and workload, poor managementand coordination of child health care linked to the health system) emerged from the data. Discussion. Caring for children with disabilities is therefore a rewarding experience, but one that is fraught with challenges. There are many obstacles to family care affecting the health of families. There is a gap between the health system and the health care needs of children. These factors are to be considered in the practices of nursing interventions and other professionals working with this clientele. Recommendations are set out for training, practice,management and research.

Cette étude analyse la pauvreté multidimensionnelle des femmes en Haïti et l`impact d`un système d`activités génératrices de revenu, KOFAVAC, sur les conditions de vie de celles-ci. L`analyse des résultats de l`enquête menée auprès des femmes révèle que la pauvreté touche à toutes les dimensions de leur vie. Les déterminants de la pauvreté sont à la fois des facteurs liés aux caractéristiques sociodémographiques et économiques de la femme et de son ménage : la taille du ménage, le nombre d`enfants qui sont à l`école, le nombre d`adultes sans profession et qui ne mènent aucune activité rémunératrice et le niveau de dotation du ménage en actifs terre et animaux d`élevage. L`impossibilité de satisfaire les besoins du ménage est perçue par les femmes comme étant le premier signe de pauvreté et le facteur déterminant de leur incapacité à rester dans le système crédit/épargne KOFAVAC. L`impact de KOFAVAC, comme apporteur d`un revenu supplémentaire est très faible. Mais son apport en termes de contribution à la satisfaction des besoins d`alimentation et de scolarisation des enfants est reconnu par les femmes. Aussi, la création d`emplois et la scolarisation gratuite figurent parmi les actions prioritaires que l`État haïtien doit entreprendre à Chansolme pour une amélioration des conditions de vie de la population selon les femmes. De même, la recherche de nouvelles activités génératrices de revenus, l`aide pour le logement, la transformation de nouveaux produits et la recherche de nouveaux marchés sont proposées par les femmes en vue d`un meilleur appui de KOFAVAC.<br>This study analyses the multidimensional poverty of the women in Haiti and the impact of a resourcefulness generating activities of income, KOFAVAC, on the living conditions of those. The analytic results of the survey carried out near the women reveal that poverty affects all the dimensions of their life. The determinants of poverty are at the same time factors related to the socio-demographic and economic characteristics of the women life and her household: the size of the household, the number of children who are not attended school, the number of adults without profession and which do not undertake any gainful activity and the level of staffing off land and animals breeding. The impossibility of satisfying the needs for the household is perceived by the women as being the first sign of poverty and the factor determinant of their incapacity to remain in the system credit/saving KOFAVAC. The impact of KOFAVAC, as bearing an additional income is very weak; its support in terms of contribution to the satisfaction of the needs of food and schooling for the children is recognized by the women. Therefore, the creation of jobs and free education appear among the priority actions that the Haitian Government must undertake in Chansolme for improvement of the conditions of the population according to women's. In the same way, the search of new generating activities of incomes, assistance for housing, transformation of new products and the search for new markets are proposed by women for a better support of KOFAVAC.

Ce travail de recherche porte sur la participation des membres de la Coopérative Saint-Jérôme, à Petite Rivière de l'Artibonite en Haïti. La dynamique sociale de la coopérative ne dépend pas seulement de sa gestion, ni de ses principes et structures, mais surtout de la participation active des membres. Cette recherche présente différentes théories portant sur le mouvement coopératif et la participation dans l'organisation. Plus particulièrement, il s'agit d'étudier la question de la participation dans une coopérative haïtienne, en vue de comprendre les différents problèmes posés dans les cas d'absence de participation et les contradictions qui se sont tissées autour des pratiques de gestions autocratiques dans le coopératisme. A travers cette étude de cas, nous avons mis en lumière les rapports sociaux sur lesquels s'édifie la coopérative Saint-Jérôme. Pour corriger la situation, cette recherche propose des éléments de solution par le biais d'un programme de formation basé sur l'expérience et le savoir des membres. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Participation, Coopérative, Stratégies des membres, Paysannerie, Développement rural.

Le contexte en ébullition des mouvements sociaux en Haïti vers la fin de la décennie 1980, a amené plusieurs études sur les organisations populaires, l'éducation populaire, les mouvements sociaux. Des études qui ont en grande partie traité des questions de démocratie et de changement social dans un sens général. Nous avons pris le parti d'explorer dans notre étude le cas de figure d'une commune rurale d'Haïti. Nous avons donc analysé les initiatives collectives en lien avec le développement socio-économique dans la zone retenue. De façon spécifique cette recherche tout en repérant la situation socio-politique de la commune d'Aquin et les conditions de vie des membres d'organisations paysannes vise à analyser les initiatives collectives d'auto-organisation et de développement initiées par les membres. Les perspectives constructiviste, critique et féministe nous ont permis dans un premier temps de mettre l'accent sur la participation de chaque membre dans l'expérience d'éducation populaire à la POPCA. Ensuite, sur le fait que ces initiatives découlent des situations de pauvreté et de misère vécues par des catégories de la population laissées pour compte. Enfin, la participation des groupes de femmes ainsi que les interventions sur les thèmes féministes ont été pour nous une préoccupation lors de l'enquête sur le terrain. L'analyse nous a amenée à avancer que l'émergence de la POPCA, en dépit des incitations d'ordre extérieur, s'est produite à partir de problèmes sociaux locaux vécus par la base. Au fur et à mesure que les membres participent à des séances de formation, ils utilisent leurs nouvelles connaissances en vue de résoudre des problèmes anciens ou nouveaux posés dans la vie communautaire. L'éducation populaire pratiquée au sein de la POPCA, a donc permis l'expérimentation de la démocratie : la tendance à la satisfaction des besoins des membres et leur participation effective à la quête de solutions, l'émergence de nouveaux acteurs et de nouvelles actrices. Dans un certain sens, nous avons pu observer un changement certain dans la mentalité des femmes et des hommes de la Plate-forme. Cette recherche pose des questions qui ouvrent des possibilités d'approfondissement de l'étude sur les initiatives collectives et leur relation avec le développement de nouveaux acteurs et actrices dans une communauté donnée. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Éducation populaire, organisation paysanne, femmes, initiatives collectives.

Dans le cadre de la reconstruction sociale, nous avons effectué une enquête sur le terrain en Haïti, au printemps de 1998 et partagé l'expérience avec la société civile. Nos objectifs principaux, pendant ce voyage, se distribuaient ainsi: -observer les réactions des différents groupes sociaux dans cette difficile période de transition et de reconstruction; -dégager les différents types de discours, les différentes perspectives et réactions face à la reconstruction et aux problèmes de transition; -interpréter comment ces groupes sociaux conçoivent leur propre projet de reconstruction et de développement durable. Nous avons réalisé cette enquête ethnographique sur le terrain avec des entrevues de type semi-dirigé auprès de quatre groupes-cible, des paysans, des citadins, des policiers ayant participé à un programme de coopération/sécurité internationale et des journalistes. Notre cadre de référence théorique: celui de l'approche ethnographique de Geertz, en particulier avec son essai, "Local Knowledge": l'objectif de l'analyse et de l'interprétation ici consiste alors à dégager les différentes perspectives en présence, au sein du savoir local, des débats locaux au sein de l'opinion publique. Quant à la dynamique de communication et développement à l'étude, nous l'abordons avec comme porte d'entrée, le travail de reconstruction sociale et le processus de démocratisation tels que vécus par différents groupes au sein de la société civile en émergence. Pour les paysans que nous avons interrogés, la démocratie se résume au droit de vote et leur système judiciaire c'est la justice pour soi. Car, d'après eux, il n'y a pas de respect de droit en Haïti et il n'y a pas de reconstruction en Haïti parce que les programmes n'arrivent pas jusqu'à eux. Certains citadins eux vivent dans la splendeur du capitalisme. Ils ont accès à presque tous les biens, seul le pouvoir d'achat fait défaut à certains. D'après eux, ils sont en pleine reconstruction sociale, tout va bien. Pour d'autres, les stratégies employées par les différents forces en présence pour faire face aux problèmes de transition sont fragmentaires et sans l'intervention d'un gouvernement fort pour encadrer ces désirs de changement par des politiques et des aides financières, Haïti court vers une profonde catastrophe. Les policiers sont persuadés qu'ils ont un rôle important à jouer dans le processus de reconstruction en faisant la chasse aux criminels, en faisant aussi du travail communautaire dans la mesure du possible. Leur croyance est que chaque Haïtien a un rôle à jouer dans la reconstruction du pays. Les perspectives des journalistes concernant les problèmes de transition et reconstruction divergent, mais ils sont tous d'accord sur un point: Il faut changer la mentalité des Haïtiens pour s'en sortir. Ils croient que la presse est fondamentale au progrès social parce que c'est à travers ses lentilles que beaucoup de gens voient leur monde. Ces discours convergent vers un constat d'ensemble: la transition perdure en Haïti, parce que la reconstruction semble "bloquée". L'aide publique au développement sert surtout à enrichir les différentes forces en présence car la plupart des programmes de développement n'adoptent pas une approche participative. De plus, ils sont concentrés dans des zones privilégiées alors que la majorité des villages sont laissés à eux-mêmes, ce qui contribue à faire durer la crise et à maintenir le pays dans le sous-développement. Entre temps, la société civile en émergence a de plus en plus de la difficulté à accepter la misère et la pauvreté. Un nouveau degré de violence interne émerge. Et l'État haïtien est en train de vivre une crise de légitimation. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Haïti, Reconstruction sociale, Transition, Réaction, Perspective, Stabilité structurelle, Crise de légitimation, Sous-développement.