Articles de revues : « Sahel (Mali) »

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Boser-Sarivaxévanis, Renée, Bernhard Gardi, and Renee Boser-Sarivaxevanis. "Mali: Land im Sahel." African Arts 22, no. 4 (1989): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3336679.

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Bourgeot, André, and André Bourgeot. "Thierry Perret. Mali. Une crise au Sahel." Afrique contemporaine 251, no. 3 (2014): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/afco.251.0183.

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Santo-Tomás López, Iván. "¿Un califato islámico en el Sahel?" Comillas Journal of International Relations, no. 18 (July 19, 2020): 98–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.14422/cir.i18.y2020.005.

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Este artículo compara las condiciones políticas, sociales e históricas del Estado de Irak en el momento de la expansión territorial de Daesh con las condiciones políticas, sociales e históricas presentes actualmente en el Estado de Mali. Para el análisis se emplea el modelo de extremismo de John M. Berger, las diversas teorías sociológicas que lo acompañan y otros análisis sobre la presencia de potencias extranjeras en Estados débiles. El análisis a través de este modelo permite constatar cómo se han forjado las identidades grupales tanto en Irak como en Mali, cómo estos grupos han entrado en conflicto en ocasiones patrocinados por potencias extranjeras y cómo las organizaciones yihadistas han aprovechado el conflicto intergrupos para engrosar sus filas, legitimarse, y en el caso de Daesh, expandirse para fundar un Califato en Oriente Medio. Tras establecer similitudes y diferencias entre los casos de Irak y Mali, se determina si una expansión similar a la de Daesh y protagonizada por grupos yihadistas podría tener lugar en el territorio maliense.

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Maiga, A. S., G. M. Chen, Q. Wang, and J. Y. Xu. "Renewable energy options for a Sahel country: Mali." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 12, no. 2 (2008): 564–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2006.07.005.

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Ouwe Missi Oukem-Boyer, Odile, Bourèma Kouriba, Asli Heitzer, et al. "G5 Sahel Biosafety Network: Successes and Challenges." Proceedings 45, no. 1 (2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020045007.

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The Sahel region faces many complex and interconnected challenges including food crisis, poverty, and political instability as well as recurring epidemics. Recently, the region has been affected by outbreaks of Ebola (Mali), Rift Valley Fever (Mauritania/Niger), Dengue (Burkina Faso/Mali), and Hepatitis E (Chad/Niger). In addition, the region is threatened by terrorism, including the potential risk of bioterrorism. In order to mitigate natural and intentional biological threats in the region, the development of a G5 Sahel biosecurity network seemed essential. In 2014, as part of the response to the Ebola outbreak, Germany had provided a mobile laboratory and trained a local team in Mali. This mobile laboratory, hosted by the Charles Mérieux Infectiology Center (CICM), now belongs to the Malian Ministry of Health. Since mid-2016, Germany has extended its initiative to the other G5 Sahel (G5S) countries. In November 2017, a biosafety network was established between G5S public health institutions, which is currently chaired by CICM Mali. It aims to strengthen cooperation between the G5S countries in the area of biosafety and biosecurity by capacity building for the diagnosis of dangerous pathogens. Methodology: Network activities include: (i) workshops between heads of institutions; (ii) theoretical and practical training of biologists and use of the mobile laboratory; (iii) internships in Germany and (iv) mobile laboratory field exercises. Results: Up to now, more than ten biologists from all G5S countries participated in trainings and field exercises, including the identification of hemorrhagic fever viruses and other infectious viral and bacterial agents. An initial response capability for outbreaks of dangerous pathogens is now available within the Sahel region. Conclusion: Maintaining skills in the G5S Mobile Lab Network is critical and procedures for deploying and tools for its cross-border functionality need to be developed. The official recognition of the Network by the G5S Permanent Secretariat is expected.

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Cold-Ravnkilde, Signe Marie, and Christine Nissen. "Schizophrenic agendas in the EU's external actions in Mali." International Affairs 96, no. 4 (2020): 935–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa053.

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Abstract Because of its geographical proximity to the EU, the Sahel region's perceived cross-border security threats of terror, migration and organized crime have become a top European security policy priority. Contributing to existing debates on EU external actions, the article develops the idea that the EU's engagement in the Sahel has become an attempt to construct and confirm the Union's ability to act as a global security actor. Through the analytical lens of ‘translation’ emphasizing the continuous transformation of norms and ideas by actors and contexts, the article examines how EU staff implement shifting policy objectives in their security practices in Mali; the effects these intervention practices produce; and how, in turn, these effects reflect back upon the EU's role as a security actor. The article shows how the EU's actorness and ability to perform security are hampered by the lack of buy-in from their local partners, as narrating success in a context of escalating violence becomes increasingly implausible. Thus, we argue that while the EU's activities in Mali reinforce the idea of the EU as a security actor, the limited character and impact of the EU's activities on the ground also reinforce the idea of it as a limited or even ineffective actor. The article thereby provides fruitful input to discussions of the constitutive effects of everyday practices in interventions and the production of EU security actorness as played out in the Sahel.

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Bøås, Morten. "Crime, Coping, and Resistance in the Mali-Sahel Periphery." African Security 8, no. 4 (2015): 299–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2015.1100506.

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Monerie, Paul-Arthur, Emilia Sanchez-Gomez, Marco Gaetani, Elsa Mohino, and Buwen Dong. "Future evolution of the Sahel precipitation zonal contrast in CESM1." Climate Dynamics 55, no. 9-10 (2020): 2801–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05417-w.

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Abstract The main focus of this study is the zonal contrast of the Sahel precipitation shown in the CMIP5 climate projections: precipitation decreases over the western Sahel (i.e., Senegal and western Mali) and increases over the central Sahel (i.e., eastern Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger). This zonal contrast in future precipitation change is a robust model response to climate change but suffers from a lack of an explanation. To this aim, we study the impact of current and future climate change on Sahel precipitation by using the Large Ensemble of the Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1). In CESM1, global warming leads to a strengthening of the zonal contrast, as shown by the difference between the 2060–2099 period (under a high emission scenario) and the 1960–1999 period (under the historical forcing). The zonal contrast is associated with dynamic shifts in the atmospheric circulation. We show that, in absence of a forced response, that is, when only accounting for internal climate variability, the zonal contrast is associated with the Pacific and the tropical Atlantic oceans variability. However, future patterns in sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are not necessary to explaining the projected strengthening of the zonal contrast. The mechanisms underlying the simulated changes are elucidated by analysing a set of CMIP5 idealised simulations. We show the increase in precipitation over the central Sahel to be mostly associated with the surface warming over northern Africa, which favour the displacement of the monsoon cell northwards. Over the western Sahel, the decrease in Sahel precipitation is associated with a southward shift of the monsoon circulation, and is mostly due to the warming of the SST. These two mechanisms allow explaining the zonal contrast in precipitation change.

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Díaz, Fernanda Daniela. "Securitización de la cooperación Internacional al desarrollo: El caso Sahelino de Mali y Níger." Revista Perspectivas de Políticas Públicas, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18294/rppp.2012.604.

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En el presente trabajo se enfocan los efectos producidos por la irrupción de la amenaza terrorista en países considerados “Estados fallidos” por la comunidad internacional. El texto presta atención específica a las políticas de cooperación internacional al desarrollo en dos países de la región africana del Sahel: Mali y Níger. El primer apartado presenta una caracterización económica y medioambiental del Sahel, con el fin de examinar los posibles focos de conflicto en la región; se evalúan las capacidades y atributos del estado en ambos países frente a los mismos y, en ese marco, la existencia de una posible debilidad estatal. Se practica una lectura crítica del tratamiento de los países que conforman el Sahel como “estados fallidos” por la literatura académica, que afirma una continuidad entre el fracaso del estado, como parte del colapso institucional del gobierno, y el derrumbe de la sociedad, ya que consideramos que el concepto de “estado fallido” no tiene una definición universal y aceptada, y su libre utilización impide subsumir a estados con características específicas e híbridas bajo el manto de la convergencia y la uniformidad. El segundo apartado trata la irrupción del Sahel como un espacio geoestratégico en la lucha contra el terrorismo internacional y la irrupción del crimen organizado como nueva amenaza; se indaga el impacto de los atentados de 11 de septiembre de 2001 en la arquitectura de la cooperación internacional al desarrollo, la vinculación entre las políticas referidas a este asunto y las políticas de seguridad nacional e internacional, y la eventual securitización de la ayuda oficial al desarrollo, así como la ascensión del Sahel como espacio de abastecimiento de recursos naturales y energéticos, no sólo por parte de Estados Unidos, sino de otros actores históricos y emergentes que pugnan entre sí en la región. El texto finaliza con una breve conclusión.

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Jayasundara-Smits, Shyamika. "Bracing the wind and riding the norm life cycle: inclusive peacebuilding in the European capacity building mission in Sahel–Mali (EUCAP Sahel–Mali)." Peacebuilding 6, no. 3 (2018): 233–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2018.1491683.

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Warren, Andrew. "Sahara ou Sahel?; Quaternaire recent du Bassin de Taoudenni (Mali)." Journal of Arid Environments 8, no. 1 (1985): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-1963(18)31345-4.

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Bourgeot, André. "Serge Daniel.Les Mafias du Mali. Trafics et terrorisme au Sahel." Afrique contemporaine 252, no. 4 (2014): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/afco.252.0192.

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Jarlan, L., E. Mougin, P. L. Frison, P. Mazzega, and P. Hiernaux. "Analysis of ERS wind scatterometer time series over Sahel (Mali)." Remote Sensing of Environment 81, no. 2-3 (2002): 404–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-4257(02)00015-9.

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Strydom, Hennie. "Mali and the Sahel: Making Peace in Another Rough Neighbourhood." Netherlands International Law Review 66, no. 1 (2019): 75–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40802-019-00134-6.

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Melly, Paul. "The Mali Crisis: Security, Democracy, and Protest in the Sahel." SAIS Review of International Affairs 40, no. 2 (2020): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sais.2020.0025.

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Koenig, Dolores, and Tiéman Diarra. "The Environmental Effects of Policy Change in the West African Savanna: Resettlement, Structural Adjustment and Conservation in Western Mali." Journal of Political Ecology 5, no. 1 (1998): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v5i1.21396.

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This article broadens analytic perspectives on the effects of government interventionsby looking at the interaction of two distinct but simultaneous policy initiatives: involuntary resettlement and structural adjustment. Case study data from the Bafing valley in Mali show that simultaneous implementation of these two initiatives reinforced the economic growth of the zone but increased negative environmental effects.Key Words: Mali, resettlement, structural adjustment, sahel, environmental degradation, economic development, river basin development, privatization, liberalization.

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Robertson, Claire, and Lucy E. Creevey. "Women Farmers in Africa: Rural Development in Mali and the Sahel." American Historical Review 92, no. 3 (1987): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1870023.

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Chafer, Tony, Gordon D. Cumming, and Roel van der Velde. "France’s interventions in Mali and the Sahel: A historical institutionalist perspective." Journal of Strategic Studies 43, no. 4 (2020): 482–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2020.1733987.

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Mougin, E., V. Demarez, M. Diawara, P. Hiernaux, N. Soumaguel, and A. Berg. "Estimation of LAI, fAPAR and fCover of Sahel rangelands (Gourma, Mali)." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 198-199 (November 2014): 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.08.006.

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Frappart, Frédéric, Pierre Hiernaux, Françoise Guichard, et al. "Rainfall regime across the Sahel band in the Gourma region, Mali." Journal of Hydrology 375, no. 1-2 (2009): 128–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.03.007.

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Tankel, Stephen. "US counterterrorism in the Sahel: from indirect to direct intervention." International Affairs 96, no. 4 (2020): 875–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa089.

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Abstract The massive expansion and evolution of United States security cooperation under the auspices of the ‘war on terror’ remains overlooked in the counterterrorism and interventions literature. The Sahel provides a useful region in which to explore the constitutive effects of such cooperation and its evolution because the US has always pursued an ‘economy of force’ mission there. In this article, I focus mainly on the constitutive effects of US indirect military intervention in the Sahel after 9/11, and subsequent more direct military intervention following the outbreak of civil war in Mali. The indirect intervention by the United States to build the capacity of local forces in Mali, where jihadists were based, failed because of the dissonant relationship between the two countries. This led the United States to intervene more directly in the region, including through its cooperation with and support for French and Nigerien forces. The nature of this more direct military intervention was also informed by evolving US experiences working by, with and through partner forces in other parts of the world.

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Newby, John E. "The slaughter of Sahelian wildlife by Arab royalty." Oryx 24, no. 1 (1990): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300034505.

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Once the Sahel supported healthy populations of wildlife. Today only remnant populations exist, survivors of the ravages of drought, desertification, excessive hunting and competition for pasture. In the past few years the problems for these animals and for the people trying to conserve them have been exacerbated by a new wave of hunters. Arab princes and their retinues, having exterminated most of the prey species in their native land, are invading the Sahelian countries in search of new hunting grounds. The author, who has worked for 20 years in the Sahel, here describes what is happening in Niger and Mali and urges that steps be taken to stop the slaughter.

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Trunov, Ph O. "The Role of G5 Sahel States in German Political-Military Strategy in Africa." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 13, no. 3 (2020): 196–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2020-13-3-11.

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The article raises the question of whether German participation in resolving the armed conflict in Mali is a special case or, on the contrary, is a transition to a new political‑military strategy in Africa. In this regard the author issues the key parameters of Bundeswehr`s usage in Africa from 1990‑s until the middle 2010‑s and pays special attention to Somalia. The paper analyzes the features of German military presence evolution there. In comparison with Somalian one the author explores German approach to the resolution of the Malian armed conflict at the period of 2013‑2015 and since 2016. The paper pays attention to the Bundeswehr`s usage in EUTM Mali and MINUSMA missions and the results of this process. The article underlines the huge increase of German military presence since 2016‑2018 in Mali and shows the reasons of this tendency. Considering German activity in Mali, the paper explores its «spillover effect» with the examples of German relations with Algeria and G5 Sahel countries. In this regard the scientific research pays special attention to German bilateral relations with Burkina‑Faso and Niger. The paper underlines that by the beginning of the 2020‑s FRG concentrated its efforts in the African states which belong to traditional sphere of French interests. In the conclusion the author shows the importance of Sahel region for the testing of new German politicalmilitary strategy in Africa.

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Kouriba, Bourema, Angela Dürr, Alexandra Rehn, et al. "First Phylogenetic Analysis of Malian SARS-CoV-2 Sequences Provides Molecular Insights into the Genomic Diversity of the Sahel Region." Viruses 12, no. 11 (2020): 1251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12111251.

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We are currently facing a pandemic of COVID-19, caused by a spillover from an animal-originating coronavirus to humans occurring in the Wuhan region of China in December 2019. From China, the virus has spread to 188 countries and regions worldwide, reaching the Sahel region on 2 March 2020. Since whole genome sequencing (WGS) data is very crucial to understand the spreading dynamics of the ongoing pandemic, but only limited sequencing data is available from the Sahel region to date, we have focused our efforts on generating the first Malian sequencing data available. Screening 217 Malian patient samples for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 resulted in 38 positive isolates, from which 21 whole genome sequences were generated. Our analysis shows that both the early A (19B) and the later observed B (20A/C) clade are present in Mali, indicating multiple and independent introductions of SARS-CoV-2 to the Sahel region.

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Diawara, Hamidou, and Vladimir A. Lobanov. "Identification of adequate Sahel climate prediction models based on CMIP5: Mali case." International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology 4, no. 5 (2019): 1360–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.45.10.

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Korendyasov, Evgeny N. "Peace in Mali: The path to security in the Sahara-Sahel subregion." Asia and Africa Today, no. 11 (2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032150750012180-0.

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Meillassoux, Claude. "Gloires oubliées et mémoires reconstruites : les guerres de Gumbu du Sahel (Mali)." Cahiers d’études africaines 33, no. 132 (1993): 567–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/cea.1993.1493.

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Keita, Kalifa. "Conflict and conflict resolution in the Sahel: The Tuareg insurgency in Mali." Small Wars & Insurgencies 9, no. 3 (1998): 102–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592319808423221.

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Diawara, Mamadou Oumar, Pierre Hiernaux, Sory Sissoko, et al. "Sensibilité de la production herbacée aux aléas de la distribution des pluies au Sahel (Agoufou, Mali): une approche par modélisation." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 4 (2020): 1341–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i4.14.

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La forte variation du régime des pluies au Sahel est reconnue par tous. La phénologie de la strate herbacée dominée par des plantes annuelles suit ce cycle annuel en faisant alterner une courte saison de croissance et une longue saison morte. Le Gourma situé dans la bande sahélienne au Mali est une zone pastorale soumise à cette variabilité temporelle des ressources pastorales (eau et fourrage) liée au régime de la mousson Ouest africaine, et aux fortes variations interannuelles de la pluviosité. Cette étude a pour objectif d’évaluer la sensibilité de la production de la strate herbacée aux variations de la distribution intra-saisonnière des pluies au Sahel à travers le cas du site pastoral d’Agoufou. Les simulations ont été effectuées avec le modèle STEP (Sahelian Transpiration Evaporation and Production model). Les analyses reposent sur de simples permutations des pluies journalières enregistrées sur le site en 2010, réalisées de façon aléatoire sans modifier le total saisonnier ni les cumuls journaliers. Les résultats montrent que la relation entre le cumul des pluies saisonnières et les phytomasses herbacées mesurées en fin de saison masque des chutes de production intra-saisonnière liées aux stress hydriques, notamment au cours de la période de croissance rapide qui affectent la production saisonnière. Le modèle pourrait servir dans un système intégré d’alertes précoces pour anticiper les pénuries de fourrage fréquentes dans cette région.Mots clés : Production primaire, strate herbacée, variation pluviométrique, stress hydrique, modèle STEP. English Title: Sensitivity of herbaceous vegetation production to the variability of rainfall distribution in the Sahel (Agoufou, Mali): a modeling approachThe strong spatial and temporal variability of rainfall patterns in the Sahel is accepted by everybody. The phenology of the herbaceous layer dominated by annual plants follows this rhythm by alternating a short growing period with a long dormancy period. The Gourma region located in the Sahelian belt in Mali is a pastoral area subject to this temporal variability of resources (water and forage) linked to the rains regime. This study aims to assess the sensitivity of the herbaceous vegetation production to the variation of the intra-seasonal rainfall distribution in the Sahel through the case of the Agoufou rangeland site. The simulations were performed with the STEP model (Sahelian Transpiration Evaporation and Production model). The analyses were based on simple changes of rainfall height recorded on the site in 2010, carried out randomly without changing the seasonal total or the daily totals. The results show that the relationship between rainfall totals and the fall of the herbaceous mass conceal intra-seasonal production related to water stress especially during the period of so-called main growth can affect the seasonal production. The model could be used in an integrated early warning system to anticipate frequent forage shortages in this region.Keywords: Primary production, herbaceous layer, rainfall variation, water deficit, STEP model.

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Kleinitz, Cornelia. "Rock art in sub-Saharan Mali." Antiquity 75, no. 290 (2001): 799–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00089316.

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Sub-Saharan West Africa has remained largely a blank space on the world rock-art map, in spite of a steady trickle of reports during the past century on pictograph and petroglyph sites in the West African sahel and savanna belts. It seems that the nature of the rock art reported, predominantly ‘geometric’ and saurian motifs, and ‘stick figures’, as well as its apparent recent age, formed little incentive for in-depth studies of rock art in this region. From sub-Saharan Mali, for example, only two sites have been published to a satisfactory standard (Huysecom 1990; Huysecom et al. 1996). The richness of the region in rock art, as indicated by several authors (e.g. Griaule 1938; Huysecom & Mayor 1991/92; Togola et al. 1995), has been confirmed by on-going research on rock art in the Boucle du Baoulé region (map, FIGURE 5) in the southwest of the country (Kleinitz 2000). In three field seasons, 14 known and 38 newly identified rock-shelters and open-air sites with pictographs and peboglyphs have been recorded.

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Sanou, Haby, Daouda Sidibé, Adama Korbo, and Zewge Teklehaimanot. "Rootstock Propagation Methods Affect the Growth and Productivity of Three Improved Cultivars of Ber in Mali, West Africa." HortTechnology 24, no. 4 (2014): 418–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.24.4.418.

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The adaptation of three improved cultivars of ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) from India to farming conditions in the Sudanian zone of the Sahel region was tested in Mali. The three cultivars used as scions were Seb, Umran, and Sotubata. The use of coppices of local ber resulted in a significantly better growth and higher fruit production on all the grafts of the three cultivars when compared with nursery seedling rootstocks. The cultivars also performed significantly better in the South Sudanian zone than in the more-arid North Sudanian zone. The highest fruit yield of 38 kg per tree was achieved on coppices in the South Sudanian zone. It was concluded that the high success of this experiment offers a great opportunity for adoption of the three improved cultivars of ber using coppice shoots as rootstock to optimize their use in parkland agroforestry systems in the South Sudanian zone of the Sahel region of West Africa.

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Ayantunde, A. A., M. Blummel, E. Grings, and A. J. Duncan. "Price and quality of livestock feeds in suburban markets of West Africa’s Sahel: Case study from Bamako, Mali." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 67, no. 1 (2014): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10155.

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Dans les villes du Sahel Ouest africain, les activités liées à l’élevage, comme la production laitière des petits exploitants et l’engraissement du bétail (bovins, ovins et caprins), sont devenues très répandues pour satisfaire aux besoins en alimentation du ménage et pour générer des revenus. L’importance accrue de l’agriculture urbaine et périurbaine, en particulier des activités d’élevage dans la région, a contribué à une croissance rapide du cheptel dans la plupart des grandes villes. En réponse à cette croissance et, ainsi, à la demande accrue en aliments, des marchés des aliments du bétail se sont développés dans plusieurs grandes villes du Sahel Ouest africain. Une enquête sur les marchés des aliments du bétail a été conduite au Mali dans cinq marchés de Bamako. Le prix des aliments a été suivi mensuellement de janvier à décembre 2010. En outre, des échantillons d’aliments ont été collectés pour analyser leur qualité nutritionnelle. Les résultats ont montré que les prix de la fane de niébé et de la fane d’arachide étaient plus élevés que ceux des autres aliments tout au long de l’année. Le prix de la fane de niébé a varié entre 367 FCFA/kg de matière sèche (1 USD ≈ 500 FCFA) en octobre, soit juste après la récolte, et 667 FCFA/kg en août, pendant la saison humide. Les résultats ont également montré qu’il n’y avait pas de relation entre le prix et la qualité pour tous les types d’aliments. Cependant, leur prix et leur qualité ont considérablement varié en fonction des saisons, indiquant que la saison était un déterminant majeur du prix des aliments de bétail dans les zones périurbaines du Sahel Ouest africain.

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D’Errico, Marco, Assad Bori, and Ana Paula de la O. Campos. "Resilience and Conflict: Evidence from Mali." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (2021): 10444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810444.

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Exploring the contextualized relationship between conflict and household resilience is a key element of policymaking under the Humanitarian and Development nexus. This paper provides new evidence on conflict and resilience from resilience-enhancing projects in Mali’s Central Sahel cross-border area. In particular, it explores the presence of determinants of resilience that explains conflict exposure; investigates the adoption of conflict-specific coping mechanisms and explores contextual specificities of local resilience capacity. The findings show that certain types of agricultural households have a higher probability of exposure to conflict, while no evidence of public transfers (e.g., cash transfers) increasing the level of exposure to conflicts is found. The results also show that there are elements which explain the adoption (or lack thereof) of coping mechanisms against conflict: social networks play an essential enabling role, as well as education, the level of food consumption, and to some extent, access to public transfers. Finally, the results suggest that female-headed households need more support in order to engage in coping strategies. This paper suggests that resilience-enhancing interventions and analysis require deeper knowledge of the context, paying special attention to the drivers of conflict and coping strategies adopted by households.

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Kya, Abraham Berthe, B. Abdramane, and Reichenbach Setephan. "Gumbel Weibull distribution function for Sahel precipitation modeling and predicting: Case of Mali." African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 9, no. 5 (2015): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajest2014.1826.

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Dardel, C., L. Kergoat, P. Hiernaux, E. Mougin, M. Grippa, and C. J. Tucker. "Re-greening Sahel: 30years of remote sensing data and field observations (Mali, Niger)." Remote Sensing of Environment 140 (January 2014): 350–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2013.09.011.

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Shaw, Scott. "Fallout in the Sahel: the geographic spread of conflict from Libya to Mali." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 19, no. 2 (2013): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2013.805153.

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Dolo, Guimogo, Olivier J. T. Briët, Adama Dao, et al. "Malaria transmission in relation to rice cultivation in the irrigated Sahel of Mali." Acta Tropica 89, no. 2 (2004): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2003.10.014.

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Sissoko, Mahamadou Soumana, Alassane Dicko, Olivier Johan Tavai Briët, et al. "Malaria incidence in relation to rice cultivation in the irrigated Sahel of Mali." Acta Tropica 89, no. 2 (2004): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2003.10.015.

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Spiekermann, Raphael, Martin Brandt, and Cyrus Samimi. "Woody vegetation and land cover changes in the Sahel of Mali (1967–2011)." International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 34 (February 2015): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2014.08.007.

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Diawara, Mamadou Oumar, Pierre Hiernaux, Eric Mougin, Manuela Grippa, Claire Delon, and Hawa Salif Diakité. "Effets de la pâture sur la dynamique de la végétation herbacée au Sahel (Gourma, Mali) : une approche par modélisation." Cahiers Agricultures 27, no. 1 (2018): 15010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2018002.

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Au Sahel, la végétation se compose d’une strate herbacée principalement composée de plantes annuelles et d’une strate ligneuse peu dense dominée par des épineux. Dans cette région, l’essentiel de la production fourragère a lieu entre juillet et septembre. Le disponible fourrager constitué au cours de cette courte période décroît durant les neuf mois de la saison sèche sous l’effet de plusieurs facteurs, dont la pâture des ruminants domestiques. Les effets de la pâture sur la dynamique saisonnière de la phytomasse herbacée ont fait l’objet de peu d’études au Sahel. La dynamique de saison sèche de la phytomasse herbacée sous l’effet de la pâture est simulée à l’aide du module « Patsec » du modèle STEP. Une étude de sensibilité du module Patsec à la composition spécifique, l’intensité et la saisonnalité de la charge compare les sorties du module aux observations faites en 2010–2011 sur trois sites pastoraux proches de Hombori à l’Est du Sahel malien. Les résultats montrent que le prélèvement fourrager par le bétail ne contribue que de façon secondaire à la « dégradation » saisonnière de la phytomasse herbacée. Par contre, les effets de la pâture sur le transfert des pailles dressées à la litière et l’enfouissement dans le sol de cette dernière sont nets. L’étude montre également qu’à charge égale exprimée en poids vif, la pâture par les bovins contribue moins au transfert paille-litière et à l’enfouissement de la litière que la pâture de petits ruminants, malgré l’importance du fourrage ligneux dans la ration des chèvres. Le modèle testé reproduit de façon satisfaisante la dynamique saisonnière de la phytomasse herbacée et peut servir d’outil de prévention des crises pastorales liées aux pénuries de fourrage en région sahélienne à travers un suivi de la charge animale et du disponible fourrager de saison sèche.

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Stith, Mimi, Alessandra Giannini, John del Corral, Susana Adamo, and Alex de Sherbinin. "A Quantitative Evaluation of the Multiple Narratives of the Recent Sahelian Regreening*." Weather, Climate, and Society 8, no. 1 (2016): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-15-0012.1.

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Abstract A spatial analysis is presented that aims to synthesize the evidence for climate and social dimensions of the “regreening” of the Sahel. Using an independently constructed archival database of donor-funded interventions in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, and Senegal in response to the persistence of drought in the 1970s and 1980s, the spatial distribution of these interventions is examined in relation to population density and to trends in precipitation and in greenness. Three categories of environmental change are classified: 1) regions at the northern grassland/shrubland edge of the Sahel where NDVI varies interannually with precipitation, 2) densely populated cropland regions of the Sahel where significant trends in precipitation and NDVI decouple at interannual time scales, and 3) regions at the southern savanna edge of the Sahel where NDVI variation is independent of precipitation. Examination of the spatial distribution of environmental change, number of development projects, and population density brings to the fore the second category, covering the cropland areas where population density and regreening are higher than average. While few, regions in this category coincide with emerging hotspots of regreening in northern Burkina Faso and southern central Niger known from case study literature. In examining the impact of efforts to rejuvenate the Sahelian environment and livelihoods in the aftermath of the droughts of the 1970s and 1980s against the backdrop of a varying and uncertain climate, the transition from desertification to regreening discourses is framed in the context of adaptation to climate change.

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Osaherumwen Idahosa, Stephen, Denis Andreevich Degterev, Rasheed Olasunkanmi Abidoye, and . "Strategic Fight Against Terrorism: A Narrative of its Implication in the Sahel Region." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.38 (2018): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.38.25774.

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This paper explores the major impediments to peace and widespread interest in Sahel violence and stability. It examines the expansion of violent extremism across the Sahel and the direct consequence of unrest across North Africa. It assesses worrisome development in the region’s security landscape as these violent extremist organizations grow and develop sophisticated networks. It discovers that these emerging threats can be illustrated by the unique challenges facing Libya, Mali, Nigeria, and other countries in the region. Hence the strategies and assistance of Major Powers in ensuring the security and stability of the Sahel region, as it goes well beyond terrorism. Methodologically, it employs the use of descriptive analysis relying solely on secondary information for data generation and articulation. The study therefore suggests among others that, rather than attempt to stifle regional conflicts through military intervention, Major Powers should encourage regional initiatives. Many regional conflicts are so deeply rooted, however powers involve should recognize that, for there to be success in ending the fighting and instability, it should avoid policies that often clash with realities and needs on the ground, without which no outside party, from within or outside the region will succeed in putting an end to the threat to peace and security challenge.

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Frison, P. L., E. Mougin, and P. Hiernaux. "Observations and Interpretation of Seasonal ERS-1 Wind Scatterometer Data over Northern Sahel (Mali)." Remote Sensing of Environment 63, no. 3 (1998): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-4257(97)00137-5.

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Dowd, C., and C. Raleigh. "The myth of global Islamic terrorism and local conflict in Mali and the Sahel." African Affairs 112, no. 448 (2013): 498–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adt039.

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Huysecom, E., S. Ozainne, F. Raeli, A. Ballouche, M. Rasse, and S. Stokes. "Ounjougou (Mali): A history of holocene settlement at the southern edge of the Sahara." Antiquity 78, no. 301 (2004): 579–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00113237.

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The area of Ounjougou consists of a series of gullies cut through Upper Pleistocene and Holocene formations on the Dogon Plateau in the Sahel at the south edge of the Sahara Desert. Here the authors have chronicled a stratified sequence of human occupation from the tenth to the second millennium BC, recording natural and anthropogenic strata containing artefacts and micro- and macro- palaeoecological remains, mostly in an excellent state of preservation. They present a first synthesis of the archaeological and environmental sequence for the Holocene period, define five main occupation phases for Ounjougou, and attempt to place them within the context of West African prehistory.

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Madougou, Saïdou, Frederique Saïd, Bernard Campistron, and Fadel Kebe Cheikh. "Low Level Jet Wind Shear in the Sahel." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 11 (October 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.11.1.

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In the Sahel, a vertical wind shear appears in the dry and in the wet seasons. In Niamey, Niger, during the dry season, the period of strong shears is clearly linked to the Nocturnal Low Level Jet (LLJ) since it occurs in a narrow time period around 06H00 UTC at 60% of the cases reach shears which require an alert to the pilots (higher than 4 ms-1 per 100 m). The majority of cases occur during the night with a wind shear direction between 90 and 150° per 100 m, which is shown that it is dangerous for aircraft. In Bamako, Mali, high wind shears represent (higher than 4 ms-1 per 100 m) only 16-22% of the cases and can occur at any time of the day. There are, however, 8% of the cases, the whole day long, when the wind shear can reach more than 6 ms-1 per 100 m. Most of the wind shear directions are also between 0 and 90° per 100 m during the night. This is why the Agency for the safety of aircraft navigation in Africa and Madagascar (ASECNA) has put in 2004 at Bamako airport an UHF wind profiler radar for monitoring nocturnal strong Low Level Jet wind shear which occur regularly in this airport.

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Soutongo Bande, Régina, and Dr Théophile Bindeouè Nassè. "DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION AND PERFORMANCE IN THE PROJECTS OF LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES: THE CASE OF THE REGIONAL SUPPORT PROJECT FOR PASTORALISM IN THE SAHEL (PRAPS) IN NIGER." International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research 2, no. 5 (2020): 380–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/ijmer.v2i5.180.

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In West Africa, pastoral systems provide more than 80% of income to rural households and are a vital food source for urban populations. The six Sahelian countries (Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal) have around 20 million pastoralists who raise a population of 60 million cattle and 160 million small ruminants. However, projects in pastoral systems sometimes experience communication-related failures. Development communication is very important within the Regional Support Project for Pastoralism in the Sahel (PRAPS). Still, it must be recognized that some of the objectives are not achieved because of certain factors related to communication which are not taken into account. This state of affairs raises a question: How can the objectives set by PRAPS be achieved with an efficient communication? The approach used here is inductive, and the research is conducted through qualitative interviews carried out with focus groups. Data is collected using a digital recorder, then, the data is hand-transcribed and analyzed. The results show not only that development communication has effects on project results, but also that development communication has effects on the performance of projects of the Regional Support Project for Pastoralism in the Sahel (PRAPS). It is recommended that project supervisors should put an emphasis on an effective development communication in order to achieve the objectives of the Regional Support Project for Pastoralism in the Sahel (PRAPS).

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Brandt, Martin, Clemens Romankiewicz, Raphael Spiekermann, and Cyrus Samimi. "Environmental change in time series – An interdisciplinary study in the Sahel of Mali and Senegal." Journal of Arid Environments 105 (June 2014): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2014.02.019.

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Diawara, Mamadou Oumar, Pierre Hiernaux, Eric Mougin, et al. "Joint monitoring of livestock stocking rates and rangeland vegetation of Hombori district in Mali during the 2010-2011 dry season." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 6 (2020): 1941–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i6.2.

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and wide seasonal and interannual variations. Pastoral livestock systems adapt to these patchy and variation resources by herd mobility and some supplement feeding that only partially overcome seasonal forage shortages in dry years. This study aimed at analyzing the relationship between livestock stocking rates and forage availabilities during the 8-9 month dry season at the scale of the Hombori district. Stocking rates were estimated by monthly count of livestock by species, sex and age classes at the main pastoral water points. Herbaceous forage over the district was assessed at the onset of the dry season over using NDVI-MODIS remote sensing calibrated with in situ measurements. In addition, forage availabilities were monitored monthly in the service area of three selected water points as a function of distance from the water point up to 12 km. The results indicated that despite the large numbers of livestock and the weak mobility of the resident herds, the overall stocking rate in the Hombori district remains low, as it entails an average grazing exploitation rate of only 9.4% of the fodder resource during the dry season. The grazing exploitation rate invalidates the statement of widespread 'overgrazing' of forage resources by livestock in the Sahel often advanced in rangeland ecology and management projects. Keywords: Rangelands, stocking rate, dry season, degradation rate, overgrazing, Sahel.

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Sangho, Oumar. "Situation nutritionnelle et sanitaire des enfants de 06-59 mois dans la commune urbaine de Nioro du Sahel au Mali en 2015." Mali Santé Publique 10, no. 1 (2020): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.53318/msp.v10i1.1661.

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Introduction : L'objectif était d'étudier la situation nutritionnelle et sanitaire des enfants de 06-59 mois dans la commune urbaine de Nioro du Sahel en 2015. Matériel et méthodes : Cette étude transversale descriptive a porté sur un échantillon de 400 enfants et 202 mères dans le district sanitaire de Nioro du Sahel. Les données collectées à l'aide d'un questionnaire ont été analysées par les logiciels SPSS 19.0, ENA et OMS 2006. Les tests de Khi2, Fisher et Student ont été utilisés pour trouver des associations statistiquement significatives (p<0,05). Résultats : la prévalence de l'insuffisance pondérale était de 9 % avec 2,8 % de forme sévère. Il n'y avait pas de différence statistiquement significative chez les garçons et les filles (p=0,3961). 52% des mères n'allaitaient pas leurs enfants. L'âge de sevrage était d'au moins 25 mois pour 62,5 % des enfants. 57% des enfants ont reçu un aliment de complément à plus de 12 mois. A cause de l'eau de boisson, la diarrhée était la maladie la plus fréquente soit 45,5%. Aussi, 52% des enfants ont souffert de paludisme à cause de l'insalubrité du milieu. Conclusion : L'alimentation, l'hygiène et l'assainissement sont des facteurs qui peuvent impacter sur l'état nutritionnel des enfants de 06-59 mois.

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