Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « SAP Code Inspector »

Since the Rana Plaza tragedy in 2013, the Ready-Made Garment (RMG) industry, the most vital role-playing sector in the Bangladeshi economy, has faced many challenges, including labour unrest, image crisis, and pressure from local and international stakeholders to ensure worker safety. The tragic incident in 2013 prompted many initiatives for rehabilitation, the amendment of labour laws, the agreement on treaties for factory inspection, etc. As a consequence, national and international compliance bodies were set up to ensure a safe working environment in the RMG production sector in Bangladesh, such as The Accord, The Alliance, WRAP, BSCI, FLA, ETI, SAI, Sedex, etc. Furthermore, most advanced factories adopted their sustainability self-regulatory sets of norms to ensure a better working environment. Although these local and international compliance initiatives triggered notable changes in the sector, to the working environment and the worker safety, in particular, a major challenge arose for the producing factories to simultaneously comply with all the codes of conducts of the different compliance bodies. This study will present an overview of the most common practices required by the different codes of conducts in the Bangladeshi RMG sector and demonstrate how the different standardization organizations challenge the overall compliance in the RMG production processes in Bangladesh. An analysis of these challenges will also be given, finally leading to a list of eight key points that need to be solved by the producers to deal with the current problems in the industry.

AbstractThe purpose of this research is to know and analyze how the legal construction of expert information is based on the criminal justice system in Indonesia and how the influence of expert information on the power of evidence in the system Criminal justice in Indonesia. This research is a normative law research that examines and examines the legislation related to the information of experts, in this case the Law No. 8 of 1981 about the Criminal Procedure Law (KUHAP). Based on the results of the research conducted with the study of literature, in the outline of the results of the study can be concluded that the legal construction of the expert information arrangement is governed in article 184 paragraph (1) of KUHAP point number 2 which is included in the types of Legal evidence after the witness's description. In the sense that the expert information is governed by article 1 number 28 of the criminal CODE stating that the explanation of the expert is the information given by a person who has special skills on what is necessary to make the light of a criminal case to Inspection interests. From the formulation it appears that it has been covered by the function of a member, namely to make the light of a criminal case for examination purposes. The influence of expert information on the power of proving is that in principle the proof tool of expert evidence has no proven strength binding and determining. As such, the value of the expert's proof of proof strength is the same as the value of proofs attached to the witness evidence tool.Keywords: Expert Description, Proof Tool, Criminal Justice.AbstrakTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis bagaimana konstruksi hukum tentang keterangan ahli berdasarkan sistem peradilan pidana di Indonesia dan bagaimana pengaruh keterangan ahli terhadap kekuatan pembuktian dalam sistem peradilan pidana di Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif yang meneliti dan mengkaji peraturan perundang-undangan yang terkait dengan keterangan ahli, dalam hal ini yaitu Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 Tentang Kitab Hukum Acara Pidana (KUHAP). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan dengan studi kepustakaan, secara garis besar hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa kontruksi hukum pengaturan keterangan ahli diatur dalam Pasal 184 ayat (1) KUHAP point nomor 2 yang termasuk dalam jenis-jenis alat bukti yang sah menurut hukum setelah keterangan saksi. Secara pengertian keterangan ahli diatur dalam Pasal 1 angka 28 KUHAP yang menyatakan bahwa keterangan ahli yaitu keterangan yang diberikan oleh seseorang yang memiliki keahlian khusus tentang hal yang diperlukan untuk membuat terang suatu perkara pidana guna kepentingan pemeriksaan. Dari rumusan tersebut terlihat bahwa telah tercakup fungsi dari keterangan ahli, yaitu untuk membuat terang suatu perkara pidana guna kepentingan pemeriksaan. Adapun pengaruh keterangan ahli terhadap kekuatan pembuktian adalah bahwa pada prinsipnya alat bukti keterangan ahli tidak mempunyai kekuatan pembuktian yang mengikat dan menentukan. Dengan demikian, nilai kekuatan pembuktian keterangan ahli sama halnya dengan nilai pembuktian yang melekat pada alat bukti keterangan saksi. Kata Kunci: Keterangan Ahli, Alat Bukti, Peradilan Pidana

On behalf of Oden Hughes, Pape-Dawson conducted an intensive archaeological survey of the proposed NWC Bulverde/1604 Sewer Extension Project in San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas. The project proposed to begin on the southwest side of Classen Road approximately 0.2 kilometers (km) (0.13 mile [mi]) east of its northern intersection with Bulverde Road. The proposed line would parallel Elm Waterhole Creek to the west and south approximately 0.8 km (0.5 mi). At this point, the line would cross Autry Pond Road in a southwestern direction eventually paralleling Bulverde Road to the intersection of Redland Road for a total length of approximately 0.4 km (0.25 mi). This project would entail the installation of 1.2 km (0.75 mi) of new sewer line within a 5-meter (m) (16-foot [ft])-wide permanent easement and an adjacent 8-m (25-ft)-wide temporary easement along whichever side was available. The Area of Potential Effects (APE) for the proposed project was defined as a 30 m (100 ft) buffer centered on the proposed SAWS centerline totaling 3.7 hectares (ha) (9.18 acres). The depth of vertical impacts was not yet been determined, but utility installations typically require 1.8 to 2.4 m (6 to 8 ft). Notably, the sewer alignment was changed after completion of this archaeological survey and installation will no longer take place in this APE. The survey for the new alignment was completed under Texas Antiquities Permit #8870. Although Oden Hughes would construct the new sewer line, San Antonio Water Systems (SAWS) would be the grantee of the easement after construction. For this reason, compliance with the Antiquities Code of Texas (ACT) was required. In addition, this project would require a Nationwide Permit from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Thus, compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) (Title 36 Code of Federal Regulations Part 800.4 [36 CFR 800.4]) was required. In addition, the project was located within the San Antonio city limits, which necessitated compliance with the Historic Preservation and Urban Design Section of the City of San Antonio (COSA) Unified Development Code (UDC). Pape-Dawson conducted the intensive archaeological survey on September 20, 2017. The entirety of the APE was subject to visual inspection supplemented by judgmentally placed shovel tests in order to evaluate the potential for buried cultural resources. This work was conducted under Antiquities Permit No. 8161 with Virginia Moore, M.A.G. serving as Principal Investigator. A total of 16 shovel tests was excavated within the APE, all of which were negative for archaeological material. During this survey, one previously recorded site (41BX1786) was revisited within the limits of the APE. However, no cultural deposits associated with the site were encountered. Given the absence of artifacts observed during the current survey, Pape-Dawson recommends that 41BX1786 is ineligible within ROW for State Antiquities Landmark (SAL) and National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) designation. No archaeological resources were located or recorded during this survey. As no properties were identified that meet the criteria for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) according to 36 CFR 60.4, or for designation as a State Antiquities Landmark (SAL) according to 13 Texas Administrative Code 26.12 (13 TAC 26.12), Pape-Dawson recommends that no further archaeological work is necessary for the proposed undertaking as presently designed. However, if undiscovered cultural material is encountered iii during construction, it is recommended that all work in the vicinity should cease and the THC and COSA archaeologists be contacted to ensure compliance with the NHPA, ACT, and UDC. No artifacts were collected, but all project records and photographs will be curated at the Center for Archaeological Research (CAR) at the University of Texas at San Antonio.

Horizon Environmental Services, Inc. (Horizon) was selected by LJA Engineering, Inc. (LJA), on behalf of Montgomery County Municipal Utility District (MUD) No. 157, to conduct a cultural resources inventory and assessment for the proposed West Fork of the San Jacinto River South Drainage Channel Phase 3 Project. The proposed undertaking would consist of constructing a new outfall structure within an approximately 1.5-hectare (3.6-acre) area on the eastern bank of the West Fork of the San Jacinto River near Moorhead Road. The project area is located on a broad coastal flat that has been historically mined for borrow materials, and numerous artificial lakes that represent infilled borrow pits characterize the surrounding area. The project area is bounded on the southeast by the channel of the West Fork of the San Jacinto River and on the northeast by a large pond that represents an infilled borrow pit. A prominent earthen levee parallels the river channel, and a massive erosional gully runs through the southern portion of the project area. The Liberty Materials, Inc. Moorehead Wet Plant is located approximately 0.8 kilometer (0.5 mile) east of the project area. For purposes of the cultural resources survey, the project area is considered to consist of the entire 1.5-hectare (3.6-acre) outfall construction area. The proposed undertaking would be sponsored by Montgomery County Municipal Utility District (MUD) No. 157, which represents a political subdivision of the state of Texas. As such, the project falls under the jurisdiction of the Antiquities Code of Texas. In addition, the project may require the use of Nationwide Permits (NWP) issued by the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Galveston District, for construction within or adjacent to any water features that meet the criteria for designation as “waters of the US” under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and/or Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act. As NWPs are federal permits, those portions of the overall project area located within the federal permit area would fall under the jurisdiction of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966, as amended. As the proposed project represents a publicly sponsored undertaking, the project sponsor is required to provide the applicable federal agencies and the Texas Historical Commission (THC), which serves as the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) for the state of Texas, with an opportunity to review and comment on the project’s potential to adversely affect historic properties listed on or considered eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and/or for designation as State Antiquities Landmarks (SAL). On March 28, 2020, Horizon archeologists Jesse Dalton and Jared Wiersema under the overall direction of Jeffrey D. Owens, Principal Investigator, performed an intensive cultural resources survey of the project area to locate any cultural resources that potentially would be impacted by the proposed undertaking. The survey was performed under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 9315. Horizon’s archeologists traversed the archeological survey area on foot and thoroughly inspected the modern ground surface for aboriginal and historic-age cultural resources. The survey area consisted of a flat, heavily modified landform situated between the West Fork of the San Jacinto River channel to the southwest and an artificial lake that represents an infilled borrow pit to the northeast. Historical aerial photographs suggest that past borrow material mining activities have extensively impacted the landform. An earthen levee runs along the edge of the landform parallel to the river channel, and a massive erosional gully passes through the southern portion of the project area. Vegetation within the project area consists primarily of short grasses, and artificial pea gravel deposits cover large portions of the modern ground surface. Overall, ground surface visibility was poor to fair (20 to 40%), though the landform that characterizes the project area appears to have been heavily disturbed and may be almost entirely man-made. In addition to pedestrian walkover, the Texas State Minimum Archeological Survey Standards (TSMASS) require a minimum of two shovel tests per 0.4 hectare (1.0 acres) for tracts between 1.2 and 4.0 hectares (3.0 and 10.0 acres) in size. As such, a minimum of seven shovel tests would be required within the 1.5-hectare (3.6-acre) project area. However, given the physiographic setting of the project area on the floodplain of the West Fork of the San Jacinto River, the extent of prior disturbances associated with historical borrow material mining, and the geomorphological potential for deeply buried Holocene-age sediments, Horizon determined that shovel testing would not likely be a productive survey technique. As such, mechanical trenching was utilized instead. Horizon excavated seven trackhoe trenches within the floodplain of the West Fork of the San Jacinto River in the northern portion of the project area. Trenches ranged from 5.0 to 7.0 meters (16.4 to 23.0 feet) in length and from to 1.5 to 5.5 meters (4.9 to 18.0 feet) in depth. Most trenches were terminated at depths of approximately 2.0 meters (6.6 feet) below surface, though two trenches were excavated to depths of 3.0 to 5.5 meters (9.8 to 18.0 feet) below surface where possible to investigate the potential for more deeply buried natural soil horizons and/or archeological deposits. Sediments observed in all trenches consisted of lenses of artificial fill materials resulting from borrow material mining activities over the years. These sediments tended to be poorly structured and unconsolidated, resulting in frequent collapses of trench walls. The water table was encountered in one trench at a depth of 1.8 meters below surface. While it is possible that some of the more deeply buried clay layers are of natural origin, the vast majority of the sediments observed were clearly artificial fill deposits. No cultural resources, prehistoric or historic-age, were observed on the modern ground surface or within any of the shovel tests excavated within the project area. As no cultural resources were observed during the survey, no cultural resources were collected. Following completion of the project, all project records will be prepared for permanent curation at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory (TARL). Based on the results of the survey-level investigations documented in this report, no potentially significant cultural resources would be affected by the proposed undertaking. In accordance with 36 CFR 800.4, Horizon has made a reasonable and good-faith effort to identify historic properties within the project area. No cultural resources were identified within the project area that meet the criteria for designation as SALs according to 13 TAC 26 or for inclusion in the NRHP under 36 CFR 60.4. Horizon recommends a finding of “no historic properties affected,” and no further archeological work is recommended in connection with the proposed undertaking. However, human burials, both prehistoric and historic, are protected under the Texas Health and Safety Code. In the event that any human remains or burial objects are inadvertently discovered at any point during construction, use, or ongoing maintenance in the project area, even in previously surveyed areas, all work should cease immediately in the vicinity of the inadvertent discovery, and the Texas Historical Commission (THC) should be notified immediately.

Softwarevisualisierung stellt als Teil der Informationsvisualisierung Struktur, Verhalten und Evolution einer Software dar. In der Softwareentwicklung bietet sie für jeden Akteur ein nützliches Werkzeug. So können neben Entwicklern auch Berater und Kunden Eigenschaften einer Software beurteilen, ohne höhere Programmierkenntnisse zu besitzen. Die Professur für Softwareentwicklung für Wirtschaft und Verwaltung der Universität Leipzig forscht im Bereich der Softwarevisualisierung. Neben einem Softwarevisualisierungsgenerator existieren bisher Extraktoren für C#, Java und Ruby. Für die SAP-eigene Programmiersprache ABAP und weitere SAP-Strukturinformationen sind in der Literatur und im kommerziellen Bereich wenige Konzepte veröffentlicht worden. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung eines Prototypen zur Extraktion von SAP- Strukturinformationen in das Metamodell FAMIX als Grundlage für die Softwarevisualisierung. Als Werkzeug kommt dabei der SAP Code Inspector zum Einsatz, um Informationen über Quelltextelemente zu sammeln. Die zu extrahierenden Informationen werden durch eine Analyse der Recursive Disk Metaphor ermittelt, bei der SAP-Elemente in die bestehende Version integriert werden.:1. Einleitung 1.1. Motivation 1.2. Zielstellung 1.3. Methodisches Vorgehen 1.4. Aufbau dieser Arbeit 2. SAP-Grundlagen 2.1. SAP-System 2.2. ABAP 2.2.1. Report 2.2.2. Funktionsgruppe 2.2.3. Klasse 2.2.4. Datentyp 2.2.5. Tabelle 2.3. SAP Code Inspector 2.3.1. Anwendung des SAP Code Inspectors 2.3.2. Aufbau eigener Prüfklassen 3. Softwarevisualisierung 3.1. Grundlagen der Softwarevisualisierung 3.2. Visualisierungsprozess 3.3. FAMIX-Grammatik 3.4. Recursive Disc Metaphor 4. Analyse der zu extrahierenden Strukturinformationen 4.1. Auswahl der ABAP-Objekte 4.2. Anforderungsanalyse für ABAP 4.3. Visualisierung in der Recursive Disc Metaphor 5. Prototyp zur Extraktion von Strukturinformationen 5.1. Konzeption 5.2. Funktionsbeschreibung 5.3. Architektur 5.4. Datenhaltung 5.5. Evaluation 6. Ausblick

It should go without saying that in the twentieth-century history of American higher education, each significant curricular reform movement has had a distinct political agenda. This is particularly true for initiatives designed to create decisive changes in the shape of the undergraduate curriculum. In those circumstances in which a political movement and an institutional initiative have coincided, a distinct political purpose can be discerned in what the institution required of its students and how the program was articulated. The historical moment was certainly at issue in the case of the reforms of the 1930s. Men such as Robert Hutchins, Stringfellow Barr, and Scott Buchanan saw in the idea of a core curriculum a way to realize their ideal construct of democracy. The Great Books concept and the variants of the core at Chicago had at their root a notion of natural rights and the social contract. Inherent in that framing of the body politic were concepts of freedom and civic responsibility. The objective was clear: one needed to educate young Americans—the elite of the nation—to steer the country away from the extremes of fascism and communism. Radical reform was imperative, since during the Great Depression both of these alternatives appeared politically viable. In the post-World War II era, the Cold War framed most of the discussion about the curriculum. This claim may seem odd, but on closer inspection, beginning with Harvard's general education reform from the early 1950s, the concept of the university, until the late 1980s, was substantially defined by a consciousness of how much the United States constituted an alternative to political unfreedom. The elective-course system in its new Harvard form, combined with distribution requirements and an enormous premium on undergraduate specialization, was a kind of metaphorical mirror of the idealized free marketplace of ideas. We were convinced that we were training young people to cherish the advantages of free choice and liberty in a world in which the grim alternative of totalitarianism was not a mirage but a present danger.

We saw in the previous chapter how Otto Wallach’s early proposal regarding the structural origin of terpenoid natural products was later refined by the insightful work of Leopold Rudzicka, leading to the biogenetic isoprene rule and all that it implies. In a nearly parallel fashion, we find in our present chapter a second, unrelated class of naturally occurring compounds whose characteristic structural features prompted an initial innovative hypothesis by J. N. Collie near the turn of the 20th century. Collie proposed that certain natural compounds might arise from precursors containing repeated “ketide” (–CH2CO–) units which could then undergo subsequent condensations and other reactions typical of carbonyl compounds to produce some of the observed structures. Unfortunately, Collie’s work was more or less ignored and largely forgotten for nearly a half century, only to be reimagined and expanded in the middle of the century by A. J. Birch, another pioneer whose proposals met with considerable initial resistance. But unlike his predecessor, Birch ultimately prevailed by providing experimental results that supported a comprehensive theory of the biochemical origin of the group of compounds now universally known as “polyketide” natural products. This structurally diverse family includes some of the most useful medicinal agents now known to us, with many members possessing powerful antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, immunosuppressant, and even cholesterol-lowering biological properties. As we see in Fig. 5.1, such structures range from the relatively simple to the exceedingly complex and may include large macrocyclic lactone rings (macrolides) such as erythromycin, polycyclic ethers such as monensin A, polycyclic structures which may be partly or mostly aromatic as in tetracycline, griseofulvin, or daunorubicin, or nonaromatic polycyclics such as tacrolimus and lovastatin. Some also contain noncyclic linear components that may be saturated, oxygenated, or unsaturated, as seen in different regions of amphotericin B which, like erythromycin, daunorubicin, and many other polyketides, also possesses an aglycone core which has been glycosylated with a carbohydrate component at a specific position. But in spite of this range of structures, many polyketide compounds share some common features that ultimately become more evident upon closer inspection; six-membered rings (either aromatic or nonaromatic) and multiple oxygens which tend to appear in a repeating 1,3-relationship to one another on both acyclic, cyclic, and aromatic structures.

The Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER) is now developing a tool to help the inspectors to perform the Phase 2 SDP (Significance Determination Process) assessment. The purpose of this tool is to simplify the process of the assessment and help the inspectors to obtain the results quickly. Risk models for the calculation of core damage frequency (CDF) of internal initiating events will be used to determine the risk increase of specific inspection findings. The risk model used for the SDP tool was converted from the original Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) model of the individual plant. The risk engine, INERISKEN, is adopted to perform the calculation. After input of the inspection findings are setup, all calculations can be done in less than one minute by INERISKEN. To perform the Phase 2 assessment, the inspector has to decide the affected components/systems and the impact to initiating events for his inspection findings. When changes of plant configuration are specified, the ΔCDF can be obtained by solving the risk model with new plant configuration. Simplified P&IDs for most of the safety systems are also available for user’s reference. If any inspector cannot make sure the response of the inspection findings to the affected systems or the initiating events, experiences and examples are also provided on user’s click. The ΔCCDP (Conditional Core Damage Probability) obtained can be related to one of the color (green, white, yellow or red) by the methodology defined in the counting rule worksheet of NRC inspection manual. Meanwhile, the status of the critical safety functions is also displayed according to the new plant configuration. These additional results will help the inspector to further understand the risk insight of inspection findings.

Prolonged exposure of cast austenitic stainless steels (CASS) to reactor coolant operating temperatures has been shown to lead to some degree of thermal aging embrittlement (reduction in fracture toughness of the material as a function of time). The fracture toughness data for the most severely aged CASS materials were found to be similar to those reported for some austenitic stainless steel weld metal, in particular weld metal from submerged arc welds (SAW). Such similarity offers the possibility for applying periodic inservice inspection flaw acceptance criteria, currently referenced in the ASME Code Section XI, Subsection IWB, for SAW and shielded metal arc weld (SMAW), to CASS component inservice inspection results. This paper presents the data to support both the proposed screening criteria (based on J-R crack growth resistance) for evaluation of the potential significance of the effects of thermal aging embrittlement for Class 1 reactor coolant system and primary pressure boundary CASS components, for those situations where the effects of thermal aging embrittlement are found to be potentially significant. The fitness for continued service is based on the comparison of the limiting fracture toughness data for Type 316 SAW welds and the lower-bound fracture toughness data reported for high-molybdenum, high delta-ferrite, statically and centrifugally-cast CASS materials. These comparisons and the associated flaw acceptance criteria can be used to justify exemptions from current ASME Code Section XI inservice inspection requirements through flaw tolerance evaluation (e.g., see ASME Nuclear Code Case N-481).

Many of the Cr{1-1/4 to 2-1/4}-Mo{1/2 to 1} pressure vessels in the refining and petrochemical industries such as process reactors, distillation columns, separators, pressurized storage vessels, and heat exchangers are typically vertical columns, most often supported by a circular skirt. Typically, design considerations for these vessels and support skirts are for operating under continuous “steady-state” conditions, where temporary stresses due to short-term “transient” events such as start-up and shutdown are often ignored. Consequences of dynamic and cyclic loading play a very significant role in their life and performance. For Coke drums, survey data from API shows that the skirt-to-drum attachment weld and adjoining area appears to be the most problematic, frequently experiencing low-cycle fatigue cracking due to concentrated stresses. A methodology for repairing the skirt attachment weld of Cr-Mo pressure vessels is provided. When designing a repair approach, consideration should include material and aged condition, extent and location of defects, welding process and consumables, and codes, standards, and regulatory guidelines. When repair by weld metal buildup to rebuild a skirt-attachment weld configuration is considered, weld procedure qualification and adequate mock-ups should be performed in order to ensure a sound repair. Further, when invoking a code compliant repair without post-weld heat treatment by controlled deposition welding or temper bead techniques, proper training of welder operators should be conducted to ensure the techniques are implemented properly. A case study is provided for a Coke drum, where the original design and fabrication of the skirt attachment included an initial SAW weld metal buildup on the 2.25Cr (P5A) cone followed by an SMAW/GTAW attachment weld to the 1.25Cr skirt (P4). During a plant shutdown, a surface breaking crack was detected in the skirt to shell attachment weld by Dye Liquid Penetrant Testing (D-LPT) and confirmed with Magnetic Particle Testing (MPT). Subsequent examination by Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) discovered a large number of volumetric indications, oriented towards the knuckle section internally. The repair approach consisted of 1) Completely remove the existing skirt and the attachment weld (knuckle) in segments, 2) Inspect the cone for remaining flaws, 3) Excavate and repair flaws in cone using temper bead technique, 4) Rebuild knuckle area for skirt to cone attachment with an increased radius using temper bead welding techniques, 5) Install new skirt sections using controlled deposition welding technique. Temper Bead and Controlled Deposition repair welding techniques were utilized to avoid conventional post-weld heat treatment requirements, significantly improving the turn-around time in the field.

A study was conducted to assess the ability of advanced ultrasonic techniques to detect and accurately determine the size of flaws from the far-side of wrought austenitic piping welds. Far-side inspections of nuclear system austenitic piping welds are currently performed on a “best effort” basis and do not conform to ASME Code Section XI Appendix VIII performance demonstration requirements for near side inspection. For this study, four circumferential welds in 610mm (24inch) diameter, 36mm (1.42inch) thick ASTM A-358, Grade 304 vintage austenitic stainless steel pipe were examined. The welds were fabricated with varied welding parameters; both horizontal and vertical pipe orientations were used, with air and water backing, to simulate field welding conditions. A series of saw cuts, electro-discharge machined (EDM) notches, and implanted fatigue cracks were placed into the heat affected zones of the welds. The saw cuts and notches ranged in depth from 7.5% to 28.4% through-wall. The implanted cracks ranged in depth from 5% through-wall to 64% through-wall. The welds were examined with phased array technology at 2.0 MHz, and compared to conventional ultrasonic techniques as a baseline. The examinations showed that phased-array methods were able to detect and accurately length-size, but not depth size, the notches and flaws through the welds. The ultrasonic results were insensitive to the different welding techniques used in each weld.

Abstract Dents in a pipe result in alteration of its structural response when subjected to internal pressure. Excavation activities further lead to change in load and boundary conditions of the pipe segment which may exacerbate the stress state within the dented region. Depending on the severity of a dent, excavation under full operating pressure may lead to failure, injuries or fatalities. Although uncommon, an incident has been reported on a gas pipeline where a mechanical damage failed during investigation leading to one death and one injury [10]. While current pipeline regulations require that operators must depressurize a line to ensure safe working conditions during repair activities, there are no detailed provisions available in the codes or standards on how an operator should determine such a safe excavation pressure (SEP). As a result, the safe excavation process of dents has received attention in the industry in recent years. A detailed review of the recent research on dent SEP showed that the current recommendations are primarily dependent on one of two aspects: careful assessment of inline inspection (ILI) data, or a fitness for service (FFS) assessment of the dent feature leveraging numerical models. Enbridge Liquid Pipelines had previously demonstrated a feature specific assessment approach which incorporated both ILI data and finite element analysis (FEA) to determine the SEP. This assessment also accounted for uncertainties associated with material properties and ILI tool measurement. In the previous publication, the authors demonstrated a methodology for assessing the SEP of dents at a conceptual level from both deterministic and reliability-based standpoints. In this paper, a validation study has been performed to compare the results of fracture mechanics based FEA models against ten full scale burst tests available in literature. The study showed good agreement of the burst pressure of dent-crack defects predicted by FEA models with those observed in the full-scale tests. The assessment method is further streamlined by incorporating the API 579 [14] Failure Assessment Diagram (FAD) method on an uncracked FEA model as opposed to explicitly incorporating the crack geometry in the FEA model. The results of FEA in conjunction with FAD are compared with the full-scale tests to ensure accuracy and conservatism of burst pressure prediction. A reliability-based approach is then designed which accounts for the uncertainties associated with the analysis. A case study is presented where the reliability-based SEP assessment method has been implemented and feature specific SEP has been recommended to ensure target reliability during excavation.

Codes and standards are often filled with deterministic equations and relationships that are presented without explicit quantification of the uncertainty inherent in their application or derivation. That is not to say that such equations and relationships are not conservative, but to the contrary, that whatever conservatism is dutifully included sometimes goes unquantified. The gamut of Failure Assessment Diagrams (FAD) used for assessing the risk of crack-like flaws provides an excellent example of useful criteria that may benefit from uncertainty quantification. The Level 2 FAD from API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 is used as an exemplar in the probabilistic extension of existing codes and standards. As a first step toward modeling the true probability of failure for assessment points nominally below the FAD envelope, assumptions are made regarding the variance of operating conditions, geometry, and flaw sizes, and these assumptions are utilized to estimate the probability that a nominal assessment point will in fact correspond to conditions exceeding the FAD envelope. This estimation procedure is used to generate contour lines of constant probability within the existing FAD envelope, providing an easily interpretable visualization of the results that may be coupled with risk matrices or other risk-based inspection methodologies.

This paper describes the probabilistic fracture mechanics (PFM) analyzes of the conditional probability of failure (CPF) due to brittle fracture of circumferential welds (CW) from a cold overpressurize event in boiling water reactors (BWR) operated for 72 EFPY. This analysis used the Fracture Analysis for Vessels, Oak Ridge (FAVOR) computer code, developed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), under United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) funding. Two typical vessel configurations and the associated material properties for the beltline materials, CW, axial welds (AW), and plates (PL) were used. The analyses consider the potential effects of different fabrication options, shop vs field. Shop-fabrication is mainly by submerged arc weld (SAW) process, while field fabrication used the shielded metal arc weld (SMAW) process. In either case, repairs would have required the SMAW process. The calculations show that field-fabricated vessels would have a slight increase in the CPF compared to shop-fabricated vessels, but the assumed fraction of repair welds was more significant than the fabrication option. The details demonstrate the relative importance of surface-breaking flaws vs. embedded flaws for the assumed transient. The results confirm the conclusions from the original analysis from BWRVIP-05 and BWRVIP-74, the CPF for CW is orders of magnitude less than that of PL and AW regions of the vessel; therefore, the ASME Code-required volumetric examinations of the CW every 10 years as part of the in-service inspection (ISI) program does not change the overall CPF for the vessel. In all the cases analyzed, the total CPF values of the BWRs for 72 EFPY are below the goal for safe operation.

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is the major factor to reduce the reliability of aged reactor components. Toshiba has developed various laser-based maintenance and repair technologies and applied them to existing nuclear power plants. Laser-based technology is considered to be the best tool for remote processing in nuclear power plants, and particularly so for the maintenance and repair of reactor core components. Accessibility could be drastically improved by a simple handling system owing to the absence of reactive force against laser irradiation and the flexible optical fiber. For the preventive maintenance, laser peening (LP) technology was developed and applied to reactor components in operating BWR plants. LP is a novel process to improve residual stress from tensile to compressive on material surface layer by irradiating focused high-power laser pulses in water. We have developed a fiber-delivered LP system as a preventive maintenance measure against SCC. Laser ultrasonic testing (LUT) has a great potential to be applied to the remote inspection of reactor components. Laser-induced surface acoustic wave (SAW) inspection system was developed using a compact probe with a multi-mode optical fiber and an interferometer. The developed system successfully detected a micro slit of 0.5mm depth on weld metal and heat-affected zone (HAZ). An artificial SCC was also detected by the system. We are developing a new LP system combined with LUT to treat the inner surface of bottom-mounted instruments (BMI) of PWR plants. Underwater laser seal welding (LSW) technology was also developed to apply surface crack. LSW is expected to isolate the crack tip from corrosive water environment and to stop the propagation of the crack. Rapid heating and cooling of the process minimize the heat effect, which extends the applicability to neutron-irradiated material. This paper describes recent advances in the development and application of such laser-based technologies.