Thèses sur le sujet « Sécurité alimentaire – Afrique subsaharienne »
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Bertelli, Olivia. « Trois essais sur la sécurité alimentaire en Afrique Sub-Saharienne ». Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0072.
Texte intégralDespite the emphasis put by the international community on the need to achieve food security, still today 795 million of people suffer from hunger, two thirds of whom live in rural areas. This thesis aims at shedding light on the determinants that cause households food insecurity in the Sub-Saharan context. The first part of this work illustrates the shortcomings of existing measures of food security and assesses the statistical validity of a multidimensional food security scale. Based on such statistical analysis, I, then, turn to a micro-econometric approach for investigating the role played by the number of children in granting household food security. Lastly, I explore whether household welfare related priorities, among which achieving food security, might explain the puzzling existence of negative profits in agricultural activities
Sambo, Hamed. « Trois essais sur la migration et la sécurité alimentaire dans les pays d’Afrique Sub-Saharienne ». Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCD061.
Texte intégralDespite global progress, food insecurity continues to be a major problem in many developing countries, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. While several factors may explain this persistence, the main cause is the failure of markets characterized by unfavorable conditions for the exchange of individuals’ labor endowment. In this context, migration appears to be a solution to food insecurity insofar as individuals, in common agreement with their families, can export their labor force to a destination with better exchange conditions (employment opportunities, positive wage differences, etc.). The objective of this thesis is therefore to empirically study the impact of migration on the food security of migrant families left behind in Sub-Saharan Africa. A first macroeconomic analysis, focusing on the impact of international remittances, reveals that those remittances contribute to a decrease in the proportion of undernourished in Sub-Saharan Africa. As a further step, a second analysis, covering both international and internal migration, was carried out using survey data from two countries in sub-Saharan Africa : Ethiopia and Niger. This analysis shows that migration leads to an improvement of households’ food access and food diversification only when it produces remittances to migrant-sending households. In addition, migrants provide his or her family with insurance against food shocks. Finally, a third study on Burkina Faso indicates that migration leads to improvement of the nutritional status of children less than five years in migrant households
Keita, Arrouna. « Natural resources and fiscal policy : from discovery to export ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ORLE1091.
Texte intégralThis thesis explores the complex interaction between the discovery and exploitation of natural resources,resource typology, trade openness, and fiscal policies, and their impact on socio-economic outcomes, notably income inequality and food security. The first chapter analyzes the impact of natural resource discoveries onfiscal policy, highlighting how the announcement of such discoveries influences economic behavior and fiscaldiscipline, particularly in countries with weak institutions. The second chapter examines the efficiency of public agricultural expenditures in Sub-Saharan Africa and their effect on food security, emphasizing the proportion of cash crops relative to food crops. The third chapter investigates how trade openness interacts with different types of natural resources (point-source and diffuse-source) to influence income inequality. The findings show that the nature of resources plays a critical role in the distributional effects of trade openness, suggesting that investment in diffuse-source resources, such as agriculture, could help reduce inequalities
Diallo, Abdoul Salam. « La sécurisation alimentaire des pays d'Afrique sub-saharienne par la maîtrise de l'instabilité des prix des matières premières agricoles : une perspective économétrique ». Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON10027.
Texte intégralIn our thesis, we assume that African Sub-saharan countries' food security status can be enhanced through a better management of agricultural commodities prices instability, which constitutes the basic food basket of local populations. To this aim, we initially review the dynamics of agricultural markets and the role played by “prices” in this mechanism as well as the existing linkages between unstable price trends and the notion of food insecurity. Focus is then directed to the relationship between “food insecurity” and the regulation of the agricultural sector, in particular within international trade theory frameworks.Finally, we proceed to the assessment of “food insecurity” through the empirical analysis of the instabilities affecting food prices of the region, and also that of price transmission and linkages within and between countries. We then highlight prices instabilities at individual (country) level, as well as the linkage of these prices (therefore of their unstable components) between the various constituents of the basic food basket of a given country, or that of neighboring countries.All along our thesis, food insecurity resilience measures for these countries are suggested. These measures are believed to potentially serve as initial steps in the establishment of national and regional agricultural policies aiming at attaining/safeguarding food security in African sub-Saharan countries
Kubik, Zaneta. « Weather shocks, migration and food security : evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa ». Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E007/document.
Texte intégralThis thesis contributes to the literature on the impact of weather shocks on migration and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa. The first chapter analyses whether Tanzanian rural households engage in internal migration as a response to weather-related shocks using an iv probit model. The findings confirm that for an average household, a 1 per cent reduction in agricultural income induced by weather shock increases the probability of migration by 13 percentage points on average within the following year. The second chapter paper attempts to establish if weather acts as the determinant of destination choice in the case of rural-to-rural migration. Employing the alternative-specific conditional logit model, this paper shows that an increase in the expected income differentials between origin and destination by 10,000 Tanzanian shillings, attributable to differences in weather, increases the probability of choosing a given destination by 2 percentage points. The third chapter analyses the food access dimension of food security, and models the link between weather shocks and food security that acts specifically through food prices. Employing an instrumental variable model where household dietary diversity is determined by food prices instrumented with weather shock, this chapter shows that a 1 per cent increase in local food prices induced by a weather shock decreases the number of food items consumed by households by around 2.5 per cent
Nyama, Annie Laurence. « Le droit alimentaire européen dans les échanges commerciaux entre l'Union européenne et les pays subsahariens ». Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON10028/document.
Texte intégralFood trade between EU and Sub-Saharans, are permanently increasing. This trade is surrounded by some food Law major principles, part of consumer Law. These main principles, deal with: safety, information, conformity, traceability, of food stuffs which have to be respected by all stakeholders in the agro-food business. This huge amount of legal instruments (international, European,) has to be mixed with the local regulations. These rules are used in the frame of the international contracts of importing food. Health and safety questions are a strong demand from consumers. But producers are paying much attention to the evolution of this corpus of rules of consumer protection, as far as they influence production, transformation, transport, storage, and distribution .Of course sub,-Saharan countries occupy a small part of international food trade, but it remains an important partner of EU, and this is an important encouragement mean to develop African production of foodstuffs. African countries cannot anymore apply their local and obsolete regulations, unefficient and lacking with global trade. In fact, European importers stress, by the terms of their contracts, imposed to the African partners, to respecting European sanitary rules. Otherwise they could not put the imported goods into circulation on the EU market. The thesis shows the necessity to up to date legal instruments in Africa . In particular the standards (official and private standards) will be very efficient for helping producers and exporters from developing countries to understand the constraints of mandatory rules, and their technical consequences in terms of modern production and management processes
Fall, Fatou. « Shocks, pro-sociality, and information : Three essays on agricultural development and farmers' behavior in Sub-Saharan Africa ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPSLD032.
Texte intégralThis thesis aims to shed light on how strategies such as the use of social networks and improved access to information can assist rural households primarily composed of smallholder farmers. By exploring the dynamics of interactions among farmers and the role of information diffusion, as well as adaptation strategies in response to shocks, we seek to identify effective approaches to promote agricultural and rural development in Sub-Saharan Africa. The first chapter examines whether low-cost modifications to the standard farmer-trainer (FT) model could lead to better dissemination, particularly reaching farmers who are socially distant from the FT. In the second chapter, we explore whether alternative motivations to economic incentives can play a role in food security. The third chapter analyzes the impact of Malian refugees on rural households in Niger
Brunelin, Stéphanie. « Essays on food security in sub-Saharan Africa : The role of food prices and climate shocks ». Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01011786.
Texte intégralSesanga, Hipungu Dja Kaseng Kapitu. « Espace socio-politique et sécurité de l'Etat en Afrique subsaharienne ». Grenoble 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE21029.
Texte intégralNdaba, Mosanzale. « Aide alimentaire de l'Union Européenne aux pays en voie de développement ». Paris 8, 1998. http://octaviana.fr/document/174464932#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Texte intégralTapsoba, Tebkieta Alexandra. « Essays on remittances and climate variability in Burkina Faso ». Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAD026/document.
Texte intégralEnvironmental and climate issues constitute a predominant and much up to date topic in international discussions. It is broadly recognized that developing countries are the most vulnerable when it comes to climate issues, albeit, they are the least responsible. Finding ways for households’ of these countries to cope with the harmful effects of climate goes through the necessity to identify mechanisms that can help, such as migration and remittances. The latter have been found in the scientific literature to be a hedge against several shocks such as natural disasters, conflicts, and economic shocks.This research thesis explores the theme of remittances, and climate variability in developing countries, by focusing on a sub-Saharan African country, Burkina Faso. Compared to its neighbouring countries, Burkina Faso has not been subject to much research in the migration and remittances. The country however has a vast migration history that is worth studying. Climate issues are also rampant, and very important, as the country is practising subsistence agriculture. The findings of this dissertation show that remittances have a positive impact on households’ ability to cope with the negative effects of climate issues. Yet these important sources of inflows for developing countries might have some limitations. The first chapter assesses the impact of remittances and climate variability on the food security of households in Burkina Faso. We build a food security index using principal component analysis that encompasses the accessibility and utilization dimensions of the concept. We also compute an inter-annual rainfall index and the latter is found to have a negative impact on food security. After controlling for potential endogeneity issues using distance variables and migrant characteristics as instruments, remittances are found to enhance food security. Results are robust to alternative measures of food security and alternative calculations of rainfall variability. In Chapter two, we assess the impact of remittances and natural disasters on poverty in Burkina Faso. To do so, we construct a poverty index using household’s housing characteristics and Multiple Correspondence Analysis method. Propensity score matching method is used as an empirical strategy, and results show that remittances have a negative impact on poverty. Another important result is that remittances have a higher impact on the resilience of households, when they have experienced disasters in the past. Therefore, when it comes to natural disasters, these inflows act as an important tool for populations to be more resilient. Lastly in chapter 3, we assess the role of remittances and drought on diversification strategies of farm-households. This chapter uses the same database as chapter two, and also takes advantage of the climate database of the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) of University of Anglia . Results show that remittances by themselves are not sufficient to push households towards costly diversification strategies, and they need to be conditional to households’ wealth status to be effective. Climate conditions as well as soil properties have not surprisingly been found to significantly push households towards diversifying their income.This research sheds light on the undeniable importance of remittances in helping households to cope with harmful effects of climate, but also on its limitations. International and national policies that will contribute in a more efficient and less costly conveying of these inflows are to encourage. However in order for remittances to be efficient, reducing inequalities and poverty within populations is a necessity. Otherwise, they can contribute to dig further poverty gaps and extensively the vulnerably levels inside populations. Therefore, remittances should be seen as complementary to other sources of income, rather than substitute
Bekale, B' Eyeghe Fidèle. « Politique agricole en Afrique Subsaharienne : le Gabon vers la souveraineté alimentaire ? » Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON30011.
Texte intégralHaving a spectacular urban population growth and an overdrawn food-producing agriculture (farming), Sub-Saharan Africa cannot feed the totality of its inhabitants any more. This is the result of development policies set up since independence. To face a continuous increasing food demand, especially in urban zones, sub-saharan countries in general, and Gabon in particular -thanks to its economy of pension- rely on massive import of food products, often from far abroad and incompatible with the food habits and\or habits and customs of the endogenous populations. However, Gabon, unlike most of sub-saharan countries, disposes of important agricultural potentialities susceptible to insure today its food sovereignty (climate, vegetation, grounds, water system, low density of population, etc.). But the recent world economic crisis, which is at the origin of an unprecedented international food crisis, causing riots of hunger in several sub-saharan countries, is once again calling the vigorous attention of not only African authorities, but also of the whole international community regarding a fierce urgency to promote the development local food-producing agriculture in Africa. In fact, the fragility of the global food safety, the geopolitical strategies of Western countries, the international agricultural speculation and the situation of the African savings guided our reflection on the excessive food dependence of sub-saharan countries, as for Gabon, and led us revisit in this thesis what could be a policy of food sovereignty. Considering what precedes, this strategic approach appears as a political, economic, cultural and environmental necessity if we intend to break or limit the most as possible the excessive food dependence and insure a sustainable development in this region in general and Gabon in particular
Moundounga, Séraphin. « L'Union européenne et la paix en Afrique subsaharienne ». Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00871641.
Texte intégralSom, Ndes Jean-Pierre. « Une nouvelle approche de la sécurité en Afrique subsaharienne à la lumière de l'évolution internationale contemporaine ». Paris11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA111011.
Texte intégralNzue, Ondo Jean-Noël. « Modernisation et redéfinition du rôle des forces armées et de sécurité en Afrique noire francophone : Pour une dynamique de paix et de sécurité à long terme : les cas de la Côte d'Ivoire et du Gabon ». Toulouse 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU10056.
Texte intégralGauttier, Pascal. « La cohérence de la politique de sécurité humaine de l'Union européenne en direction de l'Afrique subsaharienne ». Aix-Marseille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX32020.
Texte intégralMve, Mbega Tobie. « La politique de défense et de sécurité de la France en Afrique à l'épreuve de l'après-Guerre Froide ». Toulouse 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU10064.
Texte intégralRequier-Desjardins, Denis. « La consommation alimentaire en Côte d'Ivoire : portée et limites de l'éclairage économique ». Paris 10, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA100031.
Texte intégralThis work refutes for Ivory Coast a wide spread assumption in the bulk of the analytical frameworks of the food crisis in sub-Saharan Africa: i. E. "food mimetism", namely the continuous and irreversible growth of consumption of imported food products which generates, especially in the urban areas, a standardization of the food consumption patterns. This assumption is built up in different schemes which see food consumption as a dependent variable from items such as food productions or market conditions. On the reverse, this work discusses the ability of the economic theory to propose an analysis of the autonomous dynamics of food consumption within a set of interrelations with other levels of food system. Given the weakness of the actual economic approach on that point, the eventual integration of some results of the anthropological approach is emphasized
Koungou, Léon. « Technicisation et réformes des politiques étatiques de défense du monde contemporain : adaptation de l'institution militaire et perspective stratégique en Afrique subsaharienne (Cameroun-Nigeria) ». Paris 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA010339.
Texte intégralMukato, Muzenga. « Les ambiguïtés de la coopération Union-Européenne-ACP : le cas de l'Afrique subsaharienne ». Paris 8, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA081491.
Texte intégralAlmost forty years have elapsed since a framework for cooperation between the european union and the a. C. P. Countries was put in place. This initiative was aimed at assisting the a. C. P. Countries to meet development objectives several agreements of cooperation are going to be signed between the two partners : trade, financial, technical and industrial agreements. To make develop this cooperation, many conventions are going to follow each other, first from yaounde i until lome iv, reexamined in 1 995. Attemptes to evaluate the numerous cooperative agreements have shown that they have not been a great success. In examining africa area by area, we can conclude that nothing or very little has taken off. The majority of these african countries suffer from serious economic difficulties. Each on is affected in its turn high debt, economic dependancy, weak growth, drop in forcing investment, high unemployment and weak industrial development. All these indicators show that africa has not taken off as we had hoped. The question that we are interested in is to know why the cooperation e. U. -a. C. P. Has not yielded the expected result. What are the principal reasons about this failure ? in the final section we will examine the problem about the future of the cooperation because, for two years, another view of the north-south cooperation has just been mentioned as part of international relations. Today the world in a state of rapid change : the end of the cold war, economic globalisation and emergence of new development zones, and emergence of new development zones, regroupments in asia, latin america and central and eastern europe, at the same time, has witnessed last 10 years : the single market, economic and monetary union, the treaty of maastricht, the schengen accord, european enlargement and the treaty of amsterdam. Needless to admit this cooperation will involve notable changes in the relations of northsouth cooperation. It is in working through these numerous observations that we have been able to foccus our research on determiny the likely future of this cooperative framework beyard the year 2000. It is feasible to think that the cooperation will meet its objective given that the common interests between europe and africa no longer exist ?
Kamdjom, Luc Colbert. « La politique de coopération française en matière de défense et de sécurité en Afrique subsaharienne : le cas du Cameroun ». Paris 8, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA081612.
Texte intégralBroni, Fulgence Axel. « L'approche conceptuelle du déplacement forcé de population en Afrique subsaharienne à la lumière du droit international ». Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT3002.
Texte intégralThe international law seems to deal with the issue of forced displacement in Africa through two conceptual approaches. The first which stems from the Cold War is deemed reactive since the issue of forced displacement is limited to exile and international protection of refugees. This traditional system of the refugees' international protection does not allow a full understanding of forced displacement in Africa as such. In light of these shortcomings, and following a growing series of factors fostered by the end of the Cold War, the need for a thorough reassessment of the traditional approach of forced displacement in Africa is becoming an essential issue today. The new paradigm is now proactive and focused on prevention. The research therefore aims to examine this evolution in regards to international public law. Although this new approach to the issue of forced displacement in Africa is proactive, it contains some obvious contradictions in terms of security from an international law practice point of view. The shift of the issue of forced displacement to the matter of security raises concerns about its implementation by international law practice, especially as it tends to favor containment strategies of vulnerable populations within their country rather than promoting their protection in situ. In order to face the risk of a security shortfall, the solution should rely on a human security driven approach regardless of any strategic preoccupation. This attitude could form an efficient answer to the plague of forced displacement in Africa
Sanfo, Mamadou. « Organisations paysannes et sécurité alimentaire en Afrique sahélienne : rôles et enjeux des banques de céréales au Burkina Faso ». Paris 10, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA100045.
Texte intégralBerumen, Colin Noemi Paulina. « La politique de sécurité alimentaire en Afrique du Sud face aux enjeux sectoriels et territoriaux : la complexité de l'action publique dans un environnement régionalisé illustré par le cas des provinces du KwaZulu-Natal et du Limpopo ». Bordeaux 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR40035.
Texte intégralThe object of this study is the dynamics of intergovernmental relations in South Africa and interactions between players taking part directly in the definition and organization of the food security policy. Through the analysis of public policies approach, we exemplify these dynamics on the basis of a comparative study of food security policies in Limpopo and KwaZulu-Natal provinces in South Africa. We give an account of the comings and goings between different levels of the South Africa government, as well as those between the different players and international or national authorities, in the conception and organization of the policies. Thanks to the “prismatic effect” metaphor, our analysis identifies the divergences arousing from these comings and goings between the players, and highlights that their perceptions of the alimentary stakes are influenced and shaped by a series of social, economical and political circumstances which will “send” one or several interpretations of the problem. This leads to a dispersion effect of the original idea of “food security”, according to each player’s representations and references concerning the subject, thus complexifying the definition and organization of public policies. This study, far from setting out categorical conclusions, brings out new questions. It reveals in particular three difficulties that the public policy approach and the multi-level governance pose on a theoretical level and on the praxis level: (1) the opposition of empirical propositions; (2) the opposition between local government authorities and national government authorities in identifying public problems; and (3) the questions about the role of the multi-level governance approach in defining and organizing public policies. This invites us to explore new ways of approaching social facts and drawing the outlines of a social and political order which is yet uncertain
SPOSITO, TOMMASO. « AGRICULTURE URBAINE ET PÉRIURBAINE POUR LA SÉCURITÉ ALIMENTAIRE EN AFRIQUE DE L'OUEST. LE CAS DES MICRO-JARDINS DANS LA MUNICIPALITÉ DE DAKAR ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/150156.
Texte intégralBarro, Maimouna. « Three essays on challenges facing agriculture in developing countries ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UCFA0004.
Texte intégralAgriculture plays a major role in the economy of developing countries where the majority of the population lives in rural areas and depends on agriculture and food systems for their livelihoods. This population is also faced with numerous challenges such as climate change, poverty, environmental degradation or food insecurity. The objective of thethesis is to shed new light on the issues related to agriculture in order to derive economic policy recommendations. The thesis consists of three chapters. Chapter 1 assesses the impact of adopting irrigation on household and women’s dietary diversity. The study focuses on Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, particularly countries of the WestAfrican Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) where the share of the population suffering from moderate to severe food insecurity is very high. Our identification strategy is based on the entropy balancing method developed by Hainmueller 2012. The results show that irrigating households have higher dietary diversity scores compared to non-irrigating households. In addition, the results also reveal that women in irrigating households have higher dietary diversity scores than women in non-irrigating households. Furthermore, these findings highlight that women’s empowerment, increased agricultural income, production, and water supply are potential mechanisms through whichirrigation contributes to improving dietary diversity.Chapter 2 focuses on the relationship between malaria prevalence and agricultural labor in the context of irrigation and family farming in SSA. The goal of this study is to analyse the impact of malaria on agricultural labor (quantity and productivity) by highlighting someunderlying mechanisms that explain the relationship between malaria and labor in African family farming. More precisely, we focused on irrigation and household size as two potential moderator variables of the impact of malaria on labor. On the one hand, the results show that malaria has a negative impact on labor quantity. This effect is a direct health impact through the loss of workday due to the disease. However, once malaria interacts with irrigation or household size, its effect turns out to be insignificant. We explain these results by the presence of a moderating effect of irrigation and household size. On the other hand, the baseline and robustness results reveal that malaria increases labor productivity. We explain this result in the context of the productive inefficiency of African family farming. Regarding the moderating effect of irrigation, we do find a negative impact of the interaction of malaria with irrigation while few are robust. Overall, our results highlight that malaria remains a constraint in family farming in Africa.Chapter 3 examines the issue of industrialization in rural areas. More specifically, it analyzes the impact of industrial water pollution from manufacturing firms on rice production in Jiangsu, China. This study aims to disentangle this complex relationship by using a translog production function model. This model allows us to separate the directeffects of industrial water pollution on rice cultivation from its adaptation effects. Our results confirm that rice yields are negatively impacted by industrial water pollution through a direct biological effect. This detrimental effect is the most significant within a radius of 5 kilometers from the county center. In response, farmers use more operating costs to mitigate the negative impact of industrial water pollution. The changein production behaviors helps farmers to better cope with industrial development and adapt to the changing rural environment. Our study highlights the need to better understand the nexus between industry and agriculture at the local level
Moukoko, Habib. « L'ONU et la promotion des droits de l'homme en Afrique : Le cas de l'Αfrique subsaharienne francοphοne ». Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC003/document.
Texte intégralThe present reflection on the framework of intervention of UNO in the field as of human rights, in French-speaking sub-Saharan, pursues two principal goals. The primary goal aims at showing that the United Nations Organization is very committed on the ground of the human rights, in the countries of French-speaking space. This commitment is not new. Since 1960, year of the deployment of the first Operation of peacekeeping in French-speaking sub-Saharan Africa, the Operation of UNO in Congo (ONUC), the United Nations did not cease considering political stability, economic and social of Africa, like priority and the principal condition of the peacekeeping and the securty international. This stability passes by the creation of the effective conditions of promotion and protection of the basic rights of the African citizens. We tried, within the framework of this work to appreciate the assessment of UNO in the field as of the human rights. However, after 56 years of presence in sub-Saharan French-speaking Africa, this asssessment apears mainly negative. The second objective of this work is to analyze more precisely this failure and to understand the causes of them. Indeed, the programmes of promotion of the humlan rights, aiming inculcating a culture of respect of the human rights within the various social and economic categories and at reinforcing the capacities of the States in the field of the human rights are often unsuited to sociocultural réalities of Africa, insofar as they do not take into account, the fundamental causes of the African civil wars, that constitutite the intercommunity conflicts
Gomis, François. « Les nouveaux défis et enjeux de la politique étrangère de la France en Afrique francophone subsaharienne ». Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05D020.
Texte intégralFrom 1960s to the end of the cold war, even beyond, the influence even the supremacy of France in the French-speaking territories in Sub-Saharan Africa is almost total. However, in this 21st century, the world competition in the research of new markets and the security of the energy supply leads inexorably the great powers to enter in “conflict of interests” by the mutual penetration of the “back-yards”. This is particularly true for France which has countries such as the United States, China, India, Brazil, Turkey, the Gulf Arab States, etc., to make a dramatic entrance in a geographical area where she judged it for a long time as her “exclusive domain” considering the historical, linguistic and political links. These new challenges and issues for the African policy of France are measured from now on, in the light of the transformations at work in the world with the globalization and the emergence of new powers of the South. The challenges and the issues are important for the external action of France and its place in the World, considering the fierce competition between new stakeholders and the ongoing African society changes. Nevertheless it still has economic, diplomatic and strategic assets which enable him to elaborate, thanks to the francophone cultural center, an original project, ambitious and promising. With this aim in mind, it will be necessary to answer to the two following questions: How to reform this traditional policy based on close and privileged relationships with African leaders without compromising, however, the comparative advantages of France on the spot? Which political strategy has to be implemented in order to identify the real common interests of the French and the French-speaking Africans, by taking into account the opportunities and threats, and to develop them in a mutually beneficial partnership?
Baban, A. Erep Thierry Roland. « Contribution au développement d'un système intelligent de quantification des nutriments dans les repas d'Afrique subsaharienne ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSEP100.
Texte intégralMalnutrition, including under- and overnutrition, is a global health challenge affecting billions of people. It impacts all organ systems and is a significant risk factor for noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and some cancers. Assessing food intake is crucial for preventing malnutrition but remains challenging. Traditional methods for dietary assessment are labor-intensive and prone to bias. Advancements in AI have made Vision-Based Dietary Assessment (VBDA) a promising solution for automatically analyzing food images to estimate portions and nutrition. However, food image segmentation in VBDA faces challenges due to food's non-rigid structure, high intra-class variation (where the same dish can look very different), inter-class resemblance (where different foods appear similar) and scarcity of publicly available datasets.Almost all food segmentation research has focused on Asian and Western foods, with no datasets for African cuisines. However, African dishes often involve mixed food classes, making accurate segmentation challenging. Additionally, research has largely focus on RGB images, which provides color and texture but may lack geometric detail. To address this, RGB-D segmentation combines depth data with RGB images. Depth images provide crucial geometric details that enhance RGB data, improve object discrimination, and are robust to factors like illumination and fog. Despite its success in other fields, RGB-D segmentation for food is underexplored due to difficulties in collecting food depth images.This thesis makes key contributions by developing new deep learning models for RGB (mid-DeepLabv3+) and RGB-D (ESeNet-D) image segmentation and introducing the first food segmentation datasets focused on African food images. Mid-DeepLabv3+ is based on DeepLabv3+, featuring a simplified ResNet backbone with and added skip layer (middle layer) in the decoder and SimAM attention mechanism. This model offers an optimal balance between performance and efficiency, matching DeepLabv3+'s performance while cutting computational load by half. ESeNet-D consists on two encoder branches using EfficientNetV2 as backbone, with a fusion block for multi-scale integration and a decoder employing self-calibrated convolution and learned interpolation for precise segmentation. ESeNet-D outperforms many RGB and RGB-D benchmark models while having fewer parameters and FLOPs. Our experiments show that, when properly integrated, depth information can significantly improve food segmentation accuracy. We also present two new datasets: AfricaFoodSeg for “food/non-food” segmentation with 3,067 images (2,525 for training, 542 for validation), and CamerFood focusing on Cameroonian cuisine. CamerFood datasets include CamerFood10 with 1,422 images from ten food classes, and CamerFood15, an enhanced version with 15 food classes, 1,684 training images, and 514 validation images. Finally, we address the challenge of scarce depth data in RGB-D food segmentation by demonstrating that Monocular Depth Estimation (MDE) models can aid in generating effective depth maps for RGB-D datasets
Loubelo, Enoch. « Impact des produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) sur l’économie des ménages et la sécurité alimentaire : cas de la République du Congo ». Thesis, Rennes 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN20008/document.
Texte intégralThe non-timber forests Products (NTFP) are part of natural resources of which the Congolese population has recourse to diversify its productive activities and to improve its income. These products are essential part of various menus; they guarantee the diversity, the quality, and the access to foods to a greater majority of the population. The lack of systematic information enabling to evaluate the contribution of NTFP to the income of households and to the improvement of food security, the lack of official programs of management and the promotion of these products constitute one of the obstacles to the prosperity of the NTFP sector and the improvement of the living standard of the people.The present work is aimed at analyzing in a global way and for the first time in the Republic of the Congo, the contribution of NTFP to food security. It covers the aspects related to the definitions of NTFP, to their classification in NTFP of vegetable origin and NTFP of animal origin, to the institutional context; it identifies the main stakeholders mainly the group of socio- economic actors involved in the exploitation and management of NTFP at the local level, the modes of exploitation and their impacts on the natural environment; the fields of commercialization enabling to fully understand the export products have been alternatively analyzed . A great important part of the study is devoted to the contribution analysis of the NTFP to the food diet of the Congolese people. This work highlights the main difficulties and obstacles of the social, institutional, commercial order and management which hinder the normal development of the NTFP sector
Bahou, Mohamed El Amine. « Les franchises africaines d'Al Qaida ». Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020073.
Texte intégralAl Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb and Al-Shabaab perfectly illustrate the functioning of contemporary jihad. Born into a context of civil war, from the fall out of national jihadist movements, these two groups are, today, the only ones in Africa whose allegiance have been acknowledged by Al Qaida. Seizing on domestic political and economic struggles, the two groups rose to prominence through social fault lines and equality claims. Facing security and political stalemates, they made allegiance to Al Qaida hoping that international recognition would provide them with the wherewithal and recruits they lacked. The allegiances were opportunistically acknowledged by Al Qaida when Bin Laden's organization was severely weakened by years of war on terror.On the other side of the game, due to a set of divergent ideologies and particular interests, States and international organizations are deploying cacophonous strategies, that not only have poor effect on the ground, but also fit well with the jihadist propaganda. The tale of a foretold fiasco
Berumen, Colin Paulina. « La politique de sécurité alimentaire en Afrique du Sud face aux enjeux sectoriels et territoriaux : la complexité de l'action publique dans un environnement régionalisé illustré par le cas des provinces du KwaZulu‐ Natal et du Limpopo ». Phd thesis, Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00527912.
Texte intégralGoi, Isabelle. « Performances agricoles comparées en Afrique au Sud du Sahara : 1961-1983 ». Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989CLF10001.
Texte intégralAgbobly-Atayi, Amevi. « L’organisation internationale de la francophonie en matière de prévention, de gestion et de règlement des crises et conflits en Afrique subsaharienne francophone : cas de la république démocratique du Congo, du Tchad, de la Côte d'Ivoire et du Togo ». Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30059.
Texte intégralIn francophone Sub-Saharan Africa conflicts and crises have increased in number and intensity over the two last decades and remained a major issue demanding a global response. They are often mainly caused by the breach of human rights and the coming of democratic process leading chaotic transitions, such as in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Chad, Ivory Coast and Togo.The international organisation of “ francophonie” – whose role consists in promoting culture and whose new tools and mechanisms aim at preventing and solving crises – play a major part among the UN and other international and regional organisations as a cultural institution for democracy and security. Apart from its prevailing part played in terms of contribution to the democratic process, the actions of the organisation complement those of other organisations involved in preventing, managing, and solving conflicts.At this time of security challenge among countries and despite limited means, working out – within this geo cultural area that has a political dimension – a secure strategic identity, turns out to be necessary in order to curb major threats and risks and fully play the role of influential power
Ndisi-Haffner, Mylène Shiroko. « The place and the role of the actor in the governance of research and innovation projects : Two case studies of Africa-Europe cooperation in the field of food security and greenhouse gas observation ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UCFA0148.
Texte intégralThis research seeks to contribute to the understanding of metagovernance in international environment and food security research and innovation cooperation, through the case studies of two projects between African and European institutional partners. This cooperation is needed to attain nutrition security, environmental sustainability via climate-smart technologies, and the economic enhancement of actors that depend on agricultural income, in global dynamic relations. Since metagovernance is related to sustainability governance with economic, social and environmental components (Meuleman, 2019), this research proposes that metagovernance theory (Sørensen & Torfing, 2007; Torfing & Sørensen, 2014) be informed by the theory of creativity of action’s self-reflexivity, reflexivity and goals-in-view concepts (Joas, 1996; Joas & Beckert, 2001; Wiek, 2012) to find the position and role of the actor in the cooperation. This research objective considers the context’s research governance challenges including a lack of consistency in competition and collaborative objectives of countries in global science cooperation (Flink & Schreiterer, 2010; Román & Schunz, 2017; Ruffini, 2020). The research design employed reiterative in-depth studies (Dumez, 2009, 2012; Easton, 2010; Saldaña, 2011; Zackariasson, 2015). Private, public sector and civil society actor expectations, motivations, and actual action (Joas, 1996; Joas & Beckert, 2001) in governance were examined from qualitative and quantitative data collected. Analysis (Rhodes, 2007; Voronov & Vince, 2012) was carried out according to governance mode instruments and creativity of action concepts. Findings reiterated the role and position of the actor engaging in common knowledge management, monitoring evaluation and learning, co-investment, and continuous context definition and understanding. The actors were found not to be as familiar with the same methods of engagement as they thought necessary hence the concluded role of actor understanding of their context and themes of focus
Soro, Pamatchin Sylvia-Ghislaine. « L'exigence de conciliation de la liberté d'opinion avec l'ordre public sécuritaire en Afrique subsaharienne francophone (Bénin-Côte d'Ivoire-Sénégal) à la lumière des grandes démocraties contemporaines (Allemagne-France) ». Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0026/document.
Texte intégralThe renewal of constitutionalism, initiated in the 1990’s in francophone sub-Saharan Africa,and the worldwide growing security threat reorient the issue of the relationships between freedom of opinion and public security order. The constitutional recognition of freedom of opinion requires that the exercise of this freedom be done according to substantive public policy, with, at the heart of this legalised policy, the safety of people, property and, by extension, national territory. This recognition demands that we question the conciliation of freedom of opinion with public security order in francophone sub-Saharan Africa (Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Senegal) in the light of the experience of great contemporary democracies (Germany, France). In this research, constitutional grounds support the conciliation requirement and its respect must be ensured by legal guarantees. However, conciliation finds its limits in the political, economic and social contingencies specific to the francophone sub-Saharan States of Africa. Indeed, in these countries where the rule of law is building up, the conciliation of two constitutional standards is uncertain, especially when one of them, freedom of opinion, can threaten political power whereas the other one, public security order, can become an excuse to limit the exercise of this freedom. The essay invites in fine to reconsider the conciliation of freedom of opinion with public security order as a new constitutional principle in francophone sub-Saharan Africa
Candiz, Guillermo Osval, et Guillermo Osval Candiz. « Le parcours du combattant ». Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33290.
Texte intégralVictimes, trafiquants, clandestins, délinquants, « narcos », aventuriers, sans-papiers, illégaux, héros, irréguliers, passeurs, frontières, naufrages, enlèvements, morts, « eldorado », « American dream ». La liste est longue pour décrire le phénomène migratoire qui touche aujourd’hui le Maroc et le Mexique. Depuis quelques années, ces deux pays attirent l’attention des gouvernements, des journalistes et des chercheurs, car ils sont désormais désignés pays de transit et de destination pour les migrants irréguliers en provenance de la région subsaharienne pour le Maroc et de l’Amérique centrale pour le Mexique. Ils se sont transformés en pays stratégiques, en zones tampons au niveau géopolitique, notamment en ce qui concerne les questions de sécurité, de gouvernance des flux migratoires et de protection des frontières des pays du Nord. En réponse à l’ampleur des flux migratoires, nous assistons à un processus de sécuritisation de la migration se manifestant fondamentalement, dans le cas de notre étude, par le renforcement du contrôle des frontières européennes et américaines et par l’externalisation de ces frontières bien au-delà de leurs limites territoriales. Une de principales conséquences de ce processus est l’augmentation des coûts économiques et humains de la migration pour traverser ces frontières créant ainsi une population de migrants qui s’installent à long terme au Maroc et au Mexique. Alors que la recherche actuelle porte principalement sur les politiques nationales et multilatérales et sur les dispositifs de sécurité et de contrôle, cette étude a pour objectif principal de comprendre les facteurs qui façonnent et influencent l’évolution du projet migratoire pendant l’attente au Maroc et au Mexique, dans un contexte de sécuritisation et d’externalisation des frontières. L’analyse repose sur une étude ethnographique ayant comporté trois périodes de collecte de données. La première période s’est déroulée au Mexique pendant le mois d’août 2013, la deuxième au Maroc entre les mois de janvier et juillet 2015 et la troisième au Mexique entre les mois d’août et décembre 2015. Au total nous avons réalisé 45 entretiens au Mexique et 30 au Maroc, en plus des données collectées à travers des observations réalisées sur le terrain. À partir de trois niveaux d’analyse (macro, méso et micro), les résultats montrent que la sécuritisation et l’externalisation des frontières précarisent davantage les migrants en mettant leur trajectoire en attente, dans une sorte d’immobilité dans la mobilité. Toutefois, pendant l’attente, les projets migratoires continuent à évoluer grâce à plusieurs facteurs qui permettent aux migrants d’entretenir leur projet de passer un jour en Europe ou aux États-Unis
Jahel, Camille. « Analyse des dynamiques des agroécosystèmes par modélisation spatialisée et utilisation d’images satellitaires, Cas d’étude de l’ouest du Burkina Faso ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AGPT0059.
Texte intégralRural areas of West Africa have seen notable transformations these last two decades, mainly due to high population growth, development policies in favor of export crops and introduction of new cropping practices. The results of these developments are a pressure on forestry resources, an evolution of farming systems, a depletion of soils and a saturation of cultivated areas. The number of conflicts for resources access increases, reviving buried ethnical tensions, and the question of food security is raised. In that context, early warning systems have been developed in order to foresee and curb food insecurity by the mean of hazard analyses.The present work deals with agrarian changes and their mechanisms, in the context of early warning systems development. New methodological approaches are explored, based on modeling and remote sensing in order to create a retrospective and prospective analysis of agrarian dynamics of the Tuy province, located in West Burkina Faso.We first focus on the issue of cross-scaling in agro-ecosystems dynamics models, by building a multi-scalar model of past developments. The model uses interaction graphs to simulate processes occurring from the plot scale to the regional scale (crop production, crop rotation and crop area expansion). We show that modelling across scales is achievable without resorting to methods of aggregation or disaggregation, usually applied for this type of study.The model is then used to analyze two aspects of agrarian dynamics of Tuy province. The first one deals with clearances dynamics in the context of Malthus vs Boserup debate, concerning the impacts of demographic growth on natural resources. Prospective scenarios are simulated and their consequences on natural vegetation surfaces are assessed: these scenarios simulate emigrations of a part of the population towards other areas, the implementation of protected areas, a demographic regulation and an ecological intensification of farming systems.The second aspect concerns decisional processes of farmers in order to constitute their crops rotations. The study consists in understanding the important variations of cultivated species, observed during the studied period, by analyzing the simulated weight evolution of different determining factors involved in the decisional processes.Finally, we show that anthropic processes footprints are explicitly detectable in remote sensing images, by using multi-scalar simulations of the model developed. Then, we create an assimilation of satellite data in the model in order to re-calibrate it and reinforce its abilities to reproduce past dynamics. This last part opens important perspectives concerning the joint use of remote sensing data and agro-ecosystems dynamics
Ralaidovy, Ambinintsoa Haritiana. « Efficiency in health ressource allocation : three empirical studies in Eastern Sub-Sahara Africa and Southeast Asia ». Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAD016.
Texte intégralPriority setting in health, in the context of Universal Health Coverage, emphasizes three values: improving population health, ensuring equity in access to and quality of services and avoiding impoverishment or underutilization of services as a result of out-of-pocket expenditures. Allocative efficiency can be measured with respect to any one of these values, or with respect to all together by different variants of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. In this thesis, we use the Generalized Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, a standardized approach developed by the World Health Organization’s programme, ‘Choosing Interventions that are Cost-Effective’ (WHO-CHOICE) that can be applied to all interventions in different settings. This thesis provides a quantitative assessment of allocative efficiency within three health categories: communicable diseases, noncommunicable diseases, and road traffic injuries, focusing on two economically and epidemiologically diverse regions: Eastern sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. Our objectives are to inform health policy debates, improve the world’s body of knowledge on the cost-effectiveness of different interventions by providing more information on the allocative efficiency in those three disease groups and contribute to discussions on Universal Health Care packages
El, Arabi Sofia. « Géographie de la dispersion des migrations subsahariennes au Maroc : le cas de deux villes-refuge, Tiznit et Taza ». Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=http://theses.paris-sorbonne.fr/2020SORUL082.pdf.
Texte intégralThis thesis deals with the repercussions of the policy of externalization of the European Union's border security measures in Morocco in the post-migration crisis context of 2015. We analyze the Moroccan strategy of forced displacement of sub-Saharan migrants wishing to reach Europe from the north of the country to medium-sized cities located further south. By introducing the concept of "dispersal", this research aims to understand the process of "bordering" through the forced relocation of sub-Saharan migrants in Morocco. Based on an empirical study within the framework of action research and a participatory method, this research was conducted comparatively in the medium-sized cities of Tiznit and Taza. Our thesis questions and analyzes the logics of dispersal, the nature of the relationships established between migrants and locals, but also the effects of this new modality of "bordering" on individuals and places. Thus, our thesis documents the effects of dispersal as a policy of plural "vulnerability" that is cushioned by "refuge-cities" under the seal of hospitality ethics. Thus, the stakes of overcoming security in favor of a "civility of transit" that is woven between natives and dispersed migrants, in the absence of state reception policies, are at stake. Dispersal brings to light unexpected reactions from civil societies that feed the reconfiguration of the reception mission in these refuge-cities. However, these palliative actions remain particularly fragile due to the absence of real concerted public policies
Mabondzo, Wilfried Armel Judicaël. « Sécurité alimentaire en Afrique subsaharienne. Une analyse socio-anthropologique du rôle des banques de céréales au Guéra (Tchad) ». Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20434.
Texte intégralD'Aoust, Anne-Marie. « L'«ABC» d'une économie politique de la sécurité : pour une analyse féministe des politiques américaines de lutte contre le VIH/SIDA en Afrique subsaharienne sous l'administration de George W. Bush ». Mémoire, 2006. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/1857/1/M9272.pdf.
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