Thèses sur le sujet « Sikasso (Mali) »

Cette thèse intitulée "Le défi démocratique et la décentralisation face à la société et à la culture Snufo : réarticulation des pouvoirs dans cinq communes rurales du cercle de Sikasso - Mali" se divise en trois parties. La première partie rapplle l'histoire du peuplement et analyse l'organisation soci-culturelle et l'évolution des systèmes de pouvoir de la zone de recherche. La seconde partie, est consacrée à l'avènement de la démocratie et à la mise en place de la décentralisation (découpages communaux, choix des chefs-lieux de communes, constitution des listes électorales et élections). Elle comporte une analyse des rapports entre aînés et cadets, entre logiques politiques et logiques locales. La troisième partie, examine "les communes à l'épreuve d'une pratique démocratique". Elle analyse les relations entre les acteurs de différents niveaux (maires/bureau et conseil communal/personnel d'appui/instances villageoises/services administratifs/instances politiques) et examine les différents secteurs d'exercice communal. Une analyse est consacrée au lien entre décentralisation et foncier où les stratégies foncières restent largement dominées par les chefferis villageoises
This thesis, entitled "Senufo society and culture faced with democratic challenge and the decentralisation policy : the redistribution of powers in the rural communes in the Sikasso (Mali) cercle [county]" is divided into three parts. The first part traces the history of settlement and analyses the socio-cultural organisation and development of the various systems of power in the region. The second part deals with the advent of democracy and the implementation of decentralisation (communal division, choise of county towns, production of electoral lists and organisation of elections. It includes an analysis of relationship between younger and elder people, and between political local reasoning. The third part examines "the communes put to the test of democratic practice". It analyses the relationship between actors at various levels (mayors/bureau and communal council/support staff/village bodies/administration/political bodies) and looks intothe various sectors of communal intervention. An analysis of the connection between decentralisation and land use will show that land strategies remain largely dominated by village chiefdoms

La recherche porte d'une part sur le rôle des villes secondaires dans le développement territorial d'un pays africain pauvre, d'autre part sur la question foncière qui confronte des logiques institutionnelles nationales et des pratiques citadines locales. La première partie analyse les déformations en chaine des règles domaniales normatives : de l'état aux communes méridionales, la faiblesse des moyens budgétaires apparait à chaque niveau de production des lotissements résidentiels. La seconde partie décrit les marchés fonciers. Les sélections des offres en terrains urbains soulignent les stratifications sociales des villes. Les valorisations marchandes et immobilières de ces lots montrent d'étroites relations entre les rentes spéculatives et les ambitions patrimoniales du marché foncier. La troisième partie confronte ces différentes pressions au travers de filières professionnelles et migratoires d'insertion citadine. La famille et la durée de résidence déterminent des solvabilités sociales qui contournent ou consolident les solvabilités économiques. La quatrième partie envisage les implications historiques des conflits citadins autour de la terre. De nouvelles relations clientélistes s'établissent entre les communes locales et l'état. La conclusion nuance l'effet de taille des agglomérations urbaines dans la promotion résidentielle. Dans une comparaison géographique plus large, les liens entre rentes et patrimoines demandent de nouvelles recherches sur les concurrences économiques, sociales et politiques qui se déploient dans la société malienne
The investigations deal with the part of secondary towns in the territorial development of a west-African underdeveloped country on the one hand, and with the land question which confronts national institutional logics and local urban practices on the other hand. The first part analyses the deformations of normative domanial regulations : from the state to the southern communes, poor budgetary means are appearing at every levels of production of urban plots. The second part concerns the land markets. The selective offer of urban plots underlines the social stratifications in town. Market and property valorizations of these plots show close relations between speculative rents and patrimonial pressures on the land market. The third part confronts these different ambitions through occupational and migratory ways of town insertion. The family and the duration of residence determine social solvencies which bypass or consolidate economic solvencies. The fourth part considers historical implications of urban conflicts about land. New personal relationships develop between local communes and the state of Mali. The conclusion qualifies sizing effects between towns in the land and property market. Taken in a largest geographical comparison, the links between rents and patrimonies request new investigations about economic, social and political competitions which are spreading in Malian society

Les sociétés rurales du sud du Mali évoluent entre quatre "mondes": les villages, l'Etat, le coton et le développement. Cette thèse synthétise deux ans de recherches de terrain en anthropologie des pouvoirs et du développement, au moment où le pays entrait dans une vaste réforme de décentralisation. A partir d'enquêtes sur un échantillon de multiples villages et d'acteurs aux niveaux régional et national, j'analyse ces mondes sous l'angle de leurs interactions et des configurations de pouvoirs qui en découlent au niveau local. Les villages s'organisent autour de pôles de pouvoir empilés fondés sur un ensemble de légitimités coutumières et nouvelles. A l'interface des stratégies d'intervention et de ces dynamiques locales naissent, ici et là, des formes d'équilibrages et des contradictions qui, à l'heure de la décentralisation, révèlent toute la richesse sociologique, la complexité et les enjeux actuels des paysans de la région de Sikasso et des sociétés rurales du Mali
Rural societies of South Mali move between four "worlds": villages, state, cotton economy and development. This thesis synthesizes two years of field research in anthropology of politics and development, when the country entered into a wide decentralization reform. On the basis of investigations on a sample of various villages and social actors at the regional and national levels, I analyse these worlds focusing on their interactions and the configurations of powers occurring at the local level. Villages are organized around multiple stacked poles founded on a set of customary and new legitimacies. At the interface of the intervention strategies and these local dynamics are appearing, here and there, forms of balancings and discrepancies that reveal, at the time of decentralization reform, all the sociological worth, complexity and actual stakes of the Sikasso region's peasants and rural societies of Mali

Le Mali étant un pays sans accès maritime et majoritairement musulman, l'exposition au SIDA peut paraître moindre ; mais la proximité de la Côte d'Ivoire présente un réel danger. Avec une séroprévalence de 1,7% en 2001, le Mali se classe parmi les pays faiblement atteints, même si certains facteurs (la polygamie, la mobilité de la population, les comportements sexuels des jeunes. . . ) favorisent la progression de l'épidémie. Depuis 2004, au Mali, les ARV sont gratuits. Cependant, se pose toujours le problème de leur accessibilité géographique. Jusqu'à la fin des années 1990, la centralisation des centres spécialisés dans la prise en charge des personnes infectées et des traitements antirétroviraux, sur la capitale, a entraîné de nombreux déséquilibres au niveau de la gestion de la maladie. Depuis les années 2000, plusieurs centres de prise en charge des séropositifs/sidéens ont été créés dans différentes capitales régionales marquant une volonté de l'État de décentraliser la prise en charge et favoriser l'accès aux traitements spécifiques à la population malade. Il n'en reste pas moins que ces structures demeurent hors de portée de la population villageoise sous informée au problème du SIDA
As Mali is a country with no access to the sea and mainly muslin, the exposure to AIDS could seem slight, but its proximity to the Ivory Coast, the major West African Crossroad, represents a real danger. With a seroprevalence of 1,7% in 2001, Mali is ranked amongst the countries which are slightly affected by the virus, even if certain factors (poligamy, the important mobility of the Malian population, the sexual behaviour of the young people. . . ) favour the progression of the epidemic. Since 2004, in Mali, the ARV have been free. However, the problem of their geographical accessibility still remains. Until the late nineties, the centralization in the capital of centers specialized in the reception and the welfare of infected people and antiretrovirus treatment, as lead to a great imbalance concerning the dealing of the illeness on a national scale. Since the early 2000's, several PVVIH welfare centers have been created in different regional capitals thus indicating the State's to decentralize the welfare care and favour the access of specific treatments to the whole population. Nevertheless, these structures remain completely out of reach for the majority of village populations, all too often uninformed about the HIV/AIDS problrm

Partant de la situation en pays senoufo (Mali) dont il est originaire, l'auteur analyse les contradictions entre une école aux objectifs généraux liés à une conception du progrès aves ses références urbaines et les attentes d'une population paysanne traditionnelle. La désintégration de la société senoufo a réduit sa capacité de réaction, malgré le stimulant économique de la culture du coton. Les solutions de réappropriation de l'école par la société villageoise sont examinées
Going from the situation of the senoufo community (Mali) he is originating from, the author analyzes contradictions between a school with general goals that are linked to a conception of progress with urban references and the expectations of a traditional peasant population. The desintegration of the senoufo population reduced its capacity of reaction despite the economic incentive of the cotton culture. Solutions of reappropriation of school by the village society are examined

La commercialisation du lait peut jouer un rôle central dans les changements au sein des unités de production : 1) sur les techniques de la production laitière et 2) sur la gestion de la recette du lait. La recherche repose sur des enjeux de développement et des enjeux scientifiques. L'objectif global de la thèse est d'évaluer l'impact de la commercialisation du lait sur les pratiques et les stratégies des éleveurs et d'apprécier son rôle dans les processus de changements socio-techniques dans les systèmes de production laitière en zone péri-urbaine de Sikasso au Mali. L'objectif de recherche est de contribuer aux recherches en zootechniesystème sur le développement de l'élevage en général et de l'élevage péri-urbain en particulier. Pour cela, nombre de connaissances a été mobilisé et des méthodes développées pour analyser dans le temps long les changements et évaluer dans le temps rond les performances des unités de production. Une méthodologie spécifique a été élaboré, elle articule trois groupes de méthodes : (i) des enquêtes pour un diagnostic systémique de la production laitière, (ii) des enquêtes rétrospectives pour l'analyse des changements sur le temps long et incluant l'échelle territoriale, (iii) des suivis technico-économiques sur un an. Cinq stratégies de production laitières ont été distinguées : 1) Faible prélèvement de lait, 2) Intérêt sur le lait avec gestion du pâturage, 3) Intérêt sur le lait avec achat de compléments, 4) Forte production de lait avec des vaches croisées et distribution de concentrés et 5) Forte production laitière avec stabulation permanente de vaches croisées. Un modèle de fonctionnement technico-économique a également été construit. Les éleveurs ont fait évoluer leurs pratiques et développer des stratégies pour produire et commercialiser plus de lait et profiter de l'opportunité offerte par le marché de consommateurs urbains.

This study evaluates how future climatic projections will affect the suitability of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean(L) Verdc.), a type of underutilised crop in Sikasso and Ségou, southern Mali. This study was performed using a simulation approach, which considered the potential changes in suitability due to projected changes in two climate variables; temperature and precipitation. Monthly outputs of the two climate variables from 10 CORDEX bias-corrected regional projections under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 were applied. The suitability index range of bambara groundnut was projected, using the Ecocrop suitability model, considering three time periods: historical (1975-2005), near-term (2011-2040), and end of century (2070-2099). The results of this study showed that the model captured a long planting window for the crop in the regions across the time periods. With the projected increase in future climatic conditions, the suitability index range of bambara groundnut is projected to increase across the months suitable for planting the crop. Furthermore, Sikasso is projected to maintain a high suitability index in the near-term, and by the end of century, Ségou is expected to experience a potential increase in suitability index range and suitable areas, especially by the end of century. The results indicate that the CORDEX projections and suitability modelling technique applied in the study captured well the suitability of bambara groundnut in the regions which can help the farmers in making planting decisions. These results suggest an opportunity for optimal utilisation of the crop in the regions, as with a long planting window and expansion in suitable areas, farmers in the regions can plant multiple times and have more suitable areas to cultivate. This study contributes to improving the decision-making surrounding the promotion of underutilised crops as part of the strategy for climate-resilient agriculture and food security in Sikasso and Ségou.

The purpose of this study is to find out in which way international migration and remittances influence the role and lives of women in Mali. We look more specifically on whether migration and remittances change existing gender roles and empower women. Our research questions focus on changes in women's decision-making power in the households as well as on their activity outside the households. To understand the importance of remittances, we compare two regions with heavy migration - the one receiving most remittances and one of the regions receiving least. The method used is semi-structured interviews with women in the two regions, both migrant‟s wives and women having their husband at home. The study is also based on interviews with several organizations in Mali. Our results show that remittances and migration have little impact on women's empowerment and ability to make choices. However remittances can influence their material well being and lessen their work burden, which can serve as a prerequisite for empowerment, but only if it is combined with other variables such as changes in traditional gender values.
MFS

En Afrique, la décentralisation s'effectue dans des contextes variables selon les pays: la nécessité de réformer l'Etat suite à une crise, la volonté d'instaurer une démocratie locale pour compenser le pouvoir central voire dictatorial, parfois même l'incapacité de l'Etat à fournir les services socioéconomiques de base comme la santé, l'éducation, l'eau potable etc.En Afrique de l'Ouest, la décentralisation s’est souvent accompagnée d’un redécoupage des territoires dans les années 1990. La plupart des pays d’Afrique de l'Ouest ont créé trois niveaux de collectivités territoriales: la Région, le Département (Cercle au Mali) et la Commune. Ceci entraîne un besoin de gestion et d’aménagement du territoire à plusieurs échelles (état des lieux, suivi de l’emprise spatiale de l’aménagement, assainissement, gestion des ressources naturelles, développement économique rural, santé, éducation, hydraulique, gestion des risques etc.). Dans le cadre d’un besoin d’informations croissant, les partenaires au développement reconnaissent l’utilité du Système d'Information Géographique (SIG), comme outil d'aide à la décision. La création de différents ministères en lien avec l’information géographique au Mali, nécessite la mise en commun de compétences s’articulant autour de la géomatique. En effet, si chaque Institution et ministère sectoriel dispose de données thématiques propres, leur valorisation se heurte à une forte dispersion et disparité des données géographiques et cartographiques.Comment mutualiser un même système géospatial et territorial entre une mairie, une collectivité territoriale, une ONG, l’Etat ainsi que d’autres partenaires travaillant sur une même emprise territoriale ? Quelle stratégie d’information territoriale pour un pays comme le Mali ?L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est de mettre en place, selon les concepts, méthodes, et technologies de la géographie actuelle et de la statistique, un outil d’aide à la décision dans un contexte de mutualisation et de décentralisation, conçu pour faire franchir un pas décisif au bénéfice de l'aménagement territorial local, par une mise en cohérence et une mise à disposition des données géolocalisées nécessaires à une politique efficace d'aménagement du territoire. Cette perspective à caractère stratégique implique de remonter jusqu'aux aspects de la répartition des pouvoirs, les rapports entre les logiciels libres et payants, l’information participative (aspects sociétal, social, contexte ethnique...) et le développement de l’information géographique au Mali. Une stratégie d’information est en fait un préalable indispensable de toute stratégie d’aménagement et de développement. Le projet de thèse se veut un projet innovant cherchant à fournir des réponses sur la mise en place d’une telle politique de gestion multi-sources et multi-acteurs de l’information spatiale dans un pays en développement
In Africa, decentralization takes place in contexts that vary from country to country: the need to reform the Government following a crisis, the desire to establish local democracy to compensate for central or even dictatorial power, sometimes even the Government 's inability to provide basic socio-economic services such as health, education, drinking water, etc.In West Africa, decentralization was often accompanied by a redrawing of territories in the 1990s. Most West African countries have created three levels of local authorities: the Region, the Department (Cercle in Mali) and the Commune. This leads to a need for territory management and planning on several scales (inventory, monitoring of the environmental impact of development, sanitation, natural resource management, rural economic development, health, education, hydraulics and risk management). In the context of a growing need for information, development partners recognize the usefulness of the Geographic Information System (GIS) as a tool for decision making. The creation of different ministries in connection with geographic information in Mali requires pooling of skills centered on geomatics. Indeed, while each Institution and sectoral ministry has its own thematic data, their valuation is hampered by a high dispersion and disparity of geographical and cartographic data.How to share a common geospatial and territorial system across a town hall, a local authority, an NGO, the Government as well as other partners working on the same territorial? What territorial information strategy for a country like Mali?The aim of this thesis is to create, according to the concepts, methods, and technologies of current geography and statistics, a tool to support decision making in a context of overlapping responsibilities/actions and decentralization, designed to take a decisive step forward for the benefit of local territorial planning, by making coherent and available the geolocalized data necessary for an effective spatial planning policy. This strategic perspective implies going back to the distribution of powers, the ratio between free and paid software, participative information (societal, social, ethnic aspects, etc.) and the development of geographical information in Mali.An information strategy is in fact an essential prerequisite for any planning and development strategy. This thesis is an innovative project that will aim to provide answers on the implementation of such a strategy of multi-source and multi-stakeholder spatial information management in a developing country

Rice production in Sub-Sahara Africa is hampered by drought stress, low farmer adoption of improved varieties, un-adapted germplasm, problems of crossability between species and problems of efficient emasculation. This study was initiated to: (1) determine farmer preferences for rice varieties and production practices, (2) identify drought tolerant parental lines for use in interspecific crosses, (3) determine crossability between different rice species, (4) identify drought tolerant interspecific segregants from crosses, and (5) study the efficacy of ethrel and gibberrilic acid (GA3) as chemical hybridising agents. Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) was conducted in Sikasso region in the month of September 2005 to determine farmer preferences for varieties and production constraints. A total of 125 rice farmers from 10 villages participated. This study found that farmer preferences for rice traits did not coincide with the breeders' objectives and trait preferences varied across ecologies. In upland and lowland rice ecologies, the most preferred characteristic was short duration. In the lowland tall plants was most preferred and short duration trait ranked second. Long duration ranked as the second most preferred trait after yield in the irrigated rice ecology. The estimated grain yield reduction was 60% due to drought stress from all ecologies. Sixteen genotypes including seven Oryza glaberrima Steud, six interspecific (0. saliva x 0. glaberrima) inbred genotypes and two improved 0. saliva L. subsp Gaponica) genotypes, with OS 6, as drought tolerant check were screened for drought tolerance at the vegetative stage during the dry seasons of 2004 and 2005 at Samanko research station, in Mali. Most of the genotypes could be regarded as exhibiting drought tolerance and avoidance mechanisms for most of the morpho-physiological characters under study. High selection index was observed for WAB 450-I-B-P-103-HB in the two season experiments. Drought stress tolerance (little leaf drying) was significantly correlated with leaf rolling, leaf area index, and plant height. Fast drought recovery was significantly correlated with drought tolerance, tiller number and leaf area index. Effects of genotypes, environment and their interactions were significant for tiller number, root dry weight and relative leaf water content. The most stable genotype was RAM 3 for tiller number and relative leaf water content. Thirteen genotypes were selected on the basis of these traits for rice hybridisation. A factorial arrangement involving three levels of gametocide concentrations and five application stages of the female rice parent was undertaken for each gametocide ethrel and GA3 for two seasons. Per cent empty spikelets and male sterility increased with concentration of ethrel. Male sterility induction of 41.5% and 42.8% at 2000 ppm was achieved in 2004 and 2005, respectively, while at 4000 ppm male sterility induction was 40.5 % and 46.1% in 2004 and 2005, respectively. The best application stage of ethrel that induced highest male sterility was at P4 (panicle primordium differentiation + spikelet primordium differentiation) of 46.6% in 2004 and 49.2% at PI (panicle primordium differentiation) in 2005. There was no measurement on GA3 for sterility due to lodging. Total male sterility was not achieved therefore, these gametocides could not be recommended for use as hybridising agents. Crossability was studied in four groups: group A (0. glaberrima x 0. saliva), group B (0. glaberrima x Interspecific), group C (Interspecific x 0. saliva) and group D (Interspecifics x Interspecific). High percent seed set was obtained in group D of 19.08% and group A had 9.29%, in group B the seed set was 11.26% and group Chad 6.62 %. The three best combiners as female parents based on percentage seed set were CG 14 (0.glaberrima), WAB 450-IBP-I05-HB and WAB450-I-B-P-I03-HB (interspecifics), and for male parents were NERICA 3, NERICA 2 (interspecifics) and WAB 375-B-9-H3-2 (0. sativa). Genetic components of variance and heritability estimates were studied in F3 and F4 generation progenies from North Carolina II design mating scheme. General combining ability (GCA), manly due to female and specific combining ability (SCA) were significant for tiller number, plant height and specific leaf dry weight indicating that additive and non-additive genetic effects controlled these traits. Heritability estimates for drought tolerance and leaf rolling were highly significant for all the populations examined, ranging from 0.32 to 0.72 and 0.22 to 0.56, respectively. Drought tolerance expressed as little leaf drying was significantly associated with less leaf rolling, larger leaf area index, and taller plants. Some genotypes and progenies such as WBK 39-B-B-B, WBK 30-B-B and WAB 450-I-B-P-I03-HB were identified as being drought tolerant with the ability to recover quickly from drought stress. There was a strong desire for tall plants and short duration rice in upland and lowland ecologies, while high yield was preferred in irrigated ecology. Therefore, the best breeding strategy would be ecosystem breeding targeting each of the ecologies. Screening for secondary traits that have been identified to be significantly associated with rice grain yield could be used for direct selection for grain yield under drought stressed conditions. Progenies identified, as drought tolerant would be considered for use as source germplasm in breeding that target Sikasso region and any other similar ecologies. This study therefore suggested that participatory research approaches that involve all stakeholders in rice production would be valuable in identifying and generating drought tolerant and adoptable rice cultivars in the tropics of Africa with considerable impact on food security.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.