Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Sols – Analyse – Laos »

ASEAN formally came into being in 1967 and sole purpose of developing this association was to accelerate economic growth, cultural development and social progress. To achieve the vision, ASEAN member nations kept their focus on development and implementing science technology and innovation policy. For this study desktop research was conducted to analyze and compare current scenario of Science technology and innovation policy in Malaysia with Cambodia, Myanmar and Laos. Comparison was done on the basis of structure, framework, barriers and breakthrough in the field of STI policy. It was deduced that Malaysia is currently in its transition phase as compared to Cambodia, Myanmar and Laos, where formulation of an official STI policy documents are still in progress. Some recommendations are proposed so the gap between STI development and implementation is reduced.

AbstractIf one interprets China's sizable rise in Latin America as an unprecedented phenomenon, it follows that the concurrent story of declining U.S. influence in the region is an event hastily acknowledged at best and ignored at worst. In this article, we ask whether Chinese economic statecraft in Latin America is related to the declining U.S. hegemonic influence in the region and explore how. To do so we analyze foreign direct investments, bank loans, and international trade from 2003 to 2014, when China became a major player in the region. We use data from 21 Latin American countries, and find that an inversely proportional relationship exists between the investments made by Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs), bank loans, manufacturing exports, and the U.S. hegemonic influence exerted in the region. In other words, Beijing has filled the void left by a diminished U.S. presence in the latter's own backyard.

Environmental pollution is a global phenomenon which could results from both natural and anthropogenic activities which has resulted to several health and physiological problems in both plants and animals. Dump sites’ soils of and Borehole waters from Ojota, Ebutte-Meta, Igando and Bariga in Lagos state were analyzed for heavy metals using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The data obtained were further subjected to contamination factor and pollution indices analyses. The results obtained showed lead (Pb) to be most concentrated in the soils and ranged from 0.22 ppm to 2.50 ppm, this was followed by the value recorded for zinc (Zn) which was between 0.0015 ppm to 0.020 ppm. The least observed metal in all the soil sample stations was nickel (Ni) which ranged from 0.001 ppm to 0.010 ppm. On the other hand, only water samples from Ojota and Ebutte-Meta were detectable with Pb concentration values of 0.38 ppm and 0.0028 ppm, Ni concentration values of 0.0052 ppm and 0.009 ppm, Zn concentration values of 0.0039 ppm and 0.0020 ppm respectively. On subjecting the concentration of the heavy metals to contamination factor (CF) revealed very slight contamination of the different soils from different areas. There was also very slight contamination of the waters from Ojota and Ebutte-Meta by metals, except for Igando and Bariga that were moderately and severely contaminated by the metals respectively. The Pollution Index (PI) showed that the soils and waters samples are unpolluted with the heavy metals.

Contamination of Lagos soils with persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic micropollutants (PBTs) may not only affect the non-target species residing in the soil, but also raises the concern of the possibility of the chemicals finding their way into the Lagoon and other water courses via soil run-off and leaching. In this study, soil samples were collected from three busy areas of Lagos (Apapa, Okobaba and Iddo) and analyzed for Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), Organochlorine pesticides (OCS), and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Gas Chromatography with Mass Selective Detector (GC/MSD) was used for the analyses. Iddo had the highest percentage organic carbon content of 39.39% with highest total PAHs of 2,706.93 ng/g. The highest total PCBs of 23.63 ng/g was found at Apapa 3 which was one of the three sampling points in Apapa. PCB 74 was the onlyPCB found in all the soil samples and ranged between 3.55 ng/g and 23.64 ng/g at Apapa 1 and Apapa 2 respectively. High concentrations of the following organic compounds were also obtained at the following locations- naphthalene (1,625.10 ng/g) at Iddo; dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'DDE ), (117.98 ng/g) at Okobaba, and PCB 74 (23.63 ng/g) at Apapa 1. The results obtained showed that the higher the municipal activity, the higher the percentage organic carbon content. Key words: Bioaccumulative and toxic micropollutants, Gas chromatography/Mass selective detector, Persistent organic carbon, Soil organic pollutants

ABSTRACT We monitored the BL Lac object S5 0716+714 in four optical wavebands with four telescopes on 11 nights from 2012 to 2017. The object was active during most of those nights. It was brightest on 2012 November 7 with 11.720 mag in the I band and reached the faintest state on 2016 January 22 with 15.770 mag in the R band corresponding to ∼15.230 mag in the I band. Intraday variations in all bands were found on 6 d, while in partial bands on 3 d. Strong bluer-when-brighter chromatism was observed on 8 nights. Correlation analyses revealed interband time delays from 4 to 40 min in the intraday variability on 5 nights. Both hard and soft lags were observed in this object, indicating complicated emission process in the jet. The analysis on the interband time delays indicated that the radiative cooling may dominate the optical time lags in S5 0716+714 occasionally, but cannot be invoked as the sole explanation.

Rapid urbanization can lead to significant environmental contamination with potentially toxic elements (PTEs). This is of concern because PTEs are accumulative, persistent, and can have detrimental effects on human health. Urban soil samples were obtained from parks, ornamental gardens, roadsides, railway terminals and locations close to industrial estates and dumpsites within the Lagos metropolis. Chromium, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry following sample digestion with aqua regia and application of the BCR sequential extraction procedure. A wide range of analyte concentrations was found—Cr, 19–1830 mg/kg; Cu, 8–11,700 mg/kg; Fe, 7460–166,000 mg/kg; Mn, 135–6100 mg/kg; Ni, 4–1050 mg/kg; Pb, 10–4340 mg/kg; and Zn, 61–5620 mg/kg—with high levels in areas close to industrial plants and dumpsites. The proportions of analytes released in the first three steps of the sequential extraction were Fe (16%) < Cr (30%) < Ni (46%) < Mn (63%) < Cu (78%) < Zn (80%) < Pb (84%), indicating that there is considerable scope for PTE (re)mobilization. Human health risk assessment indicated non-carcinogenic risk for children and carcinogenic risk for both children and adults. Further monitoring of PTE in the Lagos urban environment is therefore recommended.

The financial outcome of an enterprise is perceived to have some relationships with its operational environment. This study analysed the business environment as a correlate of financial performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs), as to contribute to environment-enterprise policy mechanisms and regulatory framework, industry and management practices. Relevant definitional criteria and World Bank’s model were adopted to sample 228 SMEs from 456 via judgmental and convenience techniques. Multifactor business-environment questionnaire (MBEQ) was used to elicit responses from SMEs in a field survey. Enterprise type, activity, product line and financial performance were examined. Results showed dominance of sole proprietorship and services SMEs, multi-product lines, and highly positively correlated financial performance and business environment. Consequently, improved SME-friendly business environment was recommended.

Process-oriented models driven by highly resolved meteorological inputs and comprising a short internal time step are sometimes used to predict substance fluxes in air, soil and water over fairly long periods of time. To ascertain whether regression-based input–output analyses in such cases can provide adequate parametric models of the impact of daily and monthly fluctuations in inputs on annual outputs, we studied the SOIL/SOILN model of vertical transport of heat, water and nitrogen through arable soils. Annual leaching of nitrate from the root zone was regarded as the response variable, and regressors were selected from among the set of all linear combinations of daily or monthly values of five different meteorological inputs. We found that, although several of the underlying processes described by the SOIL/SOILN model are non-linear, both ordinary and partial least squares regression (OLS and PLS) identified the subsets of input variables with the strongest influence on the model output, and the dominating time lags between model inputs and outputs. Furthermore, highly resolved explanatory variables were a prerequisite for good performance of linear predictors of temporally aggregated outputs and, to discern the full dynamic behaviour of the model, it was necessary to analyse the response to artificially generated daily meteorological data representing a very large number of different weather conditions. PLS had one advantage over OLS: a smooth pattern in the regression coefficients facilitated physical interpretation of the derived impulse–response weights.

AbstractBackgroundThe number of people entering specialist drug treatment for cannabis problems has increased considerably in recent years. The reasons for this are unclear, but rising cannabis potency could be a contributing factor.MethodsCannabis potency data were obtained from an ongoing monitoring programme in the Netherlands. We analysed concentrations of δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) from the most popular variety of domestic herbal cannabis sold in each retail outlet (2000–2015). Mixed effects linear regression models examined time-dependent associations between THC and first-time cannabis admissions to specialist drug treatment. Candidate time lags were 0–10 years, based on normative European drug treatment data.ResultsTHC increased from a mean (95% CI) of 8.62 (7.97–9.27) to 20.38 (19.09–21.67) from 2000 to 2004 and then decreased to 15.31 (14.24–16.38) in 2015. First-time cannabis admissions (per 100 000 inhabitants) rose from 7.08 to 26.36 from 2000 to 2010, and then decreased to 19.82 in 2015. THC was positively associated with treatment entry at lags of 0–9 years, with the strongest association at 5 years, b = 0.370 (0.317–0.424), p < 0.0001. After adjusting for age, sex and non-cannabis drug treatment admissions, these positive associations were attenuated but remained statistically significant at lags of 5–7 years and were again strongest at 5 years, b = 0.082 (0.052–0.111), p < 0.0001.ConclusionsIn this 16-year observational study, we found positive time-dependent associations between changes in cannabis potency and first-time cannabis admissions to drug treatment. These associations are biologically plausible, but their strength after adjustment suggests that other factors are also important.

In many cities of third world countries, managing waste represents a beehive of activities that involve human scavengers searching for reusable or recyclable items that are either consumed or sold to generate funds for personal and family upkeep, since alternative decent employment are not available for them in the formal employment sector. Many of these waste pickers are young, work without the necessary health and safety apparatus, and expose themselves to injury and various health hazards. Therefore, this study investigated the working conditions and career aspirations of waste pickers in Lagos State, Nigeria. Using the questionnaire approach, structured, semi-structured, and open-ended questions were asked, and the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used to descriptively analyze the data collected and interpreted. The results showed that 87% of waste pickers in Lagos State have safety kits. In addition, the results showed flexibility in working hours and days since most waste pickers get to determine when and how they begin their work, i.e., 89% of the waste pickers spend 5 to 6 days a week in waste picking while 64% of them work between 10 and 14 h daily. Regarding earnings, the results showed that 68.3% of waste pickers earn between ₦2500 ($8.2) to ₦4900 ($16) daily. Finally, the results showed that despite access to safety kits, most waste pickers (54%) had experienced one form or another of hazard which has affected their career aspiration. Therefore, based on the study results we recommend that the Lagos State and the Nigerian federal government should develop a system that ensures strict compliance to established rules or guidelines that ensures the safety and health of waste pickers on the job.

Burkholderia pseudomallei (BP) bactérie commune des sols tropicaux, provoque une maladie grave, la mélioïdose. Cette thèse, basée sur un travail de terrain dans le centre de la RDP Lao où BP est endémique, vise à clarifier les déterminants de la distribution de BP dans le sol en fonction des conditions biogéochimiques du sol et climatiques, à des échelles emboîtées. PB a été identifiée dans le sol jusqu'à 300 cm de profondeur, à des concentrations variables (maximales en dessous de 100 cm), à la fois à l'échelle du millimètre, en lien avec l'état d'oxydation du fer, et à l'échelle du profil du sol. La variabilité saisonnière des concentrations de BP, plus marquée près de la surface qu'en profondeur, est cohérente avec sa persistance accrue dans les couches saturées d'eau tout au long de l'année. Cette thèse démontre l'importance de considérer la complexité du sol pour mieux comprendre l'écologie de BP
Burkholderia pseudomallei (BP) a pathogenic bacterium found in tropical soils, causes a severe disease, melioidosis. This thesis, based on field work in the main region of BP endemicity in Lao PDR, aims to clarify the determinants of BP distribution in soil. We applied a multi-scale approach to characterize the distribution of BP in relation with soil physico-chemical variability and highlight seasonal variations in BP distribution. BP occurred at all soil depths down to 300 cm but its concentrations varied drastically, both at the millimetre scale, concomitantly with the oxidation state of iron, and at the soil profile scale, unexpectedly reaching peak values below 100 cm. Seasonal variability of BP concentrations was higher in shallow than deep soil horizons, consistent with increased BP persistence in layers saturated with water year round. This thesis demonstrate the importance of considering the complexity of soil to better understand the ecology of BP

L’objectif du présent travail est l’analyse du fonctionnement des aménagements antiérosifs les plus répandus en Tunisie, les banquettes et les lacs collinaires. L’évaluation des banquettes a été basée sur leur caractérisation, le diagnostic de leur état, leur incidence sur le développement et la croissance de la culture de l’orge et leur impact sur certains paramètres physico-chimiques du sol. La reconstitution des apports hydriques, l’estimation des prélèvements pour l’irrigation et la détermination des apports solides moyens et exceptionnels ont été utilisés comme indicateurs pour l’évaluation des lacs collinaires. L’analyse diachronique a mis en évidence l’importance des cultures annuelles du périmètre aménagé en banquettes et la régression des espaces réservés aux terrains de parcours au cours du temps. Les résultats montrent que certaines banquettes ont été surdimensionnées tel que pour les écartements, les superficies des inter-ouvrages et leur longueur. Le diagnostic de l’état des ouvrages montre qu’une forte proportion des banquettes a été affectée par diverses formes de dégradation qui semblent être en rapport avec l’événement pluvieux exceptionnel de l’hiver 2003. L’évaluation des effets de l’aménagement en banquettes sur la production des céréales montre que la croissance, le développement végétatif et la production de matière sèche de la culture d’orge ont été significativement améliorés pour la zone située à proximité de l’ouvrage en comparaison avec la zone non aménagée. Après plus de trois décennies de la réalisation de l’aménagement, l’accroissement du rendement attribué à la mise en œuvre des banquettes a été évalué à 33% à proximité du bourrelet et à près de 10% en intégrant la superficie de l’ensemble de l’inter-banquette. Par ailleurs, l’aménagement en banquettes permet d’accroître la profondeur du sol, la teneur en matière organique, la capacité de rétention de l’eau, la fraction fine du sol et de réduire le taux de cailloux dans la zone limitrophe des ouvrages. Le taux de carbonates, le pH et la conductivité électrique semblent être non affectés par la mise en œuvre des banquettes. L’évaluation des prélèvements annuels, pour les besoins en eau d’irrigation, en moyenne durant la période de suivi, au niveau des lacs collinaires sur l’oued Fathiza I, l’oued Ras Rmal et l’oued Sned sont plus faibles que les apports effectifs indiquant une sous-utilisation de l’eau. Les apports moyens effectifs représentent entre 36% et 195% des apports estimés selon les ouvrages. Les apports solides moyens initialement estimés pour chacun des trois ouvrages ont été sous évalués se traduisant ainsi par une sédimentation prématurée. Les taux élevés de sédimentation risquent de compromettre la durée de vie des réservoirs. Les pertes de capacité, à la suite des précipitations exceptionnelles de l’hiver 2003, varient de 3,5% à 7,3% de la capacité initiale. Ces taux de sédimentation montrent l’impact des évènements paroxysmiques sur l’érosion au niveau des bassins versants de ces lacs collinaires. La spatialisation de la sédimentation à travers les cuvettes montre que l'essentiel du dépôt solide a lieu à l'amont des cuvettes.
Doctorat en environnement
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This chapter draws on the evidence of archaeology and the Hebrew Bible to explore the phenomenon of slavery in Israel and Judah during the monarchical period. The first part of the chapter comprises a detailed legal analysis of the so-called ‘slave laws’ of the Torah. The rationale behind these laws was to prevent members of the Israelite ethnic group from falling into slavery; they aim to transform the enslaved Israelite into an indentured servant with various rights, including the right not to be sold. The second half of the chapter surveys the Hebrew Bible and shows how elites in Israel and Judah probably depended to a significant degree on slave labour for the cultivation of their estates.

Bodin’s experiences in the Netherlands and in England as a member of Anjou’s entourage are recounted, experiences which illustrate both his reputation as a man of learning and his risky explorations of preferment by other than French potentates. His official role in Laon as king’s proctor is described, as is the deteriorating political situation around him notwithstanding Henri III’s efforts at governmental reform. His conduct during the period of League control and consequent siege of Laon is assessed, and his apparent changes of sides are analysed in the light of the arguments presented in Lettres published over his name. The chapter’s final section turns to the programmes which Bodin developed humanist-style for physical, academic, and moral education, recommended to a German prince and to a nephew, and implemented in the upbringing of his own two sons.

Como será o lugar quando ninguém passa por ele? – pergunta o poeta. Será que “Existem coisas sem ser vistas?” E o mundo, mundo grande, como escreveu, pode existir “apenas pelo olhar que cria e lhe confere espacialidade?” O poeta parece querer nos dizer que “Aquilo que vemos vale – vive – apenas por aquilo que nos olha”, 1 que ver é experimentar ser visto, que ser visto é existir, e ainda que haja uma “cisão que separa dentro de nós o que vemos daquilo que nos olha”, 2 as coisas, os acontecimentos só têm existência na medida mesma de nossa presença, de nossa potência visual, de nosso corpo que toma e encorpa o espaço, o tempo e gera existência e resistência, presença e ausência, o antes e o depois, a perda e a insistência. Duas dimensões importantes de parte significativa da poética de Carlos Drummond de Andrade são a memória e a questão da finitude, que se manifestam em resíduos de memórias e de espaços familiares. A dimensão da finitude, em especial, faz com que o poeta some inúmeras questões em forma de perguntas à sua poética, como lemos na passagem do poema supracitado. Esse dado é importante porque denota a provisoriedade e a fragilidade das respostas possíveis elaboradas no corpo dos próprios poemas. O poeta não tem respostas para todas as perguntas que faz. Os historiadores também não têm respostas para todas as questões que levantam em suas pesquisas, em suas aulas, cursos, intervenções. Por isso, com relação a Drummond, parte de sua poesia é metapoesia. Nesse sentido, somos levados a nos perguntar se a escrita do Historiador não seria meta-história, ou seja, o “estudo referente à história enquanto historiografia; por exemplo, o estudo da linguagem, ou linguagens, da historiografia”? 3 Assim, dessa forma, elaboramos histórias que ajudam na construção de outras histórias? Cada um dos autores desta coletânea conhece o lugar por onde passam, porque sua prática é constituída por um demorar-se em suas temáticas, pela identificação e reflexão sobre problemas e questões, portanto, o desejo é que nada permaneça fora do alcance de sua vista, o que garante para cada um a criação e configuração de certa espacialidade e temporalidade fundamentais com relação às pesquisas abordadas. Evidentemente que demorar-se e conhecer-se, nas temáticas levantadas, não isenta todos, todas e cada um de certa estranheza e inquietação marcadas exatamente pelas respostas impossíveis de serem encontradas, assim é que a familiaridade com a temática não garante, e jamais garantirá, a tranquilidade de um “sentir-se em casa”, o que até certo ponto é bom, na medida em que nos coloca sempre em estado de alerta para o que até então não foi visto, alcançado, sentido como presença em variados tempos e espaços, e que esperam de nós inteligibilidade na busca, a um só tempo, pelo todo e as partes, como assevera Antoine Proust. Portanto, nada é suposto na existência, isso porque, como escreve o poeta, “Ou tudo vige planturosamente, à revelia/ de nossa judicial inquirição / e esta apenas existe consentida/ pelos elementos inquiridos?”, posto que o que vigora na existência, mesmo à revelia de nossa mais cuidadosa inquirição, o que garante as nossas questões, são as próprias questões, e não o que está fora, o que não faz parte das problemáticas levantadas, e é exatamente nessa “espantosa batalha/ entre o ser inventado/e o mundo inventor” que nos colocamos e nos demoramos. Somos “ficção rebelada/ contra a mente universa”, levantando a alvenaria de nosso lugar, de nosso estranho lugar, de nossa morada, lugar de uma certa permanência que nos ampara e nos sacode ao mesmo tempo. Assim, abrimos nossas trilhas em seu sétimo volume. Trilhas são caminhos ou estradas, existentes ou estabelecidos, com dimensões e formas, comprimento e largura diferentes, aptos a aproximar, juntar, estabelecer espaços de interação, indicar, duvidar, marcar, apontar direções, ligar, sinalizar, abrir passagens. Entre as inúmeras trilhas abertas sertões afora e cidades adentro, nós abrimos as nossas, dispomos nossos passos, medimos as dificuldades do terreno e nos lançamos nessa caminhada que já dura tantos anos, deixando fincados nas terras por onde passamos, marcos e marcas, impressões e signos, sinais e símbolos, partes de cada de um nós, como um olhar lançado, que confere e configura tempos e espacialidades. O presente volume divide-se em duas partes, respectivamente: “História, memória, autoritarismo e militância política no século XX” e “Experiências citadinas e sertanejas, oralidade e tradição nos sertões do Ceará nos séculos XIX e XX”. Na primeira parte do livro, abrimos nossos trabalhos com o capítulo de Jucelio Regis da Costa, “Da construção a celebração do golpe de 1964 no Ceará: usos políticos de elementos neomedievalizantes”, que faz uma análise de acontecimentos nacionais da década de 1960, com profundas repercussões no Ceará, como as Cruzadas do Rosário em Família, a Missa congratulatória às Forças Armadas e as Marchas da Vitória, com ampla mobilização política de grupos conservadores do estado, com a finalidade de combater o comunismo, servindo assim “na pavimentação do caminho ao golpe civil-militar de 1964”. O autor elege como objeto central de sua análise elementos neomedievalizantes, quando sentidos positivos foram atribuídos à Idade Média e os acontecimentos em questão foram medievalizados. Edvanir Maia da Silveira, em “Os partidos políticos e a experiência democrática na Zona Norte Cearense (1945-64)”, discute como as décadas de 1945 a 1964 consagraram-se na historiografia como tempo da experiência democrática, em que vigorava uma Constituição, partidos, eleições e participações sociais no debate político, sem, no entanto, descurar do fato de que muitas práticas autoritárias estavam presentes e ativas no cenário político, de modo que essas experiências e conflitos foram vivenciados e ressignificados pelas lideranças da Zona Norte do Ceará. O capítulo assinado por Viviane Prado Bezerra, “‘Quando a mulher sai do mundo da cozinha dela e começa a participar das coisas, então ela começa a ver o mundo diferente’: trabalho pastoral e atuação política das camponesas no Movimento do Dia do Senhor (1970-1990)”, aborda a militância religiosa e política de mulheres camponesas no Movimento do Dia do Senhor, uma iniciativa católica que tinha relação com as Comunidades Eclesiais de Base – CEBs e que teve intensa atuação entre as décadas de 1960 e 1990 alimentada pela dimensão da “fé e vida”, modificando “a visão de mundo e atuação dessas mulheres em suas comunidades”, tornando-as “protagonistas na luta pela libertação, posse da terra e pela igualdade de gênero”. No último capítulo da primeira parte, “Cem anos de comunismo no Brasil: onde Camocim entra nessa história?”, de Carlos Augusto Pereira dos Santos, o autor discute, dentro das comemorações dos cem anos do Partido Comunista do Brasil (PCdoB), agora em 2022, a participação da cidade de Camocim nessa longa história, utilizando como documento uma entrevista realizada com o “Sr. Nilo Cordeiro de Oliveira, comunista histórico em Camocim, filho de Pedro Teixeira de Oliveira (Pedro Rufino), um dos fundadores do Partido Comunista Brasileiro (PCB) em Camocim em 25 de março de 1928”. Voltando à trilha poética aberta por Carlos Drummond de Andrade, tomando o caminho dA suposta existência, pensamos se “A guerra sem mercê, indefinida, prossegue, feita de negação, armas de dúvida […]teima interrogante de saber/ se existe o inimigo, se existimos/ ou somos todos uma hipótese/ de luta/ ao sol do dia curto em que lutamos”, e se a nossa luta se faz e se refaz em cada página escrita, em cada aula debatida, em cada projeto realizado, uma vez que, se a pressa existe, é porque sabemos que um dia é muito curto para quem luta. Por isso a soma de todos nós, a multiplicação de nossas pesquisas, a publicização tão importante de nossas inquietações. Na segunda parte do livro, Francisco Dênis Melo, a partir do capítulo “Sobral e os seus altares: imaginária urbana e heróis civilizadores”, tem como objetivo “pensar a cidade de Sobral-CE a partir de alguns de seus habitantes de pedras, ou melhor, de sua imaginária urbana, no caso bustos, estátuas e monumentos destacados em variados espaços, notadamente em suas praças”, que funcionaram e ainda funcionam como anteparo para os campos políticos e religiosos na cidade, constituindo assim um poderoso mecanismo simbólico de construção do poder em Sobral. Thiago Braga Teles da Rocha, em “‘Sobral como cidade progressista’: entre planos, projetos e representações”, discute o processo de eletrificação em Sobral, estabelecendo uma relação com o conceito de progresso. O texto nos mostra que foi organizada uma “campanha em prol da eletrificação da cidade, realizada por setores da elite política da cidade, com destaque para a Igreja Católica a partir do jornal Correio da Semana”. Para isso, foi utilizado o “Projeto das Redes Primárias e Secundárias de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica da Cidade de Sobral”, documento resguardado no Núcleo de Documentação Histórica (NEDHIS), ligado ao curso de História da Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú. O capítulo assinado por Antônio Vitorino Farias Filho, “Imagens no espelho: mulher depravada e mulher ideal em Ipu-CE no início do século XX”, discute a questão da prostituição e sua relação tensa com a chamada Modernidade e com os valores do progresso, de modo que a prostituta no espaço público representou “uma imagem invertida da mulher ideal, buscada pelos grupos dominantes”. Chama atenção o autor para o importante fato de que “É somente no início do século XX, mais ainda na década de 1920, na cidade de Ipu, que a prostituta e a prostituição aparecem explicitamente nas fontes”. No capítulo “‘Isso é atestado de seu progresso. Sí Sobral, Camocim e outras cidades sertanejas têm o seu jornal, porque não poderíamos ter?’ a elite escritora e o ideário de controle e modernidade em Ipu-CE (1900-1920)”, Antonio Iramar Miranda Barros e Alexandre Almeida Barbalho discutem a questão da Modernização sob a ótica das lides jornalísticas, a partir das experiências e do “pensamento de três sujeitos, a partir dos grupos aos quais pertenciam: Abílio Martins, Herculano Rodrigues e Leonardo Mota”, entendendo que os jornais eram encarados como sinais claros de progresso, desenvolvimento e inovação. Raimundo Alves de Araújo e Emmanuel Teófilo Furtado Filho assinam o capítulo “O campo de concentração do Ipu no contexto da Revolução de 1930”. Os autores analisam a constituição do campo de concentração na cidade do Ipu no ano de 1932, no contexto de criação de outros campos, em cidades como Quixeramobim, Crato, Cariús, Senador Pompeu e Fortaleza. Os autores refletem que tal acontecimento não tem o reconhecimento e importância para os poderes locais, lamentando “que não haja um marco histórico identificando o local exato do campo de concentração do Ipu, nem um memorial preservando a memória e a história de tão trágico e lamentável acontecimento!” O campo de concentração da cidade do Ipu fazia parte de um projeto maior, que, entre outros objetivos, pretendia “fazer dele uma ‘parede de contenção’ para poupar a cidade de Sobral do assédio dos retirantes”. Nesse sentido, afirmam os autores que “Ignorar este passado horrível é o mesmo que ‘assassinar novamente’ aquelas vítimas”. Na sequência, Cid Morais Silveira, em “‘Os teus filhos, cidade encantada, escondidos no seu coração’: a vida e a morte do Centro Social Morrinhense (1952 – 1963)”, analisa a criação e o fim de uma instituição chamada Centro Social Morrinhense, em 1952, na cidade de Fortaleza, num contexto em que seus fundadores acreditavam que Morrinhos, “uma pequena vila encravada entre o litoral e o sertão, no interior cearense, composta de oito ruas, dois grandes quadriláteros que os moradores chamavam de ‘praça’ e com aproximadamente 1.097 habitantes”, estava “desamparada e abandonada pelo poder público”, objetivando “1º) proporcionar as melhores ocasiões de progresso àquela vila; 2º) levantar o nível social de seus habitantes; 3º) auxiliar os estudantes pobres do distrito; 4º) promover campanha sobre assuntos dos mais variados: educação, cultura, escolas, alfabetização de adultos, agricultura e outros problemas locais”. Joaquim dos Santos, no capítulo “‘Nas porteiras’ de outros mundos: a Pedra Branca na tradição oral”, encontrou uma pedra em seu caminho. Por isso reflete “sobre o lugar da Pedra Branca na tradição oral sobre os mortos na região do Cariri, dando destaque às memórias sobre a grande rocha e os significados que lhe são atribuídos pelos moradores das áreas próximas ao rochedo”. Aponta o autor que “a Pedra Branca está localizada no sítio Jatobá, na encosta da Chapada do Araripe, zona rural do município de Porteiras”. Ele enfatiza ainda que na “relação entre as pedras e as almas nos interiores do Brasil, é notório como seus laços são estreitos e porosos, tanto no que diz respeito às pedrinhas, quanto aos grandes rochedos”. Fechando a segunda parte e a obra, temos o capítulo de Reginaldo Alves de Araújo, “Vamos falar sobre um sertão? Do sertão dos párias incultos ao culto à pátria”, no qual o autor analisa “algumas variações de sentido da palavra sertão em diferentes momentos históricos”, atentando para o fato de que vai deixar “de lado a ideia de sertão como sinônimo de seca e de fome […] para nos concentrarmos em outras duas imagens: a de um espaço não civilizado no contexto colonial, ao sertão enquanto reservatório das raízes culturais da nacionalidade brasileira”. Entende o autor o sertão como um espaço plural e simbólico, material e sensível, sendo entendido também como um espaço de resistência renhida ao colonialismo. Voltando à trilha aberta por Carlos Drummond, no poema A suposta existência, nos diz o poeta: “[…] e tento construir-me de novo a cada instante, a cada cólica, na faina de traçar meu início […]”. O ser do poeta é parte remontada, refeita, ressignificada com a matéria da vida, com o espanto de todo dia. Ser reconstrução é sonhar ser outro a cada instante, apesar da cólica, do gemido. O que há, de fato, para se construir novo a cada instante, é uma multiplicidade de caminhos, de trilhas, de sendas abertas. O poeta nos mostra novos caminhos, assim como historiadores e historiadoras também apontam em seus trabalhos para o múltiplo das coisas, da vida, dos acontecimentos. E se uma das características da obra poética de Drummond é o “princípio-corrosão”, nas palavras de Luiz Costa Lima, nas obras dos historiadores temos, certamente, o “princípio-reflexão”, quem sabe, de forma mais ousada, o “princípio-coração”… Boa caminhada! Boa leitura! Francisco Dênis Melo

Public-Owned Enterprises (POEs) are generally large economic enterprises owned and governed by state institutions. POEs generally are the sole or the main provider of the key public goods and services as water, electricity, transport, telecommunications, and postal services. If administered efficiently, the POEs are important for national development and perspective of natural economic resources. The concern is how accurately these monopolistic enterprises are organized in aspects of administrative and managerial perspectives to function as effectively as possible for the objectives they are created. Therefore an overall summary of the public-owned enterprises is presented through their process of emerging, privatization, and evolution in Albania, southeast Europe. The process was accompanied by shortcomings due to its ad-hoc nature; and associated with negative effects of bad management, governance corruption, and low efficiency of the operational activities and results.

Assessing whether a company’s business practices conform to laws and regulations and follow standards and SLAs, i.e., compliance management, is a complex and costly task. Few software tools aiding compliance management exist; yet, they typically do not address the needs of who is actually in charge of assessing and understanding compliance. We advocate the use of a compliance governance dashboard and suitable root cause analysis techniques that are specifically tailored to the needs of compliance experts and auditors. The design and implementation of these instruments are challenging for at least three reasons: (1) it is fundamental to identify the right level of abstraction for the information to be shown; (2) it is not trivial to visualize different analysis perspectives; and (3) it is difficult to manage and analyze the large amount of involved concepts, instruments, and data. This chapter shows how to address these issues, which concepts and models underlie the problem, and, eventually, how IT can effectively support compliance analysis in Service-Oriented Architectures (SOAs).

Africa contributes a substantial percentage to the global population of stateless people. Groups most affected by statelessness in Africa include descendants of colonial-era migrants, nomadic pastoralists, populations separated by arbitrary colonial borders or affected by nascent states, and internally displaced persons. These groups are further increased by the rise in climate change induced migration and Africa’s continuous ethnic conflicts. These persons are denied the right to nationality by a combination of systematic discrimination through bad policies, weak administrative systems, and laws that effectually provide limited rights based on nationality through jus soli and restrict nationality through jus sanguinis on discriminatory grounds. At national level, laws and policies on the right to nationality are fragmented and discriminatory. This is perhaps a reflection of the colonial origins of citizenship laws in post-colonial African states and a dismissive political attitude to the issue. Regardless of this, there appears to be an appreciation of the danger of statelessness and the need to formulate regional standards to guide national approaches to the right to nationality. This chapter analyses the emerging jurisprudence of African regional courts and argues that the African human rights system offers considerable potential to tackle the problem.

Chapter 2 analyzes the legal landscape within which books were printed and sold to show that existing laws could not regulate the rapidly expanding corpus of fan fiction. It provides a detailed look at the book trade and the ways in which authors were compensated. The chapter then investigates the range of arguments made to justify and condemn fan fiction, highlighting the competing personal, artistic, economic, and public interests in the production and dissemination of these works. Identifying the stakes of the debate exposes the complexity of the relationship between readers, authors, and publishers vis-à-vis literary characters, and reveals the difficulty of devising an intellectual property scheme that could effectively balance these competing interests.

Organic food production offers many advantages and is more environmentally friendly than conventional food. However, despite the certification guaranteeing organic management, soil and water preservation, and social well-being, it generally does not assess the type of packaging the food is sold in. The legislation of some countries, such as Brazil, does not require the use of biodegradable packaging. Thus, it is common to find organic food sold in plastic or styrofoam packaging, making it ecologically incorrect throughout its life cycle. This study demonstrates the importance of consumer awareness and how it can act in a global paradigm shift, demanding greater environmental responsibilities from those who produce the food. Also, the role of consumers, fulfilling their part as non-polluting agents, is essential for ecological well-being. A qualitative meta-analysis showed that, although green consumers are gradually increasing, they are still in the minority. For the time being, they are currently insufficient to generate significant changes in the production chain. Because of this, it is important that public, technological, and environmental institutions talk about these issues more and start calling for specific laws about the right way to use packaging, especially for certified organic foods.

The laws of unsaturated and capillary movement of water in soils are analyzed, which are complex and insufficiently studied, but significantly affect the condition of the ground. Experience in the design and construction of the subsoil has shown that during the excavation works can significantly change the conditions of soils and their water-thermal regime. Therefore, the characteristics of soils used in stability calculations should be determined taking into account the subsequent condition of the soil in the conditions of occurrence, as well as the possible change of these conditions during construction and maintenance. One of the urgent tasks is to improve the methods of regulating the water-thermal regime of roads. By changing the conditions of its course or the type of water-thermal regime itself, significant successes can be achieved in improving the maintenance of roads, engineering and transport facilities. Dangerous effect of these factors on the embankment of the ground is manifested in the formation of wetting, wetting of the soil and layers of pavement, resulting in reduced density, strength of soils, subsidence, swelling and loss of continuity due to cracking. As a result, the strength of the road structure, the flatness of the carriageway, the durability of the pavement and the adhesion of the wheels to the roadway are reduced. The most dangerous for roads are moisture accumulation, freezing, thawing of the ground, intensive heating and intensive cooling of the layers of pavement. The analysis of regularities of formation of a water-thermal regime of a ground and its regulation at the expense of the device of optimum capillary-interrupting layers is carried out. The laws of soil moisture when raising capillary water showed that when the layer of the embankment with a high coefficient of impregnation is dehydrated over the layer with a lower coefficient, the speed of moving capillary water into the upper soil layers drops sharply. This fall occurs as a result of changes in the relationship between the driving forces of the menisci and the forces of resistance of capillary water in the soil. The process of unsaturated movement of water in the soil is determined by the combination of many factors that characterize the capillary system of the soil. The calculation uses complex indicators of soil water movement conditions, which are established experimentally for each variety and soil density at optimal humidity, as well as water filtration coefficients in the soil. To establish the relationship between these experimental data and the required values that determine the capillary system of the soil, the filtration of water in the soil was considered. Determining the optimal capillary system of the soil and establishing the unstable distribution of own capillary water in the structures of high embankments will ensure the strength of approaches to road bridges. The method of calculating the determination of the optimal composition of the road layers taking into account the processes of water-thermal regime and capillary movement of water has been improved. The algorithm of calculation in the program Microsoft Excel for selection of optimum structure of a ground cloth of a high embankment on approaches to automobile bridges is offered.

This chapter analyzes how threats and acts of blacklisting impeded the fair application of the collective agreement between UFCW Local 1518 and Sidhu & Sons. The detection and analysis of the blacklisting of bargaining unit members at Sidhu uncover important “truths” about the management of migration among temporary migrant workers with the prospect of return. Broadly, it demonstrates that institutionalized programs' mechanisms, promoted in the global policy discourse embracing migration management as a means of stemming the flow of “irregular migration,” can impede access to and the exercise of labor rights. More narrowly, it shows that SAWP's “best practices” are by no means neutral, but are instead consistent with the dynamics of global capitalism, producing a race to the bottom in conditions of work and employment. This model temporary migrant work program (TMWP) permits state officials to behave in unprincipled ways that can involve, among other things, defying collective agreement provisions by delegating key responsibilities related to readmission—such as recruitment, selection, and aspects of documentation—to those in the interior and posted abroad. It also illustrates vividly how a labor relations tribunal compelled to prioritize national, and thereby sending-state, sovereignty, can be inhibited in—and even prevented from—implementing and enforcing host-state labor laws under its oversight.

This chapter lays out the challenges of tracing a cultural history of the kinaidos. Ancient sources often speak euphemistically on the particularities of the kinaidos’ deviance or present him in an exaggeratedly pejorative or contradictory manner; contemporary scholars focus on his significance in proving the existence, or not, of sexual orientations in Greco-Roman cultures. It highlights the conflicting etymologies of the word kinaidos and provides examples of some of the seemingly paradoxical poses he is described as striking in Greek and Latin literature. It argues that recent analyses overlook the wealth of evidence pointing to kinaidoi as performers of poetry and dance in ancient Mediterranean cultures. Furthermore, it proposes that by applying a queer theoretical lens to ancient sources—rooted in the scholarship of Foucault, Sedgwick, and Butler—a restorative reading of the kinaidos becomes possible, whereby sex and gender deviance, rather than being this figure’s sole claim to significance, are seen as part of a larger series of non-normative practices associated with the kinaidos, which include, among others, dance (a much-mentioned shaking of the buttocks) and poetry (a racy Ionic verse meter called the Sotadean).

The Reconstruction era Fourteenth Amendment (1868) has long been the primary U.S. statutory source for corporate personhood. But for nearly fifty years the story of the rise of corporate personhood rights entwined with the fraught story of legal personhood for African Americans was effectively ignored. This chapter fills a gap in legal and cultural scholarship to begin to address this blind spot, first by analyzing the period’s jurisprudence of the “corporation sole” (a corporation of one person) in contrast to that of African American persons. Drawing together case analysis, discussions of legal formalism, and interpretations of two major novels—George Schuyler’s satirical Black No More (1931) and Ralph Ellison’s acclaimed Invisible Man (1952)—this chapter depicts the legal and literary effects of a half-century’s misconstruing of the Fourteenth Amendment, in which “any person” was defined not to mean any married woman, child, and/or African American person, but, rather, any corporate or white male person. To imagine a less racist world, Schuyler hypothesizes African American rights and freedoms secured by the abstract corporate form and a new scientific technology protected by the laws of intellectual property. Later, Ellison provides a powerful and very different critique of state-sanctioned personhood as irretrievably debased because it is abstract. Both authors expose and challenge through satire and fantasy the obscene, unmentionable inequality between reduced rights for African Americans and human rights for corporate persons.

Multi-layered soil conditions often exist in offshore practice. In some sites a thin layer of medium dense sand lays between firm to stiff clay layers. In these cases the ultimate bearing capacity of foundations can be increased due to the strong sand layer by comparing with foundations in uniform clay. However, there is also a potential of reduction in foundation capacity when the foundation punches through the sand layer. The punch-through failure can occur during either pre-loading or storm loading. In this study, the continuous penetration of spudcan foundations on clay-sand-clay soils was investigated by large deformation finite element analysis. The numerical simulation was carried out using Remeshing and Interpolation Technique with Small Strain (RITSS) model. The clays obey Tresca failure criterion for undrained analysis and the sands obey Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion for drained analysis. The friction angle of the sand was taken as φ = 32° and 40° with its dilation angle ψ = 2° and 10° respectively. The effects of the relative height of the top soft clay and the relative thickness of the middle sand layer on the load-displacement responses were investigated. The soil flow mechanisms at various penetration depths were also discussed.

This study evaluates the knowledge elements of statistical literacy (literacy skills, statistical knowledge, mathematical knowledge, context knowledge, and critical skills) mobilized by thirty students of secondary education, against questions of informal statistical inference. Based on the SOLO taxonomy, four hierarchical levels (prestructural, unistructural, multistructural, and relational) are defined to analyze the responses. The study shows that ‘critical skills’ and ‘statistical knowledge’ are the elements that move students most often, classified as unistructural, because they perform an analysis about the implications of the information and use a concept akin to statistical inference, commonly, variability and representativeness. The levels proposed can be considered as indicators of achievement to evaluate the informal inferential reasoning of the students. En este estudio se evalúan los elementos de conocimiento de la alfabetización estadística (habilidades de alfabetización, conocimiento estadístico, conocimiento matemático, conocimiento del contexto y habilidades críticas) que movilizan treinta estudiantes de educación media, frente a preguntas de inferencia estadística informal. Con base en la taxonomía SOLO, se definen cuatro niveles jerárquicos (preestructural, uniestructural, multiestructural, y relacional) para analizar las respuestas. El estudio evidencia que ‘habilidades críticas’ y ‘conocimiento estadístico’ son los elementos que movilizan los estudiantes con mayor frecuencia, clasificándose en uniestructural, puesto que realizan un análisis acerca de las implicancias de la información y utilizan un concepto afín a la inferencia estadística, comúnmente, variabilidad y representatividad. Los niveles propuestos pueden ser considerados como indicadores de logro para evaluar el razonamiento inferencial informal del estudiantado.

Friction and wear are typical irreversible processes. Friction irreversibly degrades and dissipates high quality energy and wear irreversibly removes materials from the load-carrying surface. The two irreversible processes can be presented by entropy production, which is a non-negative quantity based on irreversible thermodynamics and thus serves as a basis for the systematic description of irreversible processes occurring in tribological system. In this paper, a thermodynamic framework has been presented for the mechanisms of friction and wear of continuum materials, where entropy production is used as the sole measure of energy dissipation and material damage evolution in the system. As a result, there is no need for physically meaningless empirical parameters to define the phenomenological frictional and wear parameters to trace tribological evolution in a friction and wear system. To validate the model, predictions are compared with experimental results, which indicate that entropy production can be used as a friction and wear evolution metric. The theory is founded on the basic premise that a solid continuum obeys the first and second laws of thermodynamics.

National and international accounting literature and established accountancy laws now agree that the nature of invested resources, and — above all — pursued objectives, can modify the accountability of state-owned enterprises (SOEs). This accountability is characterised as being of public interest, and the efficacy of the statutory accounts model derived from the chosen business plan is consequently reduced. Based upon this hypothesis, the present work proposes an evaluation of the mandatory accounting regulations for Italian state-owned enterprises via an evaluation of compliance with the OECD guidelines of November 2015 regarding “disclosure and transparency”. Although the work substantially evidences compliance with the majority of OECD recommendations, it also highlights a concentration of non-compliance in areas regarding company performance statements

Covid-19 pandemic is a global health issue that adversely affected every sector of the world’s economy. Fruits are known to be a source of vitamins providing the body with necessary defense against infections (inclusive of Coronaviruses). Nigerians prefer to buy ready-to-eat (RTE) fruits than whole fruits due to their high prices. Consumer perception of RTE fruits sold in Ogun and Lagos, Nigeria during the Covid-19 pandemic months in 2020 and within January and March 2021 via an online survey were compared. Ogun and Lagos states were selected because they represent major entry routes for land and air travel into Nigeria respectively. 500 respondents were obtained with 49.7% each as male and female respectively in Ogun state while Lagos had 49.5% and 50.5% of the male and female gender. In addition, the predominant age group that responded to the questionnaire falls within 21 – 30 with 49.7% in Ogun state and 54.1% in Lagos state. 96.1% of the respondents in Ogun state had a tertiary education while 99% was recorded to possess tertiary education in Lagos state. 34% respondents took RTE fruits 2- 3 times a week, 31.2% less than once a week while only 2.8% took RTE fruits 4 – 5 times a week. From the survey, 84% of the respondents were aware that fruits possess needed vitamins to fight infections while only 87.4% of the respondent were aware of fruit borne poisoning and have knowledge of fruit borne pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiellaspp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Penicilliumspp, Aspergillusnigerand Rhizopusstolonifer. This study shows that fruit consumers neglected health consciousness in the purchase of RTE fruits in Ogun and Lagos in the first 3 months of 2021 compared to 2020. This negligence may result in a spike of another Covid-19 wave in Ogun and Lagos if the necessary food and health regulatory authorities fail to act timely. Also, the application of an effective hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) application reduces the chance of contamination of ready- to- eat fruits.

La conservación de los conjuntos históricos se encomienda en las últimas décadas a los instrumentos de intervención urbanística. Una vez transcurrido el tiempo de la primera generación de planes y programas destinados a la protección y a la recuperación de estos ámbitos, es tiempo de evaluar los resultados obtenidos. La investigación que desarrollo pretende analizar no solo el estado de los valores arquitectónicos, sino también las características sociales y funcionales tradicionales que son parte del patrimonio que se quiere conservar. Una representación de los 140 conjuntos Históricos de la comunidad de Castilla y León están siendo analizados: la aplicación de Planes Generales, Planes Especiales y Áreas de Rehabilitación Integral serán confrontados con sus resultados en un trabajo que pretende sentar las bases para mejorar los efectos obtenidos por las siguientes generaciones de instrumentos. In the last years the conservation of historic areas has been mainly entrusted to planning instruments. We have a first generation of Special Plans and Urban Programs intended for protecting and recovering these areas, so it is time to evaluate the results. The research aims to analyse not only the state of art regarding the conservation of architectural values, but also the traditional social and functional characteristics that are part of the heritage that is supposed to be preserved. A representative part of the 140 historic areas of the community of Castilla y León will be analysed: Town Planning and Special Planning application, even Rehabilitation Areas will be confronted with their results. The work aims to serve and improve the basis for the next generation of urban intervention instruments.

Resumen: Este trabajo analiza, por diversos medios, el proyecto de la capilla mortuoria con dos tumbas para el expresidente militar Carlos Delgado-Chalbaud y su padre. El encargo, no realizado, fue el único que, tras varias tentativas, pudo ejecutarse en Caracas, Venezuela. Le Corbusier archivó este proyecto como un “Monument”, y dentro de su trayectoria solo estuvo precedido por otro de carácter funerario dedicado al Mariscal F. Foch en la Porte Maillot de París y, posteriormente, diseñará su propia tumba en Cap Martin. Esto convierte al proyecto de Caracas, prácticamente desconocido, en un caso singular dentro de las tipologías funeraria y religiosa. La reconstrucción planteada se sustenta en la documentación conservada, el análisis histórico de las fuentes documentales, el empleo de la perspectiva clásica y las herramientas digitales para aportar precisiones y avances sobre estudios previos. En paralelo, la comparación con propuestas formales similares, enmarca el objeto de estudio dentro del legado del arquitecto. La pirámide ejemplifica la relación entre hombre y naturaleza, el “juego jugado por el hombre con los elementos cósmicos”, el papel de la forma, y de las trazas reguladoras en un período en el que su racionalismo purista se abre a interpretaciones más expresivas de la forma. En el fondo de esta investigación subyace el interés por comprender el proceso proyectual de Le Corbusier y su idea de arquitectura en torno a los años 50, al tiempo que se reconstruye un proyecto prácticamente borrado. Abstract: By several methods, this work analyzes the project for the mausoleum with two tombs for the former military president Carlos Delgado Chalbaud and his father. The unrealized commission was the only work that could have built in Caracas, Venezuela. Le Corbusier archive this project categorized as a “Monument” and in his career, it was only preceded by another funerary project dedicated to Mariscal F. Foch located in Porte Maillot in Paris, France. Only there was another funeral project: his own grave at Cap Martin. This makes this virtually unknown project in Caracas, a singular case framed within the funeral and religious categories. The proposed reconstruction is based on the preserved documentation, historical analysis of various documentary sources, the use of classical perspective and digital tools to provide clarifications and progress on previous studies. Parallel, comparisons with similar previous and subsequent formal proposals frames the object of study in its entire legacy. The pyramid illustrates the relationship between man and nature “the game played by the man with the cosmic elements”, in a period in which his purist rationalism opens to a more expressive performances in form. In the background of this research lays an interest in understanding the design process of Le Corbusier and his idea of architecture around the 50’s, while a virtually erased project is restored. Palabras clave: Le Corbusier; capilla; Caracas; análisis; reconstrucción; pirámide. Keywords: Le Corbusier; mausoleum; Caracas; analysis; reconstruction; pyramid. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.1081

México es actualmente, uno de los pocos países del mundo que proyecta el turismo desde el Estado. Para cumplir esta función creó el Fondo Nacional de Fomento al Turismo (FONATUR), que planificó y desarrolló (entre 1974 y 1984) cinco enclaves turísticos de costa a lo largo del país, apostando por el turismo de sol y playa como reactivador económico. Este trabajo se centra en el análisis e interpretación de sus cinco proyectos iniciales desde su morfología y estructura, preguntándose, además, por su relación con el soporte físico-natural. Las conclusiones apuntan a que los proyectos se conforman por piezas claramente identificables y repetitivas, y que se adaptan a las características de cada entorno. México is currently one of the few countries in the world that develops tourism projects from the State itself. To carry out this function was created in 1974 the National Trust Fund for Tourism Development (FONATUR), who planned and developed (between 1974 and 1984) five tourist coastal sites along the country, betting on sun and beach tourism as economic activator. The present work focuses in the analysis and interpretation of its five initial projects, delving into its gestation and, in particular, in its morphology and structure; and wondering, in addition, about its relationship with the physical and natural support. The conclusions points out that the projects are made of clearly identifiable and reproducible packets that are adapted to the characteristics of each environment.

El medio rural en el interior de Galicia presenta un rico patrimonio cultural y económico basado en la pervivencia de las formas construidas (tanto de caserío como de sus territorios colonizados), y en la presencia de unos suelos fértiles con condiciones propicias para agriculturas de alta calidad. El estudio plantea definir cuáles son los elementos estructurantes de los sistemas agrícolas tradicionales, las características de las formas construidas asociadas a ellas y sus paisajes, para que a partir de su reconocimiento se puedan establecer herramientas de planeamiento y gestión. La investigación delimita su ámbito de estudio en la provincia de Ourense, aportando el análisis de dos parroquias alaricanas, incluidas en la reserva de biosfera Área de Allariz, de las que se analizan las estructuras fijas en la evolución, el parcelario y las coberturas introduciendo, cuestiones relativas a la fragmentación de las unidades de cultivo, al sistema agrario y a ciertas prácticas tradicionales ecológicas. Galicia´s rural interior presents a rich cultural heritage an economic based on the survival of built forms (both village and its colonized territories) and in the presence of fertil soils with conditions for high quality agriculture. The study proposes to define which the structural elements of traditional agricultural systems are, the characteristics of the built forms associated with them and the landscapes in order to stablish planning and management tools from their recognition. The research defines its scope of study in the province of Ourense, providing an analysis on two Allariz´ parishes included in the biosphere reserve Área de Allariz, of wich fixed structures, parcel and coverage are discussed, introducing issues of plots fragmentation, agricultural system and certain traditional practices.

This report describes several advances in the cyclic failure assessment of silt soils with immediate and practical benefit to the geotechnical earthquake engineering profession. First, a database of cyclic loading test data is assembled, evaluated, and used to assess trends in the curvature of the CRR-N (cyclic resistance ratio - the number of equivalent cycles) relationship. This effort culminated in a plasticity index-dependent function which can be used to estimate the exponent b in the power law describing cyclic resistance, and may be used to estimate the cyclic resistance of silt soils as well as the number of equivalent loading cycles anticipated for subduction zone earthquakes. Statistical models for the cyclic resistance ratio and cyclic strength ratio are presented in this report. The SHANSEP (Stress History and Normalized Soil Engineering Properties)-inspired functional form of these models have been trained and tested against independent datasets and finalized using a combined dataset to provide reasonable estimates of resistance based on the available data. These models can be used to provide provisional estimates of the CRR-N and cyclic strength ratio power laws for cyclic shear strain failure criteria ranging from 1 to 10%, within certain stated limitations. The ground motion records within the NGA Subduction Project which have been released to the public to-date are implemented to examine the role of subduction zone earthquake characteristics on the number of equivalent loading cycles for a wide range of soils with exponents b ranging from 0.05 (moderate plasticity silt and clay) to 0.35 (dense sand). This analysis shows that the number of loading cycles for a given magnitude subduction zone earthquake is larger than those previously computed, whereas the corresponding magnitude scaling factors for use with the Simplified Method span a smaller range as a result of the ground motion characteristics. Owing to the large variability in the computed equivalent number of loading cycles, consideration of the uncertainty is emphasized in forward analyses. The work described herein may be used to estimate cyclic resistance of intact non-plastic and plastic silt soils and corresponding factor of safety against cyclic failure for a range in cyclic shear strain failure criteria, to plan cyclic laboratory testing programs, and to calibrate models for use in site response and nonlinear deformation analyses in the absence of site-specific cyclic test data. As with any empirical approach, the models presented herein should be revised when additional, high-quality cyclic testing data become available.

As stormwater regulations for hydrologic and water quality control become increasingly stringent, Department of Defense (DoD) facilities are faced with the daunting task of complying with multiple laws and regulations. This often requires facilities to plan, design, and implement structural best management practices (BMPs) to capture, filter, and/or infiltrate runoff—requirements that can be complicated, contradictory, and difficult to plan. This project demonstrated the Stormwater Management Optimization Toolbox (SMOT), a spreadsheet-based tool that effectively analyzes and plans for compliance to the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 pre-hydrologic conditions through BMP implementation, resulting in potential cost savings by reducing BMP sizes while simultaneously achieving compliance with multiple objectives. SMOT identifies the most cost-effective modeling method based on an installation’s local conditions (soils, rainfall patterns, drainage network, and regulatory requirements). The work first demonstrated that the Model Selection Tool (MST) recommendation accurately results in the minimum BMP cost for 45 facilities of widely varying climatic and regional conditions, and then demonstrated SMOT at two facilities.

This Inventory 2.0 plan identifies IMD’s planned role in each of the ten inventories, and lays out a framework for ensuring the inventories led by IMD result in scientifically credible information for parks resource management, planning, and operations; and also identifies the means by which studies to collect new inventory data will be identified, prioritized, and implemented. Highlights include: IMD plans to lead three of the ten inventories (Species, Vegetation Community Mapping, and Surficial Geology/Soils Mapping), and contribute to the others in partnership with other programs. For the three IMD-led inventories, IMD will develop (or work with the Geologic Resources Division to develop) peer-reviewed inventory science plans that will lay out inventory objectives; and methods for data management, analysis, and integration to ensure that credible and useful inventory data are provided to parks in a timely manner. IMD will phase in implementation of IMD-led inventories during the first five years of program implementation. This will allow IMD to focus near-term efforts on meeting needs identified by the greatest number of parks (Species) while conducting necessary scoping to further refine needs for Vegetation Community Mapping and Surficial Geology/Soils Mapping inventories. During the next two years, IMD inventory efforts will be focused on implementing the Species Inventory, beginning with foundational work in advance of field data collection efforts to be funded in 2020. Additional scoping to identify suitable methods and minimum product specifications for Vegetation Community and Surficial Geology/Soils Mapping will be conducted in 2019-2020. These two new inventories will be phased in based on findings from scoping and progress toward closing out existing (1.0) inventory efforts. All I&M parks will be eligible for IMD funding to support inventories (see Appendix A). Non-I&M parks established before 2000 may be eligible for studies and activities to collect new inventory data pending approval of the project by the IMD Leadership Team. Inventories 2.0 funding cannot be spent to collect new data in parks established in 2000 or later, that are not currently served by an I&M network. Existing data from other sources may still be synthesized and delivered to these parks, however. Inventories 2.0 funding will not be used to fund programs or initiatives already funded or implemented by other programs or agencies. We will endeavor to partner with these entities when possible and appropriate to meet inventory needs identified in this plan, and to ensure IMD-created inventory (and monitoring) data are available to support other programs. Data and other information products resulting from new IMD-funded inventory studies will be managed by IMD rather than third-party repositories. This does not preclude sharing data with third parties or use of third-party tools or data distribution systems. At a minimum IMD commits to make inventory data available to others via the NPS Data Store (https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/) as well as data and/or map services. To the extent possible, IMD management of inventory data will use the data management infrastructure used for managing monitoring data. This includes a commitment to leverage data, tools, systems, and expertise where it already exists. Because of IMD’s explicit mandate to integrate I&M data with planning, wherever practicable, IMD commits to work with NPS Planning to ensure map and data services are integrated into NPS Atlas projects for each park or other planning tools as they are developed over time.

In our time, a very urgent problem is the cessation of negative impacts on the environment and the return to the practical use of the territories of devastated lands. In this regard, it is important to find out the basic laws of primary soil formation in the area of these man-made neoplasms. The initial soil formation conditions were analyzed on 19 experimental sites which represent the main varieties of devastated land in the Kryvyi Rih Iron Mining and Metallurgical District (Central Ukraine): (i) waste rock dumps of old iron mines (old name “Forges”), (ii) tailing storage facility of underground iron mines, (iii) waste rock dumps of the Iron Ore Mining and Dressing Plant, (iv) waste rock dumps of the Granite Quarry Plant. It was established that on the devastated lands in Kryvyi Rih District, the initial soil formation occurs in very difficult conditions. Therefore, over 25- 100 years only very primitive soils were formed. The following features are inherent to them: (1) primitive soil profile (thickness 10-100 mm), (2) low levels of soil organic substance content (9.5-11.5 %), (3) alkaline indicators of the soil solution (pHH2O – 8.08-8.92, pHKCl – 7.42-8.23), (4) low levels of cation exchange capacity (6.34-8.47 mMol /100 g). By results of correlation calculations, among the factors of soil formation time (duration of soil formation) and input of plant ash elements’ fall are characterized by the maximum number of statistically significant correlation coefficients and their numerical values. In terms of chemical composition of the technosol, the values of organic matter content and exchangeable acidity (pHKCl) were the most predictable soil formation factors. Generally physical / chemical characteristics of geological rocks (as parent material) and time were the two most important factors in determining the initial pedogenesis on devastated lands in the Kryvyi Rih Iron Mining & Metallurgical District (Ukraine).