Thèses sur le sujet « Sous-type H5N1 du virus de la grippe A »
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Hervé, Pierre-Louis. « Evaluation de nouvelles stratégies vaccinales contre les virus grippaux H5N1 hautement pathogènes ». Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077090.
Texte intégralHuman transmission of avian, highly pathogenic, H5N1 influenza viruses is currently inefficient. However, the recent geographic spread throughout the world and the increasing number of sporadic human cases increase the likelihood of virus adaptation to humans and the risk of a pandemic episode. The development of vaccines candidate against H5N1 influenza virus remains a global public health priority. This is made particularly complex because of the evolution of H5N1 viruses within multiple phylogenetic clades and subclades. Thus, the core challenge of developing a pre-pandemic H5N1 vaccine resides in defining an immunogenic composition able to induce a cross-protective immunity against ail avian strains, which are susceptible to emerge in humans. An approach based on the development of a bivalent vaccine composed of H5 and NI, which would target two essential functions in the virus, the binding of the virus to its receptor (driven by the HA) and sialidase activity involved in the production of new particles (driven by NA). Taken together, our data demonstrate the value of a vaccine approach based on the induction of anti-Nl immunity, for the broadening of the vaccine effïcacy spectrum against a large number of highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses' clades or sub-clades. They also highlight the limitations of vaccine approaches based solely on the induction of anti-H5 immunity, and propose to focus on a bivalent strategy, targeting two essential functions of the influenza virus carried by the H5 and the NI
Rameix-Welti, Marie-Anne. « Neuraminidase des virus influenza A : Sensibilité aux antiviraux et interaction avec Neisseria meningitidis ». Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077037.
Texte intégralNeuraminidase is a major surface glycoprotein of influenza A viruses, which possesses critical enzymatic activity allowing elution of progeny virus particles from infected cells. Neuraminidase inhibitors : zanamivir and oseltamivir (OC), are the major drugs available against influenza viruses. We studied the sensitivity to NA inhibitors of influenza H5N1 and H1N1 viruses. Our data show that sensitivity to OC of the NA of H5N1 viruses isolated in 2004-05, when determined by IC50 and Ki calculation, is about 10-fold higher as compared to earlier H5N1 viruses or to currently circulating H1N1 viruses. During 2007-08 winter surveillance of the antiviral susceptibility of influenza viruses in Europe revealed thé émergence of H1N1 viruses naturally resistant to OC. When compared to previously circulating H1N1 viruses, OC sensitive H1N1 viruses from the 2007-08 season were found to have significantly reduced Km value for the substrate. Thus, affinity for the substrate of the H275Y mutated N1 is comparable to that of previously circulating sensitive viruses, which may contribute to their overall fitness and transmissibility. These observations on H5N1 or H1N1 viruses underline the natural variability of NA enzymatic properties and its potential consequences in terms of antiviral sensitivity. Epidemiological and clinical data repeatedly report a coincidence between influenza infections and secondary meningococcal disease. Our data suggest that partial hydrolysis of neisserial capsule favour bacterial adhesion on epithelial cells in vitro, and could promote nasopharyngeal tract colonisation in vivo leading in some case to invasive infection
Buchy, Philippe. « Le virus HSN1 au Cambodge ». Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077125.
Texte intégralH5N1 virus was firstly discovered in Cambodia in December 2003. A study of human infections shows that the virus is responsible for systemic infections and can be recovered in blood and rectum. There are no tissue adaptation mutations on HA protein. Only few mutations associated with higher virulence or human adaptation were found. Cambodian strains are more sensitive to neuraminidase-inhibitors than H5N1 viruses that were circulating previously in Asia but are resistant to ion channel inhibitors in relation with a double mutation on M2 protein. We developed a high-throughput serological test using H5 pseudotyped lentiviral particles and we discovered that 0 to 2% of the villagers (living in places were avian flu outbreaks occurred) have been asymptomatically infected. Bathing and swimming in ponds was associated with a higher risk of being contaminated, We identified H5N1 RNA in ponds and soil in farm settings. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that H5N1 was introduced in Cambodia from Vietnam during several waves and became endemic since 2006 in the South Indochina peninsula. H5N1 virus evolved with the time and a significant antigenic drift was observed. Commercial poultry exchanges play a major role in virus introduction and circulation
Sawoo, Louis Olivier. « Identification des déterminants moléculaires impliqués dans la stabilité des virus grippaux de type A dans l'environnement ». Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077173.
Texte intégralInfluenza A viruses cause thousands of deaths, each year during seasonal outbreaks and at irregular intervals the threat of enduring pandemics. The last one to date was caused by a novel influenza A (H1N1) reassortant which arose in 2009. The fear of pandemics, in particular a potential ine caused by avian H5N1 viruses has stimulated many studies on the mechanisms of transmission of these viruses. However, the knowledge about how environmental factors may influence the survival of the virus outside their host remains limited. Studying the virus survival is crucial to better understand the ecology of influenza viruses and could help authorities to establish and adapt individual hygiene and protection measures during the emergence of a new pandemic virus example. The main goal of this work is to better characterize and understand the mechanisms involved in the survival of influenza viruses outside their hosts. Despite the presence of an envelope, influenza viruses can survive outside the host for an extended period of time (higher than expected). Nevertheless, the stability of these viruses was highly affected by increasing temperatures in air, on surfaces and in water and by increasing salinities in water. Using two strains of H1N1 and H5N1 viruses, it has been shown that the origin of the viral envelope was involved in virus survival as the viral suspensions produced in mammalian cells (MDCK) remained infectious for longer period of time than those grown on avian cells. These results could mainly be explained by differences in lipid composition of the newly formed virions (QT6). Indeed, changes in lipid composition, particularly in cholesterol, directly impressed on the survival of the virus outside the host. Viruses containing a lesser extent of cholesterol in their envelope persisted for shorter periods. In parallel, it was shown that the loss of infectivity, observed when influenza viruses were exposed to the environment with various physical and chemical, was not due to the degradation of their genome. Indeed, it was also shown at the end of survival kinetics, that the viral genome was still protected by an intact viral envelope. Based on these observations, we have, thus, focused our studies on the extemal structures of the virion, in particular the hemagglutinin (HA) whose alterations by physical factors such as temperature could have a direct negative impact on viral survival. Lentiviral particles bearing influenza HA were used to test this hypothesis. In this study, pseudotypes based on the 2009 H1N1 pandemic strain and a seasonal strain of influenza A (H1N1) from 1999 were generated and subjected to different environmental conditions over time. The ability of H1 pseudotypes to infect MDCK cells was then evaluated at various time points of the survival kinetic. It has been shown that an increase in temperature and salinity had a direct negative effect on the survival of influenza pseudotypes. A higher impact was observed for H1 pseudotypes from 1999, in agreement with the experimental results obtained with the corresponding wild type influenza viruses. Moreover, pseudotypes carrying selected single point mutations in the HA were also generated and tested in survival kinetics in a liquid medium. Following these experiments, several key mutations have been identified to either increase or decrease survival time. These same mutations have subsequently been investigated using rescued influenza viruses by reverse genetics. For a more global perspective, other subtypes, such as H3N2 and highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses were included in the study. Taken together, these results suggest a pivotai role of the HA and the lipid composition of the viral envelope in the survival of influenza A viruses outside their hosts
Leymarie, Olivier. « Etude du facteur de virulence PB1-F2 dans les interactions hôtes/virus influenza A ». Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077278.
Texte intégralSince 1997, highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (HPAIV) H5N1 have been transmitted occasionally to human with a high mortality rate reaching 60%. Although HPAIV H5N1 transmission among people remains a rare event, adaptation cr such strains to human may constitute a danger to public health. PB1-F2, a viral protein identified in 2001, was defined as an influenza A virus virulence factor but its contribution in HPAIV H5N1 pathogenesis in avian and mammalian host species is poorly described. This thesis work focused on better characterization of the PB1-F2 function during HPAIV H5N1 infection in these different host species. For that purpose, we performed comparative transcriptome analysis between an H5N1 HPAIV strain and its PB1-F2- deficient mutant infected mice or chickens. Our work shows in mice that PB1-F2 expression delays the immune response activation but leads to an exacerbation of the inflammatory response accompanied with significant lung damages at the late stage of the infection. On the contrary, PB1-F2 expression down-regulates inflammatory response and reduces mortality rate during chicken infection. In parallel to this work, an in vitro study helped us to identify a novel interacting protein of PB1-F2: Calcoco2. Functional analysis in alveolar cell line A549 demonstrates that the interaction between thesi two proteins leads to increase the type I interferon response by potentiating the MAVS signaling pathway activation
Dublineau, Amélie. « Contribution à l'étude des bases moléculaires des virus grippaux à potentiel pandémique dans l'environnement ». Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077236.
Texte intégralKnowledge of influenza A virus survival in different environmental conditions is a key element to a better understanding of virus transmission and viral ecology. This study could allow anticipating emergences on the one hand and helping health authorities implementating of hygiene and personal protection measures on the other hand. Virus survival outside the host varies from one viral subtype to the other one and also within a subtype. So, viral infectivity was studied over time for five viruses: 2 of H1N1 subtype, 1 of H3N2 subtype and 2 of highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1 subtype. Viruses were subjected to various environmental parameters over time and tested for infectivity using a microtitre endpoint titration or 50% Tissue Culture Infective Dose (TCID50). In water, up to three temperatures were tested: 4, 25 and 35°C, combined or not with four concentrations of sodium chloride (0, 5, 35, 270 part per thousand (ppt)). For H1N1 strains, viral survival was also studied on smooth surface, using watch glasses, at 4, 25 and 35°C. In water, at 4°C and without sodium chloride, viruses were infectious at least 800 days. Increasing environmental temperature and salinity level had a strong negative effect on the survival of viruses which retained their infectivity no more than 1 day at 35°C and 270 ppt of salt. On smooth surface, H1N1 viruses were infectious at least 7 days at 35°C and up to 66 days at 4°C. The viruses have the ability to persist in water and on glass surface for extended periods of time, even at 35°C. The viral genome quantification by quantitative RT-PCR in real time and the detection of the whole M segment by two steps endpoint RT-PCR suggest that external viral structures in direct contact with the environment are mostly involved in virus loss of infectivity. These observational data are in agreement with previously published studies. Until now, only one study focused on the molecular determinants of the résistance of influenza viruses in natural reservoirs and Systems. The study of molecular determinants was performed using a model of lentiviral pseudotypes in order to avoid the work in Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory and the large production of viruses mutated by reverse genetic. Lentiviral pseudotypes produced expressed the HA and the NA glycoproteins at their surface and were used to perform survival kinetics in water. The implementation of this lentiviral System required some experimental improvements and was developed for A(H5N1) viruses. The HA and NA sequences came from the A/Thailand/1 (Kan-1)72004 (H5N1) strain. The potential role of the N-glycosylation of the HA was studied performing mutations in the potential sites of N-glycosylation. Lentiviral pseudotypes mutated for only one glycosylation site were produced. Unsuccessful glycosylation occured changing asparagine (Asn) by glutamine (Gin) in the motif of glycosylation. The preliminary results suggest the involvement of N-glycosylation in the observed persistence of influenza A virus. Plasmids mutated for two or three glycosylation sites and also plasmids mutated for some residues found in the interface of the two HA subunits (HA1/HA2 et HA2/HA2) were produced. Nevertheless, the involvement of these molecular determinants needs further experiments
Desdouits, Marion. « Myopathies virales : étude des interactions entre les cellules musculaires et les virus HTLV-1 et Influenza A ». Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077181.
Texte intégralThis thesis aimed at deciphering the pathogenesis of myopathies associated with human viral infections and study the interactions between muscle cells and these viruses, namely HTLV-1 and Influenza A. HTLV-1 associated inflammatory myopathies (HAIM) present similarities with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) and with tropical spastic paraparesis or HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM). Using a series of blood and muscle samples from 13 patients with HAIM, we showed that the pro viral load of these patients is low, similar to that of asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers, whereas an elevated proviral load is a known risk factor for TSP/HAM. Other experiments allowed us to highlight the possible role of IFNγ in the disease, as well as the presence of autoantibodies in HTLV-1 infected individuals, with or without HAIM. Thèse results shed a new light on the pathogenesis of HAIM, suggesting that it may differ from that of TSP/HAM and be more similar to that of IIM. Besides, we modelized in vitro the effect of HTLV-1 on muscle reneration using a coculture of infected lymphocytes and primary human muscle cells. The expression of Tax by infected lymphocytes inhibited the differentiation of muscle cells, a mechanism that could worsen the muscle symptoms during HAIM. Eventually, using field isolates of Influenza A (H1N1) and human muscle cells in primary culture, we showed that differenciated muscle cells can be productively infected by Influenza A, which leads to their lysis. This could explain the development of acute myopathies with rhabdomyolysis after Influenza infection
Salez, Nicolas. « Contribution à l'étude séro-épidémiologique de la grippe ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5005/document.
Texte intégralIn late April 2009, news swine-origin A/H1N1 influenza virus cases were confirmed in Mexico and the United States. Quickly, it was spread worldwide causing the first flu pandemic of the 21st century. Different works presented in this thesis describe the means used to obtain information to estimate the actual attack rate of this new virus, and information on risk populations. During the first months, we have established a serology platform including a reception-processing samples laboratory for implementing our hémagglutination Inhibition technique (IHA). Processing of 40,000 sera from several parts of the world: France, Bolivia, Djibouti, Mali, Reunion and Laos, has allowed the analysis of serological data and their comparison. Our serological studies of influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 show that 10% to 40% of people tested were infected with this new virus after the first wave in 2009. The highest attack rates were observed in children and young adults, while the elderly were relatively spared because they were already protected again antigenic close viruses that circulated before 1957 (pandemic and / or seasonal). The analysis of serological data were also used to try to identify the risk factors for A(H1N1)pdm09 infection. It appears that infection with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was ubiquitous on the French territory, whatever the socio-demographic factors, and the Flu virus transmission can probably conditioned by the environmental and hygienic conditions in household
Su, Bin. « Impact de l'équilibre fonctionnel entre les protéines HA et NA des virus influenza A : pathogénicité, franchissement de la barrière d'espèce ». Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077142.
Texte intégralThe goal of our studies was to assess the impact of the functional balance between the Haemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) proteins of the influenza A virus on viral fusogenicity, cellular tropism and pathogenicity, in order to better understand the factors modulating cross-species transmission and adaptation of influenza A. To accomplish these goals, we have developed two phenotypic tests : a cell-cell fusion assay and a virion infectivity assay. Two general topics were evaluated in the course of my thesis work: (i) the potential role of NA in the early stages of the viral life cycle, and (ii) the impact of a deletion in the stalk of the NA on the pathophysiology of infection in vitro and in vivo in domestic poultry. In the first study, we found that the NA protein significantly enhanced fusion and infectivity in a dose-dependent manner. A likely mechanism explaining these observations is that the NA protein desialylates the virions expressing HA, thereby increasing their infectivity. These results emphasize that the NA protein of influenza A plays a critical role not only in virion release and spread, but also during the process of viral entry. In the second study, we participated in a collaborative project headed by Dr. Nadia Naffakh, These studies demonstrate that a shortened NA stalk is a strong determinant of adaptation and virulence of waterfowl influenza viruses in chickens. The two phenotypic assay s developed in the course of these studies should prove useful in further exploring also be applied to the study of envelope proteins used by other viruses with potential applications for both basic and clinical virology
Barthélémy, Adeline. « Rôle des cellules T natural killer invariants (iNKT) dans la surinfection bactérienne post-grippale ». Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S002/document.
Texte intégralXDurant l’infection par le virus Influenza A (IAV), les changements physiques et immunologiques du poumon prédisposent l’hôte aux surinfections bactériennes. Les cellules T Natural Killer invariantes (iNKT) sont des lymphocytes T innés pouvant avoir des rôles bénéfiques ou délétères durant l’infection. Nos objectifs ont visé à (i) étudier le rôle naturel des cellules iNKT et (ii) à rechercher l’effet d’une activation exogène des cellules iNKT dans la surinfection bactérienne post-influenza.Lors de mon arrivée, le laboratoire venait de décrire, pour la première fois en contexte infectieux, que les cellules iNKT étaient capables de produire de l’IL-22 au cours de l’infection grippale. Cette cytokine joue un rôle majeur dans les processus de maintien et de réparation des épithéliums. L’une desDuring the infection by the virus Influenza A ( IAV), the physical and immunological changes of the lung predispose the host to the bacterial secondary infections. The invariant cells(units) T Natural Killer iNKT ) are lymphocytes T innate being able to have beneficial or noxious roles during the infection. Our objectives aimed at i) to study the natural role of cells(units) iNKT and ii) to look for the effect of an exogenous activation of cells(units) iNKT in the bacterial secondary infection post-influenza. During my arrival, the laboratory had just described, for the first time in infectious context, that cells(units) iNKT were capable of producing of IL-22 during the flu-like infection. This cytokine plays a major role in the processes of preservation and repair of epitheliums [...]
Andayi, Fred Nyamwata. « Re-emerging human viral pathogens of the Republic of Djibouti(Africa) : Reporting on Pandemic Influenza A/H1N1/2009 and arboviruses epidemiology ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5013.
Texte intégralThesis purpose was to provide Republic of Djibouti inventory of pandemic Influenza A/H1N1/2009 (H1N1p) and arboviruses events in the winter of 2010. The demonstrated local surveillance was capable of detecting (influenza) ILI peaking during the first pandemic wave, whose profile was consistent with H1N1p. In a Copanflu investigation that occurred during second pandemic wave, a high prevalence (30%) of H1N1p was confirmed and conspicuously, the young and District 4 residents (highest social inequalities) bored the greatest burden. Therefore, concluded that future ILI control would require a tailed approach to reach specific and vulnerable individuals. Lack of robust ILI data from surveillance in southern countries could be responsible for the underestimation of burden, even when the illness profile resembled those of developed countries. On arboviral, most case predictors were statistically best described by individuals' housing space and neighbourhood environmental characteristics, which correlated with the ecological actors of their respective transmission vectors' survival in the local niche. This study confirmed autochthonous arboviral circulations in the republic of Djibouti and provided an epidemiological inventory for risk mapping and future prevention and control programs. The arboviruses were most prevalent in city centre (District 1), but cases declined towards the periphery of the suburb (District 4). The inverse was true for pandemic and ILI cases, demonstrating that a tailored solutions suiting local area health needs, would guarantee an optimal return on allocated resources
Delangue, Julie. « Etude de la pandémie grippale A/H1N1 2009 en France et en Bolivie ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5087.
Texte intégralInfluenza viruses A have shown their ability to emerge in the human population and in 2009, the appearance of a new variant has caused a pandemia. The objective of this work was to study the pandemia’s spread in France and in Bolivia.In France, first, with the serological study of a hospital population and the weekly supervision established with SeroGrippeHebdo. The prepandemic seroprevalence was more than 20%(au1/80) for the >sixty years, and less than 10% in the others groups. It was possible to reckon an attack rate for about 12% in the metropolitan French population, and to observe a quick loss of antibody after the infection rate. Most important seroconversion rates concerned the 0-24 years(23.4%).The second part of this work took place in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, in Bolivia, developing country in the tropical zone of South America. The international CoPanFlu in partnership with the CENETROP, has enabled to study serology among a cohort of families in 2010. Moreover, we have characterized etiologies of respiratory pathogenesis from 2010 to 2012, in Santa Cruz. Flu represented about 40 to 58% of the cases each year, followed by rhinoviruses, coronaviruses and SRV. The molecular epidemiology of influenza viruses has shown a South American circulation cluster for the H1N1 viruses(2009). The prepandemic serologies in Santa Cruz show a seroprevalence of 23% for the ≥60. After the pandemia, the distribution by age is different for the towns at high altitude and others. Finally, an estimation of the sero-conversion showed that young adults between 20 and 39 were more affected in Bolivia
Firquet, Swan. « Inactivation virale par méthodes physiques ». Thesis, Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL2S048/document.
Texte intégralThe pattern of viability of non-enveloped viruses, minute virus of mice (MVM), coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4), and simian virus 40 (SV40) and enveloped-viruses, influenza A virus (H1N1), and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) onto surfaces and their resistance to heating and to ultraviolet C (UVc) exposure have been investigated. To determine the viability of MVM, CVB4, H1N1 and HSV1 on surface, fifty microliters of viral suspension were applied onto petri dish lids and dried under air flow of biosafety cabinet. The recovered viral preparations were titered on appropriate cell cultures. Enveloped viruses persisted for less than 5 days while CVB4 and MVM persisted for weeks. However, repetitive cycles of drying and resuspension had more virucidal effect on CVB4 than on H1N1 and HSV-1. No effect of these repetitive cycles on infectious titer of MVM was recorded. When exposed to drying, initial concentrations of bovine serum albumin, foetal calf and sodium chloride (NaCl) had an impact on the viability of CVB4. In a protein rich medium, CVB4 was more likely inactivated by drying whereas in presence of NaCl, the impact of drying was reduced. Thus, it appears that the resistance of viruses toward drying is not due to a heterogeneity of viral populations, but it can be influenced by media composition and components concentrations.Heat inactivation of viruses was reported, however, the thermal resistance of viruses in droplets has not been studied. We evaluated the pattern of heat resistance of MVM, CVB4, H1N1 and HSV1 contained in droplets. Four microliters droplets containing viruses were applied onto warmed surface obtained by using a self-made heating device. Viral suspensions were exposed to temperatures ranging from 70 to 130°C for 0 to 90 min depending on the virus, and then the recovered viral preparations were titered. Clearly, MVM was more resistant than H1N1 that was more resistant than HSV-1 and CVB4. For the first time, the inactivation of viral particles contained in drops exposed to temperatures higher than 100°C has been investigated. It appears that heating can have an unexpected faster virucidal effect than previously described. The resistance to ultraviolet C (UVc) (254nm) of MVM, CVB4, H1N1, HSV-1 and SV40 contained in droplets has been evaluated. Double-stranded DNA viruses (HSV-1 and SV40) were still infectious after exposure to 60 mJ/cm² UVc, while RNA viruses H1N1, CVB4 and single-stranded DNA virus MVM were fully inactivated when they were exposed to a dose equal to or lower than 35 mJ/cm² UVc. Moreover the effect of UVc (254 nm) combined with heating onto the viability of MVM was determined. The infectious level of MVM suspension droplets applied onto petri dish lids was fully inactivated when exposed to 27 mJ/cm² UVc. Heating (100°C for 20s) provoked a moderate reduction of infectious level (-1.8 log10TCID50) of MVM, whereas heating followed by UVc exposure (17 mJ/cm²) resulted in a full inactivation.In conclusion, our studies show that viruses can persist for days or even weeks on dry hydrophobic surfaces. The pattern of resistance of viruses toward drying is not due to a heterogeneity of viral population as shown by results obtained with CVB4. In so far as media composition play a role in the viability of viruses exposed to drying, the persistence of viruses in natural media (clinical or environmental), instead of defined media, should be investigated. The impact of short time exposure to heat onto the infectivity of viruses contained in a small volume of suspension has been determined. The thermal resistance of H1N1 up to 100°C, higher than the one of HSV1 another enveloped virus, and CVB4 a non-enveloped virus has been observed. An efficient viral inactivation can be obtained by combining UVc exposure and heating as shown by results obtained with MVM
Nougairede, Antoine. « Pandémie grippale A/H1N1 2009/2010 : Diagnostic et épidémiologie au laboratoire hospitalier de microbiologie clinique à Marseille ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5000/document.
Texte intégralIn late April 2009, a new swine-origin A/H1N1 Influenza virus emerged and spread rapidly worldwide causing the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. This work describes how we coped with this emergency situation in the virology laboratory of Marseille public hospitals. From April 2009 to April 2010, we analyzed more than 13,000 samples from suspected cases. We needed to adapt continuously the organization to maintain diagnostic capacity and the implementation of a point of care strategy revealed very useful to achieve this goal. Our results support the use of rapid Influenza detection tests in combination with real-time RT-PCR because it reduces significantly the delay from sample to result for positive cases, thus giving the opportunity to improve patient management. Epidemiological data from all suspected cases tested allowed us to obtain timely precious information about the epidemiology of this pandemic as the estimation of (i) the incidence by age group, (ii) the rate of hospitalization and (iii) the mortality rate among tested patients. Finally, we set up a serological study and showed that around 12% of the French population had been infected by this new virus in 2009-2010 with higher attack rates observed in children and young adults
Belkacem, Nouria. « Impact de l'administration des probiotiques sur les infections respiratoires ». Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC195/document.
Texte intégralProbiotics are part of the commensal microbiota. They play a potential role in stimulating the intestinal and systemic immune response. Several clinical studies addressed beneficial effect of probiotics against respiratory infections in particular on influenza infections. These infections are responsible for significant morbidity. The burden of flu is also worsened by secondary bacterial infections such as Neisseria meningitidis. In this work, we investigated the mechanisms of protection against influenza infection conferred by Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-1518 strain in mice. Our results showed that, L. paracasei consumption allow an early activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a massive recruitment of immune cells in the lungs prior to influenza infection. This activation of immune system was associated with a faster clearance of influenza virus after infection. We able to show that feeding mice with purified peptidoglycan from L. paracasei reproduced partially the above mentioned effects observed with L. paracasei bacteria feeding.The protective effects induced by L. paracasei CNCM I-1518 against the flu infection are strain specific as L. rhamnosus CNCM I-3690 and L. paracasei CNCM I-3689, tested under the same conditions did not confer to mice protection against influenza infection. Subsequently, we investigated the impact of L. paracasei CNCM I-1518 on secondary bacterial infection with N. meningitidis following influenza infection. Our results showed that consumption of L. paracasei CNCM I-1518 strain was associated with a better clinical status and a modulation of the immune response with a better clearance of secondary bacterial infection