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Articles de revues sur le sujet « Spain – Foreign economic relations – Europe »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

Mis à jour le 31 juillet 2025

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1

Cherkasova, E. "Spain: Opinion on European Integration." World Economy and International Relations, no. 11 (2014): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-11-48-53.

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The article analyzes the changes that characterize Spanish approach to political aspects of European integration, and more specifically, the approach of different political parties to the process. Spanish political circles and even think tanks pay relatively little attention to theoretical aspects of European integration, whereas practical relations with the EU are of paramount importance. This is due to the fact that the question of belonging to the EU was settled in Spain long ago and definitively. Majoritarian character of Spanish democracy facilitates the transfer of powers from Brussels t

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Ponedelko, G. "Immigration in Spain." World Economy and International Relations, no. 9 (2015): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-9-80-92.

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The article considers the problems of Spanish immigration within the period of 1981–2015, namely, its dynamics, latest tendencies and socio-economic characteristics (including changes in nationality, gender, age and educational structures of immigrants). Primarily, the stress is made on an in-depth analysis of the following main features of immigrants’ population in Spain: the levels of their incomes, the unemployment rate, the living standards. The author makes a conclusion that Spanish immigrants constitute not only a majority of poor population in the country but they are also ones of the p

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Panova, Iryna O., and Heorhii A. Petrov. "The Problems and Prospects of Ukrainian-Spanish Bilateral Cooperation." Business Inform 2, no. 541 (2023): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2023-2-33-38.

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The purpose of the article is to analyze the problems and prospects of Ukrainian-Spanish bilateral cooperation. The research is aimed at substantiating the main directions and problems, as well as the outlining of priority areas of interaction between both States. It is noted that the essence of foreign policy is that it is a mechanism that national governments use to manage diplomatic interactions and relations with other countries. It is defined that the foreign policy of the State reflects its values and goals, contributes to the achievement of its political and economic goals on the world

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Shepelev, Maksimilian. "ALBERTO FRANCO NOGUEIRA’S DIPLOMACY: GUARDING THE IMPERIAL HERITAGE." Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Philosophy. Political science. Culturology 11, no. 77 (2025): 104–20. https://doi.org/10.29039/2413-1695-2025-11-1-104-120.

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The article deals with the peculiarities of foreign policy views and diplomatic style of the Portuguese Foreign Minister in 1961-1969. Alberto Franco Nogueira (1918-1993).Nogueira fully shared and defended in the international arena the ideal of a multiracial andpluricontinental Portugal as a sovereign state pursuing an independent path of development based on ‘lusotropicism’. He believed that the loss of overseas territories (at least the main ones — Angola and Mozambique) would be fatal for Portugal’s destiny, as it would jeopardise its independence, reduce Portugal ’s national power in rela

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Morillas, Pol, Thomas Gomart, Ferdinando Nelli Feroci, et al. "What role should southern Europe play after the pandemic and the war in Ukraine? Towards a shared agenda for EU reform." Notes Internacionals CIDOB, no. 271 (April 20, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24241/notesint.2022/271/en.

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Relations between southern European member states have often been marked by a loose cooperation or, worse, by logics of competition. Precisely when regional groupings within the EU are increasingly shaping the agenda, these dynamics have hindered the capacity of France, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain to pursue shared interests and objectives, while acting as a force for good for the European integration project. Recent events such as the post-pandemic recovery or the war in Ukraine show that, when cooperation occurs, positive results can be achieved. Southern member states can capitalise on

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García, César. "PR, clientelism and economics: a comparison of southern Europe and Latin America." Journal of Communication Management 19, no. 2 (2015): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcom-03-2013-0026.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between clientelist relationships and economics in public relations practice in European Mediterranean countries and Latin America. It considers the cases of Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses a critical-conceptual method through a re-conceptualization of themes from secondary qualitative analyses of existing qualitative data sets and reviews of published qualitative papers. Findings – The public relations practice in these two regions is similar. The charact

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Mironova, Svetlana A. "ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE MARRIAGE OF MARY TUDOR AND PHILIP OF HABSBURG IN ENGLISH AND EUROPEAN SOCIETIES." Vestnik Chuvashskogo universiteta, no. 1 (March 25, 2024): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/1810-1909-2024-1-67-74.

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A comprehensive study of the rulers matrimonial policy in the early Modern period is one of the most relevant and important areas in historical science. Some questions related to clarifying the significance and influence of the marriage between Mary Tudor and Philip of Habsburg on the foreign and domestic policy of England are still debatable. The purpose of the study is to clarify the importance of a dynastic marriage as an integral part to the political system of the leading countries of medieval Europe, to study the prerequisites, causes and consequences of the marriage between Mary Tudor a

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Havrysh, Natalia, and Kateryna Slepnova. "International experience of legal ensuring the management of Land Cadastres in Ukraine." European Socio-Legal & Humanitarian Studies, no. 2 (August 10, 2024): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.61345/2734-8873.2024.2.2.

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The article describes the foreign experience of land cadastre management, which is a necessary element for the formation and improvement of the national cadastral accounting system, therefore it is useful for every country to use foreign experience. It has been established that in order to ensure the sustainable development of land relations in Ukraine, it is necessary to improve the current land cadastral system, but in the same way that foreign countries used, being at the same stage of development as Ukraine is now. It is well-founded that the state cadastre system plays an important role i

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Rosenthal, Glenda G. "Review: Europe: Foreign Economic Relations of the European Community." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 47, no. 1 (1992): 191–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002070209204700113.

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Ponedelko, G. "Capital Export – Foreign Economic Phenomena of Spain." World Economy and International Relations, no. 2 (2006): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2006-2-66-73.

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Anikina, Alexandra Mikhailovna. "Spain — China: dynamics of trade and economic relations development." Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2102-05.

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Spain is a member state of the European Union, which occupies one of the leading places in the world economy. Over the past decade, this country has paid particular attention to expanding the internationalization of its economy, including by striving for geographical diversification of exports and investment activity, for taking on new target markets for products produced in the country, especially agricultural ones, since traditionally the main partners of the country in foreign economic activity are member states of the EU. A development strategy of foreign economic activities (FEA) was deve

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Басовская, Elena Basovskaya, Басовский, and Leonid Basovskiy. "International Economic Relations’ Risk Criterion." Economics 2, no. 6 (2014): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/6730.

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A criterion for an assessment of international economic relations’ risks has been offered. This criterion is based on proposed approach to assessment of risks for world economic dynamics and economic dynamics of different countries and territories. The economic dynamics risk is estimated by comparison of economic growth rates’ average size and a risk measure — a mean square deviation of growth rates. Definition for a line of market of international economic relations’ prospects is offered, similar to the capital market line in the financial assets’ profitability model (CAPM). On the basis of I

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Dauderstädt, Michael. "Options in foreign economic relations for Central and Eastern Europe." Intereconomics 29, no. 1 (1994): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02929807.

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Zhiri, Oumelbanine. "Mapping the Frontier between Islam and Christendom in a Diplomatic Age: al-Ghassânî in Spain." Renaissance Quarterly 69, no. 3 (2016): 966–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/689039.

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AbstractThis essay analyzes the travel account authored by Moroccan ambassador Muhammad al-Ghassânî, who visited Spain in 1690–91. The account shows the evolution of the early modern frontier between Christian Europe and Islamic North Africa, from a militarized boundary to the development of diplomatic relations. Both an agent and witness of that history, al-Ghassânî describes a heterogeneous space: he surveys the border, explores the foreign land of modern Spain, and reimagines the memory of al-Andalus. His important account, based on sharp observation and serious research, helps nuance the p

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Volkov, A. M. "Contemporary Foreign Economic Relations of Russia with the Countries of Northern Europe." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 14, no. 3 (2021): 176–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2021-14-3-10.

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Recently new problems have arisen that have complicated Russia’s foreign economic relations with foreign countries. The countries of Northern Europe were no exception. The economic situation in many countries was far from optimal. Problems with economy took place in the euro area. A significant drop in oil prices led to a slowdown in economic growth in the Russian Federation and a sharp decline of ruble exchange rate. Since 2014, various Western sanctions have emerged, followed by retaliatory sanctions from Russia. Against this background, the analysis of the dynamics of Russian economic relat

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Jawad HAD, Dr Iman. "THE FOREIGN POLICY OF KING FRANCIS1(1515-1547)." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 06, no. 01 (2024): 418–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.27.23.

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The study of historical figures has remained the focus of interest for researchers, especially European figures who had a prominent role in shaping the events of Europe and then the trend towards the new world and took it upon themselves to draw the map of Europe through its internal and foreign policies. These figures remained the center of controversy among researchers, through extrapolation and analysis of historical documents and writings, over the extent of what they achieved for their countries and peoples and what they established on the European map. Among those figures was the French

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Anikeeva, Natalia. "FOREIGN POLICY OF PEDRO SÁNCHEZ: ONE YEAR ON." Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 23, no. 5 (2021): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran520211522.

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The article analyzes the foreign policy of Spain, as well as the foreign policy strategy (2021–2024), adopted in early 2021, a year after Pedro Sánchez took office as chairman of the coalition government. The appearance of this document took place against the backdrop of the inauguration of the new US President Joe Biden. P. Sánchez’s government expressed the hope that Spain and the EU will be able to improve relations with the United States in various spheres of activity. The new foreign policy strategy was influenced by the global financial and economic crisis provoked by the development of

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Lachmann, Richard. "Elite Self-Interest and Economic Decline in Early Modern Europe." American Sociological Review 68, no. 3 (2003): 346–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000312240306800303.

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Why does the leading economic power of its time lose its dominance? Competing theories are tested through a comparison of four historical cases—the Florentine city-state, the Spanish empire, and the Dutch and British nation-states. Institutional context determined social actors’ capacities to apply their polities’ human and material resources to foreign economic competition. Specifically, the dominant elites in each polity established the social relations and institutions that protected them from domestic challenges from rival elites and classes. But these relations and institutions had the ef

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Kutz, William. "Municipalizing geo-economic statecraft: Crisis and transition in Europe." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 49, no. 6 (2017): 1224–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x17691969.

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This article investigates how geographical capital switching, precipitated by the 2007–08 economic crisis, has altered the strategic territorial organization of European city-regions. The dislocation of capital accumulation to (emerging) foreign markets has undermined the purported capacity for city-regions to regulate the contradictions of uneven development in the European Union. The argument is that, in southern Spain, city-regions have increasingly responded to the crisis by shifting spatial development away from conventional neoliberal locational initiatives towards an assertion of geo-ec

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ÇOBAN ORAN, Filiz, and Adem Emre KÖSE. "İspanya Dış Politikasında İmparatorluk Geçmişi ve Latin Amerika." Journal of Social Research and Behavioral Sciences 7, no. 13 (2021): 197–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/jsrbs.6.1.7.13.11.

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In Spain’s foreign policy, the relationships with the Spanish-speaking Latin American countries have a special privileged place which dates back to the country’s imperial past. Based on a narrative of common language and a shared cultural history and identity with the Latin American people, Spain still aims to maintain its leading role in diplomatic relations, cultural investment, and foreign aid more than any country. Moreover, the ongoing relationships with this region has been one of the key areas of Madrid’s foreign policy for its global role expanding from the Iberian Peninsula to the ent

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Biffl, Gudrun. "The Role of Migration in Economic Relations between Europe and Turkey." European Review 21, no. 3 (2013): 372–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798713000331.

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Turkey and Europe are closely interlinked through migration, trade and investment flows. In the year 2000, the interrelationships entered a new phase. Return migration of Turkish migrants to Turkey set in, of often well-educated second-generation migrants, triggered by the fast economic growth and shortages of skilled labour in Turkey. At the same time continued family migration to Europe and Turkish business start-ups in Europe promote trade between Turkey and Europe due to preference and network channels. While economic growth in Turkey is dynamic, it is also volatile, depending on foreign c

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Abulafia, David. "Sugar in Spain." European Review 16, no. 2 (2008): 191–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798708000148.

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Sugar has attracted attention from economic historians, particularly because of its significance in the organisation of labour – notably the role of sugar in the development of slavery in the New World. In a Mediterranean setting, the links to slavery are less obvious, but the gradual westward transfer of sugar technology from the Levant to Sicily (under Muslim rule, and later under Aragonese rule) and to Spain reflects seismic changes in the Mediterranean economy. This was a luxury product and, as demand in western Europe grew, European merchants sought sources of supply closer to home than t

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Druláková, Radka. "The Slovene Road into Europe." Czech Journal of International Relations 35, no. 4 (2000): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32422/cjir.1098.

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Slovenia was established in 1991 by its secession from the Yugoslav Federation. This was preceded by various events which we can classify as economic, social, politico-economic and international policy causes. They determined the modus operandi of the new state in international policy and alongside traditions dating back to the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, the first and second Yugoslavia, they were the starting point of its foreign policy. The first foreign policy representation decided that a small state such as Slovenia needed to be anchored in international structures, above all, by its membe

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Seyidova, Sevinj. "From the history of the formation of trade and economic relations between Azerbaijan and foreign countries in the 1920s – 1930s." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2023, no. 1-2 (2023): 160–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202301statyi50.

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The article is devoted to the history of the formation of trade and economic relations between Azerbaijan and foreign countries in the 20-30s of the 20th century. In the 1920s the Republic of Azerbaijan invited specialists from foreign countries to restore various sectors of the economy. With the strengthening of trade and economic relations between the USSR, the USA and Western Europe, interest in Azerbaijan increased on the part of representatives of firms and business circles from various countries.

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Savina, Zoya. "The Trends in German Foreign Policy in African Countries." Asia and Africa Today, no. 6 (2023): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032150750023527-1.

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Today, Europe pays close attention to its relations with African countries. Germany is the locomotive of the EU and is also building its own policy towards African countries. During the chancellorship of Angela Merkel, several initiatives were proposed aimed at the development of economic relations with Africa. In 2021, Olaf Scholz became the chancellor of Germany. The article examines Germany’s policy towards African countries both before and during the chancellorship of Olaf Scholz. Africa is the key to Europe’s economic sustainability, especially as Europe has continued to separate from Rus

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Nikulin, K. A. "Crisis in Bilateral Economic Cooperation between Russia and Spain." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 14, no. 3 (2021): 189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2021-14-3-11.

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The article examines the dynamics and features of the trade and economic partnership between Spain and Russia from 2014 to the present, considering the latest challenges. The once promising trajectory of the development of bilateral trade and mutual investment has undergone significant tests: in addition to the sanctions pressure of the collective West countries, the situation has been complicated by the global crisis in the world economy, significant changes in world markets for goods and services, and the COVID-19 pandemic. In these conditions, the study of indicators of Russian-Spanish trad

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Nötel, Rudolf. "Reforms in foreign economic relations of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union." International Affairs 67, no. 4 (1991): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2622519.

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Khenkin, S. "Spain in Zone of Turbulence." World Economy and International Relations, no. 4 (2012): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2012-4-71-81.

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The global financial and economic crisis abruptly changed the socio-economic and political situation in Spain. While having successfully developed in the decade before the crisis, the country became one of the most unfortunate countries in the EU (the so-called PIIGS group, which also includes Greece, Italy, Portugal and Iceland). After centuries of isolation of Spain integrated into European institutions and started to play a prominent role at the international arena. In the proposed article, the author explores the problems of internal and foreign policy, facing the modern Spain.

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Cherkasova, E. "Spain and Crisis: Political Aspects." World Economy and International Relations, no. 9 (2013): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2013-9-33-41.

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The article considers the causes and the nature of the economic crisis which was a heavy blow for Spanish economy being in need of structural reforms. The domestic political consequences of the crisis included the change of government, the emergence of new protest movements and strengthening of separatism. Under the Brussels' pressure, Spain was forced to make significant adjustments to its national anti-crisis strategy which had a high social price. Particular attention is given to relations with the EU and the impact of the crisis on the country's foreign policy.

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Rosenthal, Glenda G., and Alfred Tovias. "Foreign Economic Relations of the: European Community the Impact of Spain and Portugal." International Journal 47, no. 1 (1991): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40202751.

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Cramer, Dale L. "Foreign Economic Relations of the European Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal." Comparative Economic Studies 34, no. 1 (1992): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ces.1992.8.

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Baklanoff, Eric N. "Foreign economic relations of the European community: The impact of Spain and Portugal." Journal of Comparative Economics 16, no. 3 (1992): 564–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-5967(92)90182-7.

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Domínguez Mujica, Josefina, Arlinda Coll García, Jesus González Perez, Dolores Sánchez Aguilera, and María Neffar López. "La population étrangère en Espagne : quelques éléments d’une géographie changeante." Sud-Ouest européen 26, no. 1 (2008): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rgpso.2008.5080.

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Foreign population in spain : elements of a changing geography. Globalization turned Spain into a center of international mobility because of its late and fast entrance to the group of foreigner-receiving countries. Immigration is one of the factors which have transformed its society : it has modified the population growth rate, recovered the birth rate and slowed down the ageing process. It is no longer a temporary solution to the secondary job market’s manpower deficit, but a factor of economic dynamism. Small and medium cities and the metropolitan borders of bigger ones receive immigrants,

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Ehizuelen, Michael Mitchell Omoruyi, and Hodan Osman Abdi. "Sustaining China-Africa relations." Asian Journal of Comparative Politics 3, no. 4 (2017): 285–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057891117727901.

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China’s “One Belt One Road” (OBOR) Initiative forms the centerpiece of China’s leadership’s new foreign policy. The initiative aspires to put the nations of Asia, Oceania, Europe, and Africa on a new trajectory of higher growth and human development through infrastructural connectivity, augmented trade, and investment. The initiative offers tremendous opportunities for international economic cooperation, especially for African nations. This article examines China-Africa relations, centering on the possibility of expanding the OBOR initiative to cover more African nations. Africa has been the f

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Dangerfield, M. V. "The economic opening of central and Eastern Europe: Continuity and change in foreign economic relations." Journal of European Integration 19, no. 1 (1995): 5–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07036339508429027.

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Terry, Sarah Meiklejohn. "Poland's foreign policy since 1989: the challenges of independence." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 33, no. 1 (2000): 7–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-067x(99)00024-0.

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In its first decade of post-communist independence, Poland achieved far more than most dared believe in 1989. Despite domestic political and economic turmoil, it has joined Europe as a new member of NATO and a prospective member of the EU. This article traces the evolution of Polish foreign policy since 1989 over four time periods: First, the early uncertainties from 1989 to 1992 when Warsaw — caught between a reunifying Germany and a collapsing USSR — was intent on solidifying its relations with Central European neighbors. Second, the watershed year of 1993, which witnessed changes in every a

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Stanciu, Cezar. "Scandinavian Perspectives. Overcoming the Cold War Pressures in Romania’s Policy towards Northern Europe." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 1, no. 1 (2009): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v1i1_4.

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During the first years of the Cold War, Romania was isolated in terms of foreign policy, and forced to develop relations mainly with the USSR and other socialist states. During the de-Stalinization period, the East-West relations improved and Romania started to rebuilt its relations with the West, especially economic relations. This article briefly presents the re-establishment of Romania's relations with the Scandinavian states, in the context of the improved Romanian-West relations.

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Atamanchuk, Zorina, and Antonina Prosianiuk. "Foreign trade relations of Ukraine AND China: current state and development prospects." Galic'kij ekonomičnij visnik 85, no. 6 (2023): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2023.06.183.

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The war unleashed by Russia against Ukraine changed the world, caused many risks and threats, caused turbulent processes in the political, economic and security sectors, and the consequences of this war are now difficult to predict. Russian aggression has intensified conflicts in the modern world, worsening socio-economic conditions in the regions and around the world. In particular, the crisis in the food market, which led to an increase in the cost of energy resources, caused an increase in the price of consumer goods and, as a result, a significant impact on the level of well-being of the p

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Zhang, Yu. "Analysis of Foreign Trade Policy in Abenomics." Communications in Humanities Research 15, no. 1 (2023): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/15/20230741.

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The outbreak of the international financial crisis in 2008 dealt a severe blow to Japans foreign trade environment. Under the severe form of Japans foreign trade, Shinzo Abe came to power and put forward Abenomics to provide strong policy support for Japans foreign economic development. This paper collects and arranges the foreign trade policy data of the Abe government during its two terms of office and analyses the impact of Abenomics on the Japanese economy. The study finds that, firstly, the Abe government focuses on the construction of an all-round regional economic partnership. During it

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Baev, Jordan. "The Establishment of Bulgarian–West German Diplomatic Relations within the Coordinating Framework of the Warsaw Pact." Journal of Cold War Studies 18, no. 3 (2016): 158–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00656.

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Bulgarian–West German relations played a crucial role in Bulgarian foreign policy in Europe from the time the FRG became a leading West European political and economic power and a key member of both the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the European Economic Community. The normalization of official relations between Bulgaria and the FRG was significantly influenced by two major factors: the policy of closer coordination and multilateral interaction within the Warsaw Pact and the somewhat slower, though increasing, process of East-West détente and security negotiations in Europe through CS

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Øystein Pharo, Helge. "Small State Anti-Fascism: Norway’s Quest to Eliminate the Franco Regime in the Aftermath of World War II." Culture & History Digital Journal 7, no. 1 (2018): 008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2018.008.

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In the early postwar years Norway was among the most active in the campaign against Franco’s Spain, supporting the policy of keeping Spain out of the UN, and pushing for UN members to break off diplomatic relations with Spain. Within a few years the policy of ostracism was seen to fail as it appeared to strengthen rather than weaken the Franco regime. Spain was then gradually allowed into the warmth. Until the early 1950s Norway’s retreat from its 1946 position was very reluctant, and it was in 1949 the last Western European state to accept normalization. Spain retaliated with economic pressur

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Drelich-Skulska, Bogusława, Sebastian Bobowski, Anna H. Jankowiak, and Przemysław Skulski. "China’s Trade Policy Towards Central and Eastern Europe in the 21St Century, Example of Poland." Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia 14, no. 1 (2014): 149–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/foli-2014-0111.

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Abstract The aim of this paper is to present China’s economic model and discuss, in this context, bilateral trade and investment relations between China and Poland. The analysis presented herein is based on the strategy of cooperation with countries of Central and Eastern Europe, as presented by China’s Prime Minister, and on the growing importance of Poland as a main partner of China in the Central and Eastern Europe region. The paper describes main premises of the Chinese economic model, followed by a diagnosis of Chinese economy. The authors analyze the main directions of China’s foreign co

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Yakovlev, P. "Spain: Post-Crisis Development Model." World Economy and International Relations, no. 10 (2015): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-10-50-61.

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November 20, 2015 marked 40 years since the demise of Spanish dictator Francisco Franco. With his passing Spain entered into an era of tremendous economic and socio-political changes. At the stage of democratic development Spanish nation achieved three key objectives: it built an open and modern economy; in political sphere a relatively effective de facto two-party system was created; social protection was provided to the bulk of the population. All this strengthened Spain’s international positions and provided it an attractive image. The country attracted millions of immigrants. The world cri

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Digilina, O. B., and T. A. Cheban. "Theoretical Foundations of the Foreign Economic Relations Strategy of the Russian Federation at the Present Stage." Journal of Law and Administration 20, no. 1 (2024): 178–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2024-1-70-178-187.

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Introduction. The author of this text is convinced that in the modern world foreign economic relations remain a crucial way of maintaining economic activity. Sustainable economic relations with other states are a necessary condition for the country's economic growth. However, due to changes in the global financial, economic and political systems, Russia is forced to look for new economic and political allies. The main task for our country is to establish close and mutually beneficial relations with the leading countries of the East, such as China and India, in order to ensure economic security

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LeoGrande, William M. "From Havana to Miami: U.S. Cuba Policy as a Two-Level Game." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 40, no. 1 (1998): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166301.

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For thirty years, Cuba was a focal point of the Cold War. Before the demise of the Soviet Union, Cuba’s close ideological and military partnership with the communist superpower posed a challenge to U.S. foreign policy, especially in the Third World (see, e.g., Domínguez 1989). With the end of the Cold War, Cuba retrenched, ending its aid programs for foreign revolutionaries and regimes. Without the Soviet Union’s sponsorship, Cuba could no longer afford the luxury of a global foreign policy exporting revolution. Instead, its diplomats focused on reorienting Cuba’s international economic relati

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Vartumyan, A. A., and M. L. Kardanova. "FOREIGN POLICY VECTORS IN THE STRUCTURE OF MODERN SPANISH POLITICS." Sovremennaya nauka i innovatsii, no. 1 (41) (2023): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37493/2307-910x.2023.1.14.

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The article examines the multi-vector nature of modern Spanish foreign policy. The article considers the strategy of external actions in which the European vector is the key and is perceived by the Spanish government as a natural basis for its political and economic development. The North American and Latin American vector of foreign policy is presented. The change of power in the United States and Spain has demonstrated a steady progressive dynamics in Spanish-American relations. The designated vectors of foreign policy form a triad, but the influence of four more foreign policy choices is in

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Barbant, Yasmim Dalila, and Leonardo Flauzino de Souza. "Debt patterns of the peripheral economies of Europe: from the increased growth post-implementation of the Euro to the Great Recession." Brazilian Keynesian Review 5, no. 1 (2019): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33834/bkr.v5i1.182.

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<p>The main purpose of this article is to outline the specificities of the indebtedness process of each country of the European periphery — Greece, Italy, Ireland, Portugal, and Spain — that guided the behavior of the demand and the indebtedness of the domestic economic agents from 2000 to 2017. The main results indicated that from 2000 to 2008, all of the countries had foreign sector surpluses (current account deficits), which characterized distinct indebtedness processes of the domestic economic agents. The reversal of these processes was accompanied by larger public deficits and the r

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Ćurčić, Mihailo, Radan Kostić, and Ivica Matejić. "Foreign trade of Serbia and Africa." Odrzivi razvoj 3, no. 2 (2021): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/odrraz2102007c.

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When it comes to defining the foreign trade relations between Africa and the Republic of Serbia, it should be pointed out that our country achieves the least international trade cooperation with the countries of this continent. According to the data of the Parliamentary Budget Office (2018), Serbian foreign trade is mostly focused on Europe, given that as much as 93% of total exports were directed to European countries, and 80% of imports of goods from Europe. The exchange with African countries is almost negligible: on both the import and import side, Africa took part in less than 1% of the t

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Tubilewicz, Czeslaw. "Affordable Ally: Taiwan's Diplomatic Venture in Macedonia." Politics 22, no. 1 (2002): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9256.00156.

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This article examines foreign policy of the Republic of China (ROC) towards East Central Europe (ECE) through the prism of Taipei's diplomatic strategies vis-à-vis Macedonia. Specifically, it identifies and explains the broad goals and rationale behind Taipei's increased interest in ECE after the Cold War. The study concludes that the Taiwanese interest in East Central Europe was motivated by its wish to capitalise on ECE's anti-communist euphoria and need for foreign capital, hoping that promises of generous economic assistance would convince some ECE states to extend diplomatic recognition t

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KERANOV, Dimitar. "A New Look At Bulgarian-South African Economic Relations." INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ECONOMICS, BUSINESS & MANAGEMENT 1, no. 1 (2024): 74–80. https://doi.org/10.56065/icebm2024.74.

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Bulgaria realigned its foreign policy following the demise of communism in 1989. That year marked the end of 45 years of one-party dictatorship under the Bulgarian communist party (BKP) and Todor Zhivkov’s rule. As the country held its first democratic elections, the world was changing – communist dictatorships were falling like dominos in all of Eastern Europe, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Cold War were soon to be history as well. Significant changes were also occurring outside of Eastern Europe – in Latin America and Africa. Particularly in South Africa, the apartheid dict

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