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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Speaker variation »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 12 mai 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Speaker variation"

Gnevsheva, Ksenia. « Within-speaker variation in passing for a native speaker ». International Journal of Bilingualism 21, n^o 2 (27 juillet 2016) : 213–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006915616197.

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This study quantitatively explores variation in passing for a native speaker of English and also discusses speakers’ passing for a native speaker of the same dialect as the listeners, other dialects, or not passing at all and always being perceived as a non-native speaker. It also examines other factors that may influence variation in passing such as conversational setting (which has been suggested by participants’ self-reports in Piller, 2002). Thirty native-speaking listeners were presented with clips from 24 native and non-native speakers of English and were asked to guess the origin of the speaker. Passing is quantified through the number of times listeners in a perception task believed speakers to be from English-speaking countries. The results of this study suggest that passing for a native speaker of different varieties is quite common, and some speakers pass for a native speaker of another variety as an intermediate step between passing for a native speaker of the same variety and not passing at all. The speakers’ self-reports and quantitative analysis of their production also suggests that there is a considerable amount of intra-speaker variation across different conversational settings. Most studies that focus on passing have been qualitative and/or rely on self-reports (e.g. Piller, 2002), so any claims about variation in passing are not typically supported by actual linguistic production. One particular consideration that is usually omitted is the difference between passing for a native speaker of the same dialect as the listener and that of a different dialect. This study explores situational variability in passing quantitatively and also considers the trends in passing for a native speaker of different dialects. This study is an example of a fruitful combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, to explore the intersection between second language acquisition and sociolinguistics.

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Stecker, Amelia, et Annette D’Onofrio. « Variation in Evaluations of Gendered Voices : Individual Speakers Condition the Variant Frequency Effect ». Journal of English Linguistics 50, n^o 3 (27 août 2022) : 281–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00754242221109579.

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Listeners are sensitive to the frequency at which speakers produce sociolinguistic features in utterances, reflected in their social evaluations of those speakers. Previous work also illustrates that a speaker’s perceived gender can influence how their linguistic production is processed, perceived, and discussed. However, little is known about how speaker gender can shape the effect of variant frequency on social evaluations. Employing the sociolinguistic variable ING, a matched-guise task was conducted to compare listeners’ evaluations of ten speakers producing varying proportions ING’s variants, investigating whether listeners evaluate men and women differently for using - in at the same rates of production. Findings show that speakers’ greater usage of the - in variant yields more negative evaluations from listeners, but this trend did not differ between different speaker genders. Rather, differences in evaluations of individual speakers persist across and within gendered categories, bearing implications for notions of binary gender and single-speaker matched-guise paradigms.

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Gold, Erica, Christin Kirchhübel, Kate Earnshaw et Sula Ross. « Regional variation in British English voice quality ». English World-Wide 43, n^o 1 (3 décembre 2021) : 96–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.20007.gol.

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Abstract This study considers regional variation of voice quality in two varieties of British English – Southern Standard British English and West Yorkshire English. A comparison of voice quality profiles for three closely related but not identical northern varieties within West Yorkshire is also considered. Our findings do not contradict the small subset of previous research which explored regional and/or social variation in voice quality in British English insofar as regionality may play a small role in a speaker’s voice quality profile. However, factors such as social standing and identity could perhaps be even more relevant. Even when considering homogeneous groups of speakers, it is not the case that there is a cohesive voice quality profile that can be attached to every speaker within the group. The reason for this, we argue, is the speaker-specificity inherent in voice quality.

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Holmberg, Eva B., Robert E. Hillman, Joseph S. Perkell et Carla Gress. « Relationships Between Intra-Speaker Variation in Aerodynamic Measures of Voice Production and Variation in SPL Across Repeated Recordings ». Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 37, n^o 3 (juin 1994) : 484–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3703.484.

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Intra-speaker variation in aerodynamic and acoustic measures of voice production across repeated recordings was studied in relation to cross-recording variation in SPL for three normal female and three normal male speakers. Group data for 15 females and 15 males served as the statistical reference. The speech material consisted of syllable strings in soft, normal, and loud voice. Measures were made of (a) parameters characterizing the inverse filtered oral airflow waveform, (b) the inferred average transglottal air pressure and glottal airflow, and (c) SPL. The results showed that intra-speaker parameter variation across recordings was generally less than 2 standard deviations relative to group mean values. In terms of relation to variation in SPL, the measures could be divided into two main groups: (a) For air pressure, AC flow, and maximum flow declination rate, both intra-speaker variation across recordings and inter-speaker (group) variation was related systematically to variation of SPL. For these measures, it is suggested that variation across recordings was due in part to SPL differences, which can be adjusted for statistically, thus facilitating comparisons between absolute values. (b) For other measures, neither intra-speaker variation across recordings nor inter-speaker group variation was systematically related to SPL. However, some of these latter measures changed with SPL in an orderly fashion across soft, normal, and loud voice for individual speakers. The results are discussed in terms of the clinical use of these measures in studies of voice disorders.

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Gass, Susan M., et Evangeline Marlos Varonis. « Variation in Native Speaker Speech Modification to Non-Native Speakers ». Studies in Second Language Acquisition 7, n^o 1 (février 1985) : 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100005143.

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This study builds upon prior research dealing with the nature of discourse involving non-native speakers. In particular, we examine variables influencing native speaker foreigner talk and the form that speech modification takes. The data bases are (1) 80 taped telephone interviews between NNSs at two distinct proficiency levels, (interviewer) and NSs (interviewee), and (2) 20 NS-NS interviews. We consider five variables: 1) negotiation of meaning, 2) quantity of speech, 3) amount of repair (following a specific NNS request for repair), 4) elaborated responses, and 5) transparent responses. We find that the speech of NSs changes as a function of an NNS's ability to understand and be understood. We further suggest a general cognitive principle—transparency—underlying aspects of both foreigner talk and second language acquisition.

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Pejovic, Jovana, Eiling Yee et Monika Molnar. « Speaker matters : Natural inter-speaker variation affects 4-month-olds’ perception of audio-visual speech ». First Language 40, n^o 2 (27 septembre 2019) : 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142723719876382.

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In the language development literature, studies often make inferences about infants’ speech perception abilities based on their responses to a single speaker. However, there can be significant natural variability across speakers in how speech is produced (i.e., inter-speaker differences). The current study examined whether inter-speaker differences can affect infants’ ability to detect a mismatch between the auditory and visual components of vowels. Using an eye-tracker, 4.5-month-old infants were tested on auditory-visual (AV) matching for two vowels (/i/ and /u/). Critically, infants were tested with two speakers who naturally differed in how distinctively they articulated the two vowels within and across the categories. Only infants who watched and listened to the speaker whose visual articulations of the two vowels were most distinct from one another were sensitive to AV mismatch. This speaker also produced a visually more distinct /i/ as compared to the other speaker. This finding suggests that infants are sensitive to the distinctiveness of AV information across speakers, and that when making inferences about infants’ perceptual abilities, characteristics of the speaker should be taken into account.

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Ruch, Hanna. « Perception of speaker age and speaker origin in a sound change in progress : The case of /s/-aspiration in Andalusian Spanish ». Journal of Linguistic Geography 6, n^o 1 (avril 2018) : 40–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jlg.2018.4.

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This paper addresses the question whether listeners possess sociolinguistic knowledge of regional variation in a sound change affecting /s/ + voiceless stop sequences in Andalusian Spanish. We tested whether speakers from Seville and Granada were perceived as more Sevillian-sounding and as younger when a stimulus contained the novel phonetic variant, a post-aspirated stop. Word-medial syllable-final /s/ was manipulated in such a way that two stimuli of the same speaker differed only in whether they contained pre-aspiration ([eh.ˈtaŋ.ko]) or post-aspiration ([e.ˈthaŋ.ko]). Andalusian listeners rated the same speaker as younger and as more Sevillian-sounding when the stimulus contained a post-aspirated stop. The recognition of a speaker’s actual dialect was particularly high when the innovative variant was embedded in a Seville speaker’s speech, confirming earlier work that indexicality is context-specific. The results suggest that Andalusian listeners possess knowledge of the regional variation and the sound change and use this variation in social perception.

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Moosmüller, Sylvia. « Phonological variation in speaker identification ». International Journal of Speech Language and the Law 4, n^o 1 (1 mai 2013) : 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.v4i1.29.

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Khalid Al Shboul, Othman. « The Socio-phonetics and Morphosyntax of Language Variation in Jordan ». Journal for the Study of English Linguistics 9, n^o 1 (28 juin 2021) : 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsel.v9i1.18817.

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This study investigates the linguistic choices made by the participants at the level of phonetics and morphosyntax in Irbid city. The study examines the way speakers reconstruct their new identity, as belonging to an upper social class rather than to their real middle class. The researcher assumed that he would find a lot of variation among the speakers in this city that is worth examining socio-linguistically, especially that Irbid is rich in linguistic variation and social contact. The data were extracted from the videos of ten field interviews. The researcher found that gender, age and education influence the way people speak. That is to say, the young people (both males and females) were more triggered to make linguistic changes than their aged counterparts. Besides, the females produced more vernacular variants than the males. This research attempts to investigate social class as an attraction, to which the speaker tries to reach, pushing him/her to make linguistic changes, rather than as a social factor affecting the speaker’s choices since this study assumes that the speaker makes linguistic changes as he/she reconstructs his/her identity in the new social class (the attraction or target). The study concludes that social class, in particular, serves as a motivation factor that pushes speakers to reformulate their identity.

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Paolillo, John C. « Individual effects in variation analysis : Model, software, and research design ». Language Variation and Change 25, n^o 1 (mars 2013) : 89–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394512000270.

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AbstractIndividual-level variation is a recurrent issue in variationist sociolinguistics. One current approach recommends addressing this via mixed-effects modeling. This paper shows that a closely related model with fixed effects for individual speakers can be directly estimated using Goldvarb. The consequences of employing different approaches to speaker variation are explored by using different model selection criteria. We conclude by discussing the relation of the statistical model to the assumptions of the research design, pointing out that nonrandom selection of speakers potentially violates the assumptions of models with random effects for speaker, and suggesting that a model with fixed effects for speakers may be a better alternative in these cases.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Speaker variation"

Ulrich, Natalja. « Linguistic and speaker variation in Russian fricatives ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 2, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LYO20031.

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Cette thèse présente une investigation acoustico-phonétique des détails phonétiques des fricatives russes.L'objectif principal était de détecter des corrélats acoustiques porteurs d'infor- mations linguistiques et idiosyncrasiques. Les questions abordées étaient de savoir si le lieu d'articulation, le sexe du locuteur ou son identité peuvent être prédits par des indices acoustiques et quelles mesures acoustiques représentent les indicateurs les plus fiables. En outre, la distribution des caractéristiques spécifiques au locuteur et à la variation inter et intra locuteur à travers les indices acoustiques a été étudiée plus en détail. Le projet a commencé par la création d'une grande base de données audio des fricatives russes. Des enregistrements acoustiques ont été obtenus auprès de 59 locuteurs russes natifs. Le jeu de données résultant est composé de 22 561 occurrences comprenant les fricatives [f], [s], [ʃ], [x], [v], [z], [ʒ], [sj], [ɕ], [vʲ], [zʲ]. Deux analyses ont été menées à partir de cette base de données. Dans la première étude, un échantillon de données de 6320 occurrences (40 locuteurs) a été utilisé. Trois techniques d'extraction acoustisque (à partir du son complet, de la durée du bruit et des fenêtres centrales de 30 ms) ont été sollicitées pour extraire des mesures temporelles et spectrales. En outre, 13 coefficients cepstraux (Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients, MFCC) ont été calculés à partir de la fenêtre centrale de 30 ms. Des classificateurs fondés sur des arbres de décision simples, des forêts aléatoires, des machines à vecteurs de support (Support-vector machine, SVM) et des réseaux neuronaux ont été entraînés et testés pour distinguer trois fricatives non palatalisées [f], [s] et
This thesis represents an acoustic-phonetic investigation of phonetic details in Russian fricatives. The main aim was to detect acoustic correlates that carry linguistic and idiosyncratic information. The questions addressed were whether the place of articulation, speakers' gender and ID can be predicted by a set of acoustic cues and which acoustic measures represent the most reliable indicators. Furthermore, the distribution of speaker-specific characteristics and inter- and intra-speaker variation across acoustic cues were studied in more detail.The project started with the generation of a large audio database of Russian fricatives. Then, two follow-up analyses were conducted. Acoustic recordings were collected from 59 native Russian speakers. The resulting dataset consists of 22,561 tokens including the fricatives [f], [s], [ʃ], [x], [v], [z], [ʒ], [sj], [ɕ], [vʲ], [zʲ].The first study employed a data sample of 6320 tokens (from 40 speakers). Temporal and spectral measurements were extracted using three acoustic cue extraction techniques (full sound, the noise part, and the middle 30ms windows). Furthermore, 13 Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients were computed from the middle 30ms window.Classifiers based on single decision trees, random forests, support vector machines, and neural networks were trained and tested to distinguish between the three non-palatalized fricatives [f], [s] and [ʃ].The results demonstrate that machine learning techniques are very successful at classifying the Russian voiceless non-palatalized fricatives [f], [s] and [ʃ] by using the centre of gravity and the spectral spread irrespective of contextual and speaker variation. The three acoustic cue extraction techniques performed similarly in terms of classification accuracy (93% and 99%), but the spectral measurements extracted from the noise parts resulted in slightly better accuracy. Furthermore, Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients show marginally higher predictive power over spectral cues (< 2%).This suggests that both spectral measures and Mel Frequency Cepstral provide sufficient information for the classification of these fricatives and their choice depends on the particular research question or application. The second study's dataset consists of 15812 tokens (59 speakers) that contain [f], [s], [ʃ], [x], [v], [z], [ʒ], [sj], [ɕ]. As in the first study, two types of acoustic cues were extracted including 11 acoustic speech features (spectral cues, duration and HNR measures) and 13 Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients. Classifiers based on single decision trees and random forests were trained and tested to predict speakers' gender and ID

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Whitehead, Douglas Fraser. « Phonation types and speaker variation in Ningbo Chinese / ». View abstract or full-text, 2007. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?HUMA%202007%20WHITEH.

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Sangster, Catherine M. « Inter- and intra-speaker variation in Liverpool English : a sociophonetic study ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6d5cbd34-73ab-4c22-b341-9253eac94b3c.

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This thesis presents experiments and interviews which investigate pronunciation variation in the Liverpool accents of young speakers. Experiment One investigates inter-speaker variation, Experiment Two investigates intra-speaker variation, and Experiment Three investigates both inter- and intra-speaker variation. These three experiments are conducted from a sociophonetic perspective, with controlled elicitation of natural speech and acoustic analysis of speech data. The experimental investigations are complemented by interviews, which incorporate the perceptions and opinions of speakers of Liverpool English into the study. The study makes several contributions to the field of sociolinguistic research. It provides a new examination of Liverpool English. Experiment One is specifically designed to explore one of its most complex and ill-defined phonetic features, the realisation of plosives as affricates or fricatives. In addition to this phonetic investigation, Experiment One also examines sociolinguistic variation in this feature, and shows that speakers' individual attributes (such as their social networks and their plans for the future) are as relevant to variation as their socio-economic status. The study also makes important methodological contributions. Instrumental phonetic techniques and standards are successfully applied to sociolinguistic investigation conducted in the field. An interdisciplinary approach, bringing together qualitative interviews and sociophonetic experiments, is adopted. A new quiz-questionnaire technique for data collection, which should prove useful for many kinds of future sociolinguistic research, is developed for Experiment Three. Finally, Experiment Three tests many accounts and models of intra-speaker variation. Speakers are shown to vary their pronunciation as the speech situation varies, but not all the seven phonetic variables investigated show the same patterns of variation. Speakers vary their pronunciation according to audience, and also according to topic. Speakers with a high level of ambition vary their pronunciation of certain phonetic variables more than those with a lower level of ambition, and female speakers vary their pronunciation more than male speakers.

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McLaren, Mitchell Leigh. « Improving automatic speaker verification using SVM techniques ». Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2009. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/32063/1/Mitchell_McLaren_Thesis.pdf.

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Automatic recognition of people is an active field of research with important forensic and security applications. In these applications, it is not always possible for the subject to be in close proximity to the system. Voice represents a human behavioural trait which can be used to recognise people in such situations. Automatic Speaker Verification (ASV) is the process of verifying a persons identity through the analysis of their speech and enables recognition of a subject at a distance over a telephone channel { wired or wireless. A significant amount of research has focussed on the application of Gaussian mixture model (GMM) techniques to speaker verification systems providing state-of-the-art performance. GMM's are a type of generative classifier trained to model the probability distribution of the features used to represent a speaker. Recently introduced to the field of ASV research is the support vector machine (SVM). An SVM is a discriminative classifier requiring examples from both positive and negative classes to train a speaker model. The SVM is based on margin maximisation whereby a hyperplane attempts to separate classes in a high dimensional space. SVMs applied to the task of speaker verification have shown high potential, particularly when used to complement current GMM-based techniques in hybrid systems. This work aims to improve the performance of ASV systems using novel and innovative SVM-based techniques. Research was divided into three main themes: session variability compensation for SVMs; unsupervised model adaptation; and impostor dataset selection. The first theme investigated the differences between the GMM and SVM domains for the modelling of session variability | an aspect crucial for robust speaker verification. Techniques developed to improve the robustness of GMMbased classification were shown to bring about similar benefits to discriminative SVM classification through their integration in the hybrid GMM mean supervector SVM classifier. Further, the domains for the modelling of session variation were contrasted to find a number of common factors, however, the SVM-domain consistently provided marginally better session variation compensation. Minimal complementary information was found between the techniques due to the similarities in how they achieved their objectives. The second theme saw the proposal of a novel model for the purpose of session variation compensation in ASV systems. Continuous progressive model adaptation attempts to improve speaker models by retraining them after exploiting all encountered test utterances during normal use of the system. The introduction of the weight-based factor analysis model provided significant performance improvements of over 60% in an unsupervised scenario. SVM-based classification was then integrated into the progressive system providing further benefits in performance over the GMM counterpart. Analysis demonstrated that SVMs also hold several beneficial characteristics to the task of unsupervised model adaptation prompting further research in the area. In pursuing the final theme, an innovative background dataset selection technique was developed. This technique selects the most appropriate subset of examples from a large and diverse set of candidate impostor observations for use as the SVM background by exploiting the SVM training process. This selection was performed on a per-observation basis so as to overcome the shortcoming of the traditional heuristic-based approach to dataset selection. Results demonstrate the approach to provide performance improvements over both the use of the complete candidate dataset and the best heuristically-selected dataset whilst being only a fraction of the size. The refined dataset was also shown to generalise well to unseen corpora and be highly applicable to the selection of impostor cohorts required in alternate techniques for speaker verification.

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Connolly, Patrick. « Speaker engagement in language variation and change with specific reference to north Tyrone ». Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.602472.

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This thesis examines the speaker's engagement in processes language variation and change. It specifically focuses on the dialect spoken in the North Tyrone area, a variety which has hithel10 received very little scholarly attention. 'Engagement' is these processes is considered as the extent to which speakers are aware of the social meaning which is associated with cel1ain variants and how this influences patterns of usage. In so doing, this thesis adopts a broadly 'third wave' approach to sociolinguistic variation. Making use of datasets from 1973 and 2012, this study provides detailed examinations of three variables, which each, to varying degrees, are traditionally associated with stigmatised meanings. Investigations of the patterning of these features in real and apparent time demonstrate that the traditional variants all appear generally to be on the decline. The thesis argues that women, who use these features relatively infrequently in both the 1973 and 2012 datasets, have taken the lead in this decline. This thesis argues that the decline in the use of these features has come about as a result of an increasing awareness of their stigmatised meanings. The thesis makes reference to a number of social developments which have taken place in North Tyrone in the time period under investigation which could have led to the greater stigmatisation of these features. This thesis presents statistics which demonstrate that the communities which populate North Tyrone have evolved in the time period under investigation. Where in the 1970s, the area was populated primarily by closed, tightly-knit communities, it has now become an area where open, looser-knit communities are much more prevalent. This appears to have had an effect on how these features are perceived by North Tyrone residents. The thesis also presents the results of an experiment which aims to quantify the degree to which these features are stigmatised among North Tyrone residents.

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Landsman, David Maurice. « Theories of diglossia, linguistic variation and speaker attitudes, with special reference to recent developments in Modern Greek ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315932.

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Marquina, Zarauza Montserrat. « Estudio fonético-acústico de la variación inter e intrahablante de hablantes bilingües de catalán y de castellano ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/398981.

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La presente investigación pretende contribuir a establecer la individualidad del habla de los hablantes bilingües de catalán y de castellano a partir del análisis de los parámetros fonético-acústicos analizados habitualmente en la práctica de la comparación forense de habla y estudiar los efectos, en el nivel acústico, que el uso de una lengua u otra produce en estos parámetros. Por lo tanto, se pretende proporcionar a los especialistas en fonética forense nuevos datos fonético-acústicos para que puedan comparar con un mayor grado de certeza muestras de habla dubitadas e indubitadas en distintas lenguas.
La recerca que es presenta vol contribuir a establir la individualitat de la parla dels parlants bilingües de català i de castellà a partir de l’anàlisi dels paràmetres foneticoacústics analitzats habitualment en la pràctica de la comparació forense de parla i estudiar els efectes, en el nivell acústic, que l’ús d’una llengua o l’altra provoca en aquests paràmetres. Per tant, es vol dotar els especialistes en fonètica forense de dades foneticoacústiques noves que els permetin comparar, amb un grau més elevat de certesa, mostres de parla dubitades i indubitades en llengües diferents.
This research aims to contribute to establish the individuality of the speech of bilingual speakers in Catalan and Spanish from the analysis of acoustic-phonetic parameters commonly analyzed in the practice of forensic speech comparison and to study the effects, on the acoustic level, that the use of one language or the other produces in these parameters. Therefore, it tries to provide new acoustic-phonetic data for specialists in forensic phonetics to be compared with a greater degree of certainly known and unknown speech samples in different languages.

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Domange, Raphaël. « Proficiency, language use and the debate over nativeness : A sociolinguistic survey of South Delhi English ». Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-64998.

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This study examines the extent of the impact of proficiency and language use on sociophonetic variation in Indian English (IE). It is based on an oral corpus using the methods and tools of the PAC project and derived from a pool of South Delhi-based highly proficient speakers. The investigation was conducted using quantitative and qualitative methods and focused on two understudied variables: (1) the fricative realisation of th, and (2) the realisations of the vowels in words of the NORTH and FORCE lexical sets. First, the results demonstrate that a significant amount of variation which cannot be accounted for by the traditional age, gender and social class factors can be explained by the language use parameter. A degree of correlation was found between the volume of use of English in a range of domains, and how speakers take advantage of the sociolinguistic potential of prestigious forms. This offers indications on the location of the leaders of the linguistic change. The second central feature of this study is derived from the investigation of the NORTH versus FORCE distinction. It is argued that the general maintenance of this distinction in IE provides evidence for the endo-normative nature of this variety. In the light of these findings, issues ultimately relating to the debate over nativeness are discussed.

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Malan, Roxanne. « Syllabic tone variation by Sepedi speakers with dysarthia ». Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60384.

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Background: Speech production in Bantu languages places great demands on neuromotor control, because unique speech motor behaviours such as syllabic tone variation and the aspiration of speech sounds require an additional level of vocal fold control compared to speech production in Germanic languages. As these motor behaviours play an important role in differentiating the meaning of words (Van der Merwe & Le Roux, 2014a), neuromotor speech disorders such as dysarthria may have a greater impact on communication in Bantu languages than in Germanic languages. The focus of this study was on syllabic tone variation in Bantu language speakers with dysarthria compared to typical speakers. Sepedi was the Bantu language investigated. Syllabic tone variation refers to pitch level changes for every syllable of words in a tone language (Zerbian & Barnard, 2008a) and requires manipulation of vocal fold length and mass over and above the voicing or devoicing of sounds within words. These pitch changes convey the lexical and grammatical meaning of words and may differentiate between the meanings of two orthographically identical words (Zerbian & Barnard, 2008a). Studies on lexical tone variation in speakers with dysarthria to date have focused mostly on the tone languages of Asia and Scandinavia (Kadyamusuma, De Blesser, & Mayer, 2011). No studies of tone variation in Bantu language speakers with dysarthria were found. Furthermore, past research only regarded tone variation in monosyllabic words, with no reference to how tone would be affected across bisyllabic words and within each of the two syllables of these words. No inquiries were made into the tone variation ability of speakers with dysarthria when producing short utterances compared to longer utterances and mostly speakers with congenital dysarthria were used as research participants. These shortcomings needed to be addressed to gain a more holistic and accurate view of the extent to which tone variation is a challenge for Bantu language speakers with dysarthria. Aims: The first aim of the study was to determine whether a difference exists between typical Sepedi speakers and Sepedi speakers with dysarthria, in their ability to vary tone across CVCV words with a HL tone pattern. The second aim of the study was to determine whether a difference in tone variation exists between short and longer utterances in typical Sepedi speakers and Sepedi speakers with dysarthria. Method: A quasi-experimental, between-group comparison was used in the study. Speech samples were obtained from a control group of five typical Sepedi speakers and from an experimental group of four Sepedi speakers with dysarthria. These speech samples consisted of 20 consonant-vowel-consonant-vowel (CVCV) words with high-low (HL) tone variation produced in three- and also in six- /seven-syllable utterances (resulting in a total of 40 words). The speech samples were analysed acoustically using Praat software. To achieve the first aim, the following acoustic measures were obtained from the 40 words produced by participants: (1) Mean fundamental frequency (F0) of syllable 1 (S1) and syllable 2 (S2), (2) Change in F0 across words from the highest F0 point of S1 to the lowest F0 point of S2, (3) Intrasyllabic change in F0 within S1 and S2. To achieve the second aim of the study, the change in F0 across words in short utterances was compared to the change in F0 across words in longer utterances for the typical speakers and speakers with dysarthria. Results: Wilcoxon rank tests were used for statistical analyses. Descriptive statistics were performed and median values were used to achieve research aims. All of the control participants and participants with dysarthria produced S1 with a higher mean F0 than S2, as was appropriate for the HL tone pattern ascribed to the target words. For most of the individuals from both groups, the mean F0 of S1 was significantly higher than the mean F0 of S2. However, one participant from each group produced an insignificant difference between the mean F0 values of the two syllables. The control group produced slightly greater median F0 changes across the words and within S1 than the dysarthria group, but the differences between the speaker groups for the change in F0 across words and the change in F0 within S1 were insignificant. In contrast to this, the control group produced a significantly smaller median change in F0 within S2 than the dysarthria group. Individual speakers from both groups produced unique patterns of F0 changes for all aspects of tone variation (change in F0 across words and changes in F0 within S1 and S2). Both speaker groups produced a significantly greater median change in F0 across words in short utterances compared to long utterances. The difference in the change in F0 across words between short and long utterances was significantly greater for the control group than for the dysarthria group. Conclusions: The speakers with dysarthria in the study maintained the ability to vary tone across bisyllabic words with an HL tone pattern. The dysarthria group only differed significantly from the control group with regard to the extent of tone reduction in the second syllable. This finding may point to possible difficulties in the required graded relaxation of the vocal folds. Individual differences in F0 changes were found for both typical speakers and speakers with dysarthria, indicating that unique tone variation patterns may normally exist for all speakers. For both control and dysarthria groups, greater tone variation was observed in short compared to longer utterances. The role of increased utterance length in decreased F0 variation was greater for the typical speakers than for the individuals with dysarthria.
Dissertation (M Communication Pathology)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology
M Communication Pathology
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Alshahwan, Majid. « Speech characteristics of Arabic speakers : dialect variations ». Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13296/.

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Arabic is spoken by more than 280 million people around the world and has been subject to attention in a number of acoustic phonetic studies. However, there are a limited number of studies on Gulf Arabic dialects and the majority of these studies have focused mainly on male speakers. Therefore, this study aimed to explore two Gulf Arabic dialects, the central Najdi dialect from Saudi Arabia and the Bahraini Bahraini dialect from Bahrain. It aimed to establish normative data for the Diadochokinetic Rate (DDK), Voice Onset Time (VOT), Fundamental Frequency (F0) and Formant Frequencies (F1-F3) for male (n = 40) and female (n = 40) speakers from both dialects. Furthermore, it aimed to investigate whether there are differences between the two dialects. Another direction of the research was to examine whether differences between male and female speech will be evident in both dialects. The study was accomplished using different stimuli where the monosyllables /ba, da, ga/ and a multisyllabic sequence /badaga/ were selected to analyse the DDK rates. VOT duration was examined in monosyllablic minimal pair words containing the initial voiced stops /b, d/ and the three long vowels /a:, i:, u:/, and in words containing the initial voiceless stops /t, k/, initial voiced/voiceless stops /d, t/ and plain/emphatic alveolar stops /t, t*/ and the two long vowels /i:, u:/. F0 was examined in the sustained phonation of the /a, i, u/, vowels in the words presented earlier and in sentences from the Arabic version of “The North Wind and the Sun” (Thelwall & Sa’Adeddin, 1990) and two verses from the first chapter of the Quran. F1, F2 and F3 values were examined in the sustained phonation of individual vowels and in vowels in the words described earlier. Acoustic analysis was carried out by using Praat (Boersma & Weenink, 2013). A series of mixed model ANOVAs were performed to investigate dialect and sex differences for each of the parameters. Dialect and sex were the main independent variables; however, additional variables were assessed (syllable type, voicing, vowel context, place of articulation and emphasis). The first aim has been met, with normative data being established for males and females from both dialects. The results showed that for each of the parameters (DDK, VOT, F0 and formant frequencies), the dialect differences as well as the degree of differences were dependent on the stimuli type. Furthermore, sex differences were apparent for F0, F1, F2 and F3 where males had lower frequencies than females in all tasks. In addition, the results showed that females had longer VOT durations than males for voiceless stops; and in the initial emphatic /t≥/ context; males had longer VOT duration than females. However, there were no differences between male and female speakers with regard to the DDK rates, and in the VOT analysis, initial voiced stops did not show an effect for dialect and sex. Furthermore, the impact of other variables other than dialect and sex are discussed. In conclusion, dialect, and to a lesser extent, sex differences in the Arabic dialects under study, are dependent on the stimulus type. The study also showed that emphatic /t*/ might help in differentiating between different Arabic dialects.

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Livres sur le sujet "Speaker variation"

Chipere, Ngoni. Understanding complex sentences : Native speaker variation in syntactic competence. New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.

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Hackert, Stephanie. The emergence of the English native speaker : A chapter in nineteenth-century linguistic thought. Berlin : De Gruyter Mouton, 2012.

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Cundy, B. J. Formal variation in Australian spear and spearthrower technology. Oxford, England : B.A.R., 1989.

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McCreary, Jan. Attitudes of non-native speakers of English to language variation in Hawaii. [Honolulu] : Department of English as a Second Language, University o f Hawaii at Manoa, 1986.

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Sawaie, Mohammed. Linguistic variation and speakers' attitudes : A sociolinguistic study of some Arabic dialects. Damascus : al-Jaffan & al-Jabi Publishers in co-operation with Institut français d'études arabes de Damas, 1994.

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Suprasegmental phonology and segmental form : Segmental variation in the English of Dutch speakers. Tübingen : Niemeyer, 1986.

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Hagiwara, Michio P. Thème et variations. 3^e éd. New York : Wiley, 1985.

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Klein, Colleen. To speak of love : Variations on a theme. [Australia] : Erewhon, 1990.

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Berwick, Richard. Task variation and repair in English as a foreign language. Kobe : Institute of Economic Research, Kobe University of Commerce, 1990.

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Roche, Jörg. Xenolekte : Struktur und Variation im Deutsch gegenüber Ausländern. Berlin : W. de Gruyter, 1989.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Speaker variation"

Milroy, James. « Language change and the speaker ». Dans Variation and Reconstruction, 147. Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.268.08mil.

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Soukup, Barbara. « Speaker design in Austrian TV political discussions ». Dans Studies in Language Variation, 81–100. Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/silv.9.05sou.

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Neumaier, Theresa. « New Englishes and Conversation Analysis ». Dans Varieties of English Around the World, 65–83. Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g68.04neu.

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This study assesses the potential of using conversation analytic methodology to investigate syntactic variation in New Englishes. It analyses transcripts and audio files of face-to-face interactions between speakers of Caribbean and Southeast Asian Englishes and illustrates how syntax provides essential clues allowing interactants to project upcoming places of speaker change. Current speakers might adapt their turns underway to avoid transition to a next speaker, but speaker groups differ when it comes to which syntactic constructions they prefer in this context. As these interactional preferences seem to correlate with linguistic preferences (such as a high frequency of topicalization), the present study suggests that they constitute a case of emergent grammar, and hence should be considered a factor in investigating syntactic variation.

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Hernández-Campoy, Juan Manuel, et Juan Antonio Cutillas-Espinosa. « Speaker design strategies in political contexts of a dialectal community ». Dans Studies in Language Variation, 19–44. Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/silv.9.02her.

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Nowenstein, Iris Edda. « Determining the nature of intra-speaker subject case variation ». Dans Syntactic Variation in Insular Scandinavian, 91–112. Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sigl.1.04now.

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Hudson Kam, Carla L. « Chapter 13. Adult learners’ (non-) acquisition of speaker-specific variation ». Dans Sociolinguistic Variation and Language Acquisition across the Lifespan, 296–315. Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/silv.26.13hud.

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Fraurud, Kari, et Sally Boyd. « The native / non-native speaker distinction and the diversity of linguistics of young people in Swedish multilingual urban contexts ». Dans Language Variation – European Perspectives, 53–69. Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/silv.1.05fra.

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Sudo, Yasutada, Jacopo Romoli, Martin Hackl et Danny Fox. « Presupposition Projection Out of Quantified Sentences : Strengthening, Local Accommodation and Inter-speaker Variation ». Dans Logic, Language and Meaning, 210–19. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31482-7_22.

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Ashby, William J., et Bonnie B. Fonseca-Greber. « A new look at ‘ne’ loss in the Spoken French of Tours ». Dans On Spoken French, 419–50. Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slcs.226.c32.

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Although the standard French norm prescribes that negation is marked twice in the verb phrase (ne…pas), contemporary usage prefers to drop the first element (ne) in Spoken French. In a 1981 article based on a corpus of Spoken French recorded in Tours in 1976, Ashby brought to light a significant co-variation/correlation between ne loss and speaker age: younger speakers dropped ne much more often than older speakers. This distribution seems to stem from a change in apparent time. However, as Labov (1994) notes, a linguistic feature that is more frequent in younger speakers does not necessarily indicate change in progress. One could assume that it could be due to age-grading, a phenomenon whereby speakers alter their linguistic behavior over the course of their lifetimes, while the grammar of the speech community remains stable and does not change. In order to distinguish between these two hypotheses (change in progress on the one hand, age grading on the other), this study compares distributions of the linguistic variable ne at two different points in time: the 1976 Tours corpus is paired with a new Tours corpus recorded in 1995. This comparison shows in real time that the loss of ne has accelerated – a finding which supports the change in progress hypothesis.

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Fuchs, Martín, María Mercedes Piñango et Ashwini Deo. « Operationalizing the Role of Context in Language Variation : The Role of Perspective Alignment in the Spanish Imperfective Domain ». Dans Language, Cognition, and Mind, 201–17. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50200-3_10.

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AbstractWe present a cognitively grounded analysis of the pattern of variation that underlies the use of two aspectual markers in Spanish (the Simple-Present marker, Ana baila ‘Ana dances’, and the Present-Progressive marker, Ana está bailando ‘Ana is dancing’) when they express an event-in-progress reading. This analysis is centered around one fundamental communicative goal, which we term perspectivealignment: the bringing of the hearer’s perspective closer to that of the speaker. Perspective alignment optimizes the tension between two nonlinguistic constraints: Theory of Mind, which gives rise to linguisticexpressivity, and Common Ground, which gives rise to linguisticeconomy. We propose that, linguistically, perspectivealignment capitalizes on lexicalized meanings, such as the progressive meaning, that can bring the hearer to the “here and now”. In Spanish, progressive meaning can be conveyed with the Present-Progressive marker regardless of context. By contrast, if the Simple-Present marker is used for that purpose, it must be in a context of shared perceptual access between speaker and hearer; precisely, a condition that establishes perspectivealignment non-linguistically. Support for this analysis comes from a previously observed yet unexplained pattern of contextually-determined variation for the use of the Simple-Present marker in Iberian and Rioplatense (vs. Mexican) Spanish—in contrast to the preference across all three varieties for the use of the Present-Progressive marker—to express an event-in-progress reading.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Speaker variation"

Huang, Xuedong. « Minimizing speaker variation effects for speaker-independent speech recognition ». Dans the workshop. Morristown, NJ, USA : Association for Computational Linguistics, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1075527.1075569.

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Mandal, Arindam, Mari Ostendorf et Andreas Stolcke. « Leveraging speaker-dependent variation of adaptation ». Dans Interspeech 2005. ISCA : ISCA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2005-165.

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Thomas, T., J. Peckham, E. Frangoulis et J. Cove. « The sensitivity of speech recognisers to speaker variability and speaker variation ». Dans First European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech 1989). ISCA : ISCA, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/eurospeech.1989-124.

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Sönmez, Kemal, Elizabeth Shriberg, Larry Heck et Mitchel Weintraub. « Modeling dynamic prosodic variation for speaker verification ». Dans 5th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 1998). ISCA : ISCA, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/icslp.1998-254.

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Quene, Hugo. « Modeling of between-speaker and within-speaker variation in spontaneous speech tempo ». Dans Interspeech 2005. ISCA : ISCA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2005-754.

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Han, Kyu J., Samuel Kim et Shrikanth S. Narayanan. « Robust speaker clustering strategies to data source variation for improved speaker diarization ». Dans 2007 IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition & Understanding (ASRU). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asru.2007.4430121.

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Ström, Nikko. « Speaker adaptation by modeling the speaker variation in a continuous speech recognition system ». Dans 4th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 1996). ISCA : ISCA, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/icslp.1996-249.

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Shaver, Clark D., et John M. Acken. « Effects of equipment variation on speaker recognition error rates ». Dans 2010 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2010.5495401.

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Kelly, Finnian, Andrzej Drygajlo et Naomi Harte. « Compensating for ageing and quality variation in speaker verification ». Dans Interspeech 2012. ISCA : ISCA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2012-167.

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Chen, LianWu, Wu Guo, Yan Song et LiRong Dai. « Phoneme variation based synthesized speech discrimination for speaker verification ». Dans ICASSP 2013 - 2013 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2013.6639197.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Speaker variation"

Thomas, Strobel. A contrastive approach to grammatical doubts in some contemporary Germanic languages (German, Dutch, Swedish). Goethe-Universität Frankfurt a.M., mars 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.72278.

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Unquestionably (or: undoubtedly), every competent speaker has already come to doubt with respect to the question of which form is correct or appropriate and should be used (in the standard language) when faced with two or more almost identical competing variants of words, word forms or sentence and phrase structure (e.g. German "Pizzas/Pizzen/Pizze" 'pizzas', Dutch "de drie mooiste/mooiste drie stranden" 'the three most beautiful/most beautiful three beaches', Swedish "större än jag/mig" 'taller than I/me'). Such linguistic uncertainties or "cases of doubt" (cf. i.a. Klein 2003, 2009, 2018; Müller & Szczepaniak 2017; Schmitt, Szczepaniak & Vieregge 2019; Stark 2019 as well as the useful collections of data of Duden vol. 9, Taaladvies.net, Språkriktighetsboken etc.) systematically occur also in native speakers and they do not necessarily coincide with the difficulties of second language learners. In present-day German, most grammatical uncertainties occur in the domains of inflection (nominal plural formation, genitive singular allomorphy of strong masc./neut. nouns, inflectional variation of weak masc. nouns, strong/weak adjectival inflection and comparison forms, strong/weak verb forms, perfect auxiliary selection) and word-formation (linking elements in compounds, separability of complex verbs). As for syntax, there are often doubts in connection with case choice (pseudo-partitive constructions, prepositional case government) and agreement (especially due to coordination or appositional structures). This contribution aims to present a contrastive approach to morphological and syntactic uncertainties in contemporary Germanic languages (mostly German, Dutch, and Swedish) in order to obtain a broader and more fine-grained typology of grammatical instabilities and their causes. As will be discussed, most doubts of competent speakers - a problem also for general linguistic theory - can be attributed to processes of language change in progress, to language or variety contact, to gaps and rule conflicts in the grammar of every language or to psycholinguistic conditions of language processing. Our main concerns will be the issues of which (kinds of) common or different critical areas there are within Germanic (and, on the other hand, in which areas there are no doubts), which of the established (cross-linguistically valid) explanatory approaches apply to which phenomena and, ultimately, the question whether the new data reveals further lines of explanation for the empirically observable (standard) variation.

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