Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Start-up delay »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Start-up delay"
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Zhao, Xian. « Start-Up Demonstration Tests for Products with Start-Up Delay ». Quality Technology & ; Quantitative Management 10, no 3 (janvier 2013) : 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16843703.2013.11673418.
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Long, Gary. « Start-Up Delays of Queued Vehicles ». Transportation Research Record : Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1934, no 1 (janvier 2005) : 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193400113.
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Start-up delays of queued vehicles have been studied in past research for evaluation of their impacts on saturation flow rates at downstream traffic signals. A more crucial issue, however, can be the effect of start-up delays of queued vehicles at upstream locations where queued vehicles back up from a traffic signal across a railroad crossing. The relationship between queue start-up delays and track clearance times is important in establishing traffic signal preemption settings. This paper presents models that are developed for prediction of the expected maximum time required to mobilize a queue of any length. The models consider not only the average delay times but also the limiting delay times that are expected to accommodate high proportions of queues. For design convenience, queue lengths are converted into distance from the leading edge of a queue rather than being described only by the number of vehicles in a queue. Because the variations in start-up times, in addition to the average times reported in the literature, are needed, two sets of field studies were used to obtain data for model calibration and to investigate various traffic operation effects. Other factors that might be expected to influence queue start-up times are also analyzed.
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Xie, Zushuai, Zhiqiang Wu et Jianhui Wu. « Low Voltage Delay Element with Dynamic Biasing Technique for Fully Integrated Cold-Start in Battery-Assistance DC Energy Harvesting Systems ». Applied Sciences 10, no 19 (7 octobre 2020) : 6993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196993.
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This paper proposes an ultra-low voltage delay element for battery-assistance DC energy harvesting systems. By inserting a low voltage level shifter (VLS), a wider voltage range is obtained to bias the body of the delay element. Thus, both the voltage transfer curve (VTC) and the DC gain of the delay element are enhanced. Due to the introduction of the VLS, the cold start-up ring oscillator constituted by the proposed delay element can achieve oscillation under an extremely low input voltage. The fully integrated cold start-up ring oscillator with 21 stages of the proposed element is implemented in a standard 180 nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process. The post-layout experimental results indicate that the cold start-up ring oscillator can retain oscillation when the power supply voltage (VDD) is 24 mV under a typical corner at room temperature. The output voltage swing of the cold start-up ring oscillator based on the proposed delay element is improved by more than 55% under VDD = 40 mV compared with a stacked inverter-based cold start-up ring oscillator. Monte Carlo (MC) simulation from 100 samples shows the enhanced output swing with the proposed delay element under process variation.
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Lodi, Faisal, Ali Zare, Priyanka Arora, Svetlana Stevanovic, Mohammad Jafari, Zoran Ristovski, Richard J. Brown et Timothy Bodisco. « Combustion Analysis of a Diesel Engine during Warm up at Different Coolant and Lubricating Oil Temperatures ». Energies 13, no 15 (1 août 2020) : 3931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153931.
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A comprehensive analysis of combustion behaviour during cold, intermediately cold, warm and hot start stages of a diesel engine are presented. Experiments were conducted at 1500 rpm and 2000 rpm, and the discretisation of engine warm up into stages was facilitated by designing a custom drive cycle. Advanced injection timing, observed during the cold start period, led to longer ignition delay, shorter combustion duration, higher peak pressure and a higher peak apparent heat release rate (AHRR). The peak pressure was ~30% and 20% and the AHRR was ~2 to 5% and ±1% higher at 1500 rpm and 2000 rpm, respectively, during cold start, compared to the intermediate cold start. A retarded injection strategy during the intermediate cold start phase led to shorter ignition delay, longer combustion duration, lower peak pressure and lower peak AHRR. At 2000 rpm, an exceptional combustion behaviour led to a ~27% reduction in the AHRR at 25% load. Longer ignition delays and shorter combustion durations at 25% load were observed during the intermediately cold, warm and hot start segments. The mass fraction burned (MFB) was calculated using a single zone combustion model to analyse combustion parameters such as crank angle (CA) at 50% MFB, AHRR@CA50 and CA duration for 10–90% MFB.
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XIE, Hang. « Phase Estimation of the Start-up Signal Based on the Fractional Delay Filter ». Journal of Mechanical Engineering 48, no 06 (2012) : 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2012.06.008.
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Hung, Regant Y. S., et H. F. Ting. « Competitive analysis of most-request-first for scheduling broadcasts with start-up delay ». Theoretical Computer Science 396, no 1-3 (mai 2008) : 200–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2008.01.036.
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Wang, Meng, Runqing Zang, Eric Hu et Akram W. Ezzat. « Investigation of air cooler fan start-up delay in liquid refrigerant defrosting system ». Applied Thermal Engineering 143 (octobre 2018) : 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.07.066.
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Barnes, Margaux, Krista Davis, Mackenzie Mancini, Jasmine Ruffin, Tina Simpson et Krista Casazza. « Setting Adolescents Up for Success : Promoting a Policy to Delay High School Start Times ». Journal of School Health 86, no 7 (1 juin 2016) : 552–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/josh.12405.
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YAMAMOTO, Akio, et Hiroki WATANABE. « Evaluation of a simple anti-sway control without start-up delay and over-travel ». Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems, and Manufacturing 13, no 3 (2019) : JAMDSM0067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jamdsm.2019jamdsm0067.
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Mao, Cheng Yuan, Yu Long Pei, Guo Zhu Cheng et Xuan Yan Mo. « Intersection Signal Optimizing on Condition of Ice-and-Snow ». Advanced Materials Research 219-220 (mars 2011) : 1565–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.219-220.1565.
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Comparing to the condition of normal road surface, the driving speed, headway, following-up speed, start-up time, braking time, start-up delay and walking speed are different on the condition of ice-and-snow. This paper surveyed and contrastively analyzed the traffic flow characteristics on the two conditions, optimized the intersection signal, and then verified the validity of the method by simulation.
Thèses sur le sujet "Start-up delay"
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Bouzian, Mohamed. « Modélisation et optimisation de la qualité d'expérience client des services data sur le réseau mobile. Application au vidéo streaming ». Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4061/document.
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Ces dernières années, les terminaux mobiles sont devenus plus performants en termes de puissance de calcul, de mémoire, de taille et de la qualité de l'écran. Ces améliorations ont fortement stimulé la demande de services multimédias notamment la vidéo streaming. Par ailleurs les clients sont de plus en plus exigeants quant à la qualité rendue sur ce type de service. En plus une mauvaise expérience de la vidéo streaming a un grand impact sur la perception qu’ont les clients de l’opérateur. Optimiser la qualité d’expérience (QdE) des clients sur les services de la vidéo streaming est donc un enjeu concurrentiel majeur. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à modéliser et optimiser la QdE des services streaming en tenant compte des usages et de la mobilité des clients. En particulier, nous nous intéresserons à deux stratégies de délivrance des contenus sur le réseau mobile : la stratégie ‘’Fast Caching’’ et la stratégie ‘’On-Off’’. Nous développons des modèles analytiques qui nous permettent de calculer des indicateurs majeurs de la QdE pour le service streaming qui sont : i) la famine, qui pousse les opérateurs à envoyer plus de contenu et ii) la perte due à abandonner la lecture d’une vidéo, qui pousse ces derniers à envoyer du contenu vidéo d’une manière strictement raisonnable. Un équilibre optimal est à trouver. Nous proposons aussi des stratégies de gestion de la QdE en maintenant un bon niveau de QdE sur la totalité du réseau et en optimiser les indicateurs de la QdE du service streamingIn recent years, mobile devices have become more powerful in terms of computing power, memory, size and screen quality. These improvements have greatly stimulated demand for multimedia services including video streaming. Moreover, customers are increasingly demanding in terms of the quality rendered on this type of service. In addition, a bad experience of video streaming has a great impact on the perception that customers have of the operator. Optimizing the quality of experience (QoE) of customers on the services of video streaming is thus a major competitive challenge. In this thesis, we are interested in modeling and optimizing the QoE of the streaming services taking into account the usages and the mobility of the clients. In particular, we are interested in two strategies for delivering content on the mobile network: the Fast Caching strategy and the On-Off strategy. We develop analytical models that allow us to calculate major indicators of the QoE for the streaming service that are: i) starvation, which drives operators to send more video content to customers and ii) the loss due to abandoning the video playback, which pushes them to send video content in a strictly reasonable manner. An optimal balance is to be found. We also propose QoE oriented strategies by maintaining a good level of QoE over the entire network and optimizing the QoE indicators of streaming services
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Berrett, Jordi Jordan. « Pedestrian Walking Speeds at Signalized Intersections in Utah ». BYU ScholarsArchive, 2019. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7130.
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The 2009 edition of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) recommends a pedestrian walking speed of 3.5 feet per second for use in the timing of pedestrian clearance intervals at signalized intersections (reduced from 4.0 feet per second in the 2003 edition). Jurisdictions across the state of Utah continue to maintain pedestrian walking speeds of 4.0 feet per second for normal intersections with guidance on engineering judgement for areas where a lower pedestrian walking speed should be considered. In 2018, it was decided that the current state guidance with regard to pedestrian walking speeds be evaluated for any needed changes, such as adopting the national guidance found in the 2009 MUTCD. To evaluate pedestrian walking speeds at signalized intersections, 15 sites throughout the state of Utah were studied, producing a total of 2,061 observations of pedestrian crossing events. These crossing events were evaluated to calculate walking speeds in relation to pedestrian demographics at each location. Evaluated demographics included pedestrian group size, gender, mobility status, age category, alertness, and potential distractions. Upon completion of data collection, a statistical analysis was conducted to determine mean and 15th percentile pedestrian walking speeds by demographic. The data collection procedure, data analysis, and limited recommendations for pedestrian start-up delay and pedestrian walking speeds as used in signal timing are discussed in this report. The data suggest that Utah continue to maintain its guidance of 4.0 feet per second walking speeds at most signalized intersections, while exercising engineering judgment at locations containing high pedestrian volumes or locations containing high percentages of elderly or disabled pedestrians.
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Chia-Hsing, Yao, et 姚嘉信. « A Study of The Start Up Delay for Low-Thrust Hydrazine Thrusters ». Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71257213337300894845.
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碩士國立成功大學
航空太空工程學系
88
Abstract This thesis research has completed the design, fabrication and hot firing tests of a 1-lbf-monopropellant hydrazine thrusters. The design of this thruster was based on the experimental data from previous researches of this laboratory. The design 1-lbf thruster was equipped with a single-tube (16-orifice) radial type injector and packed with 8.1g Shell 405 catalyst. Two different kinds of packing were used in this research. Group A filled with smaller size (20~25mesh) of Shell 405 on the top of the catalyst bed and larger size (14~18mesh) in the bottom, and group B was reversed. After 39 thrust tests (at atmospheric back pressure) with four catalyst pre-heated temperatures, the results showed (1) At the propellant flow rate about 0.005 lbm/sec, group A produced 193.0~200.2psia of chamber pressure and 0.56~0.81 lbf of ground thrust. The pressures were 10.6% and 6.5% lower than the expectation. Group B produced 223.0~233.9psia chamber pressure and 0.64~0.66 lbf ground thrust which was 3.95% and 4.8% over the expectation, respectively. (1) The response characteristics of the thruster was invariant when the catalyst bed temperatures reached about 80℃with the propellant flow rate about 0.005 lbm/sec. However, the response characteristics of the thruster was improved with lower propellant flow rates as the temperature of the catalyst bed increased. (3) As a whole, the sequence of the packing of the two different sizes of catalyst did not show pronounced effect on thrusters response characteristics. At the propellant flow rate near 0.005 lbm/sec, group A had the best start-up delay time (33.7ms) when the temperature of the catalyst bed was 80℃. (4) After subtracting the response time of the solenoid valve and that of the induction time for the reactions, the response time of group A and B were 18.2~46.3ms and 18.8~45.2ms, respectively. Both of them were better then the 1-lbf-monopropellant hydrazine thruster from the previous researches of this laboratory. (5) The designed hydrazine thruster was estimated to obtain a ideal vacuum thrust of ~1-lbf and a ideal specific impulse of ~200sec at the designed propellant flow rate of 0.005 lbm/sec. This research indicated that the response characteristics of the catalyst bed packed with two different sizes was better then that with single size.
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簡國棟. « An Approach for Minimizing Start-up Delay of P2P Live Media Streaming ». Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50489858841405465661.
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碩士國立交通大學
網路工程研究所
96
Many popular services currently deployed on Internet are based on the traditional client-server model, these include E-mail, FTP, Video on Demand (VoD), Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) and World Wild Web (WWW). However, client-server model faces the scalability and high cost problems when the number of client grows up. Among these services IPTV needs the largest amount of resources such as storage and bandwidth, and it may easily encounter the bottleneck with only small number of users. To reduce IPTV system resource requirement, more and more IPTV services are deployed based on Peer-to-Peer (P2P) architecture. Unfortunately, P2P IPTV system always starts slowly whenever you switch to a new channel or program, and it seems awkward comparing with traditional TV if users have to spend quite a while waiting for the program to show up in P2P IPTV. Start-up delay is a key factor which affects user’s willing regarding whether to subscribe P2P IPTV. In general, unless the program is free, users may complain if the content switching time or the initial video playback delay is too long. Unfortunately, start-up delay in current P2P IPTV systems range from tens of seconds to few minutes, it still has a lot of room to improve. In this thesis, we propose a novel scheme to reduce P2P IPTV start-up delay. We make every peer in the system to record its partners’ sending rate and periodically recommend thosae partners whose sending rate satisfies some criteria to tracker server as “super-peers”. Tracker server dispatches both super and neighbor peers to the newly joined peer, which then can rapidly receive video content from either super or neighbor peers and reduce start-up delay. We develop a simulation program to cooperate with network simulator to evaluate our proposed scheme. The numerical result shows that our proposed scheme is able to reduce the start-up delay significantly.
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Chan, Chi Hong, et 陳志雄. « A study on the risk management in project finance – dealy in start-up and revenue/ridership guarantee insurance ». Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12733945511628862175.
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碩士國立政治大學
經營管理碩士學程(EMBA)
97
This thesis aims to study the framework of project finance and the growing trend for project financing methods in today’s large construction projects involving public-private infrastructure partnerships. Project financing is an innovative and timely financing technique that is increasingly emerging as the preferred alternative to conventional methods of financing infrastructure and other large-scale projects worldwide. Research is conducted on the benefits, risk management and insurance requirements of project finance. Due to global privatization where government funding programs have shifted towards private financing, principals now often collateralize loans with project assets and repay them purely on the basis of projected earnings. Thus, the revenue generating capability of a project has become a critical financing factor in large investment projects. Rigorous conditions on delays in scheduled project completion added to project contracts between financiers and principals and the need to protect shareholders’ interests have created demand for DSU insurance. DSU insurance, also known as advance loss of profits (ALOP) insurance, is designed to secure the portion of revenue which the principal requires to service debt and realize anticipated profit. To mitigate revenue risk in emerging markets, public-private partnership provides a revenue guarantee to protect for the insured’s financial loss due to shortfall between actual and projected revenue. The ‘pledged’ revenues may include sales revenue, rental, interest income, and other sources of funds that are generally recurring. The thesis further discusses two types of insurance commonly applied in project financing of large projects – the delay in start-up (DSU) insurance and revenue guarantee insurance. The features, underwriting challenges and claim handling of these two types of insurance will be investigated. In order to understand the complexity in claims handling involving DSU cover, a build-operate-transfer (BOT) railway construction project claim case study is created. Interviews are conducted with three selected experts from the insurance industry on the various issues related to DSU claim. The findings gathered from these experts are reported in this thesis. In addition to the DSU insurance, a ridership guarantee is also introduced for protecting the revenue shortfall between the actual and forecast ridership when project is put into commercial operations.
Livres sur le sujet "Start-up delay"
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Fox, Dov. Birth Rights and Wrongs. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190675721.001.0001.
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Today, tens of millions of Americans rely on reproductive advances to help them carry out decisions more personal and far-reaching than almost any other they will ever make: They use birth control or abortion to delay or avoid having children; surrogacy or tissue donation to start or grow a family; and genetic diagnosis or embryo selection to have offspring who survive and flourish. This is no less than the medicine of miracles: It fills empty cradles; frees families from debilitating disease; and empowers them to plan a life that doesn’t include parenthood. But accidents happen: Embryologists miss ailments; egg vendors switch donors; obstetricians tell pregnant women their healthy fetuses will be stillborn. The aftermaths can last a lifetime, yet political and economic forces conspire against regulation to prevent negligence from happening in the first place. After the fact, social stigma and lawyers’ fees stave off lawsuits, and legal relief is a long shot: Judges and juries are reluctant to designate reproductive losses as worthy of redress when mix-ups foist parenthood on patients who didn’t want it, or childlessness on those who did. Some courts insist that babies are blessings, planned or not; others shrug over the fact that infertile couples weren’t assured offspring anyway. The result is a society that lets badly behaving specialists off the hook and leaves broken victims to pick up the pieces. Failed abortions, switched donors, and lost embryos may be First World problems—but these aren’t innocent lapses or harmless errors: They’re wrongs in need of rights.
Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Start-up delay"
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Buğra, Ayşegül. « Marine delay in start-up insurance ». Dans Insurance Law Implications of Delay in Maritime Transport, 83–93. Title : Insurance law implications of delay in maritime transport/by Ayşegül Buğra Description : First edition. | Abingdon, Oxon [UK] ; New York : Routledge, 2017. | Series : Contemporary commercial law : Informa Law from Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315544564-5.
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Shawky, Mohamed, Abdulla Al-Ghafli et Hussain Al-Harthi. « An Analysis of the Start-up Delay and Safety for Signalized Intersections : Impact of Left-Turn Phasing Sequences ». Dans Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 205–18. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41682-3_18.
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Sing, Yew. « Analysis of State Dependent Vacation Queues with Threshold Gated Service Policy ». Dans Innovations in Information Systems for Business Functionality and Operations Management, 274–91. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0933-4.ch016.
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In this article, the authors introduce a simple approach for modeling and analyzing a queue where the server may take repeated vacations. When a busy period ends, the server takes a vacation of random duration. At the end of each vacation, the server may either start a new vacation or resume service. If a queue is found of less than customers, the server will always take a new vacation. If there are at least customers in queue, the server provides services to those customers after a brief set-up time. The authors obtain several performance measures of the system, including the mean and second moment of the cycle time, the number of customers in a cycle of service, and the expected delay experienced by a customer.
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van Santen, Rutger, Djan Khoe et Bram Vermeer. « Essential Education ». Dans 2030. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195377170.003.0034.
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The helplessness of newborn babies is very endearing. They can just about breathe unaided, but they are otherwise entirely unadapted and dependent. Babies can barely see, let alone walk or talk. Few animals come into the world so unprepared, and no other species is as dependent on learning as human beings are. Elephant calves, for instance, can stand up by themselves within a few minutes of being born. Most animals are similarly “preprogrammed.” Female elephants carry their young for no fewer than 22 months, whereas we humans have to go on investing in our offspring long after they are born. Children need years of adult protection. They guzzle fuel, too; their brains consume fully 60 percent of the newborn’s total energy intake. In the first year of life, the infant’s head buzzes with activity as neurons grow in size and complexity and form their innumerable interconnections. The way the brain develops is the subject of the next chapter (chapter 5.2). Here we concentrate on the way we are educated from the first day on. There is virtually no difference between Inuits and Australian aborigines in terms of their ability—at opposite ends of the earth and in climates that are utterly different—to bear children successfully. Other animal species are far more closely interrelated with their environment. Other primates have evolved to occupy a limited biotope determined by food and climate. Humans are much more universal. Every human child has an equal chance of survival wherever they are born. As a species, we delay our maturation and adaptation until after birth, which makes the inequality of subsequent human development all the more acute. Someone who is born in Mali or Burkina Faso is unlikely ever to learn to read. A person whose father lives in Oxford, by contrast, might have spoken his or her first words of Latin at an early age. Inuit and aboriginal babies may be born equally, but their chances begin to diverge the moment they start learning how to live. We are not shaped by our inborn nature but by the culture that is impressed upon us by the people with whom we grow up.
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Fisher, David. « Primvordial Helium and Argon and the Evolution of the Earth ». Dans Much Ado about (Practically) Nothing. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195393965.003.0018.
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And a few surprises in store. But surprises don’t surprise us; they’re expected. We don’t know what they’ll be, but we know they’re lurking somewhere out there in the vast unknown of our barely investigated universe: “Seek and ye shall find, but seek not to find that for which you seek” … or you’ll miss the important stuff. Finally my new mass spectrometer showed up, a custom-made machine put together by Nuclide Analysis Associates, a group operating out of Penn State, consisting of one professor and— most importantly—a fine technician who showed up with a parcel of crates and proceeded to put it together. In only a few weeks, we had a beam of ionized noble gas ions and began to try to make the instrument work. We had, at that time, with that machine, no means of determining the mass of the ions being sent down the beam to the detector. The heavier the mass, the stronger would have to be the magnet setting in order to bend it out of a straight path and deflect it into the detector, so—as when I started at Brookhaven—it made sense to start by trying to find the lightest element, helium. In particular, I went looking for the 4He isotope, both because it was radiogenic (formed from the decay of uranium and thorium) and because it was by far the most abundant (and thus most easily measured) isotope of helium. I started by melting one of my ocean rocks, cleaning up the gases, and searching among them for the nearby mass 2 peak, which was unwanted but always present due to the ubiquitous hydrogen molecule, and soon found it. Then I scanned upwards and quickly found the helium-4 peak. To my surprise, there was a tiny little bump in the scan between the two, at mass 3—unexpected, like a ghost that shouldn’t be there.
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Roe, Simon D. « Purification strategy ». Dans Protein Purification Techniques. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199636747.003.0005.
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Practical approaches to protein purification contains detailed practical information on separations techniques and the chapters of Protein purification techniques cover the unit operations and analytical techniques involved in some detail while Protein purification applications provides details of how to approach purification from a selected number of typical sources. However a key element of every purification, whether in University research or as part of scaling-up an industrial process, is planning. Time spent at the outset in establishing the key goals of the process prior to going into the laboratory will invariably save much time and effort. Key points to consider from the outset are: (a) Why are you doing the work—what is the reason for the purification? (b) What are the key considerations in selecting how to purify? (c) What implications does this have on how you will approach the purification? At the start of a purification, the target protein may be a minor component among millions of other proteins and other contaminants. This presents boundless opportunities for miscalculations, blind-alleys, and wasted effort. Years of practical work by separation scientists have derived certain rules which will help to minimize such problems and ensure protein purifications are successful. Here are ten purification rules to consider: 1. Keep the purification simple—minimize the number of steps and avoid difficult manipulations which will not reproduce. 2. Keep it cheap—avoid expensive techniques where a cheaper one will do. 3. Adopt a step approach—and optimize each step as you go. 4. Speed is important—avoid delays and slow equipment. 5. Use reliable techniques and apparatus. 6. Spend money on simple bits and pieces—e.g. test-tubes, pipettes. 7. Write out your methods before you start and record what you have done accurately. 8. Ensure your assays are developed to monitor the purification. 9. Keep notes on yields and activity throughout. 10. Bear in mind your objectives—be it high yield, high purity, final scale of operation, reproducibility, economical use of reagents/apparatus, convenience, throughput. Protein purification uses time, money, effort, and valuable equipment. Therefore, it is always advisable to pause for some moments to consider the reasons for purification in the first place.
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Thomson, Peter. « The Long Way Home ». Dans Sacred Sea. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195170511.003.0018.
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A Friday in July . . . Boston is a tangle of cranes and earthmovers, half-built flyovers and half-dug trenches and a huge steel snake slithering along the narrowest of paths through the chaos—Amtrak’s Lake Shore Limited, weaving its way through the city’s $15 billion highway construction project known as the Big Dig and heading westward toward Albany, Cleveland, and Chicago. We’ve said our last goodbyes to the family, hauled our backpacks into our two-person sleeping compartment, and finally, after weeks of ever-more frantic preparation, begun to feel the rhythm of the world rumbling slowly by beneath us, the rhythm of our lives for the next six months. The train picks up headway as it groans past the hallowed green walls of Fenway Park, home of the Boston Red Sox and the spiritual center of New England, the dense triple-decker blocks of the inner suburbs and the verdant lawns and oak groves of the outer suburbs. James and I sit across from each other, grinning slightly, both a little intoxicated by a cocktail of excitement, relief, and anxiety. Family, friends, work, school, daily antagonisms, and well-worn rituals are all receding physically if not yet mentally. Over the horizon ahead loom Alaska, the Pacific, Japan, Vladivostok, Lake Baikal, and 25,000 miles or so of who knows what else. But it’s no big deal, we tell ourselves. We’re heading home, just taking the long way. Just past dawn, west of Cleveland, we’re running two and a half hours late. Our sleeping car attendant, Fred, tells us that we lost time overnight to track repairs, slow-loading mail shipments, and freight trains. Once you start to lose a little time on this run, he says, you quickly end up losing a lot, because the tracks are owned by the freight companies, and their trains have priority. If an Amtrak train slips off schedule, it starts the kind of chain reaction of delays that have earned this train the nickname the Late Shore Limited. I ask Fred if we’re going to make our connection in Chicago. “Not if we keep stopping like this,” he says.
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Bardgett, Richard. « Soil and the Future ». Dans Earth Matters. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199668564.003.0012.
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If the importance of soil for human lives hasn’t leapt out of the previous pages, this book has failed in its goal. Soil touches so many aspects of human life, often in ways of which we are not even aware. There are the obvious, such as when we dig up the soil to grow vegetables and flowers, or when a farmer takes a plough to a field. But there are also the less obvious, such as the role of soil in dampening climate change, filtering the water we drink, and breaking down and recycling the billions of tonnes of dead plant remains that annually fall to the ground. Soils have also played their role in warfare, thwarting military advances and providing underground shelter to those under attack. I could go on, but I think the message is clear: earth matters. Looking to the future, a major challenge for humans will be how to deal with rapid soil change. I emphasized at the start of this book that the natural rate of soil formation is spectacularly slow; it takes literally thousands of years for a mature soil to develop. But within just a few years, or decades, humans can completely transform the structure, chemistry, and biology of soils, often leading to their degradation. This degradation of soil can be catastrophic, for example when soils are over-cultivated or overgrazed, or when unstable hill slopes are deforested and left exposed to the erosive forces of wind and rain. Or it can be progressive, such as that caused by climate warming which, in some places, such as the Arctic, is gradually speeding up organic-matter decay and carbon dioxide release from soils. It can also be abrupt, such as when land is sealed by asphalt and concrete during the construction of expanding cities, or during war when major offensives obliterate the fabric of soil. As I stressed earlier in this book, the causes of soil degradation are complex: population growth, poverty, poor delivery of information to farmers, conflict, shortage of land, and climate change all play a role.
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Tansey, Michael. « Of Chickens and Eggs : The Sponsor’s Dilemma ». Dans Intelligent Drug Development. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199974580.003.0014.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Q. Which comes first, the sites or the patients? A. The patients. Find the patients and the sites will follow. The main objective is to select only those sites that have definitively identified the required number of study-specific patients. To ensure that objective, whenever it is feasible, these patients should be lined up and ready to be enrolled before the sites are initiated. Screening is the means for identifying potential volunteers for a trial by assessing whether or not they satisfy the inclusion, exclusion, and other relevant criteria for a given study. Screening and identification can be carried out long before a study is scheduled to start. Recruitment is the formal process of getting agreement from patients that they will take part in a study and getting their informed consent. Patients who give informed consent can then be enrolled in the study. Some procedures to determine eligibility may need to be carried out immediately before enrollment, so the fact that a patient has been recruited does not automatically indicate that the patient will be enrolled. Enrollment is the process of entering a patient who has given consent into the study by carrying out whatever initial procedure is needed. The initial procedure may be randomization, a run-in phase, or dosing if the study is open label. . . .If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. . . . . . . —Bertrand Russell, philosopher. . . Everyone is aware of the uncertainty and inefficiency that characterize clinical research. It is therefore hard to explain why those few aspects that can be quantified with some degree of accuracy and certainty continue to be the very ones that are usually approached subjectively and irrationally. No two aspects illustrate this paradox more vividly (and no two aspects are more responsible for time delays, wasted money, and poor data) than poor clinical trial site selection and inadequate patient screening and identification before the study starts.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Start-up delay"
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Kurutepe, Engin, et Thomas Sikora. « Multi-view video streaming over P2P networks with low start-up delay ». Dans 2008 15th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icip.2008.4712448.
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Bar-Noy, Amotz, Justin Goshi et Richard E. Ladner. « Off-line and on-line guaranteed start-up delay for media-on-demand with stream merging ». Dans the fifteenth annual ACM symposium. New York, New York, USA : ACM Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/777412.777439.
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Cha, Hun, Yoo Seok Song, Kyu Jong Kim, Jung Rae Kim et Sung Min KIM. « Dynamic Simulation of a HRSG System for a Given Start-Up/Shut Down Curve ». Dans ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62468.
Texte intégralRésumé :
An inappropriate design of HRSG (Heat Recovery Steam Generator) may lead to mechanical problems including the fatigue failure caused by rapid load change such as operating trip, start-up or shut down. The performance of HRSG with dynamic analysis should be investigated in case of start-up or shutdown. In this study, dynamic analysis for the HRSG system was carried out by commercial software. The HRSG system was modeled with HP, IP, LP evaporator, duct burner, superheater, reheater and economizer. The main variables for the analysis were the temperature and mass flow rate from gas turbine and fuel flow rate of duct burner for given start-up (cold/warm/hot) and shutdown curve. The results showed that the exhaust gas condition of gas turbine and fuel flow rate of duct burner were main factors controlling the performance of HRSG such as flow rate and temperature of main steam from final superheater and pressure of HP drum. The time delay at the change of steam temperature between gas turbine exhaust gas and HP steam was within 2 minutes at any analysis cases.
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Wada, Keiji, et Katsuya Shingu. « Voltage Balancing Control for Series Connected MOSFETs Based on Time Delay Adjustment Under Start-Up and Steady-State Operations ». Dans 2018 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecce.2018.8557461.
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Shahbakhti, M., M. Ghafuri, A. R. Aslani, A. Sahraeian, S. A. Jazayeri et S. Azadi. « A Novel Method to Estimate Parameters of the Wall-Wetting Fuel Model in MPFI Engines for Cold Start and Warm Up Conditions ». Dans ASME 2004 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2004-0809.
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In order to fulfill the LEV/ULEV exhaust emission standards, it is necessary to have a precise control of air fuel ratio under transient conditions especially during cold start and warm up periods. The objective in this study was to estimate parameters of a fuel delivery model and use them to provide a correct fuel injection compensation strategy. In this study, fuel transfer characteristics of intake port of a typical fuel-injected spark ignition engine have been determined for engine warm-up conditions following cold starts at temperature down to −15°C and extending to fully-warmed-up conditions, using a method based upon perturbing fuel injection rate and recording AFR (Air Fuel Ratio) response. Since there was no cold chamber available to perform tests in cold start conditions, a new method was utilized to simulate cold start conditions. This method can be used on any PFI engine with closed valve injection strategy. Following the estimation of fuel transfer model parameters, the variation of fuel film deposit factor (X), fuel film evaporation time constant (τf) and transport delay to oxygen sensor (ΔT) parameters over a range of temperatures, engine speeds and intake manifold pressures have been evaluated, providing a good insight to define transient fuel compensation requirements for cold start and warm up conditions.
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Bermudez, Eric, Andrew McDaniel, Terrence Dickerson, Dianne Luning Prak, Len Hamilton et Jim Cowart. « Start-Up and Steady-State Performance of a New Renewable Hydroprocessed Depolymerized Cellulosic Diesel (HDCD) Fuel in Multiple Diesel Engines ». Dans ASME 2015 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2015-1083.
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A new Hydroprocessed Depolymerized Cellulosic Diesel (HDCD) fuel has been developed using a process which takes biomass feedstock (principally cellulosic wood) to produce a synthetic fuel that has nominally 1/2 cyclo-paraffins and 1/2 aromatic hydrocarbons in content. This HDCD fuel with a low cetane value (Derived Cetane Number from the Ignition Quality Tester, DCN = 27) was blended with naval distillate fuel (NATO symbol F-76) in various quantities and tested in order to determine how much HDCD could be blended before diesel engine operation became problematic. Blends of 20% HDCD (DCN = 45), 30%, 40% (DCN = 41) and 60% HDCD (DCN = 37) by volume were tested with conventional naval distillate fuel (DCN = 49). Engine start performance was evaluated with a conventional mechanically Direct Injected (DI) Yanmar engine and a Waukesha mechanical indirect injected (IDI) CFR diesel engine, and showed that engine start times increased steadily with increasing HDCD content. Longer start times with increasing HDCD content were the result of some engine cycles with poor combustion leading to a slower rate of engine acceleration towards rated speed. A repeating sequence of alternating cycles which combust followed by a non-combustion cycle were common during engine run-up. Additionally, steady state engine testing was also performed using both engines. HDCD has a significantly higher bulk modulus than F76 due to its very high aromatic content, and the engines showed earlier Start of Injection (SOI) timing with increasing HDCD content for equivalent operating conditions. Additionally, due to the lower DCN, the higher HDCD blends showed moderately longer Ignition Delay (IGD) with moderately shorter overall burn durations. Thus, the mid-combustion metric (CA50: 50% burn duration Crank Angle position) was only modestly affected with increasing HDCD content. Increasing HDCD content beyond 40% led to significantly longer start times.
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Herdlevaer, Johannes, et Gordon Hugh Black. « Onshore Test Method for a 3 Unit 60 MW Gas Turbine-Generator Power Module ». Dans ASME 1985 International Gas Turbine Conference and Exhibit. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/85-gt-72.
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There has been an increasing demand for onshore testing of equipment destined for offshore operation. The justification for this requirement can be summarized as follows: 1. High cost of offshore commissioning where even minor faults detected, constitutes potentially serious problems. 2. Consequenses of delay of platform start-up are enormous. 3. Skilled experienced personel and diagnostic equipment is available onshore, and rectification of new units will benefit from the existence of previous experience. 4. Spare and renewal parts availability. This paper describes the method for string testing of a 3 unit 60 mw utility gasturbine-generator power module built for the gullfaks A platform in the Norwegian sector of the north sea. It describes the test facility and test equipment set up and also the test program which was followed. At the time of writing the paper the test program was barely initiated, and for that reason the test results will be presented in the form of an addendum to this paper during the meeting.
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Suzuki, Mitsuhiro, Takeshi Takeda et Hideo Nakamura. « Performance of Core Exit Thermocouple for PWR Accident Management Action in Vessel Top Break LOCA Simulation Experiment at OECD/NEA ROSA Project ». Dans 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48754.
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Presented are experiment results of the Large Scale Test Facility (LSTF) conducted at the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) with a focus on core exit thermocouple (CET) performance to detect core overheat during a vessel top break loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) simulation experiment. The CET temperatures are used to start accident management (AM) action to quickly depressurize steam generator (SG) secondary sides in case of core temperature excursion. Test 6-1 is the first test of the OECD/NEA ROSA Project started in 2005, simulating withdraw of a control rod drive mechanism penetration nozzle at the vessel top head. The break size is equivalent to 1.9% cold leg break. The AM action was initiated when CET temperature rose up to 623K. There was no reflux water fallback onto the CETs during the core heat-up period. The core overheat, however, was detected with a time delay of about 230s. In addition, a large temperature discrepancy was observed between the CETs and the hottest core region. This paper clarifies the reasons of time delay and temperature discrepancy between the CETs and heated core during boil-off including three-dimensional steam flows in the core and core exit. The paper discusses applicability of the LSTF CET performance to pressurized water reactor (PWR) conditions and a possibility of alternative indicators for earlier AM action than in Test 6-1 is studied by using symptom-based plant parameters such as a reactor vessel water level detection.
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DiCanna, Debra. « Essential Preparations for compliance and contingency options ». Dans IMarEST Ballast Water Technology Conference. IMarEST, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/bwtc6.2017.001.
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Even though the Ballast Water Management Convention (BWMC) (referred to herewith as the Convention) has been ratified and a few ballast water management systems (BMWS) have received US Coast Guard (USCG) type approval, many shipowners and operators are reticent to begin the significant process of planning for compliance with ballast water discharge and performance standards. This delay is most probably due to the uncertainty in the implementation dates in the BWMC and limited options of USCG type approved BWMS. These delays may result in significant ramifications for shipowners if the process for compliance is not fully evaluated. This process includes selecting, designing installation, purchasing, start-up and commissioning of BWMS. Clarity on the implementation schedule should be determined at the 71st session of the Marine Environmental Protection Committee of the International Maritime Organization (IMO MEPC 71) and allow shipowners to plan for compliance. An important aspect of implementation is developing a strong compliance plan. A central part of compliance is identifying possible problems and contingency options that may alleviate any potential port State control issues. The paper will identify possible problems and contingency measures to ensure ship operations are not impacted. An important issue is that the BWMC does not include provisions for contingency measures. The paper will also outline needed contingency measures to be addressed by the IMO in any amendments to the BWMC.
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Jeong, Kwangwoo, Hoon Lee, Jaihyun Lee, Sanghoon Yoo, Byungho Lee et Sejun Kim. « Utilization of ADAS for Improving Idle Stop-and-Go Control ». Dans ASME 2018 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2018-8931.
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Idle Stop and Go (ISG), also known as Automatic Engine Stop/Start, has been widely implemented in production vehicles as one of the “Eco” functions that save fuel, and the application has been promoted to meet stringent fuel economy regulations throughout the world. However, the vibration and the hesitation caused by engine stop and restart often discourage the usage. Because a conventional ISG system usually restarts the engine when it sees the brake pedal release, the driver may perceive a delay in immediate vehicle launch. Furthermore, there are some driving conditions where engine on/off is undesirable or unnecessary. A quick stop-and-go situation such as making a complete stop at a stop sign is one of the conditions where ISG would be inappropriate, and in those cases, ISG may irritate the driver or even end up increasing fuel consumption with too frequent engine stop/start. In order to mitigate aforementioned issues, a utilization of Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) is proposed. With the surrounding traffic information obtained from the ADAS module, ISG control algorithm is able to determine when to turn on or off the engine prior to driver’s input. The applications demonstrated in this paper include the following usage examples: The ISG control logic monitors the movement of the vehicle in front and restarts the engine out of ISG mode before brake release, which eliminates the delay in the following vehicle launch. By employing traffic sign recognition and vehicle location info, the control logic is also able to inhibit engine off when the vehicle stops at stop signs which will avoid unwanted ISG activation. In this paper, the advanced ISG control logic is introduced, and the real-world vehicle test results are provided with the description of prototype vehicle configuration.