Thèses sur le sujet « Thalamus – Chez les animaux »
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Pitorre, Frank. « Effet de la lésion du thalamus dorso-médian sur l'apprentissage et la mémoire chez le rat ». Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUEL331.
Texte intégralPanzer, Élodie. « Étude de l’implication des projections préfrontales vers le thalamus ventro-médian dans la flexibilité cognitive spatiale chez le rat ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025STRAJ010.
Texte intégralMy thesis focuses on the role of prefrontal projections to the reuniens and rhomboid nuclei (ReRh) of the thalamus in cognitive flexibility, the ability to appropriately adapt one’s behavior in response to environmental changes. In a spatial context, this function is supported by a cortico-thalamo-hippocampal network linking the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), the ReRh, and the hippocampus. We induced a projection-specific lesion of the mPFC → ReRh pathway in rats using conditional caspase expression. After optimizing the protocol, we demonstrated a disruption of about 70% of the retrogradely labelled mPFC neurons projecting to ReRh. Behavioral analysis revealed that lesioned rats are still able to consolidate a spatial memory, but they lost the capacity to switch from an egocentric to an allocentric navigation strategy when task constraints required it, indicating a deficit in cognitive flexibility. These findings demonstrate that the mPFC-to-ReRh projection plays a major role in cognitive flexibility, challenging the view of the cortico-thalamo-hippocampal network as a closed-loop system
Guehl, Dominique. « Rôle du thalamus moteur dans la programmation des actes moteurs séquentiels. Approches électrophysiologique et pharmacologique chez le singe : implications physiopathologiques ». Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR28680.
Texte intégralCholvin, Thibault. « Rôle d'un circuit hippocampo-cortico-thalamique dans les processus de mémoire spatiale chez le rat ». Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ044/document.
Texte intégralThis thesis aimed to investigate the role of a circuit encompassing the hippocampus (Hip), the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the reuniens and rhomboid nuclei (ReRh) of the thalamus in cognitive processes underlying spatial memory in rats. We first showed that ReRh nuclei may be involved in systemic consolidation, a mechanism necessary for memory persistence and requiring hippocampal-cortical interactions. We confirmed these findings in a second study showing that mPFC neuronal activity during recall of a remote spatial memory depends on ReRh thalamic nuclei. We also showed the involvement of the ReRh nuclei in a mnemonic task requiring the use of both spatial information (dependent on the Hip) and behavioral flexibility (involving the mPFC). Finally, we found a role of the mPFC in the recall of recent spatial memory. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of a hippocampo-cortico-thalamic circuit in the processing and persistence of spatial information in the Rat
Ni, Zhong-Ge. « Étude de l'évolution des changements pathologiques de l'activité des neurones du noyau subthalamique et recherche des structures à l'origne de ces changements dans un modèle de la maladie de Parkinson chez le rat ». Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE19005.
Texte intégralAli, Mohamad. « Effet de l'enrichissement physique et social sur l'établissement d'un souvenir spatial à long terme après lésion des noyaux reuniens et rhomboïde du thalamus chez le rat ». Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ054/document.
Texte intégralRecent studies have shown the key role of the ventral midline thalamus (Reuniens and Rhomboid nuclei; ReRh) in spatial memory persistence in rats, which requires a hippocampo- prefrontal dialogue for consolidation at the systems-level. As enriched environment (EE) promotes the recovery of declarative-like memories after diencephalic (anterior thalamus) lesion, and enhances neuronal plasticity, we tested its impact on the effects of the ReRh lesion upon the consolidation/retrieval of a remote spatial memory in a Morris water maze (i.e. 25 post-acquisition days). For this purpose, we exposed rats for 40 days to an enriched environment beginning 2 weeks after fiber-sparing excitotoxic thalamic lesions. In addition, the expression of the immediate early gene, c-fos, was mapped by immunohistochemistry as a marker of functional activity in the dorsal hippocampus, the median prefrontal cortex (mPFC), the intralaminar thalamic nuclei and the amygdala. Enriched housing allows the recovery of spatial memory persistence capacities in ReRh rats, with additional beneficial effects on anxiety and habituation to a novel environment. Immunohistochemistry of the Fos protein showed a higher recruitment of the mPFC, concomitant with memory capacities recovery in enriched ReRh rats, while in standard ReRh rats, Fos expression in the mPFC was significantly decreased together with the alteration of memory performance. The lesion-induced amygdala hyperactivity in basal and memory conditions was significantly attenuated in the ReRh enriched group. We suggested that amygdala might be involved in the effect of ReRh lesion on memory persistence, and also in the functional recovery associated with the restoration of the mPFC activity during remote memory retrieval in enriched ReRh rats
Poulin, Anne-Marie. « Rôle du thalamus médian dorsal dans la régulation de l'axe hypophyso-cortico-surrénalien et le comportement alimentaire ». Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25474/25474.pdf.
Texte intégralPeter-Derex, Laure. « Les micro-éveils chez l'homme : étude par enregistrements intracérébraux ». Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10314/document.
Texte intégralWakefulness, non rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep are characterized by specific brain activities. However, recent experimental findings as well as various clinical conditions (parasomnia, sleep inertia) have revealed the presence of transitional states. Brief intrusions of wakefulness into sleep, namely arousals, appear as relevant phenomena to characterize how brain commutes from sleep to wakefulness. Using intra-cerebral recordings in 8 drug-resistant epileptic patients we analyzed electroencephalographic (EEG) activity during spontaneous or nociceptive-induced arousals in NREM and REM sleep. Wavelet spectral analyses were performed to compare EEG signals during arousals, sleep and wakefulness, simultaneously in the thalamus, and primary, associative or high order cortical areas. We observed that: 1) thalamic activity during arousals is stereotyped and its spectral composition corresponds to a state in-between wakefulness and sleep 2) patterns of cortical activity during arousals are heterogeneous, their manifold spectral composition being related to several factors such as sleep stages, cortical areas, arousal modality ("spontaneous" vs nociceptive-induced) and homeostasis; 3) spectral compositions of EEG signals during arousal and wakefulness differ from each other. Thus, stereotyped arousals at the thalamic level seem to be associated with different patterns of cortical arousals due to various regulation factors. These results suggest that human cortex does not shift from sleep to wake in an abrupt binary way. Arousals may be considered more as different states of the brain than as "short awakenings". This phenomenon may reflect the mechanisms involved in the compromise needed to be found between two main contradictory functional necessities, preserving the continuity of sleep and maintaining the possibility to react
Riban, Véronique. « Rôle du thalamus dorsomédian dans un circuit de contrôle des crises épileptiques : étude dans deux modèles de crises généralisées et de crises focales ». Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13167.
Texte intégralJamon, Marc. « L'orientation lointaine chez l'animal ». Aix-Marseille 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX22026.
Texte intégralNita, Dragos Alexandru. « Incessant transitions between active and silent states in cortico-thalamic circuits and altered neuronal excitability lead to epilepsy ». Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19753.
Texte intégralThe guiding line in our experiments was the hypothesis that the occurrence and / or the persistence of long-lasting fluctuations between silent and active states in the neocortical networks, together with a modified neuronal excitability are the key factors of epileptogenesis, leading to behavioral seizures. We addressed this hypothesis in two different experimental models. The chronic cortical deafferentation replicated the physiological deafferentation of the neocortex observed during slow-wave sleep (SWS). Under these conditions of decreased synaptic input and increased incidence of silent periods in the corticothalamic system the process of homeostatic plasticity up-regulated cortical cellular and network mechanisms and leaded to an increased excitability. Therefore, the deafferented cortex was able to oscillate between active and silent epochs for long periods of time and, furthermore, to develop highly synchronized activities, ranging from cellular hyperexcitability to focal epileptogenesis and generalized seizures. The kindling model was used in order to impose to the cortical network a synaptic drive superior to the one naturally occurring during the active states - wake or rapid eye movements (REM) sleep. Under these conditions a different plasticity mechanism occurring in the thalamo-cortical system imposed long-lasting oscillatory pattern between active and silent epochs, which we called outlasting activities. Independently of the mechanism of epileptogenesis seizures showed some analogous characteristics: alteration of the neuronal firing pattern with increased bursts probability, a constant tendency toward generalization, faster propagation and increased synchrony over the time, and modulation by the state of vigilance (overt during SWS and completely abolished during REM sleep). Silent, hyperpolarized, states of cortical neurons favor the induction of burst firing in response to depolarizing inputs, and the postsynaptic influence of a burst is much stronger as compared to a single spike. Furthermore, we brought evidences that a particular type of neocortical neurons - fast rhythmic bursting (FRB) class - is capable to consistently respond with bursts during the hyperpolarized phase of the slow oscillation, fact that may play a very important role in both normal brain processing and in epileptogenesis. Finally, we reported a third plastic mechanism in the cortical network following seizures - a decreasing amplitude of cortically evoked excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSP) following seizures - which may be one of the factors responsible for the behavioral deficits observed in patients with epilepsy. We conclude that incessant transitions between active and silent states in cortico-thalamic circuits induced either by disfacilitation (sleep), cortical deafferentation (4-Hz ictal episodes) and by kindling (outlasting activities) create favorable circumstances for epileptogenesis. The increase in burst-firing, which further induce abnormally strong postsynaptic excitation, shifts the balance of excitation and inhibition toward overexcitation leading to the onset of seizures.
Ribeiro, Gomes Ana Rita. « Réseaux corticaux chez le primate adulte et en développement ». Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1343.
Texte intégralThe retrograde tracing experiments in macaque cortex in this thesis had two related objectives. Firstly, injections in 40 cortical areas (from a 91-area atlas) allowed the construction of a hemisphere-wide consistent database of cortical connectivity. We examined which subcortical structures promote cortical communication via the formation of cortico-subcortical-cortical loops. The claustrum, which we argue has a tight affiliation with the cortex, showed uniquely strong outputs to every cortical area. Widely separated injection pairs led to overlapping labelled neurons in the claustrum including those pairs lacking direct cortico-cortical connections. Using graph theoretic tools, we examined how central the 40 areas and claustrum are in the cortical network, specifically with respect to hub status. This showed that the claustrum is, beyond doubt, the prime hub of the cortex. These findings emphasise the importance of studying the organizational principles of the cortex via the analysis of its network topology. Secondly, we investigated the development of the corticospinal pathway, a route over which the cortex directly influences the planning, execution and control of fine voluntary movements. We show that the adult pattern of corticospinal projections emerges via a developmental process from a widespread ipsi- and contralateral distribution. These findings suggest that the developmental refinement of cortical connectivity might be dynamically regulated and primate specific
GUISLAIN, HERAULT VERONIQUE. « Les tumeurs thalamiques dans la maladie de recklinghausen chez l'enfant ». Lille 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LIL2M171.
Texte intégralDanet, Lola. « Recollection et familiarité chez 12 patients présentant un infarctus thalamique gauche : étude comportementale, en imagerie structurale et fonctionnelle de repos ». Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30335/document.
Texte intégralRecognition memory allows determining whether a stimulus has been previously encountered based on either a rapid detection process (familiarity) or a longer retrieval of the context associated with the stimulus (recollection). Aggleton and Brown's model (1999) and Aggleton and colleagues (2011) postulated that recollection and familiarity are anatomically and functionally independent. They hypothesized that the anterior nucleus (AN) / mamillothalamic tract (MTT) complex of the thalamus would be critical for recollection due to its connections with the hippocampus. The Mediodorsal (MD) nucleus would support familiarity owing to its links with the perirhinal cortex. In this thesis we tested this independence hypothesis. The 12 subjects with a pure left thalamic infarction were included along with a healthy matched control group. Every subject underwent a neuropsychological assessment, three experimental verbal recognition memory tasks, a high-resolution structural volumetric MRI scan and resting state functional imaging. Recollection and familiarity estimations were derived from subjective reports or responses categorization. We specifically developed the methods used to automatically analyse the volume and localization of the lesions. Patients performed worse than controls on verbal memory and to a lesser extent on executive tasks (Study 1). Most of the lesions were located in the MD while no lesion of the AN was found. The seven patients exhibiting MTT damage had the lowest memory performance (Studies 1 and 2). Recollection was lower in patients than in controls in all the three tasks whereas familiarity was systematically normal. In addition we found a significant correlation between the recollection index and the DM damage, suggesting that DM is directly involved in recollection (Article 2). Finally the functional connectivity results showed a correlation between recollection and a pattern of thalamofrontal disconnection in the patients, helping to understand the DM-recollection relationship. Overall, the findings of the different studies mean that i\ AN damage is rare and is not necessary to cause an amnesia, ii\ MD damage is sufficient to cause a recollection impairment but not necessary to impair familiarity, iii\ MTT damage predicts the severity of the amnesia, iv\ the network linking functionally the MD with the prefrontal cortex seems to be involved in the subjective experience associated with recognition memory
Blaszczyk, Lucie. « Etude des cellules astrocytaires et microgliales thalamiques dans un modèle de douleur neuropathique chez le rat ». Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0081/document.
Texte intégralChronic pain is an incapacitating and long lasting pathology mainly characterized by threesymptoms: allodynia (a non painful stimulus is perceived as painful), hyperalgesia (a painfulstimulus is perceived as more painful) and ambulatory pains. When chronic pain is due to alesion or dysfunction of nervous system it is called neuropathic pain. In both patients and animalmodels of neuropathic pain, researchers found that thalamic neurons are hyperexcitable. Glialcells, astrocytes and microglia, are strong synaptic partners involved in synaptic transmissionand plasticity and therefore could be involved in this phenomenon. Indeed, these cells canmodify their phenotype when nervous system is damaged. They become reactive: theirmorphology is hypertrophied, mRNA and protein expression of iba-1 (ionized binding-adaptormolecule 1) and CD11b/c (cluster of differentiation 11b/c) for microglia and GFAP (glialfibrillary acidic protein) and S100β (S100 calcium binding protein β) for astrocytes is increased.They could also release pro-inflammatory molecules. All of these could contribute to generate oramplify the thalamic neuronal hyperexcitability.In my PhD work I studied thalamic astrocytes and microglia in a rat neuropathic pain model ofL5-L6 spinal nerves ligation (SNL). Mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia were characterizedwith von Frey filament test and ambulatory pain with dynamic weight bearing apparatus. mRNAexpression of glial markers were studied with qRT-PCR technique on thalamic punches andlaser-microdissected nuclei. Neurochemical expressions of iba-1, CD11b/c, cathepsin S, GFAPand S100β markers were quantified using an immunohistofluorescence approach to count thenumber of immunopositive cells and surface stained by these markers. All these experimentswere done at D14 and D28 after surgery.At D14, SNL animals develop mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia as well as ambulatory pain..For these animals, thalamic microglial cells showed signs of reactivity with the increase mRNAexpression of CTSS and CX3CR1, fractalkine receptor, well known markers involved in spinalneuronal hyperexcitability under neuropathic pain conditions. In addition, the number ofimmunopositive cells for the glial markers is decreased in SNL animals. At D28, the neuropathicpain symptoms are still present. Furthermore, thalamic microglial reactivity found at D14 withqRT-PCRm method is still present with the increased mRNA expression of fractalkine (CX3CL1),partner of CTSS/CX3CR1/CX3CL1 pathway. The decreased neurochemical expression of glialmarkers found at D14 was transient as I didn’t find this result at D28. However, thalamicastrocytic reactivity was found at D28 in SNL animals.So, this work reveal a new glial process at thalamic level in this SNL model of neuropathic pain :an early decreased expression of glial markers and then a later thalamic astrocytic reactivityconcomitant with signs of thalamic microglial reactivity. Numerous studies are required toexplore the role of such novel ambivalent glial alterations in the context of neuropathic pain
Quet, Étienne. « Noyaux réuniens et rhomboïde du thalamus et persistance d'un souvenir chez le rat ». Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ008/document.
Texte intégralNeuroanatomical and electrophysiological data place the thalamic Reuniens and Rhomboid nuclei as a key relay between the hippocampus (HP) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), two brain structures essential for memory. As such, the ReRh nuclei are thought to be involved in HP-mPFC interactions, supporting consolidation processes, and thus memory persistence. Using excitotoxic lesion, chemogenetic inactivation and cellular imaging approaches in various behavioral paradigms, we assessed the implication of the ReRh nuclei in memory processes, particularly consolidation. Our results show that the ReRh nuclei are necessary for offline consolidation of contextual fear memory in rats. A similar conclusion has been drawn from a previous study taxing spatial memory, another HP-dependent type of memory. Thus, the present data show that the necessity of the ventral midline thalamus to systems-level consolidation is not limited to a particular type of memory but could be more general
Tentchev, Diana. « Le virus des ailes déformées chez l'abeille domestique Apis mellifera L. Et chez son ectoparasite Varroa destructor ». Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20199.
Texte intégralFernandez, Laura. « Dynamiques corticales de l'éveil chez la souris : rôle des afférences thalamo-corticales ». Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10199.
Texte intégralThe activity in the brain during wakefulness has been typically described as rapid, low amplitude and desynchronized. However, recent data on rodents support evidence for a more complex panel of activities depending on the behaviour. For instance, it has been shown in mice a state change in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) from quiet to active wakefulness while the animal is scanning the environment with its whiskers. In the first study, we show that this state change in S1 is under thalamic control and to a smaller extent a regulation by the cholinergic system. In order to study the underlying mechanism of the state change, we have recorded in S1 and the thalamus, and we have activated (optogenetic tools) or inactivated (with pharmacology) the thalamus. In the second part of this thesis work, we asked if the state change related to the behaviour was restricted to S1, or if it was also observed in other areas. We have done multiple recordings in several areas, and we show that it is possible to observe a state change related to muscular activity in sensori-motor areas (in S1, but also secondary sensory S2, and primary motor M1 cortex), and in a much less prominent extent in other sensory modalities (primary auditive Au1 and primary visual V1 cortex), in parietal associative cortex (PtA) and in hippocampus (dCA1). Thus, the multiple recordings in the secondary study show heterogeneity of cortical activities during wakefulness according to the behaviour and the cortical area recorded
Khidir, Zakaria Fadoul. « Lexique des animaux chez les Beri du Tchad ». Universität Leipzig, 2001. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33599.
Texte intégralMasounave, Laure Bertagnoli Stéphane. « Les pestivirus chez les animaux sauvages étude bibliographique / ». [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/2076/1/debouch_2076.pdf.
Texte intégralDarras, Sébastien. « Formation des structures axiales chez les chordés ». Aix-Marseille 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX22015.
Texte intégralGréaux, Zin-Ka-Ieu Sophie. « Etude comparative de l'organisation synaptique des connexions thalamo-fronto-striées chez le rat intact et chez le rat porteur d'une greffe intracorticale ». Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2291.
Texte intégralLefebvre, François. « Stratégies de reproduction chez les crustacés isopodes terrestres ». Poitiers, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002POIT2271.
Texte intégralWe investigated various aspects, essentially behavioural ones, of the reproduction of terrestrial isopods by using Armadillidium vulgare and Porcellionides pruinosus as model species. A chemical analysis was carried out on cuticular compounds involved in the recognition of sexual partners. The competitive strategy of males seems to primarily occur through a scramble search for receptive females. During sexual interactions, females resist male sexual attempts, which can be interpreted as a possible mechanism of choice. We highlighted some of the phenotypic peculiarities of females (existence of a spermathecae, plasticity in the onset of reproduction) that allow them to adjust their reproductive investment as a function of male availability. In natural populations, there exists frequent paucity in males, which is directly related to the presence of feminising Wolbachia bacteria
Vakanas, Guillaume. « Les mécanismes de la coopération chez les Arthropodes sociaux : étude de la prédation chez une araignée sociale "Anelosimus eximius" ("Araneae,Theridiidae) ». Nancy 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NAN10025.
Texte intégralPredation in a social species of spider, Anelosimus eximius, is characterised by 3 steps: during the first spiders are recruited, thus it capture and finally transport the prey. The organisation observed during capture and transport is explained by a coordination of individual acts that results of an adjustment of their behaviours to the state of the prey and to its environment (stimergic process). This is confirmed by computer simulation. The regulation of the number of individuals participating in every stage of the predation is also explained by auto-organisation phenomena. It is the prey features (vibrations, weight and size) that regulate the individual involvement. The nutritional status of individuals is also involved in this regulation. Small spiders are more active than large one. Thus, cooperation during predation emerges from group living and doesn't require sophisticated communication mechanisms between individuals. It permits to understand better how the passage from solitary to social species has been realised without important modifications of individual behaviours
Qin, Yi. « The thalamocortcal symphony : how thalamus and cortex play together in schizophrenia and plastcity ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023STRAJ102.
Texte intégralThe work presented in this report consisted in studying using rodent models the functional and dysfunctional properties of the cortico-thalamo-cortical (CTC) circuit in order to understand certain aspects of the mechanisms underlying schizophrenia (Strasbourg) as well as the neuronal plasticity that depends on the visual experience (Amsterdam). Their possible links are discussed. In psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, sleep disturbances, abnormal behaviors, cognitive deficits, molecular and genetic abnormalities, and aberrant neural oscillations (or oscillopathies) are common. For example, electroencephalographic (EEG) oscillations (spindles and delta waves) during sleep are reduced. Neural oscillations are electro-biomarkers of connectivity state within highly distributed systems, which include corticothalamic (CT) and thalamocortical (TC) pathways. Oscillopathies can be recorded from the prodromal phase. Thanks to its oscillatory-type bioelectric properties, the thalamus plays a central role in the process and transfer of specific (sensory and motor) and contextual information during ascending and descending sensorimotor, cognitive and emotional processing (mutual functional connections between cortical and subcortical structures). Information processing and transfer are affected in the illness. Visual cortical plasticity is also impaired in schizophrenia. Much clinical and experimental evidence has accumulated over the years supporting both the involvement of the thalamus and glutamatergic (NMDA-type glutamate receptors) and GABAergic transmissions in psychiatric disorders and neuronal plasticity. Pharmacological and genetic models of NMDA receptor antagonism reproduce symptoms and oscillopathies recorded in psychiatric patients. A single systemic administration at a subanesthetic dose of ketamine, a noncompetitive NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist, transiently reproduces, in humans and rodents, oscillopathies with a clinical picture reminiscent of psychotic transition. Such an acute pharmacological model could aid the research and development of innovative treatments in patients with a high-risk mental state toward psychotic conversion
Livoreil, Barbara. « Etude comparée des modalités d'approvisionnement alimentaire chez trois espèces d'écureuils terrestres ». Paris 13, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA131011.
Texte intégralGauriau, Caroline. « Etude comparative des projections issues de la couche I de la moelle épinière chez le rat : mise en évidence d'un nouveau relais thalamique de la nociception, le PoT ». Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066134.
Texte intégralGueguen, Maëlle. « Dynamique intracérébrale de l'apprentissage par renforcement chez l'humain ». Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAS042/document.
Texte intégralWe make decisions every waking day of our life. Facing our options, we tend to pick the most likely to get our expected outcome. Taking into account our past experiences and their outcome is mandatory to identify the best option. This cognitive process is called reinforcement learning. To date, the underlying neural mechanisms are debated. Despite a consensus on the role of dopaminergic neurons in reward processing, several hypotheses on the neural bases of reinforcement learning coexist: either two distinct opposite systems covering cortical and subcortical areas, or a segregation of neurons within brain regions to process reward-based and punishment-avoidance learning.This PhD work aimed to identify the brain dynamics of human reinforcement learning. To unravel the neural mechanisms involved, we used intracerebral recordings in refractory epileptic patients during a probabilistic learning task. In the first study, we used a computational model to tackle the brain dynamics of reinforcement signal encoding, especially the encoding of reward and punishment prediction errors. Local field potentials exhibited the central role of high frequency gamma activity (50-150Hz) in these encodings. We report a role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in reward prediction error encoding while the anterior insula and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex encoded punishment prediction errors. In addition, the magnitude of the neural response in the insula predicted behavioral learning and trial-to-trial behavioral adaptations. These results are consistent with the existence of two distinct opposite cortical systems processing reward and punishments during reinforcement learning. In a second study, we recorded the neural activity of the anterior and dorsomedial nuclei of the thalamus during the same cognitive task. Local field potentials recordings highlighted the role of low frequency theta activity in punishment processing, supporting an implication of these nuclei during punishment-avoidance learning. In a third behavioral study, we investigated the influence of risk on reinforcement learning. We observed a risk-aversion during punishment-avoidance, affecting the performance, as well as a risk-seeking behavior during reward-seeking, revealed by an increased reaction time towards appetitive risky choices. Taken together, these results suggest we are risk-seeking when we have something to gain and risk-averse when we have something to lose, in contrast to the prediction of the prospect theory.Improving our common knowledge of the brain dynamics of human reinforcement learning could improve the understanding of cognitive deficits of neurological patients, but also the decision bias all human beings can exhibit
Beaulieu, Michael. « Réponses aux contraintes de reproduction chez le manchot Adélie ». Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6205.
Texte intégralLife-history theory predicts that an increased allocation of resources into current breeding will be followed by a lower adult survival or fecundity. Consequently, long-lived animals have to accurately regulate their effort in current reproduction to maximise their survival probability and lifetime breeding success. In addition, in biparental species, a conflict of interest may arise between mates, both being expected to minimise their breeding effort in current reproduction. We examined the trade-off between reproduction and maintenance in a long-lived and biparental species, the Adélie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae, subjected to two constraints (environmental and experimental) affecting food accessibility during the breeding season. Penguins responded to both constraints by adjusting their foraging behaviour: longer foraging trips, modified spatial distribution and diving parameters. These behavioural changes are likely to result from hormonal changes (prolactin). In addition, penguins facing a breeding constraint give priority to their maintenance by increasing their antioxidant capacity, expected to reduce the negative impacts of reproduction on the organism senescence (steady telomere size). However, when the constraint is too severe, these behavioural and physiological adjustments are insufficient and in that case, penguins exhibit decreased body condition, lower survival rate and fecundity the subsequent year. This may explain why, when only one mate is subjected to a breeding constraint, its partner does not increase its parental effort to compensate, presumably to avoid the potential long-term consequences of an additional investment. In Adélie penguins, parental flexibility appears limited and beyond a threshold of constraint, this flexibility remains insufficient to avoid the deleterious consequences of reproduction on their fitness
Cadusseau, Josette. « Proposition d'une nouvelle définition du noyau postérieur du thalamus chez le rat, d'après une étude hodologique ». Poitiers, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987POIT2025.
Texte intégralCadusseau, Josette. « Proposition d'une nouvelle définition du noyau postérieur du thalamus chez le rat, d'après une étude hodologique ». Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37603552q.
Texte intégralBouchard, Martel Joanie. « Caractérisation des cellules interstitielles des quatre différentes valves cardiaques chez le porc ». Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25315/25315.pdf.
Texte intégralMouroux, Mireille. « Mise en évidence chez le rat, des capacités de contrôle du noyau parafasciculaire du thalamus sur deux structures des ganglions de la base : le noyau subthalamique et le globus pallidus ». Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05P633.
Texte intégralSpahr, Annie. « Caractérisation des macrophages alvéolaires chez un modèle animal d'asthme allergique ». Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24369/24369.pdf.
Texte intégralLoyau, Adeline. « Sélection sexuelle et honnêteté des signaux chez le Paon bleu (Pavo cristatus) ». Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MNHN0064.
Texte intégralIn many species males exhibit varous conspicous secondary sexual traits thought to have evolved under sexual selection. These multiple traits may honestly signal male genetic quality. Prefering males able to express the most important signals, females may benefit from the genetic quality of their mates to transmit this genetic quality to their offspring. In turn, females are expected to invest more into reproduction when they are paired with more attractive males. We studied the mechanisms of sexual selection in a lekkig species, the Common peafowl, Pavo cristatus. We found that males display multiple signals. Indeed, male-male competition favored males with longer tarsis and longer trains and females preferred to mate with more ornamented males and males showing a high display rate. These males settled their territory where the probability to encounter females was the highest. The signals used by the femelles to choose a mate were honest signals of male health status and male immune capacities. When experiementally paired with attractive males, females invested more into reproduction. Overall, these results demonstrate that male multiple traits can have evolved because they were linked to “good genes” gathered by the females for their offspring
Montigny, Delphine. « Fonctions adaptatives immédiates et diofférées de la phéronone mammaire chez le lapereau ». Paris 13, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA132031.
Texte intégralNewborn rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) are dependent of maternal odour cues to localise the nipples and to suck. During a nursing episode, they display a typical behaviour under the mother’s abdomen constitutedby searching movements of the head usually followed by oral grasping movements. Such responses are in particular released by the mammary pheromone (MP) emitted by lactating females. They may also be induced bya novel odorant after it has been learned by association with the MP. In this context, three objectives have beenpursued in the present thesis: the assessment of the impact of the satiation and of the rabbit pup development on 1) the releasing activity of the MP, 2) the reinforcing impact of the MP on an initially neutral odorant; and 3) the evaluation of the long term impact of the releasing and reinforcing functions of the MP during the development of the young rabbit. 1) During the first postnatal days, the ability of the MP to trigger the orocephalic movements of the pups appears independent of the prandial state. Then, a progressive transition from an “automatic” response to the MP to a response regulated by post-ingestive or post-absorptive factors occurs. Indeed, the response to the MP remains very high along the 24-h cycle on d2, but on d5 the MP is highly active only right before the daily nursing. Moreover, an evolution in the morphology of the response to the MP appears between birth and weaning. 2) The potency of the MP to induce odour-learning is affected by the prandial state as soon as d0. Inaddition, this reinforcing function vanishes after d4, suggesting the presence of a sensitive period for the reinforcing activity of the MP. 3) The neonatal learning of a new odorant seems to impact the behaviour of young rabbits (around 30-day-old) tested for their social preferences, but not for their feeding ones. But this retention seems to require a stronger reinforcement (nursing) than that resulting from the exposure to the MP only. These results open perspectives for the study of the mechanisms engaged in the learning of the mammal newborn and of their consequences in the short as the long term, in particular through the action of pheromonal and of multi-sensory reinforcers dependent of the mother that contribute to the adaptation of the young
Sherdil, Ariana. « Stimulation, surveillance et algorithme de détection du noyau antérieur du thalamus dans le cadre d'un modèle d'épilepsie focale motrice chez le primate ». Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV046/document.
Texte intégralIt has been shown that the anterior nucleus of the thalamus (ANT) is involved in the mésio temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE); but its role has not been described yet. This implication, in addition to its strategic position within the Papez circuit makes it a prime target for the deep brain stimulation (DBS). Many studies have then been led for twenty years in humans and animals, using many stimulation paradigms, and several conclusions, sometimes conflicting resulted. In order to stimulate the ANT in an adequate manner to obtain an effect on seizures, it is crucial to understand how the ANT is involved during mTLE. A reliable and representative animal model of the human pathology is needed to answer these questions. In the first part of this work, an on demand model of mTLE in the non-human primate (NHP) has been characterized. It has been shown in five NHPs that a penicillin (PNC) injection in the hippocampus (HPC) led to the occurrence of typical seizures during 4 to 5 hours. The onset and disappearance kinetic of ictal events doesn’t vary between animals and experiments; in addition, the seizure frequency presents a stable plateau which could be useful to test new drugs or therapies. A hippocampic sclerosis supported by cellular adjustments has also been observed in the injected HPC). In a second part, we used this model of mTLE in order to identify the involvement type of the ANT (common passive relay or node within the primary epileptic circuit). To do so, we evaluated the effects of chemical and electrical neuromodulation of the ANT on the HPC ictal activity. We observed variation of the HPC baseline electric activity at a specific stimulation frequency of the ANT. Then we found out that this stimulation frequency led to a significate improvement of the number of seizures and of the total time spent in seizure. Then, we tried to identify using coherence analysis between activities recorded in the ANT and the HPC some electrophysiological biomarkers to prevent a good efficacy of the DBS. This approach could then lead to solutions which could offer a smarter and better suited stimulation to the patients
Sánchez, Maria Gabriela. « Neuromodulation estrogénique chez le singe ». Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23256.
Texte intégralLegagneux, Pierre Bretagnolle Vincent Groscolas René. « Compromis entre alimentation et risque de prédation chez les canards hivernants Une approche multi-échelles / ». Strasbourg : Université Louis Pasteur, 2008. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/841/01/LEGAGNEUX_Pierre_2007.pdf.
Texte intégralThèse en français avec des extraits de publication en anglais. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 80-97.
Bousquié, Lara. « Etude des processus cognitifs impliqués dans la différenciation des émotions chez l'agneau (Ovis aries) ». Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CLF21498.
Texte intégralSaleh-Mghir, Essam. « La reconnaissance coloniale chez l'abeille : Apis mellifica L ». Toulouse 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU30273.
Texte intégralPelé, Marie. « Etude comparative des facultés d’échange chez les primates non humains ». Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/PELE_Marie_2010.pdf.
Texte intégralAs in humans, reciprocal interactions are reported in animals such as primates. Some authors proposed that these interactions are based on calculated reciprocity, a mechanism by which individuals keep track of what has been given and returned and consider it for future exchanges. This work aimed at studying the conditions necessary for calculated reciprocity to occur 1. By testing whether primates understand the temporal cost associated with an exchange, 2. By studying the capacity of primates to take a risk during an exchange and 3. By searching whether primates are capable to engage with a conspecific in a calculated exchange under controlled conditions. In the 1st study, for a reward equivalent to 8 times an initial item, capuchins could wait for 10-20 s, macaques for 40-80 s and chimpanzees for 1-2 min. In the 2nd study, primates are capable to estimate gain and loss probabilities and to consider it when deciding to engage or not in an exchange. In the last study, two orang-utans were able to engage in a system of exchanges that was both stable and calculated. Only few begging gestures and gifts were observed in chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas; and individuals were not capable to reciprocate. In capuchins and macaques, no begging gesture nor gifts has been observed. Although spontaneous exchange is difficult in non-human primates, this work shows that they possess some abilities to evaluate the value of goods, to accept a loss and to delay gratification, which are among the required capacities underlying economics transactions as observed in human beings
Boyer, Stéphane. « Séléction de l'habitat chez les blattes introduites/endémiques(insectes:dictyoptères). Exemple de Mayotte et la Réunion ». Rennes 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN10106.
Texte intégralRousselle, Marjolaine. « Estimation et analyse du taux de substitution adaptatif chez les animaux ». Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG040/document.
Texte intégralUnderstanding the determinants of the adaptive substitution rate is a central question inmolecular evolution. In particular, the influence of the effective population size N e on positiveselection as well as the nature of amino acid changes that lead to adaptation are still debated. TheDFE-α method, which was derived from the seminal McDonald & Kreitman test, is a powerful toolfor estimating the adaptive substitution rate. However, it is sensitive to various sources of bias. Inthis thesis, we identified two major sources of bias of this test, long-term fluctuations of theselective-drift regime through demographic fluctuations, and GC-biased gene conversion (gBGC).Using simulations, we showed that under plausible scenarios of fluctuating demography, the DFE-αmethod can lead to a severe over-estimation of the adaptive substitution rate. We also showed thatpolymorphism data reflect a transient selective-drift regime which is unlikely to correspond to theaverage regime experienced by genes and genomes during the long-term divergence betweenspecies. This violates an important assumption of the DFE-α method. Our results also indicate thatgBGC leads to an over-estimation of the adaptive substitution rate in primates and birds. Using adataset of nine metazoan taxa for a total of 40 species, we started an analysis aiming at identifyingthe type of amino acid changes that are more prone to adaptation, and evaluated the link between N eand the adaptive substitution rate while accounting for the two sources of bias previously explored.We reveal for the first time a negative relationship between the adaptive substitution rate and life-history traits representative of long-term N e . This result is in contradiction with the widespreadhypothesis that adaptation is more efficient in large populations
Cransac, Nathalie. « Déterminismes de la ségrégation entre les sexes chez le Mouflon (Ovis gmelini) : rôle des caractéristiques de l'habitat ». Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30051.
Texte intégralParisot, Maelle. « Le statut social et le choix du partenaire chez le canari domestique commun (Serinus canaria) : indices comportementaux, hormonaux et vocaux ». Paris 13, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA132018.
Texte intégralKeller, Matthieu. « Processus d'acquisition et de consolidation impliqués dans la mémorisation des caractéristiques multisensorielles du jeune par la brebis : approches comportementale et neurobiologique ». Paris 13, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA132028.
Texte intégralTanné, Judith. « Anatomie fonctionnelle du contrôle visuo-moteur : afférences pariétales et connexions thalamiques et cortico-spinales du cortex moteur et prémoteur chez le singe ». Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO1T161.
Texte intégralLe, Vaillant Maryline. « Effet de l’âge et de l’expérience sur les stratégies de recherche alimentaire chez une espèce d’oiseau longévive : le manchot royal ». Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA6216.
Texte intégralLife history theory predicts that long-lived species should firstly favour their survival at young ages since their chances to engage in future reproductive attempts is high, and then progressively favour their reproduction when growing old. This theory has received much support from experimental and field data as reproductive success often increases with age until the individual reaches senescence. One explanation of age-dependent reproductive performance could be the improvement in foraging efficiency with age and acquisition of experience. We examined age and experience effects on foraging behaviour in a long-lived seabird, the king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus). We highlighted that, with increasing age and experience, king penguin in Crozet Archipelago conduct strategies that aim at reducing the foraging effort, such as diving optimization or age-specific choice of prey. The extra foraging effort of first breeders had an impact on their breeding success. Nevertheless, we found no differences in hunting efficiency according to age and/or experience. Our results suggest that foraging efficiency of breeders could be more linked to physiological processes, such as cellular ageing, than to age or experience
Meziane, Hamid. « Amnésies diencéphaliques expérimentales chez la souris. Implication de la cholecystokinine (CCK) thalamo-cingulaire dans les processus mnésiques : approche comportementale, pharmacologique et immunohistochimique ». Aix-Marseille 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX11045.
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