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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Totalitarianism »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 4 juin 2021

Mis à jour le 21 décembre 2024

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Totalitarianism"

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DUONG, KEVIN. « “DOES DEMOCRACY END IN TERROR?” TRANSFORMATIONS OF ANTITOTALITARIANISM IN POSTWAR FRANCE ». Modern Intellectual History 14, n^o 2 (15 juin 2015) : 537–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244315000207.

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Does democracy end in terror? This essay examines how this question acquired urgency in postwar French political thought by evaluating the critique of totalitarianism after the 1970s, its antecedents, and the shifting conceptual idioms that connected them. It argues that beginning in the 1970s, the critique of totalitarianism was reorganized around notions of “the political” and “the social” to bring into view totalitarianism's democratic provenance. This conceptual mutation displaced earlier denunciations of the bureaucratic nature of totalitarianism by foregrounding anxieties over its voluntarist, democratic sources. Moreover, it projected totalitarianism's origins back to the Jacobin discourse of political will to implicate its postwar inheritors like French communism and May 1968. In so doing, antitotalitarian thinkers stoked a reassessment of liberalism and a reassertion of “the social” as a barrier against excessive democratic voluntarism, the latter embodied no longer by Bolshevism but by a totalitarian Jacobin political tradition haunting modern French history.

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Roth, Zoë. « How to Survive Totalitarianism : Lessons from Hannah Arendt ». New Literary History 54, n^o 2 (mars 2023) : 1059–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nlh.2023.a907159.

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Abstract: In the wake of the Trump election, Hannah Arendt's Origins of Totalitarianism garnered renewed attention. In it, she argues that totalitarian ideology "is severed from the world individuals perceive through the five senses "and insists on a 'truer' reality concealed behind all perceptible things." By changing what appears true, totalitarian regimes can produce new, upside-down realities built on "alternative facts." The question of perception, appearance, and the senses points to the important role that aesthetics—or what pertains to sense perception—play in Arendt's theorization of totalitarianism. However, scholarly attention to aesthetic concepts in her thinking, including work/fabrication, common sense, and performance, mostly concentrates on later works that largely eschew the concrete political context of totalitarianism, fascism, and the concentration camp. This article argues that Arendt's analysis of totalitarianism provides a crucible for her development of aesthetic concepts and methods. Through drawing out the structure of totalitarianism's perceptual regime, it demonstrates that totalitarianism produces a form of anaesthesia. It destroys the concrete texture of reality and replaces it with hollowed out, atomized, and spectral traces of phenomenal experience. In turn, the article shows that situating Arendt's aesthetic thinking on fabrication and common sense in relation to totalitarianism reveals how aesthetic objects and criticism can challenge political forces' assault on reality.

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Brooks, Jeffrey. « Totalitarianism Revisited ». Review of Politics 68, n^o 2 (mai 2006) : 318–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670506000088.

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“Totalitarianism” is a powerful word rich in historical associations and rebounding in current political usage. The four books under review reflect both the term's range of usage and the enduring fascination with the phenomena it described. Totalitarianism's initial terminological siblings, “nazism” and “communism,” are applied chiefly to the original historical subjects that generated them. A close political cousin, “fascism,” long ago escaped its close ideological family and is applied to everything from brutal police to road hogs. In contrast, “totalitarianism,” formerly confined to a narrow political as opposed to a cultural context, is suddenly in play. In recent issues of the New York Times, David Brooks excoriates Iraqi proponents of “totalitarian theocracy” (5/16/2004); President Bush deplores the terrorists’ “totalitarian ideology” (5/29/05), and Condoleezza Rice abhors Iran as a “totalitarian state” (5/29/2005). A Central Asian despot is characterized as a “fragile totalitarian” in a feature by David E. Sangler (5/29/2005), and the group of army officers (the Military Council for Justice and Democracy) that overthrew President Maouya Sidi Ahmed Taya in Mauritania in August 2005 defend their decision “to put an end to the totalitarian practices of the deposed regime.” Totalitarianism is back, but what does it mean?

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Lin, Xiying. « Will Totalitarian Movement Rise Again in the Future ? » Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 8, n^o 1 (14 septembre 2023) : 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/8/20230022.

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This paper aims to discuss the elements, technology, and entertainment that totalitarians may utilize in the future. Technology is an essential method of controlling the populace. Nowadays, more advanced technology like street cameras, smart home devices, and even smartphones can be convenient ways to monitor one's private life, which can help dictators reach total control and manipulate the populace. Despite this Orwellian vision of totalitarianism, other ideas of totalitarianism offered by Aldous Huxley in Brave New World may also be realized in the future because of the emergence of television entertainment.

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Crockatt, Richard. « Totalitarianism ». International Affairs 72, n^o 3 (juillet 1996) : 556–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2625560.

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Vidojevic, Zoran. « Liberal totalitarianism ». Socioloski pregled 33, n^o 1-2 (1999) : 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/socpreg9901105v.

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Vazquez-Arroyo, A. Y. « Inverted Totalitarianism ». Telos 2011, n^o 156 (1 septembre 2011) : 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3817/0911156167.

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Voorhees, James, et Rosemary H. T. O'Kane. « Totalitarianism Revivicus ? » Mershon International Studies Review 41, n^o 2 (novembre 1997) : 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/222678.

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Rabinbach, Anson. « Totalitarianism Revisited ». Dissent 53, n^o 3 (2006) : 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dss.2006.0043.

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Dietrich, Donald J. « Totalitarianism : Introduction ». Church History 70, n^o 2 (juin 2001) : 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640700094683.

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Our understanding of the types and meaningful levels of resistance to Hitler's rule has broadened as more complex and reflective studies have unremittingly exposed the political, social, and cultural dynamics supporting the Holocaust and its significance for our culture. Analyses of how and why the Holocaust erupted in Nazi-controlled Europe have elicited studies on the tools and methods of terror in the Third Reich. The works of both Eric Johnson and Robert Gellately, for example, have helped crystallize our understanding of the phenomenon that individual Germans living out their hopes, fears, and, frequently, petty jealousies made operant the ideological and physical terror that empowered the Nazi oppression. The Gestapo and courts, of course, formally carried out the brutalization of society, but they were assisted by countless Germans in fulfilling the Nazi agenda.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Totalitarianism"

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Leonard, David Anthony. « From totalitarianism to democracy : policing Czechoslovakia's transition ». Thesis, University of Hull, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342873.

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Jones, Raymond W. « Utopia : work of art or totalitarianism schematic ? / ». Electronic version (PDF), 2005. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2005/jonesr/raymondjones.doc.

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Tormey, S. F. « Presuppositions of theories of totalitarianism : a critical examination ». Thesis, Swansea University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.639254.

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The theory of totalitarianism has been attacked consistently and virulently since its inception. Many commentators have commented on its lack of appreciation for the differences between the regimes of Hitler and Stalin, i.e. those regimes to which it has most often been applied. Other commentators have questioned the analytical basis of the theory, arguing that the form of domination it describes is one that would be impossible to realize in practice. Building on these criticisms, the question addressed in this thesis is how theorists from a variety of intellectual positions arrive at their understanding of totalitarianism. What is it, in other words, that gives rise to a form of description whose sense, let alone whose historical accuracy appears to be in question? In chapters on some of the best known theorists of totalitarianism - Carl J. Friedrich, Leonard Schapiro, Hannah Arendt, Herbert Marcuse and Agnes Heller - I show that the origins of the problems evident in discussion of these systems are to be found in the philosophical and theoretical presuppositions of the theorists concerned. It is argued that the reason why accounts of totalitarian systems are deficient is because these presuppositions are allowed to determine the manner in which such systems are described. Instead of describing what can be observed, the attempt to convey the fate of the individual subject within such regimes leads them to employ moral and ethical notions about rational behaviour and 'the good life' in order to substantiate their understanding of totalitarianism. This, it is argued, is the source of the difficulty with theories of totalitarianism. They are less the product of reasoned reflection on the character of such systems than of the application of implicitly moral assumptions about how people should behave and about how societies should be organized.

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Lazda, Mara Irene. « Gender and totalitarianism Soviet and Nazi occupations of Latvia, 1940--1945 / ». [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3167800.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of History, 2005.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 66-04, Section: A, page: 1467. Adviser: Toivo U. Raun. "Title from dissertation home page (viewed Nov. 9, 2006)."

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Anderson, Rachel Jane. « Lieder, totalitarianism, and the Bund deutscher Mädel : girls' political coercion through song ». Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29493.

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The Bund deutscher Madel (BdM), a Nazi youth organization for girls, was sponsored, organized, and promoted by Adolf Hitler's National Socialist Party. The BdM instilled values and beliefs of National Socialism in German girls, and encouraged attitudes and behavior in them that harmonized with Party views on womanhood. Political indoctrination for girls often came through music---especially song. Musical repertoire of the BdM strongly interconnects with the organization's development, internal structure and political philosophies.
My thesis analyses the relations between music, the BdM, National Socialism, and gender. Historical perspectives are documented to clarify the function and intention of the BdM, including its politics and philosophy, its activities designed to foster 'natural' gender roles, and its emerging supremacy over other right-wing youth movements in Nazi Germany. My thesis then examines conceptions of 'natural' gender roles for girls and women in Nazi society and how these role expectations are covertly and overtly embedded in the official music book of the BdM, entitled Wir Madel singen! To illustrate this relationship between music, politics, and gender expectations, ten songs from Wir Madel singen! are analyzed in detail.

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Wolmarans, Frederik Gerhardus. « Political leadership in Germany between 1921 and 1945 linking charisma and totalitarianism / ». Pretoria : [S.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02272006-162616.

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Allen, Roger William. « The thought of Wilhelm FurtwaÌˆngler : a study of the politics of the unpolitical ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312621.

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Shideler, David Kyle. « An Orwellian model of the totalitarian mind ». Thesis, Boston University, 2004. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/27767.

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Boston University. University Professors Program Senior theses.
PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
2031-01-02

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DeVito, Jeremy E. « The horror of "happily ever after", power, totalitarianism and the fairy tale ideal ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ62342.pdf.

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Szafraniec, Jaroslaw. « From totalitarianism to democracy the case of Poland, controversies and heritage of communism ». Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA483565.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Europe, Eurasia))--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2008.
Thesis Advisor(s): Abenheim, Donald ; Moran, Daniel. "June 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on September 2, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-75). Also available in print.

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Livres sur le sujet "Totalitarianism"

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Filimowicz, Michael. Digital Totalitarianism. London : Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003173304.

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Geyer, Michael, et Sheila Fitzpatrick, dir. Beyond Totalitarianism. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511802652.

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Luisa, Passerini, dir. Memory & totalitarianism. New Brunswick : Transaction Publishers, 2005.

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Hannah, Arendt. Totalitarianism : Part three of : The origins of totalitarianism. New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985.

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Hannah, Arendt. Totalitarianism : Part three of The origins of totalitarianism. San Diego, California : Harcourt Brace & Co., 1994.

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Shorten, Richard. Modernism and Totalitarianism. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137284372.

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Haworth, Alan. Totalitarianism and Philosophy. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, 2020. | Series : Routledge Focus on Philosophy : Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367438265.

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Johnson, Bruce, dir. Jazz and Totalitarianism. New York, NY ; Abingdon, Oxon : Routledge, 2016. | : Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315713915.

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Desmet, Mattias. Psychology of Totalitarianism. 3^e éd. USA : Chelsea Green Publishing, 2022.

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Luisa, Passerini, dir. Memory and totalitarianism. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1992.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Totalitarianism"

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Kline, Trevor, et Francis Grice. « Totalitarianism ». Dans The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies, 1–7. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_299-1.

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Clarke, Ben. « Totalitarianism ». Dans Orwell in Context, 147–65. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230591127_6.

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Kamenka, Eugene. « Totalitarianism ». Dans A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy, 821–29. Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781405177245.ch52.

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Isaac, Joel. « Totalitarianism ». Dans Psychoanalysis in the Age of Totalitarianism, 20–26. New York : Routledge, 2016. : Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315760773-2.

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Lerner, Laurence. « Totalitarianism ». Dans Telling Stories, 284–95. Amsterdam : B.R. Grüner Publishing Company, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/zg.141.19ler.

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Kline, Trevor, et Francis Grice. « Totalitarianism ». Dans The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies, 1471–77. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74319-6_299.

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Gray, Phillip W. « Introduction ». Dans Totalitarianism, 1–23. New York : Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003254232-1.

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Gray, Phillip W. « Totalitarianism in History ». Dans Totalitarianism, 116–43. New York : Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003254232-5.

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Gray, Phillip W. « The Future of Totalitarianism ». Dans Totalitarianism, 144–62. New York : Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003254232-6.

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Gray, Phillip W. « Regime ». Dans Totalitarianism, 81–115. New York : Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003254232-4.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Totalitarianism"

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Bernstein, Mark. « The Web At War : Hypertext, Social Media, and Totalitarianism ». Dans HT '22 : 33rd ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media. New York, NY, USA : ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3511095.3536365.

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Schutz, Aaron. « Social "Habits" Versus Institutional Structures : John Dewey, Hannah Arendt, and Totalitarianism ». Dans 2019 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC : AERA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1428875.

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Sokolova, Nina. « FROM TOTALITARIANISM TO THE CONSUMER SOCIETY : HAS ONE-DIMENSIONAL POLICY COME TO AN END ? » Dans 4th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts SGEM2017. Stef92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2017/hb21/s06.032.

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Lee, Dr Joori. « Collecting Voices : Literary and Political Engagement in Svetlana Alexievich ». Dans 5th World Conference on Arts, Humanities, Social Sciences and Education, 79. Eurasia Conferences, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62422/978-81-968539-1-4-046.

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Svetlana Alexievich, a Belarusian writer and political activist, spent most of her life in the Soviet Union and present-day Belarus, with prolonged periods of exile in the US and Germany. Opposing war and totalitarianism, Alexievich wrote about Soviet and post-Soviet individuals who suffered WWII, the Soviet-Afghan War, and the Chernobyl disaster in 1986.As a writer, she developed a prominent literary genre, “documentary literature,” which offers artistic renderings of real events. Cultivating this new form of literature, Alexievich recorded the recollections of real people and published polyphonic works presenting choruses of voices describing specific historical events. Engaging the voices of people, whose stories have no written records in official documents and are unknown to international societies, Alexievich sought to promote human rights and enable global readers to see the disastrous effects of war and totalitarianism reinforced from Stalin’s time. Recognizing that Alexievich’s polyphonic writings have advantages in advancing human rights, this study tries to solve questions regarding the issue of voice and representation. Why did Alexievich valorize voices exclusively rather than incorporate visual materials, such as photos, into her documentary narratives? How are the voices displayed in her testimonial writings, and what sources influenced her representation of these voices? Illuminating these questions, my presentation articulates the singular qualities of her polyphonic narratives, and unfolds multilayered implications surrounding her composition of the type of novels.

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Plamadeala, Ion. « The Cancel Culture in Western Academic Life ». Dans Conferinta stiintifica nationala "Lecturi în memoriam acad. Silviu Berejan", Ediția 6. “Bogdan Petriceicu-Hasdeu” Institute of Romanian Philology, Republic of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52505/lecturi.2023.06.14.

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The article deals with the phenomenon of “cancel culture” which is gaining momentum in academic life and scientific research in Western universities, questioning its manifestations and consequences in terms of epistemology, freedom of expression and academic freedom. These are described and critically evaluated as an unprecedented form of intellectual and political totalitarianism exercised by militants of the reactionary „woke” ideology, by reactivating similar practices from the Soviet regime and the Chinese cultural revolution. The disastrous consequences of this phenomenon on members of the academic community and academic culture in general, which is undergoing a serious epistemic crisis, are revealed.

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Mihet, Marius. « Subversive Freedoms in Stalinist Bucharest ». Dans Conferință științifică internațională "Filologia modernă : realizări şi perspective în context european". “Bogdan Petriceicu-Hasdeu” Institute of Romanian Philology, Republic of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52505/filomod.2022.16.31.

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What were the chances of a poor provincial in the apocalyptic Bucharest of war and the first Stalinist years? Assuming that he would not have died in the war, and by some miracle, the young man would have had the chance to connect to the culture of the moment. Let′s follow the young writer Constantin Țoiu with an invisible camera, and let′s watch his destiny with the door ajar, while entering the atmosphere of utopian freedom of the first communist years. With degrees in philology and philosophy, he wants more than melting into the underground cultural world of Bucharest, which has gone through war and, recently, totalitarianism. The last utopia – that of freedom – was more attractive than anything.

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Belalia, Zohra. « The media and educating the masses ». Dans IV. International Congress of Humanities and Educational Research. Rimar Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/ijhercongress4-3.

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The media and communication have a great impact in shaping and directing opinions towards certain goals, as well as affecting the pattern of tastes and behaviour of individuals and groups. Studies indicate that the media took the place of the classic cultural and social upbringing institutions, such as the family, the school, the religious institution, the group of comrades, and others. This development - at the same time - created negative complications such as stereotyped awareness and taste and the disruption of social and human ties, not to mention the melting of local cultures in the crucible of fabricated global culture, which led to the emergence of new, renewed human values whose nerves are marketing, consumerism and the beating heart of totalitarianism and cosmopolitanism

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ROSELL, Sergi. « ON THE GOOD LIFE IN THE FACE OF THE TOTALITARIAN THREAT ». Dans Proceedings of The Third International Scientific Conference “Happiness and Contemporary Society”. SPOLOM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31108/7.2022.37.

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Aiming at deepening in our understanding of the fundamental (Socratic) question “how should one live?”, in this paper I present and discuss a distinction among Morality, Happiness and Meaning as the three fundamental dimensions of a Good Life. I specify the notion of meaningfulness here at stake and comment on Susan Wolf’s (2010, 2016) account of this threefold distinction, discussing the central role she gives to reasons of love in the differenciation of meaning. Next, I present what I call the Argument from Kinds of Satisfaction, and raise some important – and open– questions about the articulation of these three dimensions. The last part of the paper is devoted to consider how socio-political conditions affect the prospects of a good life; particularly, how the threat of authoritarianism and totalitarianism specifically affect the three dimensions of a good life. Keywords: Morality, Happiness, Meaning in Life, Passions, Ground Projects, Authoritarianism

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Vučinić, Dejan. « ZNAČAJ INSTITUCIJE OMBUDSMANA U ZAŠTITI LjUDSKIH PRAVA U REPUBLICI SRBIJI – SA POSEBNIM OSVRTOM NA LOKALNOG OMBUDSMANA ». Dans XVIII Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xviiimajsko.743v.

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The protection of human rights in democratic societies has long been recognized as one of the basic principles on which orderly states and states characterized by the rule of law are based. However, today more than ever we see the potential of global social movements (especially current ones) produced by various factors (pandemics, crises, wars ...) to turn states in the direction of totalitarianism, which increasingly restrict and often endanger human freedoms and rights. In that sense, the strengthened control of the administration and the protection and guarantee of human rights through the institution of the ombudsman or similar institutions, has proven to be successful so far, to a sufficient extent that this institution has a significant number of states today. Accessibility to citizens, the duration of the procedure and, ultimately, the authority of the institution that imposes itself when it comes to acting on ombudsman decisions, are just some of the reasons why more and more citizens seek protection of their rights and legality in the procedure before the ombudsman. ordinary court proceedings. The paper will analyze the legal nature of the ombudsman institution, the issue of its powers and attitudes towards public administration entities, as well as the issue of the local ombudsman, ie the results of his work, especially having in mind the legal "possibility", not the obligation to establish a local ombudsman. local governments - cities and municipalities.

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خزعل جبر, لؤي. « Social Psychological Dynamics of the Saddamist and ISIS genocides in Iraq ». Dans Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/11.

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Genocide is an attempt to wipe out an entire group of human beings, either directly by killing them, or indirectly by creating conditions favorable to their death, for disciplinary purposes aimed at punishing, blaming and retaliating against the victim, routine institutionalization in the context of war, utilitarianism aimed at achieving a specific gain, A monopoly aimed at identifying the dominant in power, and an ideology aimed at creating an optimal society and erasing all that is impure. The scientific study of genocide in a calm cognitive way is a humanitarian and historical necessity, because the horrific and tragic outcomes of this phenomenon threaten the depth of human existence and human values. It is a complex phenomenon that can be approached from multiple sides, philosophical, political, sociological, economic, historical and psychological, each of these approaches has a great value in understanding the phenomenon, but the psychological and social dimensions are at the core of these approaches. In a previous study by the researcher on the Iraqi historical memory (Ghabr, 2014), the strength of the presence of the genocides - Saddamism and terrorism - was found among the most important events in contemporary Iraqi history in the Iraqi historical memory, and it fell within the first factor (suffering) in the content of that memory, the factor that Intertwined with a complex web of relationships with political cultures and social movements. Therefore, the current study will work on clarifying the psychosocial dynamics of genocide through a comprehensive review of the specialized literature, and employing those insights in understanding the genocide in the Iraqi context, as the Iraqi context witnessed multiple and horrific genocide campaigns, in the time of totalitarianism and Daaeshism, and such an approach constitutes an existential necessity in Iraq.

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