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Thèses sur le sujet « Trade Measures »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 9 mars 2023

Mis à jour le 31 juillet 2025

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1

Huang, Yangyang. "Trade remedy measures in the WTO and regional trade agreements." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7784.

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Trade remedy measures (TRMs) in international economic law refer to antidumping measures, countervailing duties and safeguard measures. They are designed to respond to unfair trade practices or to compensate the negative impact on domestic industries resulting from tariff concessions made under the trade liberalization arrangements. Due to the importance of these instruments, the rules on TRMs are strengthened in the WTO legal framework and established on non-discriminatory basis towards all WTO Members. However, with the proliferation of regional trade agreements (RTA) in recent decades, it w

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Salembier, Gerry (Gerald Edward) Carleton University Dissertation International Affairs. "Safeguard measures and the international trade system." Ottawa, 1989.

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3

Pearson, Lee Michael. "Analysis of risk mitigation measures in agricultural trade." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/34345.

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International trade has brought tremendous choice to consumers and expanded markets for producers. Cross-border exchange also brings import risks such as food contaminants and invasive species. Balancing legitimate concerns to protect health and the environment with avoiding protectionist use of risk-based measures is highly important to the integrity of the multilateral trading system. This research studies three aspects of the relation between domestic regulations and international trade. Firstly, this thesis provides evidence addressing an ongoing international policy debate. This thesis is

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Herghelegiu, Cristina. "Essays on international trade and non-tariff measures." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E021.

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Cette thèse analyse les mesures non-tarifaires et les barrières au commerce et leurs liens avec les échanges internationaux. Dans le chapitre 1, j’étudie les objectifs derrière l’implémentation des mesures non-tarifaires sur différents produits dans plusieurs pays en développement. Au-delà des objectifs légitimes, plusieurs mesures répondent à des objectifs économiques et politiques. Le chapitre 2 propose une analyse théorique et empirique du rôle des normes de qualité sur les entreprises hétérogènes et la qualité moyenne des produits exportés. Conjointement avec Anne-Célia Disdier et Carl Gai

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5

Wei, De Cai. "Trade related environmental measures of European Union : a new kind of trade barriers?" Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637069.

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Nakakeeto, Gertrude. "The Impact of Technical Measures on Agricultural Trade: A Case of Uganda, Senegal, and Mali."Improving Food Security through Agricultural Trade"." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34887.

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This thesis estimates the impact of non-tariff measures (NTMs) notified by the importing countries on agricultural trade. The non-tariff measures constitute the technical measures notified under the SPS and TBT agreements and the non-technical measures to trade. Two approaches are used; the inventory approach and the econometric approach which makes use of the gravity model. The inventory results suggest that African countries face more restrictions on their exports than what they impose on their imports. Also, Uganda, Senegal and Mali are among the top twenty most affected importers. The emp

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AGUIAR, ALEXANDRE STREET DE. "CERTAINTY EQUIVALENT AND RISK MEASURES IN ELECTRICAL ENERGY TRADE DECISIONS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2008. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=11477@1.

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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO<br>Em problemas de decisão sob incerteza que dependam da preferência entre fluxos multi-período, como é o caso dos problemas de comercialização de contratos de energia elétrica no Brasil, o agente deve saber expressar sua preferência por diferentes distribuições em cada período e, além disso, deve também especificar uma preferência entre períodos. Classicamente a abordagem utilizada é definir um funcional de preferência de von Neumann e Morgenstern separável entre os períodos, composto pela soma da esperança de utilidades qu

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8

Wang'ombe, Wangari. "An empirical investigation of measures to enhance intra-Africa trade." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12448.

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Trade is largely considered a driving force of economic growth and development of nations. To this end, there is vast and far-reaching research on the subject, especially on matters international. However, research on intra-African trade is lacking in comparison to research on trade amongst the rest of the world, not just developed, but also developing countries alike. That aside there are numerous efforts put in place to enhance and encourage trade within and without the continent. The research presented in this thesis aims to investigate and address three key issues specific to intra-Africa

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9

Zhang, Jian. "The impact of trade related investment measures in developing countries." Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=765888031&SrchMode=1&sid=6&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1209144977&clientId=23440.

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Kalaba, Mmatlou W. "The impact of non-tariff measures on SADC agricultural trade." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/43366.

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Fifteen countries which are members of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) have embarked on a regional integration initiative. In 1996, a trade protocol that aimed to increase trade among members by removing trade barriers was signed. In the year 2000, this protocol was implemented, leading to a Free Trade Area (FTA) in 2008. More than 85 % of SADC trade was free of customs duties from 2008 onwards. However, while custom tariffs were reduced, the share of SADC trade did not show any improvement over the tenyear period after implementing the trade protocol. Accordingly, the

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Shanmugam, Sugumari. "The effect of trade related environmental measures on the forest sector and timber trade of Peninsular Malaysia." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/31155/.

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Global concern on illegal logging has led to the imposition of binding trade related environmental measures on trade of timber and timber products by developed countries like the US, EU and Australia. This dissertation examines the effect of the binding measures on Peninsular Malaysia’s forest sector and timber trade. Putnam’s two-level game theory is applied, to demonstrate the interdependence of politics at the international level with the domestic level. There is a need to have a “win-set” between the international and domestic levels whereby an agreement reached by stakeholders at Level II

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12

Karov, Vuko. "Trade Barriers or Trade Catalysts? The Effects of Phytosanitary Measures on U.S. Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Imports." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76936.

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U.S. imports of fresh fruits and vegetables have increased sharply since the late 1980's. With increased imports come increased concerns that pests and diseases may infest shipments of fresh agricultural products. To address this concern, USDA's APHIS implements phytosanitary measures that mitigate pest and disease risks. These regulations vary from documentation requirements, inspection, or requiring that shipments receive a phytosanitary treatment. A growing body of literature attempts to assess the generic trade flow effects of SPS measures. Still, little evidence is available to shed light

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Kidane, Frewyeni. "Does Free Trade Advance Economic Growth?" Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6393.

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<p>I have conducted a survey of journal articles that have examined the relationship between free trade and economic growth. In particular, I have carefully selected six empirical studies that were published over a ten-year period and critically reviewed, and evaluated these studies in depth. I have also extensively presented and discussed the issues as well as the controversies that are related to the various measures of openness. In a number of the trade-growth empirical studies researchers have made major attempt to identify the relationship between free trade and economic growth. Most of t

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Ning, Xin. "Three Essays on Agricultural Trade Policy." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/95885.

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This dissertation consists of three essays examining the impacts of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures on agricultural trade. The first essay estimates the impact of the 2003 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) outbreak in the US on Japanese beef imports. I develop a source-differentiated demand system of fresh/chilled and frozen beef imports augmented with endogenous smooth transition functions. Results suggest that over one-half of the estimated income, own-price, and cross-price elasticities reached a new regime in the post-BSE period of Japanese beef imports where the competitive

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15

Schlüter, Simon Wilhelm [Verfasser]. "Impact of regulatory measures on international trade in meat products / Simon Wilhelm Schlüter." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1043054952/34.

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Krueger, Jonathan P. "Explaining regime content : the use of trade restrictive measures in multilateral environmental agreements." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2000. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1606/.

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One of the central preoccupations of international relations scholars is to explain and elaborate the conditions under which international co-operation will occur. In particular, the 'international regimes' literature investigates how states attempt to manage collective action problems such as threats to the global environment. While there has been much progress in our understanding of the conditions required for the formation and maintenance of regimes, the question of regime content - also known as regime properties or institutional design - has been neglected. A second aspect of internation

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Wilkinson, Derrick Gordon. "An enquiry into the use of international trade measures as environmental policy instruments." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1999. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2494/.

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The links and overlapping areas of concern between international trade policy and environment policy are many and varied, and a number of often competing interests at stake, each of which must be accommodated. Thus far, the debate on this issue has been characterised by a distinct lack of agreement on how to proceed, due to a lack of a common analytical framework; each of the main communities in the debate have sought to impose their agendas, priorities and analyses. In light of this, the first purpose of this thesis is to determine whether or not there exists a legitimate role for internation

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18

LUARASI, MARSELA. "NON-TARIFF MEASURES AND TRADE FLOWS: THE CASE OF EU AGRI-FOOD STANDARDS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/260421.

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Trade may increase or decrease by imposing food standards. Thus there is not yet a clear trend whether the standards promote or hinder trade. From political point of view, a standard is considered as trade protectionist tool, which in agricultural trade takes the form of the so-called non-tariff measure (NTMs) including the Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs), which is in the focus of this research work. The objective of this work is to quantify the protectionism of MRLs standards relative to the stringency of international standards of Codex Alimentarius and to give insights on the effects of Europ

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19

Bakshi, Nishita. "Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures: The Case of Mexican Avocados." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34097.

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This thesis examines the effects on demand, supply, imports, and prices of partial easing of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) barriers to trade in the U.S. market in the case of Mexican avocados. The SPS Agreement plays a role in the avocado market studied here through its implications for negotiations between countries that have not utilized the formal channels of the WTO for resolving disputes. A quarantine in place from 1914 until very recently banned entry of Mexican avocados into the U.S. market on grounds of risk of pest infestation. Since the early 1970s this quarantine has been a caus

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Muller, Crispin. "Counteracting the misuse and abuse of subsidies and SPS measures in the EU and USA: Solutions for South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8211.

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Magister Legum - LLM<br>It has been held that agricultural domestic support would not be such a contentious issue if its only effect was the benefit of local farmers, but this is not the case.1 It was found that several forms of domestic support have the effect of distorting the patterns of agricultural production and trade at an international level, leaving non-supported farmers elsewhere worse off.2 It was thus concluded that such support measures may indeed nullify the benefits which accrue from trade liberalisation and explains how the AoA3 regulates these measures in a way that reduces th

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21

Cassimatis, Anthony Emanuel. "The legality of trade measures taken by states in response to human rights violations in other states /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18006.pdf.

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22

Stemele, Lubabalo. "The implications of anti-dumping measures for global value chains - the case of South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23707.

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Antidumping policies have developed into essential trade elements in the local and global markets as they can facilitate the adoption of favorable trade policies. The introduction of antidumping policies in South Africa across GVCs has remained instrumental as they have directly influenced the social and economic structures of GVCs and local businesses operating in the region. Anti-dumping policies remain crucial in the development of a competitive and fair business environment. The study explores the impact of anti-dumping policies on GVCs in South Africa through a review of the economic, fin

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23

Yamagiwa, Takayoshi Jose. "An Assessment of Technical Barriers in Central American Agricultural and Food Trade." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27494.

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This dissertation explores technical regulations (sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures, technical barriers to trade, and geographical indications) in Central American agricultural and food trade. In the first part, a framework to systematically evaluate the broad issues for developing countries is presented. Evaluation of the issues for Central America is based on interviews with about 100 persons in the region and in the United States (US), and on secondary sources. The topic is of significance in Central America, especially when related to SPS measures. The World Trade Organization (WTO

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FERRI, NICOLA. "Trade measures for conservation of fisheries and third states: an evolutionary trend in international law." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/29835.

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Over the last 2 centuries international law in relation to the law of the sea and fisheries has been progressively evolving. For a long time, general norms of international law, such as the principle of freedom of fishing in the high seas and the principle of pacta tertiis, have been immutable. The situation has drastically changed with the emergence of a modern approach to fisheries after the UNCED in 1992. Developments occurred ever since, most notably at regional level within RFMOs, attest to the existence of new norms. These norms mainly revolve around a duty of cooperation for all fishing

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Enobun, Ernest. "'Quota measures' and 'trade-related investment measures' in oil and gas regulation : reconciling normative conflicts between energy-focused regimes and WTO rules on energy." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2016. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/17ddd863-cc94-4e01-ac8e-a32880d8047a.

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Regulation of border and behind-the-border measures in the oil and gas sectors presents the ‘resource access’ challenge with immense economic ramifications for export markets, yet their status under the multilateral trading regime remains obscure. Recent developments that could reshape the trading regime and market dynamics for oil and gas have seen the call for a global energy governance gain momentum in recent years. But the complex relationships between national laws, institutional norms, and the multilateral trading regime regulating energy presents an ideological ‘conflict in applicable l

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Fink, Gerhard. "New protectionism in Central Europe. Exchange rate adjustment, customs tariffs and non-tariff measures." Forschungsinstitut für Europafragen, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1999. http://epub.wu.ac.at/970/1/document.pdf.

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Many of the 10 Central European candidate member countries for EU accession entered into the transition period with strongly undervalued exchange rates to stimulate exports and protect domestic industries. However, this policy was not maintained. During 1993-1995 real currency appreciation increased competitive pressure by foreign firms. To protect domestic firms governments applied high third country tariffs, temporary import taxes, and numerous administrative barriers to trade. As countervailing pressure by the EU and the USA increased and current account deficits soared in 1996 and 1997, th

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Phaswana, Pfarelo Edwin. "The impact of non-tariff measures on meat trade between Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and Zambia." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65940.

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The Southern African Development Community (SADC) displayed notable success in pushing for trade liberalisation through tariff reductions. This was achieved following the signing of the SADC protocol on trade in 1996. The implementation of the protocol commenced in 2000. About 85 % of intra-SADC trade was free of duty in 2008 and the Southern African Development Community Free Trade Area (SADC-FTA) was launched. Maximum tariff reductions were achieved in 2012. The main aim for SADC tariff reductions under the trade protocol was to improve intra-SADC trade. However, this is not what happened, s

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Rieder, Lidia [Verfasser]. "The Relationship between Trade-Related Environmental Measures in Multilateral Environmental Agreements and the WTO Law / Lidia Rieder." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1212394682/34.

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Liu, Dong Dong. "Safeguards against Chinese imports : a study of WTO obligations and the product-specific safeguard measures against China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2008. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1880454.

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Gascoigne, Catherine Elizabeth. "Causation in the law of the World Trade Organization." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/284910.

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The law of the World Trade Organization (WTO) both explicitly and implicitly requires that a determination of causation be made at a number of points. In several of the WTO covered agreements, an important part of making a determination about causation involves separating those factors that are causative from those that are immaterial to the outcome in question (this process of separation is known as a 'non-attribution analysis'). This thesis argues that there are six parts of the law of the WTO that require, either explicitly or implicitly, that a causation and non-attribution analysis be und

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McKay, Kerry A. "Trade-offs Between Energy and Security in Wireless Networks." Link to electronic thesis, 2005. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-050505-094448/.

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Samuel, Adedeji Adedayo. "Anticipating pressing issues in trade and climate change policies: a critical analysis of border carbon adjustment measures with WTO law." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2366_1360592240.

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TAGHOUTI, IBTISSEM. "A political economy approach to measuring EU food standard enforcement and their implications on agri-food trade." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/89095.

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The effect of Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) on agri-food trade has drawn broad research interest and gained a substantial attention by scientific community as well as by policy makers. Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) standards among others represent a major challenge for trade policy and food safety. The identification and measurement of the economic implications of NTMs require the use of an adequate both methodological and empirical framework to derive sound estimates. By targeting economic sectors and issues not previously investigated, this Thesis contributes to previous literature on determ

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Lin, Yi-Nan. "Two decades of law and practice of anti-dumping and safeguard measures in the European Communities : the Taiwanese dimension 1972-1992." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364390.

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Nguyen, Thi Bich Ha. "Strategic Economic Partnership between Vietnam and Japan: Current State, Challenges and Measures to Promote Trade and Investment Relations." 名古屋大学大学院経済学研究科附属国際経済政策研究センター, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/16042.

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Thanitcul, Sakda. "The WTO and Unilateral Trade Measures to Protect Global Resources - A Thai Perspective on the Shrimp-Turtle Case." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/147443.

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Khalilian, Setareh [Verfasser]. "Trade measures - a legitimate tool for environmental protection? : A comprehensive analysis and the case of India / Setareh Khalilian." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2008. http://d-nb.info/102309861X/34.

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Yazdani, Shahid. "Emergency safeguard : WTO and the feasibility of emergency safeguard measures under the general agreement on trade in services." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/573/.

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The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) along with other agreements was concluded in the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations in 1994. However, negotiations continued within the WTO framework and are still a work in progress on some specific issues under the GATS including the question of Emergency Safeguard Measures, which has been raised in Article X of the GATS as part of its ‘built-in agenda’. The thesis looks at the concept of the Emergency Safeguards Measures (ESMs) in the GATT/WTO and tries to develop an answer to the ‘question of ESMs’, which is deluding the negot

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Traore, Ousmane Z. "Three essays on technical non-tariff measures in developed countries and African countries' international trade in agricultural products." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68840.

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L'objectif de cette thèse est d'analyser les implications économiques des mesures techniques non tarifaires (MTNT) en vigueur dans les pays développés sur le commerce international de produits agroalimentaires des pays Africains. De façon plus spécifique, elle s'intéresse à trois questions principales. La première, qui est plus générale, est de savoir quel est et qu'est-ce qui détermine l'effet net de l'ensemble des mesures techniques non tarifaires en vigueur dans les pays de l'OCDE sur les exportations Africaines de produits végétaux. La deuxième question, plus spécifique, cherche à savoir q

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Mulas, Ludovica <1993&gt. "The Financial Services Regime in International Economic Law: on the Difficult Relationship between Trade Liberalization and Prudential Measures." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/10483/1/PhD%20thesis%20Mulas%20Ludovica.pdf.

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The PhD thesis analyses the financial services regime in international economic law from the perspective of the difficult relationship between trade liberalisation and prudential measures. Financial stability plays a fundamental role for the well-being and well-functioning of the global economy, but, it is at the same time a complex sector to regulate and supervise and, especially after the 2007-08 economic crisis, States have tightened up their regulation of financial services, introducing more severe and protectionist prudential measures. However, in an increasingly interconnected global ec

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Kimura, Keiki 1955. "An analysis of the Japanese voluntary export restraint upon automobiles to the U. S. and Canada : an investigation of its impacts upon international, bilateral and domestic legal frameworks for safeguard measures." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65419.

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Engelberg, Luciana Costa. "Integração econômica e defesa comercial: medidas antidumping nos acordos regionais de comércio." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-10012014-160231/.

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Atualmente, há um debate acerca dos efeitos da aplicação de medidas antidumping entre as partes de um acordo regional de comércio. Discute-se que o emprego de tais instrumentos pode gerar um óbice ao livre comércio e ao avanço da integração econômica negociados em tais acordos. As regras do sistema multilateral de comércio determinam que direitos antidumping podem ser aplicados quando comprovada a existência de dumping, dano à indústria nacional e a relação causal entre estes. Entretanto, mesmo que haja regras sobre a condução de uma investigação antidumping e a aplicação da medida, ainda há m

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鈴木, 將文, and Masabumi SUZUKI. "Domestic Measures for Public Health Policy and International IP/Trade Law : The Case of the Australian Plain Packaging Act." 名古屋大学大学院法学研究科, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/17433.

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Baratto, Gabriele. "The role of social media in the illegal online trade of medicines. An evaluation of situational crime prevention measures." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/243019.

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In recent years, social media websites have been used by offenders to advertise illegally traded medicines (ITMs) directly to customers on a large scale. Recently, new situational crime prevention (SCP) measures aimed at identifying, blocking and removing contents linked to ITMs have been implemented by most of the social media platforms. This seems to be a promising path to follow in the fight against this criminal market: however, their ability in reaching their goal is still unknown. The aim of this dissertation is to evaluate the impact of those measures on the illegal online trade of me

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Baratto, Gabriele. "The role of social media in the illegal online trade of medicines. An evaluation of situational crime prevention measures." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/243019.

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In recent years, social media websites have been used by offenders to advertise illegally traded medicines (ITMs) directly to customers on a large scale. Recently, new situational crime prevention (SCP) measures aimed at identifying, blocking and removing contents linked to ITMs have been implemented by most of the social media platforms. This seems to be a promising path to follow in the fight against this criminal market: however, their ability in reaching their goal is still unknown. The aim of this dissertation is to evaluate the impact of those measures on the illegal online trade of me

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Kühn, Jochen. "Optimal risk return trade-offs of commercial banks and the suitability of profitability measures for loan portfolios with 1 table." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-34821-2.

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Suder, Gabriele. "Anti-dumping measures and the politics of EU-Japan trade relations in the European consumer electronics sector : the VCR case." Thesis, University of Bath, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260884.

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Schuster, Aline. "Trade and the environment : the legality of unilateral measures with extraterritorial effect to protect the environment under the WTO/GATT." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12664.

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Includes bibliographical references.<br>The preamble of the Agreement establishing the WTO, the so called Marrakesh Agreement, points out the general significance of environmental protection and sustainable development. The WTO law contains several provisions concerning the environment. However, it is not yet finally clarified in how far WTO Members can adopt measures to protect the environment where those measures have trade restricting effects. This question is particularly problematic where a Member implements such a measure unilaterally and the measure affects other countries’ policies. Th

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Stols, Gerhardus Petrus. "Investigating ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by means of tax measures." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27863.

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The objective of this study is to restrict the emission of greenhouse gasses by investigating if this objective would be reached by the implementation of a tax. Global warming is caused by the emission of greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere. In order to restrict global warming it is necessary for individuals and entities to act in a more environmentally friendly manner and to emit less greenhouse gasses. A further objective of this study is to investigate various measures that can be used as an incentive to restrict the emission of greenhouse gasses. This study found that the main emitters o

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Ngwa, Macceline Bih. "The application of good manufacturing practices as a quality approach to food safety in a food manufacturing establishment in the Western Cape South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2525.

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Thesis (MTech (Quality (Engineering)))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.<br>Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) is a segment of quality assurance which guarantees that food products produced are uniform and controlled to the appropriate quality standards for their required use and as expected by the marketing authority. A survey was carried out to assess the awareness and implementation level of GMP guidelines amongst manufacturers in the Western Cape, South Africa. Based on a literature review on GMP in the food manufacturing establishments a research problem was identified

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