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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Trait approach »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 4 juin 2021
Mis à jour le 2 février 2022

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Trait approach"

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De Boeck, Paul, et Iven Van Mechelen. « Traits and taxonomies : A hierarchical classes approach ». European Journal of Personality 4, no 2 (juin 1990) : 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410040207.

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Three types of taxonomy involving traits are discerned. In the first type, traits are objects of trait categories based on trait attributes. In the second type, traits are attributes of persons, person types being categories. In the third type, traits are categories of acts grouped on the basis of act attributes. All three types are analysed and discussed from the perspective of the hierarchical classes model for object by attribute data. Categories are considered external variables that can be mapped onto the object by attribute structure by way of category rules. It is suggested that this conceptual analysis yields a framework for studying how trait terms are understood and used.
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Kiørboe, Thomas, André Visser et Ken H. Andersen. « A trait-based approach to ocean ecology ». ICES Journal of Marine Science 75, no 6 (19 juillet 2018) : 1849–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy090.

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Abstract Trait-based ecology merges evolutionary with classical population and community ecology and is a rapidly developing branch of ecology. It describes ecosystems as consisting of individuals rather than species, and characterizes individuals by few key traits that are interrelated through trade-offs. The fundamental rationale is that the spatio-temporal distribution of organisms and their functional role in ecosystems depend on their traits rather than on their taxonomical affiliation. The approach respects that interactions are between individuals, not between species or populations, and in trait-based models ecosystem structure emerges as a result of interactions between individuals and with the environments, rather than being prescribed. It offers an alternative to classical species-centric approaches and has the potential to describe complex ecosystems in simple ways and to assess the effects of environmental change on ecosystem structure and function. Here, we describe the components of the trait-based approach and apply it to describe and model marine ecosystems. Our description is illustrated with multiple examples of life in the ocean from unicellular plankton to fish.
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Cormier, Emily C., Danielle R. Sisson, Kathleen M. Rühland, John P. Smol et Joseph R. Bennett. « A morphological trait-based approach to environmental assessment models using diatoms ». Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 77, no 1 (janvier 2020) : 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2018-0376.

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Diatom assemblages are excellent indicators for environmental monitoring. However, enumerating diatoms using fine-level taxonomy takes considerable effort, which must be undertaken by specialist taxonomists. One alternative is to enumerate assemblages using morphological traits. In this study, we compared the accuracy of models using 20 morphological traits with those using species assemblages to infer lake water pH, salinity, depth, and total phosphorus concentrations in four data sets, each comprising over 200 lakes. Assemblages aggregated by trait combinations were used to predict environmental variables via weighted averaging regressions, and richness of trait combinations was regressed against the environmental variables. Trait-based weighted averaging regressions showed slightly lower accuracy than species-level analyses and higher accuracy than analyses at the family and sometimes genus level. Richness of trait combinations showed relationships with pH, salinity, and lake depth that were marginally stronger than relationships using species richness. Although species-level analyses are the best approach when time and budgets allow, we suggest that trait combinations could provide an alternative method for water quality assessment programs, where funds do not allow the use of specialist taxonomists or where diatoms are being used as part of a multi-indicator analysis.
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de Raad, Boele. « The psycholexical approach to the structure of interpersonal traits ». European Journal of Personality 9, no 2 (juin 1995) : 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410090203.

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In this study the structure of interpersonal behaviour is investigated following the principles of the so‐called psycholexical approach. The interpersonal trait descriptors are selected from a comprehensive set of 1203 trait descriptive adjectives, constructed by Brokken (1978). Self‐ratings and peer ratings (N = 400) on the subset of 454 interpersonal trait adjectives were subjected to Principal Components analysis. The main results centre around a two‐factor solution, approximately reflecting the axis of the traditional interpersonal circumplex, Dominance and Nurturance. The relationship of the two interpersonal factors with the Big Five is discussed, as well as the relationship with the set of traits judged non‐interpersonal.
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Conington, J., S. Bishop, A. Waterhouse et G. Simm. « A bio-economic approach to estimating economic values for UK hill sheep ». Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2000 (2000) : 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200000405.

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Profitability of sheep production systems depends on several different animal characteristics rather than a single trait. Economic selection indexes combine information from more than one trait into an overall score, to maximise genetic gain. Economic values (EVs) are required for each trait in the breeding goal so that selection emphasis is proportional to the economic importance of each trait. Defining clear breeding goals is more complex for hill breeds than for other sectors of the sheep industry because they provide breeding females in addition to lambs for slaughter. The aims of this paper are to i) describe how EVs for breeding goal traits suitable for UK hill sheep were derived for a combination of carcass, maternal and ‘sustainability’ traits using a bio-economic model, and ii) show how these EVs vary between different production systems as a result of the differences in the physical constraints of farm size, pasture availability and the biological limits of sheep in extensive rearing environments.
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Lozada, Dennis N., et Arron H. Carter. « Genomic Selection in Winter Wheat Breeding Using a Recommender Approach ». Genes 11, no 7 (11 juillet 2020) : 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11070779.

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Achieving optimal predictive ability is key to increasing the relevance of implementing genomic selection (GS) approaches in plant breeding programs. The potential of an item-based collaborative filtering (IBCF) recommender system in the context of multi-trait, multi-environment GS has been explored. Different GS scenarios for IBCF were evaluated for a diverse population of winter wheat lines adapted to the Pacific Northwest region of the US. Predictions across years through cross-validations resulted in improved predictive ability when there is a high correlation between environments. Using multiple spectral traits collected from high-throughput phenotyping resulted in better GS accuracies for grain yield (GY) compared to using only single traits for predictions. Trait adjustments through various Bayesian regression models using genomic information from SNP markers was the most effective in achieving improved accuracies for GY, heading date, and plant height among the GS scenarios evaluated. Bayesian LASSO had the highest predictive ability compared to other models for phenotypic trait adjustments. IBCF gave competitive accuracies compared to a genomic best linear unbiased predictor (GBLUP) model for predicting different traits. Overall, an IBCF approach could be used as an alternative to traditional prediction models for important target traits in wheat breeding programs.
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Skelly, Daniel A., Narayanan Raghupathy, Raymond F. Robledo, Joel H. Graber et Elissa J. Chesler. « Reference Trait Analysis Reveals Correlations Between Gene Expression and Quantitative Traits in Disjoint Samples ». Genetics 212, no 3 (21 mai 2019) : 919–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.118.301865.

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Systems genetic analysis of complex traits involves the integrated analysis of genetic, genomic, and disease-related measures. However, these data are often collected separately across multiple study populations, rendering direct correlation of molecular features to complex traits impossible. Recent transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) have harnessed gene expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) to associate unmeasured gene expression with a complex trait in genotyped individuals, but this approach relies primarily on strong eQTL. We propose a simple and powerful alternative strategy for correlating independently obtained sets of complex traits and molecular features. In contrast to TWAS, our approach gains precision by correlating complex traits through a common set of continuous phenotypes instead of genetic predictors, and can identify transcript–trait correlations for which the regulation is not genetic. In our approach, a set of multiple quantitative “reference” traits is measured across all individuals, while measures of the complex trait of interest and transcriptional profiles are obtained in disjoint subsamples. A conventional multivariate statistical method, canonical correlation analysis, is used to relate the reference traits and traits of interest to identify gene expression correlates. We evaluate power and sample size requirements of this methodology, as well as performance relative to other methods, via extensive simulation and analysis of a behavioral genetics experiment in 258 Diversity Outbred mice involving two independent sets of anxiety-related behaviors and hippocampal gene expression. After splitting the data set and hiding one set of anxiety-related traits in half the samples, we identified transcripts correlated with the hidden traits using the other set of anxiety-related traits and exploiting the highest canonical correlation (R = 0.69) between the trait data sets. We demonstrate that this approach outperforms TWAS in identifying associated transcripts. Together, these results demonstrate the validity, reliability, and power of reference trait analysis for identifying relations between complex traits and their molecular substrates.
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Castillo-Figueroa, Dennis, et Jairo Pérez-Torres. « On the development of a trait-based approach for studying Neotropical bats ». Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 61 (18 février 2021) : e20216124. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2021.61.24.

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New World bats are involved in key ecological processes and are good indicators of environmental changes. Recently, trait-based approaches have been used in several taxa to better understand mechanisms underlying species assemblages, biotic interactions, environmental relationships and ecosystem functions. However, despite the relevance of bats on ecosystem dynamics, so far, there is no conceptual framework that relies on the measurement of bat traits to address functional studies. Here, we present a set of 50 bat biological traits, which are suitable to assess environmental stressors and can potentially affect ecological processes. Several examples were provided to show the applicability of this framework in the study of Neotropical bat ecology. We suggest some considerations regarding trait-based approach including the importance of intraspecific variation, correlations between traits, response-effect framework, global dataset, and future directions to assess the reliability of functional relations across species and Neotropical regions by using traits. This could be helpful in tackling ecological questions associated with community assembly and habitat filtering, species diversity patterns along environmental gradients, and ecological processes. We envision this paper as a first step toward an integrative bat functional trait protocol held up with solid evidence.
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Faheem, Muhammad. « Selection of Wheat Ideotype Based on Multiple Traits using Genotype by Yield-Trait Approach ». International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 25, no 06 (1 juin 2021) : 1367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1799.

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In plant breeding, a novel genotype-by-yield trait (GYT) biplot approach was introduced to select superior genotypes based on multiple traits. The present study demonstrated the application of the GYT biplot model to evaluate the superior wheat advanced lines from a panel of 24 genotypes to select the ideotype for end users. Results show that the genotype-by-trait (GT) biplot covered 57% of the total variation of the data to reveal that grain yield was strongly associated with 1000-grain weight and grain width. In contrast, the GYT biplot explained 90.2% of the total variation which was significantly much higher than GT biplot. According to tester vector view of GYT biplot almost all the yield trait combinations were associated with each other at different degree of association; whereas the genotypes present within the acute angles of tester vectors (yield trait combinations) had the trait profile contributed positively towards grain yield. The polygon biplot of GYT had eight sectors, out of which only three had the yield trait combinations. The eight genotypes were the polygon vertex among which the advanced line DF1906 of first sector was designated as the best genotype for spike length, number of spikelets per spike, grain weight per spike and number of grains per spike. Additionally, the DF1912 of second sector was early maturing coupled with high 1000-grain weight while DF1917 of third sector had short stature and gave the highest harvest index. The average tester coordination (ATC) biplot grouped 13 genotypes as superior and nine as inferior genotypes and recommended two advanced lines DF1912 and DF1917 as ideotype based on balanced traits profile. These findings strengthened the argument that the GYT biplot analysis is better than other selection indices and guaranteed the selection of superior genotypes and rejection of inferior ones based on multiple traits yield combinations. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
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De Raad, Boele. « An expedition in search of a fifth universal factor : Key issues in the lexical approach ». European Journal of Personality 8, no 4 (novembre 1994) : 229–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410080403.

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It is argued that the fifth factor of the Big Five Model of personality traits cannot yet claim universal status. In order to identify a fifth factor within the lexical approach it is necessary to make full use of the potentialities of the psycholexical principles. Several flaws in the lexical enterprise are discussed, both regarding the theoretical delineation of traits and the operational—dictionary‐related—identification of trait descriptors. Hitherto largely implicit definitions of traits should be made explicit, and agreement should be reached about the theoretical width of the trait domain. Also, in order to obtain cross‐culturally comparable results, the procedural steps in the lexical search for trait terms should follow an agreed‐upon standard. None of the nominated fifth factors, for instance, Culture, Intellect, or Openness to Experience, has both proceeded from the lexical method and received unquestionable cross‐cultural affirmation.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Trait approach"

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Gusmão, Junior João Bosco Leite. « Sediments and functional traits : applying a functional trait approach to assess marine macrobenthic function ». reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/48888.

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Orientadores : Dr. Paulo da Cunha Lana, Dr. Britas Klemens Eriksson
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências da Terra, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas Costeiros e Oceânicos. Defesa: Pontal do Paraná, 21/04/2017
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Resumo: Na presente tese, investiguei como a função do macrobentos marinho de sistemas sedimentares rasos é afetada pela poluição ambiental, complexidade do habitat e mudanças na composição específica das assembleias. Utilizei uma abordagem analítica baseada em traços biológicos para estimar potenciais mudanças na função do macrobentos nos processos ecossistêmicos associados aos sedimentos. Meus objetivos de pesquisa incluem avaliações do papel dos gradientes ambientais naturais ou antropogênicos na estrutura funcional do macrobentos; da aplicabilidade das abordagens baseadas em traços biológicos para analisar a qualidade ambiental do bentos; dos efeitos das mudanças na composição específica das assembleias na função do macrobentos; do efeito da complexidade do habitat na diversidade de traços funcionais; e do impacto de espécies funcionalmente relevantes no funcionamento ecossistêmico. Os resultados e conclusões mais importantes desta tese foram: 1. Baixa qualidade do ambiente bêntico causada pelo enriquecimento orgânico prejudica o estabelecimento de espécies com determinados traços funcionais, resultando em assembleias com baixa diversidade funcional. 2. Abordagens baseadas em traços biológicos são uma forma válida de avaliação os efeitos gerais da poluição orgânica no macrobentos. Tanto a análise de traços biológicos quanto os índices multivariados de diversidade funcional representam boas ferramentas analíticas para a investigação de mudanças na estrutura macrobêntica ao longo de gradientes de contaminação orgânica. 3. As mudanças na estrutura das assembleias promovidas pelo estabelecimento de espécies exóticas podem levar a grandes mudanças na diversidade funcional do macrobentos. Essas mudanças podem aumentar o potencial de bioturbação das assembleias e ter implicações para o funcionamento do ecossistema nos sistemas sedimentares. 4. O aumento da complexidade do habitat promovido pelas gramas marinhas pode promover funções relacionadas com os sedimentos devido ao estabelecimento de organismos bioturbadores que habitam camadas superficiais do sedimento. 5. As espécies funcionalmente relevantes do macrobentos podem promover o microfitobentos, seja através do aumento da bioturbação dos sedimentos ou através da estabilização dos sedimentos devido à atenuação da hidrodinâmica local. 6. As espécies funcionalmente relevantes podem promover cascatas funcionais por favorecer o estabelecimento de organismos que desempenham outras funções. Nos casos abordados nesta tese, as gramas marinhas promovem a infauna que vive próximo à superfície do sedimento e indiretamente media processos relacionados à bioturbação; a bioturbação macrobêntica influencia os produtores primários por afetar a estrutura microfitobêntica e os bancos de mexilhões promovem a produção primária por favorecer o microfitobentos. 7. Os índices de diversidade funcional são úteis como uma ferramenta exploratória para avaliar os efeitos gerais de perturbações ou gradientes ambientais na estrutura do macrobentos. Por outro lado, a análise de traços biológicos ou o enfoque em identidades funcionais representa uma melhor abordagem para avaliar os efeitos funcionais gerais do macrobentos na estrutura e nos processos ecossistêmicos.
Abstract: In this doctoral thesis, I investigate how the function of sediment living organisms is affected by environmental pollution, habitat complexity and changes in assemblage composition in shallow sedimentary systems. I used a trait-based approach to estimate potential changes in function of the macrobenthos in sediment-related ecosystem processes. My research subjects include: the role of natural and human induced gradients in shaping assemblage functional trait structure; the applicability of trait-based approaches to assess environmental status; the effects of changes in assemblage composition on macrobenthic function; the effect of complexity on functional diversity; and the impact of functionally relevant species on ecosystem functioning. The most important findings and conclusions of this thesis are: 1. Low benthic environmental quality driven by organic enrichment hinders the establishment of macrobenthic species with specific functional traits, resulting in assemblages with differentiated trait composition and decreased functional diversity. 2. Trait-based approaches are a reliable way to assess general effects of organic pollution on the macrobenthos. Both biological trait analysis and multivariate functional diversity are good analytical tools to analyze changes in macrobenthic structure across organic contamination gradients, although biomass- and abundancebased analysis can differ. 3. Changes in assemblage structure driven by establishing alien species can drive major changes in macrobenthic functional diversity. These changes can drive increased bioturbation potential, and have implications for ecosystem functioning in sedimentary systems. 4. Increased habitat complexity driven by seagrasses can promote sediment-related functions by favoring the establishment of shallow-living macrobenthic bioturbators. 5. Functionally relevant macrobenthic species can promote microphytobenthos either by increasing sediment bioturbation or by sediment stabilization via flow attenuation. 6. Functionally relevant species can promote functional cascades by favoring the establishment of organisms that perform other functions. In the cases addressed in this thesis, seagrasses promote shallow-living infauna and indirectly mediate bioturbation-related processes; macrobenthic bioturbation drives primary producers by affecting microphytobenthic structure; and mussel beds promote primary production by favoring microphytobenthos. 7. Functional diversity indices are useful as an exploratory tool to assess general effects of disturbances or gradients on macrobenthic structure. On the other hand, biological trait analysis or the focus on functional identities represents a better approach to assess the general functional effects of the macrobenthos on ecosystem structure and processes.
Samenvatting: In dit proefschrift onderzoek ik hoe de ecologische functie van bodemorganismen wordt beïnvloed door milieuvervuiling, habitatcomplexiteit en veranderingen in de soortensamenstelling binnen ondiepe sedimentaire ecosystemen. Ik heb gebruik gemaakt van een aanpak gericht op fenotypische kenmerken (een zogeheten trait-based approach) om een inschatting te maken van potentiële veranderingen in de functie van het macrobenthos binnen sedimentgerelateerde ecosysteemprocessen. Onderwerpen binnen mijn onderzoek zijn: de rol van natuurlijke en door de mens veroorzaakte gradiënten bij het vormen van de functionele structuur van ecologische gemeenschappen; de toepasbaarheid van de trait-based approach om de toestand van het milieu te beoordelen; de effecten van veranderingen in de soortensamenstelling op de functie van het macrobenthos; de effecten van complexiteit op functionele diversiteit; en de invloed van functioneel relevante soorten op het functioneren van ecosystemen. De belangrijkste bevindingen en conclusies van dit proefschrift zijn: 1. Lage kwaliteit van de benthische omgeving, gedreven door organische verrijking, verhindert de vestiging van macrobenthische soorten met specifieke functionele kenmerken. Dit resulteert in samenstellingen met verschillende eigenschappen en verminderde functionele diversiteit. 2. De trait-based approach is een betrouwbare manier om de algemene effecten van organische vervuiling op het macrobenthos te beoordelen. Zowel een analyse van biologische kenmerken als multivariate indices van functionele diversiteit zijn nuttige analytische methoden om de veranderingen in macrobenthische structuur in verschillende gradiënten van organische vervuiling te analyseren, ondanks dat biomassa- en abundantie-analyse kunnen verschillen. 3. Veranderingen in de structuur van de soortensamenstelling gedreven door de vestiging van uitheemse soorten, kan grote veranderingen in de macrobenthische functionele diversiteit veroorzaken. Deze veranderingen kunnen een verhoogd bioturbatiepotentieel veroorzaken en hebben implicaties voor het functioneren van bodemecosystemen. 4. Toegenomen habitatcomplexiteit gedreven door zeegrassen kan sedimentgerelateerde functies bevorderen door de vestiging van ondiep levende macrobenthische bioturbators. 5. Functioneel relevante macrobenthische soorten kunnen het microfytobenthos begunstigen door bioturbatie van het sediment te verhogen of door het sediment te stabiliseren middels het verzwakken van de stroming. 6. Functioneel relevante soorten kunnen functionele cascades bevorderen door de vestiging van organismen die andere functies uitvoeren te begunstigen zoals in de gevallen besproken in dit proefschrift: zeegrassen bevorderen ondiep levende infauna en bemiddelen indirect bioturbatiegerelateerde processen; macrobenthische bioturbatie drijft primaire producenten door de microfytobenthische structuur te beïnvloeden; en mosselbedden bevorderen primaire productie door microfytobenthos te begunstigen. 7. Indicatoren van functionele diversiteit zijn nuttig als verkennend hulpmiddel om de algemene effecten van verstoringen of gradiënten op de macrobenthische structuur te beoordelen. Anderzijds vertegenwoordigen de analyse van biologische kenmerken of de focus op functionele identiteit een betere aanpak om algemene functionele effecten van het macrobenthos op de processen en de structuur van het ecosysteem te beoordelen.
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Dickinson, Maria Grace. « Climate change impacts on species : a trait-based approach ». Thesis, Imperial College London, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/39389.

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Cleveland, Rena R. « A qualitative approach to the study of resilience in our elders ». Online version, 2003. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2003/2003clevelandr.pdf.

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Powney, Gary. « Understanding drivers of species distribution change : a trait-based approach ». Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/39367.

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The impacts of anthropogenic environmental change on biodiversity are well documented, with threats such as habitat loss and climate change identified as causes of change in species distributions. The high degree of variation in responses of species to environmental change can be partly explained through comparative analyses of species traits. I carried out a phylogenetically informed trait-based analysis of plant range change in Britain, discovering that traits associated with competitive ability and habitat specialism both explained variation in range changes. Competitive, habitat generalists out-perform ed species specialised to nutrient-poor conditions; a result which can be attributed to the impact of agricultural intensification in Britain. A limitation of the comparative approach is that the models do not directly test the impact of environmental change on species distribution patterns, but instead infer potential impacts. I tested the potential of comparative analyses from a spatial context by conducting a spatial analysis of plant distribution change in Britain, examining the direct impact of environmental change on the spatial distribution of the trait characteristics of species that have gone locally extinct. I discovered a loss of species associated with nitrogen poor soils in regions that had an increase in arable land cover, a result that supports the results from the trait-based analysis of plant range change and demonstrates that comparative studies can accurately infer drivers of distribution change. I found that the cross-region transferability of trait-based models of range change to be related to land cover similarity, highlighting that the trait-based approach is dependent on a regional context. Additionally, I discovered that traits derived from distribution data were significant predictors of range shift across many taxonomic groups, out-performing traditional life history traits. This thesis highlights the potential of the data accumulated through the increased public participation in biological recording to address previously unanswerable ecological research questions.
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White, Hannah Jayne. « A trait-based approach to changes in spatiotemporal patterns of biodiversity ». Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2017. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.728827.

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Spatial and temporal variation in biodiversity is shaped by a combination of abiotic and biotic factors. Most research into these relationships has focused on taxonomic diversity as the currency of biodiversity; however, this term covers a range of other aspects including genetic diversity, phylogenetic diversity and, the focus of this thesis, functional diversity. The range and variation in species traits is a vital area of research due to their importance in ecosystem functioning as well as determining species responses to the environment. They are, therefore, a crucial biodiversity component to consider in conservation science. The main aim of this thesis was to identify spatial and temporal patterns of functional diversity and to determine how these differ from observed patterns of taxonomic diversity such as species richness using a range of statistical approaches to deal with the inherent characteristics of biodiversity data such as spatial autocorrelation. Primarily this thesis focuses on British birds, but Scottish machair vegetation is also considered. These represent well recorded datasets so that statistical relationships revealed are a true representation of biological phenomena as opposed to a map of recorder effort. Spatial drivers of functional diversity differ from those of taxonomic diversity indicating a decoupling of the two biodiversity axes. Additionally, patterns of functional homogenisation do not match with those of taxonomic homogenisation. Despite differences in spatial patterns of species and traits, interspecific variation in the drivers of changes in species occurrences can partially be explained by their traits indicating a link between the two. Phylogenetic diversity also varies spatially and the location of biodiversity hotspots shifts not only with the diversity metric being investigated but also the spatial scale of measurement. This thesis highlights a number of important considerations for conservation planning and the results can contribute to better predictions, and understanding, of the consequences of climate change.
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Hellgren, Alfred, et Henrik Hörnberg. « Från elitidrott till yrkeskarriär : En studie av elitidrottsutövares upplevelser av karriärövergång och ledarkvalitéer ». Thesis, Umeå universitet, Pedagogiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-138701.

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There have been numerous of examples where former elite athletes have had a problem with adaptingto the life as a civilian. Research has shown that it is common among former athletes to experiencenegative emotions when ending an elite career in sports. What separated the ones who successfullymoved on to achieve greatness outside of the sports environment? This study was about female formerelite athletes which have a senior position and their views on what role the elite career had on theirfollowing career. The purpose of the study was to examine what generic traits, knowledges and skillsthat elite sports can help to develop and that is usable in a senior position. The study also aimed togain knowledge about how female former elite athletes from the county of Vasterbotten, Sweden,experienced and handled the transition from elite sports to the life as a civilian. To answer thesequestions eight interviews were conducted with female former elite athletes from a variety of sports.The main result showed that there were several factors that helped these former elite athletes tohandle the transitional phase in a good way. They all agreed that elite sports helped to develop goaldetermination, a will to continually evolve, manage both success and adversity and lastly teamworkand social skills. Regarding how their athletic career influenced the job opportunities following theircareer termination, the study found that their athletic career had either a direct or indirect influence.
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Roquer, Beni Laura. « Pollinator communities and pollination services in apple orchards : a trait-based approach ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670800.

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La biodiversitat està amenaçada arreu del món a conseqüència d’activitats humanes com el canvi d’usos del sòl, l’explotació de recursos o el canvi climàtic. Durant els darrers 20 anys, les aproximacions basades en trets s’han anat incorporant de manera creixent en estudis que relacionen la biodiversitat, l’estructura de les comunitats i el funcionament ecosistèmic, com a alternativa a les aproximacions taxonòmiques. La pol·linització és un servei ecosistèmic cabdal que contribueix a la reproducció sexual de més del 85% de les espècies d’angiospermes al món. A més, els pol·linitzadors proveeixen d’un servei ecosistèmic cabdal a través de la seva contribució a la producció agrícola i a la nutrició humana. Tanmateix, la diversitat de pol·linitzadors està experimentant forts declivis a Europa. La intensificació agrícola és una de les principals causes d’aquests declivis. Els trets funcionals determinen les respostes dels pol·linitzadors (individus o espècies) a les alteracions ambientals (trets resposta) i, al mateix temps, contribueixen al funcionament ecosistèmic (trets efecte). Les aproximacions basades en trets ja fa temps que s’utilitzen en plantes i, en canvi, no tant en animals vertebrats. Per molts grups d’invertebrats terrestres encara falta consens sobre quins trets cal mesurar, com, i quin poder predictiu tenen. Diversos estudis han analitzat els efectes de la intensificació agrícola sobre la composició funcional, i d’altres han analitzat el rol de la composició funcional sobre el servei de la pol·linització. Tot i això, són pocs els estudis que utilitzen un marc de trets resposta-efecte. L’objectiu d’aquesta tesi és entendre millor els mecanismes que relacionen la composició funcional amb la provisió del servei de la pol·linització en camps de pomera. Per fer-ho, vaig mesurar diferents trets de pol·linitzadors en 109 espècies de per tal d’estudiar el rol funcional individual i a nivell d’espècie. També vaig utilitzar aquests trets per estudiar com la composició funcional de pol·linitzadors responia a factors agrícoles a escala local i de paisatge i com, a la vegada, aquests trets afectaven al servei de la pol·linització a nivell de comunitat. Primer, vaig desenvolupar un mètode estandarditzat per mesurar quantitativament la pilositat, un tret important en l’ecologia de la pol·linització. El mètode proposat considera dos components de la pilositat (la llargada i la densitat dels pèls) i es va utilitzar en 109 espècies pertanyents a diferents grups de pol·linitzadors. Segon, vaig determinar quins trets dels pol·linitzadors promovien l’eficàcia pol·linitzadora i vaig explorar si pol·linitzadors amb eficàcies pol·linitzadores similars compartien també trets similars. Vaig observar que l’eficàcia pol·linitzadora no depenia d’un únic tret sinó de diversos trets morfològics i de comportament. Els trets que tenien més efecte sobre l’eficàcia pol·linitzadora van ser el comportament intrafloral, la mida corporal i la durada de les visites. Tots els pol·linitzadors eficients s’aproximaven a les flors des de dalt però, a banda d’això, no compartien necessàriament altres trets. Finalment, vaig analitzar com factors locals i de paisatge afectaven al servei de la pol·linització mitjançant canvis en la composició funcional en 110 camps de pomes de diferents zones d’Europa. El servei de la pol·linització va incrementar amb la diversitat funcional de pol·linitzadors, però només en camps de gestió poc intensiva. Així, camps poc intensius amb una alta diversitat funcional van assolir nivells de serveis de pol·linització similars als dels camps de gestió intensiva.
La biodiversidad está siendo amenazada en todo el mundo a consecuencia de actividades humanas como el cambio de los usos del suelo, la explotación de recursos o el cambio climático. Durante los últimos 20 años, las aproximaciones basadas en rasgos se han ido incorporando de manera creciente en los estudios que relacionan la biodiversidad, la estructura de las comunidades y el funcionamiento ecosistémico, como alternativa a las aproximaciones taxonómicas. La polinización es un servicio ecosistémico clave que contribuye a la reproducción sexual de más del 85% de las especies de angiospermas del mundo. Además, los polinizadores proveen un servicio ecosistémico clave a través de su contribución a la producción agrícola y a la nutrición humana. Asimismo, la diversidad de polinizadores está experimentando fuertes declives en Europa. La intensificación agrícola es una de las principales causas de estos declives. Los rasgos funcionales determinan las respuestas de los polinizadores (individuos o especies) a las alteraciones ambientales (rasgos respuesta) y, al mismo tiempo, contribuyen al funcionamiento ecosistémico (rasgos respuesta). Las aproximaciones basadas en rasgos ya hace tiempo que se utilizan en plantas y, en cambio, no son tan utilizadas en animales vertebrados. En muchos grupos de invertebrados terrestres aún falta consenso sobre qué rasgos es necesario medir, cómo, y qué poder predictivo tienen. Diversos estudios han analizado los efectos de la intensificación agrícola sobre la composición funcional y otros han analizado el rol de la composición funcional sobre el servicio de la polinización. En cambio, son pocos los estudios que utilizan un marco de rasgos respuesta-efecto. El objetivo de la presente tesis es entender mejor los mecanismos que relacionan la composición funcional con la provisión del servicio ecosistémico de la polinización en campos de manzana. Para ello, medí 10 rasgos de polinizadores en 109 especies de grupos diferentes para estudiar el rol funcional individual y a nivel de especie. También utilicé los rasgos para estudiar cómo la composición funcional de polinizadores respondía a factores agrícolas tanto a escala local como de paisaje y de cómo, a la vez, estos rasgos afectan al servicio de la polinización a nivel de comunidad. Primero, desarrollé un método estandarizado para medir cuantitativamente la pilosidad, un rasgo importante en ecología de la polinización. El método propuesto tiene en cuenta dos componentes de la pilosidad (la longitud y la densidad de los pelos) y se utilizó en 109 especies pertenecientes a diferentes grupos de polinizadores. Esperamos que este método incentive la inclusión de la pilosidad en bases de datos de polinizadores y contribuya al conocimiento sobre la importancia de este rasgo en la ecología de la polinización. Segundo, determiné qué rasgos de los polinizadores promueven la eficacia polinizadora y exploré si polinizadores con eficacias similares compartían también rasgos similares. Observé que la eficacia polinizadora no depende de un único rasgo sino de varios rasgos morfológicos y de comportamiento. Los rasgos que afectaron más a la eficacia polinizadora fueron el comportamiento intrafloral, el tamaño corporal y la duración de las visitas. Todos los polinizadores eficientes se aproximaban a las flores desde arriba, pero no compartían necesariamente otros rasgos. Finalmente, analicé cómo factores locales y de paisaje afectan al servicio de la polinización mediante cambios en la composición funcional en 110 campos de manzana de diferentes zonas de Europa. El servicio de la polinización incrementó con la diversidad funcional de polinizadores, pero solo en campos de gestión poco intensiva. Así, campos poco intensivos con una diversidad funcional alta obtuvieron niveles de polinización similares a los campos de gestión intensiva. La relación entre los rasgos respuesta y efecto se vio más influenciada por la diversidad funcional que no por rasgos funcionales concretos.
Biodiversity is being threatened worldwide as a result of human activities such as land use change, exploitation of resources or climate change. During the last 20 years, trait-based approaches have been increasingly incorporated in studies linking biodiversity, community structure and ecosystem functioning, as an alternative to taxonomy-based approaches. One crucial ecosystem function is pollination, which contributes to the sexual reproduction of more than 85% of angiosperm species worldwide. In addition, pollinators provide a crucial ecosystem service through their contribution to agricultural production and human nutrition. However, pollinator diversity is experiencing strong declines in Europe and North America. Agricultural intensification is considered one of the main drivers of these declines. Functional traits mediate the responses of pollinators (individuals or species) to environmental disturbances (response traits) and, at the same time, contribute to ecosystem function (effect traits). Trait-based approaches have long been used in plant studies and, to a lesser extent, studies on vertebrate animals. However, for many groups of terrestrial invertebrates there is still a lack of consensus on which traits should be measured, their predictive value and how they should be measured. Several studies have addressed the effects of agricultural intensification on pollinator functional composition and others have addressed the role of functional composition on pollination service. However, of studies analysing both processes simultaneously using a response-trait effect framework remain very scarce. The aim of this thesis is to better understand the mechanisms linking functional composition with pollination service provision in apple orchards. To do so, I measured 10 pollinator traits in 109 species of different pollinator groups to study pollinator functional performance at individual and species level. I also used these traits to study how pollinator functional composition responded to agricultural local and landscape features and how, in turn, these traits affected pollination service at the community level. First, I developed a standardized method to quantitatively measure hairiness, a salient trait in pollination ecology. The proposed methodology accounts for the two components of hairiness (hair length and hair density) and was used on 109 species from different pollinator groups. Hopefully the method will foster the inclusion of hairiness in pollinator data bases and contribute to our understanding of the relevance of this trait in pollination ecology. Second, I determined which pollinator traits promote pollination effectiveness and explored whether pollinators with similar pollination effectiveness share similar traits. I found that pollination effectiveness was not dependent on a single trait but on a variety of behavioural and morphological traits. The main traits affecting pollination effectiveness were flower handling behaviour, body size and visit duration. All effective pollinators were top-workers, but otherwise did not necessarily share similar traits. Third, using a response-trait framework, I analysed how local and landscape features affected pollination service through changes in functional composition in 110 apple orchards across Europe. Pollination service increased with pollinator functional diversity, but only in low-input orchards. As a result, low-input orchards with high pollinator functional diversity reached levels of pollination service similar to those of high-input orchards. The relationship between response and effect traits was better mediated by functional diversity rather than specific functional traits. Functional diversity enabled pollinator communities to better respond to management and landscape intensity and to increase pollination function through complementarity.
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Nodarse, Brynn C. « A nonverbal approach to charismatic leadership training ». Diss., UC access only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=8&did=1907259901&SrchMode=2&sid=3&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1270057484&clientId=48051.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Riverside, 2009.
Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-115). Issued in print and online. Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations.
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Hodge, Josh. « Using the plant trait-based approach to study temperate grassland ecology and restoration ». Thesis, University of Warwick, 2016. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/110962/.

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Grasslands are considered to be the most endangered terrestrial ecosystem in the world. In the United Kingdom, substantial losses in unimproved grasslands and the abandonment of traditional grazing has resulted in the decline of ecosystem services, such as pollination. A plant trait-based approach was conducted to study the community ecology and restoration of temperate grasslands, with a focus on the convergence/divergence patterns in response to environmental and management factors, and how these scale to the provision of ecosystem processes and services –biomass production and livestock. The role of seven plant traits, obtained from the TRY-database, was investigated using the botanical data of the National Vegetation Classification, the Park Grass Experiment and the North Wyke Farm Platform. Trait-based analyses were conducted on the latter two to investigate the provision of biomass production and livestock production. A microcosm experiment was conducted to test the effects of agricultural soil legacies and restoration seed mixture on the reassembly of grassland communities, and their associated functional structure and composition. It was found that the seven traits investigated were independent and countered the conceptualisation of ecological axes of specialisation and ecological strategies. The type of fertiliser used to improve grasslands was found to be a significant factor driving the convergence/divergence patterns of temperate grassland communities, together with grazing. Biomass production was found to be best explained by statistical models incorporating climate and environmental factors, community-weighted means and different facets of functional diversity. In essence, environmental and management pressures resembling intensely managed, especially with nitrate-based fertilisers, temperate grasslands and an exploitative community best supported greater amounts of high quality biomass. Livestock production was found to be best explained by the Functional Diversity Hypothesis: higher yields from cattle and sheep were found from diverged grazing pastures. A trade-off between cattle quantity and quality was also highlighted. Agricultural soil legacies were found to greatly hinder the progression towards vegetation and functional restoration targets, producing ruderal communities dominated by weak competitors and opportunistic weedy plant species. The work has important implication for the management and restoration of grassland communities.
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Véron, Laélia. « Le trait d’esprit dans "La Comédie humaine" de Balzac : étude stylistique ». Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEN003.

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L’esprit, comme forme de la conversation, est au XIXe siècle une notion fondamentalement ambiguë. Hérité du XVIIe siècle et de l’âge d’or de la conversation, profondément marqué par les bouleversements de l’âge post-révolutionnaire, bousculé par le développement de la mystification, du persiflage, de la blague, et de la raillerie journalistique, le trait d’esprit prend tendanciellement un tour agonistique et instrumental dans les luttes sociales de l’époque. Balzac, journaliste, blagueur, mais aussi conservateur et amoureux des « conversation[s] entre onze heures et minuit » paraît emblématique de cette ambiguïté. Le trait d’esprit, parole brillante et concise, qui se veut singulière, peut être appréhendé comme un énoncé détachable. Notre approche stylistique sera donc en premier lieu celle d’une analyse des figures, au niveau de l’unité-énoncé et des catégories syntactico-sémantico-lexicales de la phrase. Cependant, suite aux acquis de la grammaire du texte, il apparaît que la signification même de ces catégories ne peut être comprise que par rapport à des structures extra-énoncives : nous tenterons ainsi de replacer systématiquement ces énoncés dans leur contexte discursif. Considérant que le trait d’esprit, en tant que performance sociale, doit être défini en partie par les conditions mêmes de son énonciation, nous tenterons de comprendre le fonctionnement de cet acte socio-discursif grâce aux acquis de l’analyse du discours. Notre travail privilégiera donc une approche conversationnelle (ou interactionnelle, selon les terminologies) et pragmatique, en s’attachant à étudier non seulement ce que dit le trait d’esprit, mais aussi ce qu’il communique, qu’il s’agisse des traits d’esprit des personnages ou de ceux du narrateur. L’interaction dialectique de ces deux niveaux nous permettra d’interroger la valeur romanesque du trait d’esprit, parole ambiguë, entre référence sérieuse et jeu métalinguistique, caractéristique du réalisme paradoxal de La Comédie humaine
The notion of “esprit” (French wit), a feature of the art of conversation, was, all through the 19th century, an ambiguous one. The art of witticism – a legacy of the 17th century and of the golden age of conversation – was, however, deeply altered by the advent of other forms of wit such as mystification, persiflage, jokes and journalistic banter : “traits d’esprit” (witticisms) gradually took on an agonistic dimension and became instruments in the social struggles of the time. Balzac, a journalist, a joker but also a conservative writer and a lover of “conversations between eleven o'clock and midnight” is emblematic of this ambiguity. “Traits d’esprit” (Witticisms) – short and clever statements aimed at being remarkable – can be studied as stand-alone utterances. That is why I shall first proceed to an analysis of the stylistic devices at work at the level of utterance, and relying on syntactic, semantic and lexical categories. However, drawing from the findings of text grammar, it appears that the meaning of these categories can only be understood in relation to an extra-utterance context and structures. Therefore, I shall systemically attempt to contextualize these utterances within a larger discursive framework. “Traits d’esprit” being social performances, they have to be defined in regard to the situation of utterance. I shall therefore use the tools of discourse analysis in order to break down the mechanisms of such a socio-discursive act. The present work thus relies on a conversational (or interactional) and pragmatic approach. It attempts to tackle not only what is said but also what is conveyed in those “traits d’esprit”, whether they belong to the characters’ or the narrator’s discourse. It is through the dialectic interaction between these two levels of wit that I intend to assess the role of witticisms. Ambiguous utterances, “traits d’esprit” pertain to serious references as well as to metalinguistic games, and are thus characteristics of the paradoxical realism to be found in La Comédie humaine
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Livres sur le sujet "Trait approach"

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Developing resilience : A cognitive-behavioural approach. New York, NY : Routledge, 2009.

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Stout, William F. A nonparametric approach for assessing latent trait unidimensionality. [Champaign, IL] : William Stout Institute for Measurement, 1990.

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Greene, Roberta R. Resiliency : An integrated approach to practice, policy, and research. 2e éd. Washington, DC : NASW Press, 2012.

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Present perfect : A mindfulness approach to letting go of perfectionism & the need for control. Oakland, CA : New Harbinger Publications, 2010.

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Understanding human development : A multidimensional approach. 2e éd. South Melbourne, Vic : Oxford University Press, 2010.

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Understanding human development : A multidimensional approach. South Melbourne, Victoria : Oxford University Press, 2005.

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Using the strengths perspective in social work practice : A positive approach for the helping professions. Boston : Pearson A & B, 2004.

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Williams, Glen. Resilience in conflict : A community-based approach to psycho-social support in northern Uganda. Kampala, Uganda : AVSI Uganda, 2001.

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Marianne, D'Emidio-Caston, et Benard Bonnie, dir. Resilience education. Thousand Oaks, CA : Corwin Press, 2001.

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Heller, Debra S. The lower female genital tract : A clinicopathologic approach. Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins, 1998.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Trait approach"

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Fontana, David. « The Trait-based Approach ». Dans Personality in the Workplace, 100–126. London : Macmillan Education UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-333-99384-2_6.

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Routman, Eric, et James M. Cheverud. « Quantitative trait loci : a new approach to old evolutionary problems ». Dans Molecular Approaches to Ecology and Evolution, 211–20. Basel : Birkhäuser Basel, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8948-3_11.

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Vermillion, Wesley A., P. David Polly, Jason J. Head, Jussi T. Eronen et A. Michelle Lawing. « Ecometrics : A Trait-Based Approach to Paleoclimate and Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction ». Dans Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology, 373–94. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94265-0_17.

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Samejima, F. « Roles of Fisher Type Information in Latent Trait Models ». Dans Proceedings of the First US/Japan Conference on the Frontiers of Statistical Modeling : An Informational Approach, 347–78. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0800-3_14.

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Wiernik, Brenton M., et Michael D. Coovert. « A Quantitative Approach for Developing Serious Games for Aptitude and Trait Assessment ». Dans Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 560–71. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34350-7_54.

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Kerr, Barbara A., Jonathan D. Wright, Jonathan M. Huffman, Maxwell Birdnow, Miriam Reder, Olivia A. Stull et Robyn N. Malmsten. « Cognitive Ability, Personality, and Privilege : A Trait-Complex Approach to Talent Development ». Dans Conceptions of Giftedness and Talent, 195–214. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56869-6_12.

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Joshi, Rohit, Brijesh K. Gupta, Ashwani Pareek, Mohan B. Singh et Sneh L. Singla-Pareek. « Functional Genomics Approach Towards Dissecting Out Abiotic Stress Tolerance Trait in Plants ». Dans Sustainable Development and Biodiversity, 1–24. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91956-0_1.

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Kaur, Lovenpreet, Natasha Sharma et Monika Garg. « Molecular breeding for enhancing iron and zinc content in wheat grains. » Dans Molecular breeding in wheat, maize and sorghum : strategies for improving abiotic stress tolerance and yield, 146–69. Wallingford : CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245431.0008.

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Abstract This chapter provides information on the importance of biofortification as a cheap, sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to increase micronutrient contents in plants. The merging of breeding approaches with genetic engineering techniques, such as quantitative trait locus analysis, marker-assisted breeding, gene cloning and gene transformation from wild wheat relatives, in order to develop micronutrient-rich wheat cultivars is also highlighted.
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Kurosu, Masaaki. « Full Description Persona vs. Trait List Persona in the Persona-Based sHEM Approach ». Dans Human Centered Design, 230–38. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02806-9_27.

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Jutier, D., N. Derome et C. Montchamp-Moreau. « The sex-ratio trait and its evolution in Drosophila simulans : a comparative approach ». Dans Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila simulans : So Similar, So Different, 87–99. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0965-2_8.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Trait approach"

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Joshi, Krinal, et Paresh Chauhan. « A Survey on Personality Trait Recognition from Handwriting : Approach and Applications ». Dans 2020 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Sustainable Systems (ICISS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciss49785.2020.9316093.

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Suryapranata, Louis Khrisna Putera, Gede Putra Kusuma, Yaya Heryadi, Bahtiar Saleh Abbas, Lukas et Adang S. Ahmad. « Personality trait prediction based on game character design using machine learning approach ». Dans 2017 International Conference on Innovative and Creative Information Technology (ICITech). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/innocit.2017.8319139.

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Murisal, Murisal, Neviyarni Neviyarni, Muri Yusuf et Mudjiran Mudjiran. « Development of group counseling model with trait and factor approach to increase maturity of students career choices ». Dans International Conferences on Educational, Social Sciences and Technology. Padang : Fakultas Ilmu Pendidikan, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.29210/20181113.

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Moretti, Marco. « Extending the trait-based approach to multi-trophic systems to assess effects on ecosystem processes — First attempts and perspectives ». Dans 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.95581.

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« Composing Classes - Roles Vs Traits ». Dans 8th International Conference on Evaluation of Novel Software Approaches to Software Engineering. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0004424000630073.

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Devendorf, Margaret, et Kemper Lewis. « Designing a Product Package Platform ». Dans ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28888.

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An essential part of designing a successful product family is establishing a recognizable, familiar, product family identity. It is very often the case that consumers first identify products based on their physical embodiment. The Apple iPod, DeWalt power tools, and KitchenAid appliances are all examples of product families that have successfully branded themselves based on physical principles. While physical branding is often the first trait apparent to designers, there are some products that cannot be differentiated based on physical appearance. This is especially common for consumable products. For example, it is impossible to differentiate between diet Coke, Classic Coke, and Pepsi when each is poured into separate glasses. When differentiation is difficult to achieve from a product’s physical characteristics, the product’s package becomes a vital part of establishing branding and communicating membership to a product family while maintaining individual product identity. In this paper, product packaging is investigated with a focus on the graphic packaging components that identify product families. These components include: color, shape, typography, and imagery. Through the application of tools used in facilities layout planning, graph theory, social network theory, and display design theory an approach to determine an optimal arrangement of graphic components is achieved. This approach is validated using a web based survey that tracks user-package interactions across a range of commonly used cereal boxes.
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Srivastava, Payal, Rana Majumdar, Bonny Paulose, Sunil Kumar Chowdhary et Abhishek Srivastava. « Smart Train Detector using IoT Approach ». Dans 2019 9th International Conference on Cloud Computing, Data Science & Engineering (Confluence). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/confluence.2019.8776894.

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Vilela, Plínio, Sérgio Brocchetto, Rafael Dias, Elaine Chiba, Anderson Vieira et Luciano Christofoletti. « Meta Planning Approach to Train Scheduling ». Dans 2015 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2015-5719.

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Computing the circulation plan for trains in a railroad is a hard problem. The number of variables considered, size of the search space and limitations on processing time define rigid limits to the solutions considered for any practical use. Our approach to train circulation planning [1] implements a simulation of discrete events that performs really well. Nevertheless, the approach is known to have some shortsightedness, specially when a global analysis is considered. To reduce the impact of such shortsightedness, a couple of solutions have been developed, including a second layer of intelligence on top of the core algorithm. This layer is called Adaptive Engine (AE), and is able to execute pre-processing and post-processing rules to fine tune the core engine’s output. The solution that is presented in this paper, called Meta Planning Engine (MPE), tackles another limitation of the tool, no matter how adjusted the implemented heuristics are, the core engine is computing only one output for any given input. With the MPE, multiple versions of the core engine execute in parallel and compute several outputs for any given input. We can even leverage the benefits of having different approaches running at the same time, without compromising the performance of the whole system. Preliminary results have shown it is possible to increase the solution quality by 7 to 10% while still maintaining the same range in terms of processing time.
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Sun, Zhenxu, Ye Zhang et Guowei Yang. « Parametrization of High-Speed Train Streamline Shape ». Dans ASME 2017 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2017-69167.

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In the past decade, the high speed trains (HSTs) in China have experienced a booming development, with the design of CRH380A as a predominant example. A series of brand new HSTs have been developed with high aerodynamic performance, which includes the running resistance, the lift of the trailing car, pressure waves when trains pass by each other, aerodynamic noise in the far field, etc. In order to design HSTs with better aerodynamic performance, it is necessary to perform aerodynamic shape optimization, especially to optimize the streamline shape of HSTs. Parametrization is the basis for the whole optimization process, since good parametrization approach not only affects the optimization strategy, but also determines the design space and optimization efficiency. In the present paper, a series of work related to the streamline shape parametrization performed by the author in recent years have been introduced. Four different parametrization approaches have been exhibited, which are Local Shape Function method (LSF) and Free-Foam Deformation method (FFD), Modified Vehicle Modeling Function method (MVMF), Class function/Shape function Transformation method (CST). These methods could be categorized into two kinds: shape disturbance approach (LSF and FFD) and shape description approach (MVMF and CST). Among these four methods, some are developed by the authors while some are locally modified so as to meet the parametrization of the streamline shape. The detailed process of these four approaches are exhibited in the present paper and the characteristics of these four approaches are compared.
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Bodner, Jeff, et Vikas Kaul. « A Framework for In Silico Clinical Trials for Medical Devices Using Concepts From Model Verification, Validation, and Uncertainty Quantification (VVUQ) ». Dans ASME 2021 Verification and Validation Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/vvs2021-65094.

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Abstract The rising costs of clinical trials for medical devices in recent years has led to an increased interest in so-called in silico clinical trials, where simulation results are used to supplement or to replace those obtained from human patients. Here we present a framework for executing such a trial. This framework relies heavily on ideas already developed for model verification, validation, and uncertainty quantification. The framework uses results from an initial cohort of human patients as model validation data, recognizing that the best model credibility evidence usually comes from real patients. The validation exercise leads to an assessment of the model’s suitability based on pre-defined acceptance criteria. If the model meets these criteria, then no additional human patients are required and the study endpoints that can be addressed using the model are met using the simulation results. Conversely, if the model is found to be inadequate, it is abandoned, and the clinical study continues using only human patients in a second cohort. Compared to other frameworks described in the literature based on Bayesian methods, this approach follows a strict model build-validate-predict structure. It can handle epistemic uncertainties in the model inputs, which is a common trait of models of biomedical systems. Another idea discussed here is that the outputs of engineering models rarely coincide with measures that are the basis for clinical endpoints. This manuscript discusses how the link between the model and clinical measure can be established during the trial.
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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Trait approach"

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Stout, William. A New Latent Trait Modeling Approach with Contributions to Assessing Latent Unidimensionality and Ability Test Bias. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, août 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada198830.

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Rayome, Donald, Nicole DiManno, Rebecca Ostertag, Susan Cordell, Bryson Fung, Anthony Vizzone, Pauleen Pante et Reuben Tate. Restoring Ecosystem Services Tool (REST) : a program for selecting species for restoration projects using a functional-trait approach. Albany, CA : U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-gtr-262.

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Rayome, Donald, Nicole DiManno, Rebecca Ostertag, Susan Cordell, Bryson Fung, Anthony Vizzone, Pauleen Pante et Reuben Tate. Restoring Ecosystem Services Tool (REST) : a program for selecting species for restoration projects using a functional-trait approach. Albany, CA : U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-gtr-262.

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Glorius, Sander, Ralf van Hal, Klaas Kaag, Babeth van der Weide, Chun Chen et Tobias van Kooten. Benthic development around a gas platform in the North Sea - : a small scale closure for fisheries : a trait based approach. Den Helder : Wageningen Marine Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/400549.

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Reich, Peter. Global land model development : time to shift from a plant functional type to a plant functional trait approach (Final Report). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), août 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1512943.

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Ebeling, Robert M., Ralph W. Strom, Barry C. White et Kevin Abraham. Simplified Analysis Procedures for Flexible Approach Wall Systems Founded on Groups of Piles and Subjected to Barge Train Impact. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, septembre 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada570346.

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Seale, Maria, Natàlia Garcia-Reyero, R. Salter et Alicia Ruvinsky. An epigenetic modeling approach for adaptive prognostics of engineered systems. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), juillet 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41282.

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Prognostics and health management (PHM) frameworks are widely used in engineered systems, such as manufacturing equipment, aircraft, and vehicles, to improve reliability, maintainability, and safety. Prognostic information for impending failures and remaining useful life is essential to inform decision-making by enabling cost versus risk estimates of maintenance actions. These estimates are generally provided by physics-based or data-driven models developed on historical information. Although current models provide some predictive capabilities, the ability to represent individualized dynamic factors that affect system health is limited. To address these shortcomings, we examine the biological phenomenon of epigenetics. Epigenetics provides insight into how environmental factors affect genetic expression in an organism, providing system health information that can be useful for predictions of future state. The means by which environmental factors influence epigenetic modifications leading to observable traits can be correlated to circumstances affecting system health. In this paper, we investigate the general parallels between the biological effects of epigenetic changes on cellular DNA to the influences leading to either system degradation and compromise, or improved system health. We also review a variety of epigenetic computational models and concepts, and present a general modeling framework to support adaptive system prognostics.
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Cada, Glenn F., et Peter E. Schweizer. The Application of Traits-Based Assessment Approaches to Estimate the Effects of Hydroelectric Turbine Passage on Fish Populations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), avril 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1038082.

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Mascagni, Giulia, Roel Dom et Fabrizio Santoro. The VAT in Practice : Equity, Enforcement and Complexity. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), janvier 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.002.

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The value added tax (VAT) is supposed to be a tax on consumption that achieves greater economic efficiency than alternative indirect taxes. It is also meant to facilitate enforcement through the ‘self-enforcing mechanism’ – based on opposed incentives for buyers and sellers, and because of the paper trail it creates. Being a rather sophisticated tax, however, the VAT is complex to administer and costly to comply with, especially in lower-income countries. This paper takes a closer look at how the VAT system functions in practice in Rwanda. Using a mixed-methods approach, which combines qualitative information from focus group discussions with the analysis of administrative and survey data, we document and explain a number of surprising inconsistencies in the filing behaviour of VAT-remitting firms, which lead to suboptimal usage of electronic billing machines, as well as failure to claim legitimate VAT credits. The consequence of these inconsistencies is twofold. It makes it difficult for the Rwanda Revenue Authority to exploit its VAT data to the fullest, and leads to firms, particularly smaller ones, bearing a higher VAT burden than larger ones. There are several explanations for these inconsistencies. They appear to lie in a combination of taxpayer confusion, fear of audit, and constraints in administrative capacity.
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Interview with Dr. Arnon Bentovim. ACAMH, avril 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.13056/acamh.7025.

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Dr Arnon Bentovim, Child and Family Psychiatrist, and founder the Child and Family Practice, talks about child and family training to develop and train evidence-based approaches to assessment, analysis, and intervention.
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