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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Transfer clause »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 7 juillet 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Transfer clause"

Kouroutakis, Antonios. « The Virtues of Sunset Clauses in Relation to Constitutional Authority ». Statute Law Review 41, n^o 1 (6 juillet 2018) : 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmy017.

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Abstract This article focuses on the virtues of sunset clauses pertaining to authority. It examines the utility of such clauses in three instances: first, when there is a transfer of constitutional authority; secondly, when there is an exclusively attributed authority, but it is not exercised; and thirdly, when there is a creation of a new authority. In the case of a transfer of authority subject to sunset clauses, unless such authority is re-authorized, the sunset clause brings about its expiration on a prescribed date. In practice, the benefits from the sunset clause are twofold. First, such a clause allows the comprehensive evaluation of the transferred authority, minimizing the risk of any abuse. Secondly, such a clause sets the timetable, which promotes legal certainty. In the case of inactivity while there is an exclusive authority, the use of a sunset clause as an alarm clock creates an incentive for action; or alternatively, with the expiration of the sunset clause, the authority is considered ipso jure and simultaneously exercised. Finally, in the case where new authority is created, such authority may be subject to a sunset clause if it is implemented as a constitutional experiment or if it is controversial in nature because it possibly distorts the system of separation of powers.

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TREFFERS-DALLER, JEANINE. « Ambiguity and transfer in bilingual first language acquisition ? » Bilingualism : Language and Cognition 1, n^o 3 (décembre 1998) : 187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728998000339.

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Natascha Müller presents a very interesting analysis of the structure of the German subordinate clause in bilingual first language acquisition. The main issue in this paper is to explain the fact that some bilingual children – but not all of them – display non-target language structures in German subordinate clauses. That is, the finite verb does not appear in the final position of the subordinate clause. These non-target structures can in part be explained by transfer, but this cannot be the whole story, because some monolingual children produce these structures as well. Bilingual children, though, appear to have problems with the German subordinate clause more frequently than monolingual children. Interestingly, acquiring the target structures is a slow process for children who produce non-target structures. Ivar, the French-German child Müller discusses in most detail, for example, needs two years to acquire the correct position of the finite verb in German subordinate clauses. Müller argues that the problems arise because the input children receive is ambiguous: the finite verb does not always appear in the finite position in German subordinate clauses in adult speech. The ambiguity of this situation opens the way to transfer. In their uncertainty, the children turn to their other language as a relief strategy.

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De Luca, Anna. « Umbrella Clauses and Transfer Provisions in the (Invisible) EU Model BIT ». Journal of World Investment & ; Trade 15, n^o 3-4 (28 juillet 2014) : 506–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-01504008.

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The draft Investment Chapter of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (ceta) between the European Union (eu) and Canada includes an umbrella clause, on eu’s proposal. Nevertheless, the inclusion in the final text of such a clause appears to be uncertain. Furthermore, the wording of the umbrella clause, proposed by the eu, fails to address all uncertainties regarding the effects and scope of application of umbrella clauses still existing in jurisprudence. Conversely, the inclusion in the draft Investment Chapter of a transfer provision, accompanied with safeguard provisions in case of serious balance-of-payments difficulties and external financial difficulties, does not seem to be a contested issue between the Member States and Canada. A new development at the eu level might make investment protection matters more complicated: following the opening of the negotiation on a free trade agreement with the us, some Member States (such as Germany) oppose investment arbitration tout court at least in the prospective eu-us ceta.

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Chen, Marina Yueh-ching. « English prototyped small clauses in the interlanguage of Chinese/Taiwanese adult learners ». Second Language Research 21, n^o 1 (janvier 2005) : 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0267658305sr243oa.

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This study of consider and find attempts to shed light on second language acquisition of English small clause complements, as in we consider [Mary intelligent] and we find [Mary interesting]. It examines how learners’ First language (Mandarin Chinese) interacts with the target language. The analysis is based on the results of two kinds of tasks: grammaticality judgements, intended to elicit nonnative participants’ implicit knowledge as compared with the responses of native participants; and oral translations to test their explicit access to this knowledge. The results indicate that Chinese learners tend to avoid sentences that contain small clause complements. A related finding is that, like small clause complements, infinitival complements are under-generated and not preferred by the subjects; tensed clauses and clauses introduced by that are preferred. It is suggested that learners’ difficulty with small clause complements involves underlying first language transfer. On the other hand, the difficulty with infinitive clauses may be related to universal developmental order, as the interpretation for an NP involves an extra mechanism, Exceptional Case Marking.

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Biancalana, Joseph. « CONTRACTUAL PENALTIES IN THE KING’S COURT 1260–1360 ». Cambridge Law Journal 64, n^o 1 (24 mars 2005) : 212–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197305006847.

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CLAUSES that provided fixed monetary penalties first appeared in English contracts and conveyances in the first decade of the thirteenth century. Rather quickly thereafter penalty clauses came to be used in a wide variety of contracts and conveyances. They were used in (1) agreements over tithes, (2) settlement of disputes, (3) arbitration agreements, (4) agreements to transfer or not to transfer land, (5) marriage property agreements, (6) warranties of title to land, (7) leases, (8) agreements to pay rents and annuities, loans, and in a variety of other transactions. The penalty clause was just another clause in the agreement. At about the middle of the thirteenth century other methods of inserting a penalty clause into an agreement began to be used. A penalty clause could be made part of a recognizance on the plea rolls, the Exchequer rolls, or the Chancery rolls. The recognizance itself could be a penalty to enforce a side agreement. A money bond could serve as a penalty rendered void if the terms of a separate, conditional acquittance were met. A bond or a statute merchant could be given to a third party under an agreement to give the bond or statute merchant to the promisee if the promisor failed to carry out his agreement. By 1348 the penal bond with conditional defeasance endorsed on the back of the bond had been invented.

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Shuhama, Yuji. « Clause-sensitivity of Inflectional Morphology in L2 English ». Asian Journal of University Education 17, n^o 3 (1 août 2021) : 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v17i3.14519.

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Abstract: The Interface Hypothesis (Sorace, 2000) developed in line with the Minimalist theory of grammar (Chomsky, 1995 et seq.) supports the view of L2 acquisition that syntactic properties are acquired early while the acquisition of interface properties is delayed. One of the interface properties is inflectional morphology on English verbs, which involves subject-verb agreement at the syntax-morphology interface. Previous studies have revealed that for learners of L2 English, acquiring third person singular -s is harder than regular past -ed due to the absence of meaningless morphemes in L1. However, one question has been disregarded: Where in a clause are these morphemes inserted more successfully? Given that subordinate clauses are more complex than main clauses, this study examines the clause-sensitivity of L2 inflectional morphology. 44 Japanese university students learning English as L2 were asked to complete a grammaticality judgment test and write an essay about a specified topic. The learners’ inflection pattern was surveyed through the test scores and text analysis of the essays. Results show that -s tends to be omitted regardless of clause types, but -ed is omitted more frequently in complement clauses than main clauses. These are due to negative L1 transfer on L2 inflectional morphology and our findings imply the importance of clauses as meaningful units in L2 grammar instructions. Keywords: Clause-sensitivity, Inflectional morphology, L2 grammar instructions, The Interface Hypothesis.

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Kim Ji Hyon. « L1 Transfer in L2 Relative Clause Attachment ». English Language and Linguistics 16, n^o 3 (décembre 2010) : 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17960/ell.2010.16.3.006.

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Rizal, Moch Choirul. « Sanksi Tindak Pidana Pencantuman Klausula Baku pada Karcis Parkir Kendaraan Bermotor ». al-Daulah : Jurnal Hukum dan Perundangan Islam 3, n^o 2 (1 octobre 2013) : 299–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/ad.2013.3.2.299-322.

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Abstract: This article discusses about a criminal sanction of the standard clauses in a motor vehicle parking ticket for parking service manager according to article 18 paragraph (1) jo. article 62 paragraph (1) of Law No. 8 year 1999 about consumer’s protection. Standard clause is an agreement where the procedure of making it is unilateral. A standard clause listed on the ticket motorists has violated the provision of article 18 paragraph (1) letter a, namely “the businesses doers, in offering goods and/or services that are held for trading, are prohibited from making or including a standard clauses in each document and/or agreement if they had declare the transfer of responsibility of entrepreneurs”. The inclusion of a standard clause as mentioned in the above provisions can be categorized as a criminal offense. The criminal penalty of such act is imprisonment of a maximum 5 (five) years or a criminal sanction of a maximum Rp. 2,000,000,000.00 (two billions rupiah) as stipulated in article 62 paragraph (1) UUPK. In Islam, these are included a criminal act and they have not stipulated in the text yet. So that, it becomes the authority of ulil 'amri to determine the punishment.Keywords: Sanctions, criminal act, standard clause, motor vehicle

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van Vuuren, Sanne. « Information structural transfer in advanced Dutch EFL writing ». Linguistics in the Netherlands 2013 30 (18 novembre 2013) : 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.30.13van.

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This article presents a case study on the role of L1 transfer of language-specific features of information structure in very advanced L2 learners. Cross-linguistic differences in the information status of clause-initial position in a V2 language like Dutch compared to an SVO language like English are hypothesized to result in overuse of clause-initial adverbials in the writing of advanced Dutch learners of English. This hypothesis was tested by evaluating advanced Dutch EFL learners’ use of clause-initial adverbials in a syntactically annotated longitudinal corpus of student writing, compared to a native reference corpus. Results indicate that Dutch EFL learners overuse clause-initial adverbials of place as well as addition adverbials that refer back to an antecedent in the directly preceding discourse. Although there is a clear development in the direction of native writing, transfer of information structural features of Dutch can still be observed even after three years of extended academic exposure.

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VÉRONIQUE, DANIEL. « The development of referential activities and clause-combining as aspects of the acquisition of discourse in French as L2 ». Journal of French Language Studies 14, n^o 3 (novembre 2004) : 257–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269504001796.

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This article describes the development of temporal reference and clause-combining in the acquisition of French L2 by adult Moroccan Arabic L1 speakers. The contribution of iconicity and of transfer from L1 in this development is discussed. The path towards grammaticalisation is less clearly marked in the domain of clause combining than in the domain of temporal reference, where after use of lexical and pragmatic means, inflection on the verb develops. Grammaticalised subordination is rarely used, except for circumstancial clauses. Paratactic devices such as clefting and NP copy tend to be used for discursive functions such as the introduction of background information in narratives, for instance.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Transfer clause"

Ung, Sreida. « Essai sur la transmission de l'action en justice ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASH006.

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Chacun est libre de disposer de son patrimoine comme il l'entend, dans le respect de l'ordre public. Il est donc libre de transférer tout ou partie de son patrimoine. Il est traditionnellement admis que l'action en justice suit le droit subjectif substantiel auquel elle est liée, tel un satellite. L'intérêt de la transmission d'une action en justice indépendamment du droit subjectif substantiel peut être difficile à appréhender, comme il est difficile de concevoir l'utilité d'un satellite qui ne graviterait autour d'aucune planète. La difficulté liée à la compréhension d'une transmission de l'action en justice indépendamment du droit subjectif auquel elle est rattachée est également liée au fait que l'action en justice n'est pas admise comme un élément distinct du patrimoine. Bien que difficile à appréhender, une telle transmission n'est pas dénuée d'intérêt tant pour le transmettant que pour le bénéficiaire de la transmission. Pour le transmettant, l'intérêt de cette transmission réside de toute évidence dans la prise en charge par une autre personne des dépenses liés au procès, plus particulièrement s'il ne peut bénéficier de l'aide juridictionnelle ou s'il ne bénéficie pas d'assurance juridique. A l'image des sociétés de financement de procès, le bénéficiaire de la transmission recevrait une sorte de rémunération pouvant consister en un pourcentage sur le résultat obtenu en contrepartie de sa prise en charge des coûts du procès. Le transmettant s'évitera donc les frais d'un procès, tout en profitant des effets du jugement sur son droit subjectif substantiel.L'examen du droit positif force à reconnaître l'existence de figures de transmission de l'action en justice, avec ou sans le droit subjectif substantiel auquel elle est rattachée, avec ou sans le consentement de son titulaire.La présente étude se propose d'apporter un regard critique sur ces figures de transmission et de mettre en lumière les contraintes particulières attachées à la transmission d'une action en justice indépendamment du droit subjectif substantiel auquel elle est liée
Everyone is free to dispose of their assets as they wish, in compliance with public order. Then they are free to give all or part of their assets. It is traditionally and widely accepted that a legal action follows the substantial subjective right to which it is linked, as a satellite. It may be complex to apprehend the interest of a transfer of legal action without the substantial subjective right to which it is linked, as it may be difficult to understand the use of a satellite with no planet to orbit around. Legal actions are not considered an asset, which makes the understanding of its transfer without the substantial subjective right to which it is linked, more difficult to apprehend. Even though it is complex to understand, this transfer may be of interest. The one who gives their legal action will not have to bear the costs of a trial. This is of interest to them especially if they are not entitled to legal aid or if they don't have legal expenses insurance. As third-party funding in Common law countries, the one who receives the legal action may charge its remuneration on a percentage taken on the result of the trial. Then the giver will avoid the costs of going to court.A review of current substantive law forces us to recognize the existence of cases of transfer of legal actions, with or without the substantive subjective right to which it is linked, with or without the consent of its holder.This present study aims to present a critical view of these cases of transfer of legal actions and to highlight specific constraints of the transfer of legal action without the substantial subjective right to which it is linked

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Leung, King-hang, et 梁景恒. « Errors and syntactic transfer in English relative clause formation : a case study of senior Hong Kong secondaryschool students ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45007536.

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Leung, King-hang. « Errors and syntactic transfer in English relative clause formation : a case study of senior Hong Kong secondary school students / ». View the Table of Contents & ; Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31573411.

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Annereau, Dominique. « Le complément de prix dans les cessions de droit sociaux : (ou clause d'earn-out) ». Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010254.

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Un chef d'entreprise peut s'adresser à un successeur potentiel, pour le convaincre de la bonne mesure de son œuvre à lui vendre, en liant une partie de son prix aux futures performances de l'entreprise. Cette formule d'intéressement comme composante de prix de vente, nous vient des États-Unis d'Amérique où est utilisée pour la désigner, l'expression «earn out». Le verbe anglais «earn» signifie «gagner» et l'adverbe « out » signifie «dehors». Avec ces deux courts mots, l'un de quatre lettres, l'autre de trois, les anglo-saxons parviennent à dénommer la technique particulière de transmission d'entreprise en société, qui consiste à parier sur l'avenir, en donnant à celui qui est désormais en «dehors» du capital social, l'occasion de participer à la vie et aux « gains » de cette entreprise. Cette modalité de complément de prix, s'exprime dans les accords entre vendeur et acquéreur, par l'introduction d'une clause dite d'earn out
No English summary available

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Öcalan, Özel Sila. « University-industry interactions : understanding university licensing strategies and beyond ». Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAB009/document.

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Cette thèse porte principalement sur les stratégies de licence des universités. Afin de comprendre l’impact social des stratégies de licences universitaires, nous examinons le lien entre le degré d’exclusivité des licences et les diverses caractéristiques des inventions sous licence. Les résultats théoriques et empiriques de nos recherches suggèrent que les pratiques des OTTs ne sont peut-être pas toujours optimales, ce qui laisse à penser que des améliorations pourraient encore être apportées. Lorsque les innovations sont séquentielles, les universités pourraient introduire des stratégies alternatives de licences open source. Nous élargissons notre étude en examinant les interactions dynamiques entre divers canaux formels et informels de transfert de connaissances. Notre analyse qualitative longitudinale suggère que l’interaction dynamique crée un effet cumulatif important vis-à-vis de l’activité de valorisation de la recherche, et renforce la dimension collective de la valorisation
This thesis primarily focuses on university licensing. To understand the social impact of the university licensing strategies, we examine the link between the degree of exclusivity of licenses and the various characteristics of the licensed inventions. The theoretical and empirical findings of our research suggest that the practices of university technology transfer offices (TTOs) may not always be optimal, underlying the fact that there may still be room for the improvement. We also suggest that, when the innovations are sequential, universities might introduce alternative open source licensing (OSL) strategies. Furthermore, we expand our study by examining the dynamic interactions between various formal and informal channels of transfer. Our longitudinal qualitative methodology suggests that, dynamic interaction creates a strong cumulative effect with respect to the research valorization activity and reinforces the collective dimension of valorization

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Sprenger, Florian [Verfasser], et Günther [Akademischer Betreuer] Clauss. « Challenges of Offshore LNG Transfer / Florian Sprenger. Betreuer : Günther Clauss ». Berlin : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Berlin, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1029355487/34.

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Sprenger, Florian Verfasser], et Günther [Akademischer Betreuer] [Clauss. « Challenges of Offshore LNG Transfer / Florian Sprenger. Betreuer : Günther Clauss ». Berlin : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Berlin, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1029355487/34.

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Chen, Victor. « Synthèse et évaluations biologiques de strigolactones, nouvelle classe d'hormones végétales ». Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112117/document.

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Ce travail de thèse présente la mise au point d’une nouvelle stratégie de synthèse en vue de l’obtention d’analogues des strigolactones, apocaroténoïdes possédant de multiples activités biologiques d’intérêt agronomique : médiateurs chimiques intervenant dans la mise en place de la symbiose endomycorhizienne et nouvelle classe d’hormone végétale contrôlant l’architecture de la plante.La stratégie de synthèse est basée sur l’utilisation d’une séquence de deux réactions clefs qui sont une métathèse cyclisante d’oléfine (RCM) et une cyclisation radicalaire avec transfert d’atome catalysée par un métal de transition (ATRC). Tout d’abord, une synthèse rapide et efficace des précurseurs a été développée et après optimisation de la séquence RCM / ATRC, divers analogues fonctionnalisés en position C4 ont été obtenus après aménagements fonctionnels. D’autres bioisostères des strigolactones naturelles ont été synthétisés par variation au niveau du cycle C. En se basant sur la voie synthétique précédemment élaborée, la première synthèse asymétrique du Solanacol a été effectuée permettant la détermination de sa stéréochimie relative en C2’ et sa configuration absolue. L’évaluation des activités biologiques dans les différents modèles des composés synthétisés est aussi décrite
This Ph.D. work has been centred on the elaboration of a new synthetic strategy in goal to obtain analogues of natural strigolactones, apocarotenoids with various biological activities of agronomic interests: chemical mediators implicated in the endomycorrhizal symbiosis and a new class of plant hormone controlling the plant architecture.The synthetic strategy is based on the sequence of two key reactions, which are ring closing metathesis (RCM) and atom transfer radical cyclisation (ATRC). First, a rapid and efficient access to the synthetic precursors has been developed and after optimisation of the RCM / ATRC sequence, several analogues functionnalised at the C4 position were obtained after judicious steps. Other bioisoters were obtained with variations on the C ring. On the basis of the elaborated synthetic pathway, the first asymmetric synthesis of Solanacol was successfully achieved conducting to the determination of the relative stereochemistry at C2’ position and its absolute configuration. The biological evaluations of the synthesized molecules in the different models were also described

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Kayama, Yuhko. « Second language acquisition of Japanese relative clauses ». Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100636.

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This thesis investigates the second language acquisition of Japanese relative clauses (RCs) by native speakers of English or Korean. Researchers have argued that Universal Grammar (UG) can be accessed in adult second language (L2) acquisition. The Full Transfer Full Access (FTFA) Hypothesis (Schwartz and Sprouse 1994, 1996) claims that after initial transfer from L1, learners reset their parameter values and are able to acquire L2 properties that are different from their L1. Japanese and English relativization: while Japanese relativization does not involve movement in the syntax (Kuno 1973, Saito 1985, etc.), English relativization involves obligatory operator movement and is subject to movement constraints like Subjacency. Because of Subjacency, certain RC structures are prohibited in English. In Japanese, on the other hand, a zero pronominal, pro, is base-generated in the gap position of an RC and coindexed with the relative head noun, and thus long distance relativization is possible. I argue that the presence or absence of pro is also a parametric difference between Japanese and English; pro is present in Japanese, but not in English. In order for English speakers to acquire Japanese RCs, they need to reset the values of these two parameters.
Experimental studies were conducted with high-intermediate and advanced learners of Japanese (15 English speakers and 18 Korean speakers). Tests examined the learners' knowledge of the two grammatical properties in Japanese---namely, the lack of wh-movement and the presence of pro. Korean is different from English but similar to Japanese with respect to the parameters in question. Following FTFA, it is hypothesized that English-speaking learners initially transfer their L1 values, and that eventually they are able to switch parameters to the L2 values by accessing UG. The results of several tasks (including interpretation tasks and judgment tasks) confirm this hypothesis; while Korean speakers generally performed well irrespective of proficiency levels, English-speaking intermediate learners transferred their L1 values, failing to accept grammatical Japanese sentences that are not possible in English. English-speaking advanced learners, on the other hand, performed better than intermediate learners, and exhibited evidence that they had acquired the two properties of Japanese, supporting FTFA.

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Rafaralahy, Hugues. « Modélisation d'un processus thermique et reconstruction de l'état et des défauts pour une classe de systèmes à paramètres distribués de type parabolique ». Nancy 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN10223.

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Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire concernent d'une part la modélisation et la simulation numérique d'un processus thermique industriel et, d'autre part, la reconstruction de l'état et le diagnostic pour une classe de systèmes à paramètres distribués de type parabolique. Dans une première partie, la modélisation d'un four de réchauffe de billettes, de type poussant, alimenté au gaz naturel est réalisée. Ce modèle est un système à paramètres repartis de type parabolique décrivant la conduction de la chaleur avec des conditions aux frontières de type Fourier non linéaires représentant les transferts de chaleur par convection et rayonnement. Pour mettre en évidence les fluctuations de température sur la longueur des billettes (nécessaire à l'optimisation de la qualité du produit et des conditions de laminage) nous considérons un modèle à deux dimensions d'espace. Un algorithme d'intégration numérique, permettant d'analyser les fluctuations du profil de température et de simuler l'évolution thermique des billettes pendant la phase de chauffe, est proposé. La deuxième partie est consacrée à la synthèse d'observateurs de l'état de dimension finie pour les systèmes de dimension infinie évoqués ci-dessus en passant par une réduction de la dimension de ces systèmes via les polynômes orthogonaux généralisés. L'approche adoptée est basée sur les observateurs à grand gain des systèmes localisés. La robustesse de celle-ci par rapport aux erreurs de modélisation des paramètres est étudiée. Une version d'ordre réduit de cet observateur est proposée. La troisième partie concerne l'estimation simultanée de l'état et des défauts. Deux cas sont considères, à savoir les défauts de mesures de type ponctuel (biais, dérivés de capteurs. . . ) Et les défauts de système de type distribue. Aucune hypothèse a priori n'est faite sur la dynamique de ces défauts. La solution proposée est basée sur l'observation de l'état des systèmes singuliers non linéaires localisés. Un de nos principaux objectifs est de proposer des solutions réalisables sur calculateurs, donc de dimension finie

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Livres sur le sujet "Transfer clause"

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Naval Affairs, dir. Clause for Appropriation Bill To Transfer Remains Home. Washington : U.S. G.P.O., 1985.

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Imbert, Francis. L' inconscient dans la classe : Transferts et contre-transferts. Paris : ESF, 1996.

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Verma, Binoy Nath. Caste/class relation and dynamics of land transfer. New Delhi : Ashish Pub. House, 1994.

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Early modern dynastic marriages and cultural transfer. Farnham, Surrey, England : Ashgate Publishing Company, 2015.

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Huetos, Antonio B. Perdices. Cláusulas restrictivas de la transmisión de acciones y participaciónes. Madrid : Editorial Civitas, 1997.

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Congress, U. S. United States-China Act of 1991 : Conference report (to accompany H.R. 2212). [Washington, D.C. ? : U.S. G.P.O., 1991.

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Bush), United States President (1989-1993 :. Veto of H.R. 5318 : Message from the President of the United States transmitting his veto of H.R. 5318, a bill entitled, "United States-China Act of 1992.". Washington : U.S. G.P.O., 1992.

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Congress, U. S. United States-China Act of 1991 : Conference report (to accompany H.R. 2212). [Washington, D.C. ? : U.S. G.P.O., 1991.

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Congress, U. S. United States-China Act of 1991 : Conference report (to accompany H.R. 2212). [Washington, D.C. ? : U.S. G.P.O., 1991.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Transfer clause"

Fuchs, Dirk. « Cooperation between top-down and bottom-up theorem provers by subgoal clause transfer ». Dans Artificial Intelligence and Symbolic Computation, 157–69. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0055910.

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Wille, Mario, Tobias Weinzierl, Gonzalo Brito Gadeschi et Michael Bader. « Efficient GPU Offloading with OpenMP for a Hyperbolic Finite Volume Solver on Dynamically Adaptive Meshes ». Dans Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 65–85. Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32041-5_4.

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AbstractWe identify and show how to overcome an OpenMP bottleneck in the administration of GPU memory. It arises for a wave equation solver on dynamically adaptive block-structured Cartesian meshes, which keeps all CPU threads busy and allows all of them to offload sets of patches to the GPU. Our studies show that multithreaded, concurrent, non-deterministic access to the GPU leads to performance breakdowns, since the GPU memory bookkeeping as offered through OpenMP’s clause, i.e., the allocation and freeing, becomes another runtime challenge besides expensive data transfer and actual computation. We, therefore, propose to retain the memory management responsibility on the host: A caching mechanism acquires memory on the accelerator for all CPU threads, keeps hold of this memory and hands it out to the offloading threads upon demand. We show that this user-managed, CPU-based memory administration helps us to overcome the GPU memory bookkeeping bottleneck and speeds up the time-to-solution of Finite Volume kernels by more than an order of magnitude.

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Clocksin, William F. « Case Study : The Fast Fourier Transform in Prolog ». Dans Clause and Effect, 115–26. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58274-5_10.

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Naef, Tobias. « The Restrictive Effect of the Legal Mechanisms for Data Transfers in the European Union ». Dans European Yearbook of International Economic Law, 115–230. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19893-9_3.

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AbstractThe right to data protection in Article 8 CFR has an extraterritorial dimension, which requires continuous protection for personal data that is essentially equivalent to the protection guaranteed within the EU. This right to continuous protection of personal data is an unwritten constituent part of the right to data protection in Article 8 CFR. Primary Union law in Article 16(2) TFEU instructs the European Parliament and the Council to establish rules relating to the protection of individuals regarding the processing of their personal data. This mandate also extends to the extraterritorial dimension of the right to data protection. Accordingly, Chapter V GDPR sets out the system for the transfer of personal data from the EU to third countries. The first section of this chapter defines the legal concept of “data transfers” and introduces the three legal mechanisms for the transfer of personal data in Chapter V GDPR (Sect. 3.1). The following sections address the three legal mechanism and their role in guaranteeing the right to continuous protection for personal data. Each section entails a fundamental rights analysis for the transfer of personal data on the basis of a legal mechanism in Chapter V GDPR. The second section is dedicated to data transfers based on adequacy decisions for third countries following Article 45 GDPR (Sect. 3.2). The third section is dedicated to data transfers based on the instruments providing appropriate safeguards in Article 46 GDPR such as standard data protection clauses and binding corporate rules (BCRs) (Sect. 3.3). Finally, the fourth section is dedicated to data transfers subject to contract-based and consent-based derogations in Article 49 GDPR (Sect. 3.4).

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Chattopadhyay, Surajit, Madhuchhanda Mitra et Samarjit Sengupta. « Clarke and Park Transform ». Dans Power Systems, 89–96. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0635-4_12.

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Naef, Tobias. « Restrictions on Data Transfers and Trade Agreements ». Dans European Yearbook of International Economic Law, 367–420. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19893-9_5.

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AbstractIn reaction to the stalemate in the multilateral trading system, international governance of digital trade has gradually shifted toward bilateral and regional trade agreements. This allowed countries to start to regulating cross-border flows of personal data outside the WTO framework. The first section of this chapter traces the development of data flow clauses in the trade agreements of the EU, the US, and other countries. It also looks at the negotiations of the big trade agreements in the late 2010s, such as the TTIP, the TiSA, and the TPP (Sect. 5.1). The second section outlines the scope for data flow clauses in the trade agreements of the EU based on different legal requirements stemming from the architecture of EU law, the GDPR, and other regulations. These requirements include the primacy of fundamental rights over international law with regard to the right to continuous protection of personal data in Article 8 CFR, the accommodation of the legal mechanisms for the transfer of personal data in the GDPR, the inclusion of cooperation mechanisms on the basis of Article 50 GDPR, and the ban of data localization requirements beyond data protection and privacy concerns. These legal requirements are necessary to consider when drafting data flow clauses for EU trade agreements (Sect. 5.2). The third section of this chapter offers and analyzes four potential designs for data flow clauses for EU trade agreements (Sect. 5.3). The fourth section is dedicated to the analysis of the EU model data flow clauses that the European Commission introduced as a template for future trade negotiations in 2018 (Sect. 5.4).

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Ovink, Sarah M. « Limited Options : Choosing a Two-Year Transfer Pathway ». Dans Race, Class, and Choice in Latino/a Higher Education, 53–91. New York : Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51886-6_3.

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Vincensini, Jean-Jacques. « Lévi-Strauss à Carduel. Médiévistes français et italiens face à Claude Lévi-Strauss ». Dans Transferts culturels franco-italiens au Moyen Âge – Trasferimenti culturali italo francesi, 249–75. Turnhout, Belgium : Brepols Publishers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.bitam-eb.5.123762.

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Xu, Liu-Jun, et Ji-Ping Huang. « Theory for Omnithermal Illusion Metasurfaces : Cavity Effect ». Dans Transformation Thermotics and Extended Theories, 177–90. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5908-0_13.

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AbstractIn this chapter, we consider multifold heat-transfer modes and propose a class of restructurable metasurfaces to show illusions in infrared and similarity in visible-light view. We consider the three basic modes of heat transfer (omnithermotics) in theoretical designs and adopt radiation-cavity effects in experimental manufacture. We also make it feasible to tune surface temperature and emissivity synergistically. Besides, such metasurfaces can work in temperature-varying backgrounds and transient states. This scheme may provide a platform for the design of adaptable thermal illusion and show robustness under multifrequency detections.

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Drouet, Flora, Jean-Louis Jamet, Dominique Jamet, Françoise Miralles, Michelle Brochen, Fabienne Chavanon et Christophe Brach-Papa. « Mercury concentrations and transfers in phyto- and zooplankton communities in a coastal Mediterranean ecosystem (bay of Toulon, France) ». Dans Ninth International Symposium “Monitoring of Mediterranean Coastal Areas : Problems and Measurement Techniques”, 647–55. Florence : Firenze University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0030-1.61.

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Plankton is critical in contaminants transfer but its role in mercury’s is to be investigated. The objective was to characterize the plankton continuum’s taxonomy, trophic organization and mercury levels. Bacteria, pico-, nano- and zooplankton were more abundant in the LiB and phytoplankton in the LaB. Mercury levels were higher in the LiB. Contrarily to standard mercury biomagnification pattern in higher trophic levels, the smaller size classes presented higher mercury concentrations decreasing while size increased followed by an inversion of the trend between the two largest size classes.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Transfer clause"

Trisnawati, Bakti. « Clause in Patent License Contract that Inhibits Technology Transfer Programs in Indonesia ». Dans Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Globalization of Law and Local Wisdom (ICGLOW 2019). Paris, France : Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icglow-19.2019.88.

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Chang, Tsung-Yao, et Chii-Wann Lin. « Solutions of SAT Problems Solved by a SPR-Based DNA Processor ». Dans ASME 2008 First International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat Transfer. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnht2008-52036.

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DNA computation has shown its potential not only on mathematics, but on various practical areas such as diagnosis, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection, smart amplification, encryption and drug delivery etc. However, most previous researches about DNA computation possess a couple of weaknesses, including time-wasting, effort-wasting, lack of reusability and no miniaturization. In order to address this issue and improve weaknesses mentioned above, we built up a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) system for the detection on the DNA array chip to solve a 3-clause satisfiability (SAT) problem with 3 variables x, y and z. Every variable is defined as a 15-nt single strand DNA (ssDNA) which is immobilized on one spot of the gold surface. We further define SPR reflective intensity changes 0, 0.2 and 2 A.U. caused by changes of molecular weight on surface as Boolean signals False, True and None, respectively. Moreover, False signal represents a positive hybridization reaction via the hydrogen bond that binds the complementary ssDNA conjugating to IgG (150 kDa) by the crosslinker Sulfo-SMPB which can links thiol group labeled on ssDNA and amine group existed on IgG; True signal represents the hybridization reaction that binds the complementary ssDNA-IgG-Antigen which can result in a much larger intensity change. For a SAT problem F = (XT ∪ YF)∩(XF ∪ ZT)∩(YT ∪ ZT), there are 8 possible answers. Therefore, we established a 3-spot array as a set which is immobilized sequence x, y and z. After one calculation, we read out the solution of this set and then regenerate it by injecting 0.05 N sodium hydroxide solution. In this work, we used 200 ng/ml Xc-Human IgG, Yc-Rabbit IgG and Zc-Goat IgG as reaction agents for hybridization which represent False signal. Furthermore, 100 ng/ml Anti-Human IgG, Rabbit IgG and Goat IgG were taken as True signal agents. A full reaction can be completed within 30 minutes at room temperature. The buffer in the study is 1 x phosphate buffered solution (PBS) with 100 mM sodium chloride. The proposed platform has improved drawbacks that occurred in previous researches about DNA computer. Besides, it is provided with abilities a processor should have which are recalculable and realtime measurement so that provides us a novel approach for addressable and reusable diagnosis.

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Abspoel, Roland, Jan W. B. Stark et Henk-Jan Prins. « The influence of vertical shear on the hogging bending moment resistance of ComFlor composite slabs ». Dans 12th international conference on ‘Advances in Steel-Concrete Composite Structures’ - ASCCS 2018. Valencia : Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/asccs2018.2018.7056.

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Composite slabs are designed to transfer loads in one direction e.g. the longitudinal direction of the ribs. To reduce the deflection, it is useful to realise a continuous slab with at least one intermediate support. At the intermediate support in addition to a hogging bending moment a rather large vertical shear force will act. For the verification of the combination of vertical shear and bending clause 9.7.5 of EN1994-1-1 [1] refers to clause 6.4.4 of EN1992-1-1 [2]. However in EN1992-1-1 there is no requirement related to interaction between vertical shear and a sagging or hogging bending moment. Implicitly this implies that interaction may be neglected and that bending moment and shear force may be verified separately. In practice checking authorities not always accept this interpretation of the code and require proof that interaction may be neglected. So Tata Steel Panels and Profiles with Dutch Engineering r.i. BV commissioned Stevin II laboratory of Delft University of Technology to carry out a research program to investigate this interaction. A test program was carried out to gain more insight in the interaction and to find out whether design calculations should take into account M-V interaction when applying the ComFlor series. Two series of respectively three and two test specimens were conducted, namely on ComFlor 210 (TS1 up to TS3) and ComFlor 75 (Tata Steel Panels and Profiles reference ComFlor 60) (TS4 and TS5) produced by Tata Steel Panels and Profiles and supplied by Dutch Engineering r.i. BV in the Benelux. A second point of interest is the contribution of the steel deck to the vertical shear resistance. The reference in clause 9.7.5 of EN1994-1-1 to EN1992-1-1 without mentioning EN1993 causes that in practice only the contribution of the concrete rib is taken into account, the steel deck is neglected completely. This is, of course, a simplification of the actual behaviour.

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Zhang, Baoquan, Hao Jiang, Shanshan Feng, Xutao Li, Yunming Ye et Rui Ye. « Hyperbolic Knowledge Transfer with Class Hierarchy for Few-Shot Learning ». Dans Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California : International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/517.

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Few-shot learning (FSL) aims to recognize a novel class with very few instances, which is a challenging task since it suffers from a data scarcity issue. One way to effectively alleviate this issue is introducing explicit knowledge summarized from human past experiences to achieve knowledge transfer for FSL. Based on this idea, in this paper, we introduce the explicit knowledge of class hierarchy (i.e., the hierarchy relations between classes) as FSL priors and propose a novel hyperbolic knowledge transfer framework for FSL, namely, HyperKT. Our insight is, in the hyperbolic space, the hierarchy relation between classes can be well preserved by resorting to the exponential growth characters of hyperbolic volume, so that better knowledge transfer can be achieved for FSL. Specifically, we first regard the class hierarchy as a tree-like structure. Then, 1) a hyperbolic representation learning module and a hyperbolic prototype inference module are employed to encode/infer each image and class prototype to the hyperbolic space, respectively; and 2) a novel hierarchical classification and relation reconstruction loss are carefully designed to learn the class hierarchy. Finally, the novel class prediction is performed in a nearest-prototype manner. Extensive experiments on three datasets show our method achieves superior performance over state-of-the-art methods, especially on 1-shot tasks.

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Krithara, Anastasia, et Georgios Paliouras. « TL-PLSA : Transfer Learning between Domains with Different Classes ». Dans 2013 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdm.2013.113.

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Gully, Crystal, et Missy Feeley. « Technical Master Classes - A New Approach to Knowledge Transfer ». Dans International Petroleum Technology Conference. International Petroleum Technology Conference, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/16752-ms.

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Isa, Iza Sazanita, Normasni Ad Fauzi, Juliana Md Sharif, Rohaiza Baharudin et Mohd Hussaini Abbas. « Comparisons of MLP transfer functions for different classification classes ». Dans 2012 IEEE International Conference on Control System, Computing and Engineering (ICCSCE). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccsce.2012.6487125.

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Shahbazi, Mohamad, Zhiwu Huang, Danda Pani Paudel, Ajad Chhatkuli et Luc Van Gool. « Efficient Conditional GAN Transfer with Knowledge Propagation across Classes ». Dans 2021 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr46437.2021.01199.

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Reznikov, L., et T. Morosuk. « Simulations, Analysis and Thermoeconomical Synthesis of Heat Transfer Elements ». Dans ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/pid-25623.

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Abstract Problems of analysis and design of intricate heat transfer elements are traditional for various industrial and experimental heat transfer units, including multichannel heat exchangers and multi-component fins. Authors suggest and introduce unified method of analysis and synthesis for these classes of heat transfer objects. Authors’ method of simulations for such class of objects is based on step-by-step integration of local tangential and longitudinal heat flows with sequential computations of temperature fields in cycles of iterations and specific selection of boundary conditions. Variations of selected key factors provide arrays of design parameters for synthesis of new and optimized heat transfer objects.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Transfer clause"

Cruickshank, Garry, et Don Mardle. Wetback Research : Thermodynamic Flow Characteristics of Passive Thermosyphon Energy Transfer from Independent Heat Source to Remote Storage Using Both Direct and Indirect Systems. Unitec ePress, décembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/rsrp.094.

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The method of heating water by means of a water jacket installed in the firebox of a solid-fuel burner, connected by pipes to a hot-water cylinder (HWC), was once commonplace in New Zealand, but has become less so in recent years. These systems, known as wetbacks, are covered by Building Code Clause G12, but considerable confusion has been caused by conflicting rules specified in the two main compliance documents, G12/AS1 and AS/NZS 3500.4 (hot water). In both compliance documents, wetback systems are defined as ‘uncontrolled heat sources’ with specific rules and limitations that stipulate how they are to be installed, and to keep them safe. However, other than common safety rules, each has entirely different ‘mandatory’ installation rules that affect the efficiency of the systems. They couldn’t both be right, but they could both be wrong. This is further confused by another standard, NZS 4603:1985, being mentioned in G12 as ‘another acceptable solution’ and differing from and contradicting both of the above. This standard is often quoted by manufacturers in their instructions. One driver of this research, from a regulatory view, was to determine which of the two main compliance documents was correct, if either.

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Delwiche, Michael, Yael Edan et Yoav Sarig. An Inspection System for Sorting Fruit with Machine Vision. United States Department of Agriculture, mars 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7612831.bard.

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Concepts for real-time grading of fruits and vegetables were developed, including multi-spectral imaging with structured illumination to detect and distinguish surface defects from concavities. Based on these concepts, a single-lane conveyor and inspection system were designed and evaluated. Image processing algorithms were developed to inspect and grade large quasi-spherical fruits (peaches and apples) and smaller dried fruits (dates). Adjusting defect pixel thresholds to achieve a 25% error rate on good apples, classification errors for bruise, crack, and cut classes were 51%, 42%, and 46%, respectively. Comparable results for bruise, scar, and cut peach clases were 48%, 22%, and 58%, respectively. Acquiring more than two images of each fruit and using more than six lines of structured illumination per fruit would reduce sorting errors. Doing so, potential sorting error rates for bruise, crack, and cut apple classes were estimated to be 38%, 38%, and 33%, respectively. Similarly, potential error rates for the bruitse, scar, and cut peach classes were 9%, 3%, and 30%, respectively. Date size classification results were good: 68% within one size class and 98% within two size classes. Date quality classification results were not adequate due to the problem of blistering. Improved features were discussed. The most significant contribution of this research was the on-going collaboration with producers and equipment manufacturers, and the resulting transfer of research ideas to expedite the commercial application of machine vision for postharvest inspection and grading of agricultural products.

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Ramírez Correa, Kaithie Del Mar. From Regular Face-to-Face Teaching to A Transformative Classroom During the Pandemic of Covid-19. Institucion Universitaria Colombo Americana, mai 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26817/paper.21.

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This study aims to describe a teacher’s experiences at a Colombian private college in response to the Covid-19 contingency. The document will report how the institution faced the challenge of transforming face-to-face classes to emergency instruction mediated by technology through an intervention made. A new team was created to oversee the institutional Educational Technology and Pedagogical Innovation area. This team was responsible for the technological teachers’ learning support so they could teach their online classes as a need created due to the lockdown for COVID 19. The main purpose was to identify the evolution of digital mindset, literacy, and competences within the group of teachers in the institution. All data has been collected through surveys, interviews, and class observations with teachers. In addition, in this paper it will be shown how the teachers’ digital mindset and competences emerged maintaining high standards of quality. Finally, the document will report how the intervention carried out permitted these teachers to transfer their already-strong teaching skills to virtuality resulting in best instructional practices

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Galizia, Federico, William Perraudin, Andrew Powell et Timothy Turner. Risk Transfer for Multilateral Development Banks : Obstacles and Potential. Inter-American Development Bank, novembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003751.

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Long-term development finance provided by Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) is key to advancing the United Nations 2015 Sustainable Development Goals. However, MDBs are constrained in their lending by the availability of capital. This paper argues that Risk Transfer, as a complement to equity injections, could permit higher MDB lending by attracting a broader class of investors. We describe selected examples of actual Risk Transfer transactions and provide estimates of the potential expansion in lending these techniques could yield. But we also identify obstacles that limit investors willingness and ability to participate in these transactions. Therefore, we recommend an agenda for international policymakers to open the way for the wider use of Risk Transfer. Still, we recognize this will be a gradual process which cannot substitute for MDB expansion through additional ordinary capital resources.

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Thompson, B., T. Koren et B. Buffam. Class Extensions for PPP over Asynchronous Transfer Mode Adaptation Layer 2. RFC Editor, décembre 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc3337.

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Schlosser, R. L. Replacement cross-site transfer system project W-058 safety class upgrade summary report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), mars 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/362404.

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Author, Not Given. Engineering drawing transfer test with Douglas Aircraft Company : MIL-D-28000 Class II (IGES). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), mai 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6032847.

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Oosterhoff, Pauline, et Raudah M. Yunus. The Effects of Social Assistance Interventions on Gender, Familial and Household Relations Among Refugees and Displaced Populations : A Review of the Literature on Interventions in Syria, Iraq, Jordan and Lebanon. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), mars 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2022.011.

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This literature review aims to explore the evidence on the effects of social assistance on gender, familial, and household relations and power dynamics among refugees and (internally) displaced populations in Syria, Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon. It examines the findings from an intersectional gender perspective allowing the authors to build on the knowledge of ‘what works’ in interventions in general and hopefully improve gender equality and social inclusion. Out of 1,564 papers initially identified and screened, 22 were included in the final stage. A question that emerged as the papers were analysed was whether the arduous work of targeting individuals was efficient or necessary, given that the available evidence suggests that beneficiaries generally tend to share their stipend with other family members for the collective good. Most studies tended to conflate gender with women and girls – making distinctions between widowed, married, unmarried and divorced women – but ignoring other dimensions such as class, health status, religion, ethnicity, education, prior work experience, political affiliation, and civil participation. Many programmes and research fail to disaggregate data. Social assistance programmes focus on individuals and households, with little attention to the wider context and overall conflict. Most studies paid negligible attention to familial infrastructures and strategies for sustainable interventions. Access to, and use of, cash transfers are part of broader familial strategies to mobilise or increase resources including, for example, (male) migration in pursuit of remittances, or (female) dependency on ‘community charity’. Short-term cash transfers can, in some circumstances, disrupt individuals’ and families’ access to more sustainable income or ‘charity’. Thus, important questions are raised about the purpose of social assistance: does it aim to preserve or transform families through targeting?

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G., A., et T. Hsiao. Protocol Extension for Support of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Service Class-aware Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Traffic Engineering. RFC Editor, mars 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc3496.

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Moores, Lee C., P. U. Ashvin, I. Fernando et Garret W. George. Synthesis of 2-Methoxypropyl Benzene for Epitope Imprinting. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, juillet 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44883.

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Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are occurring with increasing frequency and severity across the globe in part due to climate change and anthropogenic pollution (Bullerjahn et al. 2016). HABs produce several classes of toxins; however, microcystins (MCs) are the most commonly studied (Lone et al. 2015) and can be potent toxins with LD50s in the range of 50 μg/kg (Puddick et al. 2014). Sample analysis in laboratories, typically by high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) or by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs) (USEPA 2015). These analytical techniques are highly sensitive and selective for the given toxins; however, the time it takes to collect, transfer, prepare, and analyze a sample before the data can be reported is significant; often, multiple days is the most expeditious.

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