Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Typologies and modelling »

While the construction sector is a major consumer of new raw materials, it also contributes largely to waste generation. Therefore, improved estimates of demolition waste and the identification of components and materials for reuse or recycling are an important prerequisite for better waste management in the construction sector. The aim of this study is to investigate the differences and possibilities between static bottom-up models and parametric BIM-integrated bottom-up models for material flow analyses to predict the building material composition of historical building typologies. Findings are, when comparing the predictive capabilities of the pre-audit model with a novel implementation of a generative parametric model, that we see a drastic improvement in the error-reduction. The test models and test cases are based on limited data but given the significance of the magnitude of variance between the two models, there is a strong indication that the most precise modelling approach is obtained when utilizing a parametric model based on historical building traditions. In contrast, the use of normal static prediction-based modelling is hard to justify since data on demolition waste is of poor quality. Combining the two modelling approaches might present a new alternative to reduce factor errors in predictions of demolition waste and create a foundation for better pre-demolition audits and BIM models for material passports.

The article is devoted to the problem of architectural and planning organization of sustainable reserve housing for refugees. The purpose of the article is to highlight typologies of reserve housing layout organization. As a result of a complex analysis of implemented and conceptual housing designs for migrants, existing and progressive approaches were systematized within the typological matrix. Contemporary feasible typologies include: free-space, pre-set, growing and transformable. The developed prognostic typologies include: augmented and integrated. The typologies were presented within the graphic matrix. The materials of the article will be useful for further practical modelling of modern prefabricated housing for refugees.

This paper presents the typology of regions in developed countries. It includes illustrated scientific concepts of describing development of regional territorial systems based on local cores used as the basis for the typology. The article identifies typologies, highlighting reasons behind the attractiveness of individual regions for capital and labour; as well as links among economic operators. Typology methods for European regions are discussed, including typologies associated with transport accessibility, economic specialisation and the functional structure of regions. In most typologies, the basic developmental factors and solutions to practical issues are taken into account. A special role is played by typologies that are associated with economic growth and those that take into consideration a GDP per capita increase; along with the population density factor. Attention is drawn to the use of research on the typology of regions with regards to developmental planning, modelling and strategizing.

Abstract Besides the operational and embodied carbon associated with the physical building, how significant is the influence of the heterogenous nature of household decision making in whole-life decarbonisation of the housing sector? This paper investigates the effects of explicitly considering these factors through agent-based modelling (ABM) of households integrated in bottom-up building stock modelling considering typologies of physical houses (existing and new/future) and different households, and how these might evolve to 2050 in the State of Victoria, Australia. The state population is represented by household typologies based on socio-economic status, tenure, and decisions as influenced by financial, physical/family needs and behavioural factors. The ABM is implemented using Python MESA software and the different house typologies’ whole-life carbon are calculated using the Australian Zero Emission House (AusZEH) modelling software and the Environmental Performance in Construction (EPiC) LCA database, respectively. Considering household decisions yielded higher operational carbon reduction on average across various scenarios, however these have less impact on reducing embodied carbon. And in Victoria, with increasing trends in population and housing demand, embodied carbon dominates whole-life carbon (WLC) outcomes. The heterogeneity of household decisions cannot be ignored and should be further studied along with embodied carbon reduction strategies and a broad range of scenarios that consider the dynamic and uncertain nature of factors that drive and influence the WLC of buildings.

Much of the practical use of water quality models is related to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). There is a boom of released EIA guidelines from various institutions, typically with little reference to specific methodologies. This paper presents a discussion on the applicability of various water quality modelling approaches for use in different phases of an EIA protocol. The criteria used include the project cycle process, decision types, scales of impact and paradigms and cognitive styles of problem solving. Illustration is given with a selection of approaches used in a range of natural, socio-economic and institutional settings.

This article investigates the potential of selected urban typologies in Vienna to reach the state of Positive Energy Districts (PED) by achieving a positive annual energy balance. It follows the EU initiative for implementing at least 100 PED in Europe by 2025. Four urban typologies have been assessed using the bottom-up energy modelling tool MAPED that enables a simplified energy demand-supply analysis at the district scale. Considering relevant urban typologies in different construction periods, the analysis focused on converting the allocated building stocks into PED by employing comprehensive thermal refurbishment and energy efficiency measures, electrification of end-uses and fuel switching, exploitation of local renewable energy potential, and flexible interaction with the regional energy system. The results reveal that a detached housing district can achieve a positive annual energy balance (for heat and power) of 110% due to the fact that there are sufficient surfaces (roofs, facades, open land) available for the production of local renewable energy, whereas the remaining typologies fail to achieve the criteria with an annual balance ranking between 61% and 97%, showing additional margins for improvement to meet the PED conditions. The presented concept offers a practical approach to investigate the PED suitability of urban typologies. It will help the Austrian Ministry for Climate Action and Environment to identify appropriate strategies for the refurbishment of existing urban areas towards the PED standard.

The EU Directive for building energy performance requires all member states to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the existing building stock. A key instrument in achieving this is using building stock modelling as a tool for planning and development of policies. But since the building stock as a whole is a complex element to study, new interdisciplinary methods are required to facilitate a sustainable management of the built heritage. Moreover, as the goal of energy conservation is brought into a supposed conflict with the built heritage, the field of integrated conservation has a responsibility to be a part of the development of such methods. This thesis accordingly investigates state-of-the-art building stock models from several disciplines with the aim of developing a new method for categorising historic building stocks. The historic buildings in the case study of World Heritage Site Visby, Sweden, were surveyed and triangulated using e.g. on-site inspections, digital cadastre maps, the national EPC database and existing inventories, ultimately leading to 1048 buildings from before 1945 being included in a new inventory. This inventory, along with tools acquired from previous buildings stock models, enabled an iterative process to develop and validate the new categorisation method. The proposed method itself is based on the principal idea of categorisation where the building stock is represented by a limited number of categories which allow for further typology investigations, e.g. energy modelling, and extrapolation back to district level. The results show that the building stock can be represented by nine physical categories covering 86 % of the total number of buildings, and 70 % of the entire building volume. To encompass aspects regarding cultural heritage significance, the respective historic character of the buildings are assessed and described by combining statistical information and the Conservation plan of Visby. In all, the method shows to provide a supportive platform for investigations of a trade-off between energy conservation on one hand and building conservation on the other.
EFFESUS
Spara och Bevara

La théorie littéraire et les statistiques peuvent sembler bien éloignées l’une de l’autre, et pourtant, leur association permets de proposer un point de vue singulier dans le domaine des Lettres. Cette recherche a été pensée à partir des possibilités offertes par une telle approche, susceptible de trouver une réponse à une curiosité littéraire de l’extrême contemporanéité constatée en territoire français. L’objet d’étude en question est celui de la littérature de l’imaginaire pour jeunes-adultes, qui, en France, témoigne de degrés de succès tranchés selon l’origine de ses titres publiés : avec d’un côté, des œuvres anglo-américaines traduites à la popularité exponentielle ; et de l’autre, des œuvres françaises dont les représentants les plus populaires le sont pourtant bien en deçà de leurs contemporains. Et si certains facteurs externes influents peuvent, en toute logique, être déterminés, qu’en est-il de ceux qui, possiblement, se jouent à l’intérieur même du texte ? Le cœur de la recherche consistera à interroger, détecter, voire prédire, ces éventuelles raisons textuelles à l’angle de la statistique, sans pour autant faire l’impasse sur celles de l’extérieure qui seront aussi examinées afin de mesurer au mieux le poids des influences en action. Soit, pour reprendre la double modalité du titre de cette recherche, un objectif traduisible sous la forme de la problématisation suivante : « Les succès de la littérature de l’imaginaire pour jeunes-adultes en France peuvent-ils, dans une certaine mesure, être expliqués et prédits à partir de la matière textuelle ? ». Cette démarche à la croisée des sciences exactes et de la théorie littéraire, rendue possible par une approche analytique axée sur les typologies et modélisations conceptualisées grâce à une combinaison d’approches en structuralisme, narratologie et textométrie, a pour objectif une mesure et une vérification des caractéristiques de succès externes au texte au prisme de la statistique ; mais surtout, se propose d’examiner des phénomènes textuels sous une forme quantifiable, pour détecter ceux qui se jouent à l’intérieur même de la fiction et les mettre en miroir selon le succès commercial que les œuvres ont connu
Literary theory and statistics may seem far removed from one another, but their combination makes it possible to propose a singular point of view in the field of literature. This research has been conceived in the light of the possibilities offered by such an approach, which is likely to provide a response to a literary curiosity about the extreme contemporaneity observed in France. The object of study is the young adult imaginary literature, which, in France, shows clear-cut degrees of success depending on the origin of its published titles: on the one hand, translated Anglo-American books with exponential popularity; on the other, French books whose most popular representatives are nonetheless far less popular than their contemporaries. And if certain external influencing factors can logically be determined, what about those that may be in action within the text itself? The heart of this research will be to interrogate, detect and even predict these possible textual reasons from a statistical angle, without however ignoring external ones, which will also be examined in order to best measure the weight of the influences at book. In other words, to use the double modality of the title of this research, an objective that can be translated in the form of the following problematization: “Can the successes of young adult imaginary literature in France be, to some extent, explained and predicted on the basis of textual material?”.This approach, at the crossroads of the exact sciences and literary theory, made possible by an analytical approach based on typologies and models conceptualized through a combination of approaches in structuralism, narratology and textometry, aims to measure and verify the characteristics of success external to the text through the prism of statistics; but above all, proposes to examine textual phenomena in a quantifiable form, and detect those at by in action within the fiction itself and to mirror them according to the commercial success that the books have enjoyed

VERS UNE MODELISATION DE L’INCONTINENCE URINAIRE DES FEMMES Introduction : L’objectif principal était de mieux comprendre l’histoire naturelle de l’incontinence urinaire (IU) féminine grâce à une modélisation de sa prévalence sur ses facteurs de risque, en tenant compte de sa gravité et de ses types. Un objectif secondaire était de travailler sur la classification des circonstances des fuites urinaires.Matériel et méthodes : Nous avons utilisé les données de deux sondages téléphoniques sur une population représentative, Le Baromètre Santé 2010 (3089) et Fecond (5017) ; de deux enquêtes postales au sein de la cohorte GAZEL (3098), l’une générale et l’autre centrée sur les problèmes urinaires ; et enfin d’un sondage internet de volontaires adultes, NutriNet-Santé (85037). L’IU a été définie à partir d'un questionnaire validé, l’ICIQ-UI-SF et à partir d’une liste de problèmes de santé. Nous avons utilisé des modèles binomiaux et multinomiaux de régression logistique, des analyses de correspondances multiples et de classification ascendante hiérarchique.Résultats : La prévalence de l’IU tout venant (quel que soit son type ou sa gravité) variait de 1,5 % à 38,8 % selon les enquêtes et était égale à 17,3 % dans les 2 échantillons représentatifs. La conception de l’enquête, c’est-à-dire la nature de l’échantillon (représentatif ou non), son objectif (centré sur la santé générale ou l’IU), le mode de recueil des données et la mode de définition de l’IU (à partir d’un questionnaire spécifique validé ou basée sur une liste de maladies) étaient susceptibles de modifier à la hausse ou à la baisse les estimations de la prévalence de l’IU.Les fuites les plus fréquentes étaient les fuites à la toux, les fuites avant d’arriver aux toilettes et les fuites lors de l’exercice physique. Les femmes décrivant des circonstances attribuées aux principaux types d’IU, effort, par urgenturie et mixte, formaient un groupe distinct de celles déclarant des circonstances attribuées au type IU autre. De même, les femmes déclarant des circonstances attribuables à une IU d’effort se démarquaient de celles déclarant des circonstances attribuables à une IU par urgenturie. Les circonstances les plus discriminantes pour classer les femmes incontinentes étaient : fuites tout le temps, à la toux, pendant le sommeil et après la miction. Dans toutes les enquêtes nous avons identifié des associations significatives entre presque tous les facteurs de risque disponibles et l’incontinence ; mais certains facteurs étaient liés avec toutes les formes d’IU et d’autres seulement avec certaines formes. De plus nombreuses associations ont été observées avec l’IU grave, c’est-à-dire quotidienne, qu’avec l’IU hebdomadaire. Nous avons observé plus d’associations significatives avec l’IU mixte et l’IU autre qu’avec l’IU d’effort et l’IU par urgenturie. Les plus fortes associations ont été observées pour la dépression et l’obésité, liées avec presque toutes les formes d’IU. Les variables obstétricales étaient souvent liées à l’IU mixte. Conclusion : Le questionnaire ICIQ-UI-SF est approprié pour estimer la prévalence de l’incontinence urinaire dans des échantillons représentatifs mais il apparaît insuffisant pour définir tous les types d’IU. Nos résultats ont objectivé qu’il est possible d’utiliser les circonstances des fuites d’urine pour identifier des groupes spécifiques de femmes incontinentes, et que certaines circonstances peu utilisées en cliniques sont pourtant très discriminantes. Il y a probablement des travaux à faire et à poursuivre pour explorer dans quelle mesure les circonstances des fuites ont une valeur pronostique ou prédictive de réponse au traitement. Grâce à la modélisation, où nous avons pris en compte le type et la gravité de l’IU, nous avons pu constater quelles modalités de l’IU sont liées à certains facteurs de risque et quelles modalités ne le sont pas
TOWARDS A MODELLING OF FEMALE URINARY INCONTINENCE Introduction: The main objective was to better understand the natural history of the female urinary incontinence (UI) through modelling of its prevalence by risk factors, while taking into account its severity and its type. A secondary objective was to work on the classification of the circumstances of urinary leakage.Methods: Data came from two telephone surveys of a representative population, The Health Barometer 2010 and Fecond; two mail surveys within the cohort GAZEL, one general and the other centred on urinary problems; and an Internet survey of adult volunteers, NutriNet-Health. We defined UI from a validated questionnaire, the ICIQ-UI-SF, and from a list of diseases. We used binomial and multinomial logistic regression models, multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical clustering.Results: The prevalence of any UI ranged from 1.5% to 38.8%. In both representative samples it was 17.3%. The design of the survey, i.e. the sampling (representative or not), its objective (centred on general health or UI-centred), the data collection mode and UI definition (symptom-based or perception-based) were likely to change either upwards or downwards the estimates of the prevalence of UI.The most frequent circumstances were leaks during coughing, leakage before getting to the toilet and leaks during physical exercise. Women describing circumstances attributable to stress, urge or mixed types of incontinence formed a separate group from those reporting leakage circumstances attributable to other UI. Similarly, women declaring circumstances attributable to stress UI stood out from those declaring circumstances attributable to urge UI. The most discriminating circumstances to classify incontinent women were: leaks all the time, leaks during coughing, leaks during sleep and leaks after urination.In all the surveys included in our work we have identified significant associations between almost all available risk factors and incontinence, but some factors were associated with all forms of incontinence and others only with few forms. In addition, more associations were observed with severe UI (i.e. daily UI), than with weekly UI. Among UI types, we observed more significant associations with mixed UI and other UI than with stress and urge UI. The strongest associations were found for depression and obesity with almost all forms of UI. Obstetric variables were often associated with mixed UI.Conclusion: Precise estimates of UI prevalence should be based on non–UI-focused surveys among representative samples and using a validated standardised symptom-based questionnaire, as ICIQ-UI-SF, but it appears to be insufficient to define all types of UI. We found that it is possible to use the circumstances of urine leaks for identifying specific groups of incontinent women. But we need to explore to what extent the circumstances of urinary leakage have prognostic or predictive value for response to treatment. With modelling, as we took into account UI type and severity, we identified which UI modalities are related to certain risk factors and which are not

La recherche conduite par celui qui écrit avance à l'intérieur de tel classement dans la tentative d'isoler une nouvelle typologie de bâtiment. La combination de ces éléments dans un précis intervalle chronologique a conduit à la création de structures telles qui peuvent être consideré de plein droit des monuments caractérisés par des formes et décorations spécifiques, voulus par un proprietaire et mis en œuvre par des ouvriers spécialisés. En considérant l'ensemble des différentes parties architectoniques, la critique moderne est arrivée à distinguer deux grandes catégories : la villa d'otium et la villa rustique. Avec l'expression villa d'otium l'on indique généralement une résidence caractérisée tout d'abord par un considérable engagement planimétrique qui se traduit soit en des dimensions considerables ,soit en des choix architectoniques particulièrement originaux, en plus chaque pièce est riche de complèxes décorations pariétales et des sols. Tels bâtiments se caractérisent en particulier par la prédominance du secteur résidentiel (pars urbana), à détriment de la productive (pars rusica), en donnant au bâtiment une fonction essentiellement d'habitation.Avec villa rustica l'on peut se référer au contraire à un bâtiment qui peut parfois se caractériser par un certain engagement architectonique mais qui generalement se caractérise par des dimensions plutôt modestes et par la simplicité dans le choix du cycle décoratif. En plus dans tels bâtiments la fonction productive est dominante à détriment de la partie résidentielle. À l'intérieur de ces deux grandes macrocatégories c'est possible d'insérer puis des bâtiments qui présentent des caractéristiques particulières, comme par exemple des grandes villas rustiques distinguées aussi par un cycle décoratif considerable, ou encore des grandes villas d'otium, bȃties le long de la côte, distinguées par une monumentale scenae frons qui devient un élément dominant et essentiel de tels bâtiments au point d'attribuer la définition de villas maritimes ou côtières. De ce point de vue devient fondamental l'oeuvre de Xavier Lafon, qui sera l'objet d'un traité plus soigné dans le chapitre V, dans lequel a été abordé le rapport existant entre la catégorie des bȃtiments identifiés par l'auteur et les villas objet du catalogue-ci. Dans ce contexte je considère necessaire préciser que l'oeuvre de Lafon constitue le point de départ fondamental ensemble avec l'oeuvre de la De Franceschini , au moment où l'on veut aborder de façon méthodique l'étude sur les grandes villas bȃties en Italie. Il faut ajouter que les deux auteurs donnent une tranche très différente à leur œuvre. Le premier se limite seulement aux villas cȏtières pendant que la deuxième se concentre essentiellement sur les villas de la campagne romaine , en considérant contextes diachroniques, rapprochés essentiellement par la meme zone territoriale. Ensemble avec ces œuvres c'est necessaire de citer aussi l'oeuvre de Lucia Romizzi, qui a traité de manière minutieuse la notion de villa d'otium en cherchant de prendre en considération un échantillon le plus ample possible, ce qui toutefois a produit des fiches qui abordent le bȃtiment de manière peut-ȇtre trop systématique sans chercher à pénétrer chaque single aspect
Research conducted by one who writes ahead of such ranking in the attempt to isolate a new typology of building. The combination of these elements in a precise chronological interval has led to the creation of such structures, which may be considered by right monuments characterized by specific forms and decorations, desired by an owner and implemented by specialized workers. Considering all the different architectonic parts, modern critics have come to distinguish two major categories: the otium villa and the rustic villa. With the expression "villa d'otium" we generally indicate a residence characterized first of all by a considerable planimetric engagement which is translated either into considerable dimensions, or into particularly original architectonic choices, besides each piece is rich of complèxes wall decorations and soils.Such buildings are characterized in particular by the predominance of the residential sector (pars urbana), to the detriment of the productive (pars rusica), giving to the building a function essentially of dwelling. With villa rustica one can refer on the contrary to a building that can sometimes be characterized by a certain architectural commitment but which is generally characterized by rather modest dimensions and by the simplicity in the choice of the decorative cycle. In addition in such buildings the productive function is dominant to the detriment of the residential part. Within these two large macrocategories it is possible to insert then buildings that have particular characteristics, such as large rustic villas also distinguished by a considerable decorative cycle, or large villas of otium, bȃties along the coast, distinguished by a monumental scenae frons which becomes a dominant and essential element of such buildings to the point of attributing the definition of maritime or coastal villas.From this point of view, the work of Xavier Lafon, which will be the subject of a more careful treatise in Chapter V, has become fundamental, in which the relationship between the category of buildings identified by the author and the villas object of the catalog-ci. In this context I consider it necessary to specify that the work of Lafon constitutes the fundamental starting point together with the work of the De Franceschini au, at the moment when one wants to approach in a methodical way the study on the large villas built in Italy. It must be added that the two authors give a very different slice to their work. The first is limited to the coastal villas while the second focuses mainly on the villas of the Roman countryside, considering diachronic contexts, brought together essentially by the same territorial area. Together with these works it is necessary to mention as well the work of Lucia Romizzi, who treated in a minute way the notion of otium villa by trying to take into consideration a sample as wide as possible, which however produced cards that approach the building so perhaps too systematic without trying to penetrate each single aspect

Chapter 4 provides an analysis of the patterns of default verb movement identified in Chapters 2 and 3. First, it shows that the attested macro-typologies are not accidental choices of the languages, but rather stem from a compensatory mechanism between syntax and morphology in licensing the Tense, Aspect, and Mood (TAM) interpretation of the verb, whereby verb movement only occurs in cases of poor paradigmatic instantiation of TAM, that is in cases when TAM chief values are not expressed by synthetic and non-syncretic paradigms. Second, a technical implementation of this proposal is offered which allows the modelling of this instance of variation into a parameter hierarchy, along the lines envisaged by the Rethinking Comparative Syntax research group. To conclude, the data from Brazilian Portuguese are assessed against the expectations of the proposed mechanism.

Prometheus (2012) provides ample material for cyborg criticism in the figure of its android protagonist, David. Modelling himself after the archaeologist, promoter of Arab nationalism and British spy T.E. Lawrence, David functions as both a cultural artefact in, and an agent of, Prometheus's expedition to the origins of human life, an enterprise that, like Lawrence’s, is an anthropological recovery of an early phase of civilization that promotes the interests of the industrial-military complex that David serves (in Lawrence's case, Britain's Foreign and Colonial Office). David is the pivot upon which the film's historical fabula turns, is the "cyborg site" from which the diegetic environment of material science flows: as a non-human marginalized figure, the cyborg David simultaneously embodies and resists the originary trajectory and the racist/speciesist discourse that lay at the heart of early archaeological thinking. Ultimately, theories of common origins that infuse Scott's film are dismantled along with the conservative political agendas such myths serve. As a signifier of the archaeological business of gathering artefacts into partial typologies of origins and progress, the cyborg archaeologist is a fitting coda to my investigation of the uneasy and ongoing alliance between archaeology and global politics circulating in the popular imaginary of SF.

Society creates architectural styles and neighborhood types to communicate and promote values. Geographers and architects accordingly classify neighborhoods by historical periods, urban design, planning paradigms and plan elements, density, building types and architectural detail. This paper juxtaposes typo-morphological (historical emergence of urban forms through urban elements and pattern typologies) and spatial analytic (city defined by urban form factors and formulas) approaches in urban morphology to assess what explains neighborhood type statistically. The analyses of variance show that many urban form factors (residential and employment density, mix of residences and jobs, Floor Space Indexes (FSI), location, income, etc.) are statistically significant in neighborhood type (as a nominal composite variable). This means that neighborhood typologies be applied in spatial analyses and urban modelling as classes (context variables). The approach can be used in typo-morphological tradition to offer quantitative description to the persistent ‘problem of type’ and enrich the classification methodology.

Seismic risk assessment in Montenegro has been a critical concern since the devastating earthquake of 1979, which spurred initial studies for the country's spatial planning. In response, significant efforts were made to mitigate seismic risks and regulate the construction of earthquake-resistant structures. Early vulnerability studies were based on damage observations from the 1979 earthquake. However, since then, seismic risk in Montenegro has risen considerably due to rapid urbanization and increased building construction, particularly in coastal zones with high seismic hazard levels. Unfortunately, Montenegro's seismic risk assessment remained outdated until 2021, when a comprehensive study was conducted as part of a European Commission-funded project to develop a National Risk Assessment (NRA), led by the Department of Civil Protection. This recent seismic risk assessment was carried out in accordance with EU guidelines, ensuring consistency and comparability in terms of prevention, preparedness, and planning with EU member states. The development of the NRA encountered several challenges, primarily due to data gaps, especially in the building exposure modelling. In this paper, the methodology used for the seismic risk assessment is presented, with a focus on the main uncertainties in the available existing exposure model from literature. It introduces a refined exposure model tailored for building typologies in northern Montenegro. Finally, ongoing and future research efforts aimed at continually improving the exposure model are discussed.

Seismic risk assessment has been a critical issue in Montenegro since the devastating 1979 earthquake, which initiated the first seismic risk studies to develop a spatial plan for the country. Following the earthquake, significant efforts were made to reduce seismic risks and enforce regulations for constructing earthquake-resistant buildings. These first vulnerability studies were based on damage observations from the 1979 event. However, due to rapid urbanization and increased building construction, particularly in coastal areas with high seismic hazard levels, Montenegro’s seismic risk has substantially increased over time. Unfortunately, Montenegro’s seismic risk assessment was not updated until 2021. At that time, extensive research was undertaken as part of a European Commission-funded project to develop a National Risk Assessment (NRA). This comprehensive study followed EU guidelines to ensure that prevention, preparedness, and planning measures were consistent and comparable with those of EU member states. The development of the NRA faced many obstacles, primarily due to a lack of sufficient data, particularly in the building exposure model. In this paper, the methodology used for the seismic risk assessment is presented, focusing on the main uncertainties associated with the used SERA building exposure data. It also introduces a refined SERA exposure model tailored for building typologies in northern Montenegro and outlines ongoing and future research efforts aimed at continuously improving the exposure model.

The paper describes a proposal for criteria and tools to catalogue brick-masonry vaulted systems in Northern Italy between the 16th and 18thcenturies. Along with the standard geometric typologies, three novel parameters (maîtresses voûtes, voûte sur le plan d'une autre voûte, constructive features) are proposed to include the constructive features in the vault taxonomy. The novel parameters help catalogue three vaulting types that can be considered the metamorphosis of cloister vaults: frame, a fasce, and planterian vaults. The database was realized in MS Access and then imported into QGIS 3.10. Database and GIS have been operative tools to form hypotheses on vault disseminations, highlighting the recurrences and specificities across time and space of some peculiar construction techniques. The database collects the acquired information on each vault (building type, geolocation, building date, vaulting type, vault dimensions and description and, whenever possible, photogrammetric survey, 3D modelling, and thermographic survey). In the future, the database should be published online, making the data available and building a broader dataset to share the information.

Building modelling and simulation approaches are increasingly being utilized in architectural design studios to guide and inform the design process and offer evidence-based feedback on proposed building performance. The development of intuitive and simplified simulation interfaces has greatly contributed to achieving this integration. One aspect that is often overlooked is the workflow that governs and regulates integrated design, which can have significant impacts on final design outcomes. Currently there are numerous software packages available for building performance simulations. This makes it challenging to select an appropriate tool that provides accurate results yet allows a designer to make informed architectural decisions with a designer-friendly interface. Furthermore, workflows to incorporate simulations into the design process proved to highly impact student’s project design integration. Yet, it is not clear what type of workflows are successful to achieve this goal, under what conditions, and/or for which building and site typologies. This paper addresses these issues by first reviewing three different workflows for integrating building performance simulation processes and highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. Second, a comparative case study approach was employed to test three of the most common workflows in three different integrated design architectural studios at the senior and vertical studio levels as well as in two courses that run parallel and complementary to the design studios. The workflows, processes, and the resultant student projects were further analyzed based on criteria for better integrated design and architectural excellence as outlined in the American Institute of Architects Committee on the Environment (AIA COTE) Top 10 Student’s Competition. Third, to situate the pedagogical case studies’ results within a larger context, a survey of the AIA COTE Top 10 student competition award recipients over the last five years was conducted. The results are summarized in a pedagogical framework that outlines best strategies of the type of work-flows, software, design process used, methods to achieve desired interaction between design process and analytical feedback, and metrics for educators to evaluate the success of this integration and their learning outcomes in the design studio. The goal is to help bridge the gap between the building design and simulation within the design studio’s creative process for more integrated design outcomes.

Small spacecraft missions are experiencing an increasing interest from the space community, because of their capability to reduce the cost of space access and of their potential to accomplish operations, complementary or even similar to larger monolithic spacecraft. However, these miniaturized systems typically suffer from poor reliability and their infant mortality rate remains quite high [1]. This is primarily due to the limited cost budget not allowing extensive verification and testing activities, which are still the key elements to ensure a high-quality standard guaranteeing space mission success and survivability. On the other hand, the verification and testing phase cannot reach the complexity and the level of classical spacecraft missions, since in that case the mission cost would dramatically increase. For these reasons, advanced and tailored AIV/AIT processes are needed. The ADCS and, more generally, the GNC subsystems are commonly absorbing a relevant fraction of the AIV/AIT budget because of their need of dedicated and very specific facilities. For example, full hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing of a basic ADCS subsystem requires, at the minimum, a 3DOF frictionless bearing, a Sun simulator, and a Helmholtz cage [2]. More complex sensor architectures may require additional environmental simulation devices, and each specific mission may impose a specific facility customization. Moreover, the calibration and the set-up of such hardware-in-the-loop test benches is difficult and time consuming. Thus, a flexible and efficient verification and testing facility is extremely beneficial for the verification and testing of nanosatellite GNC subsystems. The main idea to realize this verification and testing equipment, described in this work, is based on the virtualization of all the components associated with a dynamical measurement. In this way, it is possible to recreate a digital twin of the moving platform with all the associated sensors and actuators, leaving the on-board processor as the flight component under test without the need for any movable element. However, not to reduce the coverage and the significance of the verification and testing activities, all the real electrical and data interfaces shall be maintained and the on-board data handling (OBDH) subsystem shall not experience significant timing and data communication differences with respect to the real scenario. The facility designed and built by the ASTRA team at Politecnico di Milano, Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, is able to achieve these goals and implements an enhanced processor-in-the-loop facility for nanosatellites. The current development status allows to assess the functionalities of the facility, and to apply it for the real-time verification and testing of a specific nanosatellite ADCS subsystem. It is still in a breadboarding status for a fast and efficient implementation and integration, but it is ready for consolidation and upgrade to a definitive version. Specifically, the final status will exploit standard industrial connectors and micro-controllers in place of the jumper wires and the Arduino boards. Moreover, generic ADCS and GNC subsystem will be fully compatible with the facility. The processor-in-the-loop facility is based on a software simulation section and a hardware interface section. The software part is based on a validated Functional Engineering Simulator (FES) running on MATLAB/Simulink and exploiting the Simulink Real-Time capabilities on a Windows PC. It contains a Dynamics-Kinematics-Environment (DKE) section developed according to the ECSS standards [3-4] and the simulators of sensors and actuators. These are high-fidelity functional models of the specific sensors and actuators on-board the spacecraft, whose output is numerically identical to the one of the real components. In particular, the output data are defined in terms of data-type, output format and frequency. These sensor and actuator models are calibrated with dedicated hardware-in-the-loop testing campaigns on the specific spacecraft components. The sensor data exits from the simulator environment through a real-time serial peripheral component. Then, they are received from the Arduino micro-controllers and formatted according to the data protocol and communication standards of the real component. The current development status implements I2C, Serial RS-232, RS-422, SPI data communication standards, and the data interface protocol is written according to the component specifications. The facility also includes the possibility to transduce PWM signals in order to be interfaced with analogic components requiring this modulation technique. The programming of the micro-controllers is made in C language allowing a great flexibility in reproducing different communication and data protocols for different sensor and actuator typologies with respect to the one currently in use. After the data processing, all the data are made available to the on-board computers through the same hardware interfaces and connections that will be used on the spacecraft. However, to guarantee the safety of the components under test, the facility is electrically isolated from the spacecraft section. For this purpose, dedicated digital isolator boards have been designed. At the end of the process, the output commands of the ADCS for the actuators are sent back to the software section through the same digital isolator to micro controller to serial peripheral to MATLAB/Simulink path. In this way, a closed loop real-time simulation is performed on the developed ADCS algorithms running on the real hardware exploiting an equivalent digital twin of the on-board set-up. The paper presents the main features and characteristics of this flat-sat facility for PIL verification and testing of nanosatellite ADCS. It outlines the main design, implementation and verification steps. Furthermore, it discusses the future extension of the facility and its consolidation in a final development status for generic applications to any ADCS or GNC subsystem REFERENCES [1] Villela, Thyrso, et al. "Towards the thousandth CubeSat: A statistical overview." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 2019. [2] Modenini, Dario, et al. "A dynamic testbed for nanosatellites attitude verification." Aerospace 7.3 (2020): 31. [3] ECSS. Space engineering: Space environment. Technical Report ECSS-E-ST-10-04C, European Cooperation for Space Standardization, 2008. [4] ECSS. Space engineering: System modelling and simulation. Technical Report ECSS-E-TM-10-21A, European Cooperation for Space Standardization, 2010

The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building the Scottish Bronze Age: Narratives should be developed to account for the regional and chronological trends and diversity within Scotland at this time. A chronology Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report iv based upon Scottish as well as external evidence, combining absolute dating (and the statistical modelling thereof) with re-examined typologies based on a variety of sources – material cultural, funerary, settlement, and environmental evidence – is required to construct a robust and up to date framework for advancing research.  Bronze Age people: How society was structured and demographic questions need to be imaginatively addressed including the degree of mobility (both short and long-distance communication), hierarchy, and the nature of the ‘family’ and the ‘individual’. A range of data and methodologies need to be employed in answering these questions, including harnessing experimental archaeology systematically to inform archaeologists of the practicalities of daily life, work and craft practices.  Environmental evidence and climate impact: The opportunity to study the effects of climatic and environmental change on past society is an important feature of this period, as both palaeoenvironmental and archaeological data can be of suitable chronological and spatial resolution to be compared. Palaeoenvironmental work should be more effectively integrated within Bronze Age research, and inter-disciplinary approaches promoted at all stages of research and project design. This should be a two-way process, with environmental science contributing to interpretation of prehistoric societies, and in turn, the value of archaeological data to broader palaeoenvironmental debates emphasised. Through effective collaboration questions such as the nature of settlement and land-use and how people coped with environmental and climate change can be addressed.  Artefacts in Context: The Scottish Chalcolithic and Bronze Age provide good evidence for resource exploitation and the use, manufacture and development of technology, with particularly rich evidence for manufacture. Research into these topics requires the application of innovative approaches in combination. This could include biographical approaches to artefacts or places, ethnographic perspectives, and scientific analysis of artefact composition. In order to achieve this there is a need for data collation, robust and sustainable databases and a review of the categories of data.  Wider Worlds: Research into the Scottish Bronze Age has a considerable amount to offer other European pasts, with a rich archaeological data set that includes intact settlement deposits, burials and metalwork of every stage of development that has been the subject of a long history of study. Research should operate over different scales of analysis, tracing connections and developments from the local and regional, to the international context. In this way, Scottish Bronze Age studies can contribute to broader questions relating both to the Bronze Age and to human society in general.