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1
McCulloch, Michael Ernest. « The Defeat of Imperial Urbanism in Québec City, 1840–1855 ». Articles 22, no 1 (28 juin 2013) : 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1016719ar.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In 1840, the City of Québec regained formal corporate status under an ordinance of the Special Council of Lower Canada. This article argues that the ordinance expressed a particular concept or urbanism. Based on concept of the role of cities developed in Great Britain during the Age of Reform, it sought to create non-partisan municipal structures that would encourage local development and 'improvement' while at the same time ensuring the dominance of the anglophone commercial elites. In this, the ordinance expressed in local terms the grand objectives of Governor Charles Poulett Thomson (Lord Sydenham) for the entire colony. Ultimately, this imperial urbanism was a failure. While the essential structure of municipal governance remained intact until 1855, local issues became immediately entangled in provincial party politics. Major business leaders were replaced by professional and small retailers as the dominant group on the City Council. The very ethos of improvement ensured that the under-financed city government became dwarfed by other agencies, such as the banks, the Gas Company and of course railroads. The case of Québec City in the first years of the Union illustrates the failure of attempts to transplant Utilitarian approaches to state formation into a colonial context.
2
Bertie, John E., C. Dale Keefe et R. Norman Jones. « Infrared intensities of liquids VIII. Accurate baseline correction of transmission spectra of liquids for computation of absolute intensities, and the 1036 cm−1 band of benzene as a potential intensity standard ». Canadian Journal of Chemistry 69, no 11 (1 novembre 1991) : 1609–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v91-236.
Texte intégralRésumé :
FT-IR transmission spectra of liquids in well-made and firmly held cells with KBr or NaCl windows are usually very reproducible except that their baselines often show unexpected variations. To obtain absolute absorption intensities from these spectra such baseline differences must be corrected. The problem is illustrated with absorbance spectra of the 1036 cm−1 band of benzene and the absorption index spectra calculated from them via the National Research Council of Canada program 46. Distinction is made between the experimental absorbance spectrum, the ideal experimental absorbance spectrum, and the absorbance spectrum, and a soundly-based method to correct the baselines is presented. We describe a modification of the NRC program 46 that effects the correction and calculates, on a laboratory computer, the complex refractive indices from a transmission spectrum of a liquid.The method is applied to 15 transmission spectra of the 1036 cm−1 band of benzene. It improves the agreement between the 15 peak absorption index values obtained from these spectra from 4% to 2.5%, and improves the agreement between the baseline absorption index values from 5% to 0.01%, all percentages being of the peak value. A table of the average real and imaginary refractive indices and molar absorption coefficients is given. The average peak absorption index value and the area under the band agree closely with those obtained in 1980, and with earlier values from transmission or ATR measurements. These areas are all distinctly lower than those calculated from early measurements of dispersion. These results form the basis for a possible recommendation to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry for a secondary intensity standard. We encourage others to measure this band to help ascertain that systematic errors do not significantly influence our results.To summarise our numerical results at 25 ± 1 °C and 1.0 cm−1 nominal resolution: The average peak absorption index is 0.0710 with a 95% confidence limit of 0.0004, which is within 0.0001 of the less precise value measured in 1980 with a dispersive instrument that was calibrated against a primary intensity standard. The area under the absorption index band between 1095.8 and 912.6 cm−1 is 1.358 cm−1 with a 95% confidence limit of 0.009 cm−1, and that under the molar conductivity band is 3.69 ± 0.03 km/mol. These areas convert to 15.64 ± 0.1 km/mol and 6.79 ± 0.05 km/mol for the more commonly used measures of integrated absorption, the areas under the Naperian and decadic molar absorption coefficients, respectively.Key words: infrared, absorption intensity, optical constants, FT-IR spectroscopy, benzene (liquid), intensity standard.
3
Flotho, Stefanie. « FISCAL MULTIPLIERS IN A MONETARY UNION UNDER THE ZERO–LOWER–BOUND CONSTRAINT ». Macroeconomic Dynamics 19, no 6 (10 mars 2014) : 1171–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100513000783.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper analyzes government spending multipliers in a two-country model of a monetary union with price stickiness and home bias in consumption where monetary policy is constrained by the zero lower bound (ZLB) on the nominal interest rate. Government spending multipliers under this constraint are computed and compared with fiscal multipliers in normal times, that is, where the central bank sets the nominal interest rate via a Taylor rule. The trade elasticity and the parameter measuring home bias in consumption play an important role in determining the size of the multiplier. The multipliers are not necessarily large under the ZLB constraint. However, compared with the fiscal multipliers when the central bank sets the nominal interest rate according to a Taylor rule, the multipliers under the ZLB are bigger. Moreover, the persistence parameter of the binding ZLB plays a crucial role.
4
Lynn, Shane. « Friends of Ireland : early O’Connellism in Lower Canada ». Irish Historical Studies 40, no 157 (mai 2016) : 43–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2016.6.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractIn September 1828, societies of the ‘Friends of Ireland’ were founded throughout the United States and British North America for the purpose of raising funds and disseminating propaganda in support of the O’Connellite campaign for Catholic emancipation. In March 1831, the societies were briefly revived to agitate for repeal of the Union. The first Irish diasporic social movement to appear in Britain’s overseas empire, the British North American Friends of Ireland enjoyed greatest support in French-speaking Lower Canada, where for a time sympathetic local patriotes perceived a common cause with their new Irish neighbours. This article explores the transatlantic reciprocal interactions, cross-ethnic alliances and regional distinctions which characterised early O’Connellism in Lower Canada. It follows its initial successes to its virtual collapse in the early 1830s, as an increasingly polarised Lower Canada slid towards rebellion. Comparisons are employed with similar agitation elsewhere in British North America, in the United States, and in Ireland. It is argued that instrumentalist explanations for Irish diasporic nationalism, typically drawn from studies of post-famine Irish-America, do not convincingly account for the appearance and form of O’Connellite nationalism in British North America.
5
Gros, Daniel, et Carsten Hefeker. « One Size Must Fit All : National Divergences in a Monetary Union ». German Economic Review 3, no 3 (1 août 2002) : 247–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0475.00059.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Should a common central bank in a heterogeneous monetary union base its decisions on EU-wide averages of economic variables or on national welfare losses? A central bank that minimizes the sum of national welfare losses reacts less to common shocks. Under certain parameter constellations this leads to higher average union-wide expected welfare and it might thus be preferable that decision-making is dominated by national representatives. Countries with a transmission mechanism far from the average benefit from an orientation on national welfare losses. For countries with a transmission mechanism close to the average, welfare can be lower in this case.
6
BURDEN, E. T. « PALYNOLOGY AND MICROPALEONTOLOGY OF THE CLAM BANK FORMATION (LOWER DEVONIAN) OF WESTERN NEWFOUNDLAND, CANADA ». Palynology 26, no 1 (1 janvier 2002) : 185–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/0260185.
Texte intégral
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Serletis, Apostolos, et Guohua Feng. « SEMI-NONPARAMETRIC ESTIMATES OF CURRENCY SUBSTITUTION BETWEEN THE CANADIAN DOLLAR AND THE U.S. DOLLAR ». Macroeconomic Dynamics 14, no 1 (15 décembre 2009) : 29–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100509080298.
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In this paper we investigate the issue of whether a floating currency is the right exchange rate regime for Canada or whether Canada should consider a currency union with the United States. In the context of the framework recently proposed by James L. Swofford, we use a semi-nonparametric flexible functional form—the asymptotically ideal model (AIM), introduced by William A. Barnett and A. Jonas—and pay explicit attention to the theoretical regularity conditions of neoclassical microeconomic theory, following the suggestions of William A. Barnett and William A. Barnett and Meenakshi Pasupathy. Our results indicate that U.S. dollar deposits are complements to domestic (Canadian) monetary assets, suggesting that Canada should continue the current exchange rate regime, allowing the exchange rate to float freely with no intervention in the foreign exchange market by the Bank of Canada.
8
Kidd, Michael P., et Michael Shannon. « The Gender Wage Gap : A Comparison of Australia and Canada ». ILR Review 49, no 4 (juillet 1996) : 729–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399604900409.
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Using data from the 1989 Canadian Labour Market Activity Survey and, for Australia, the 1989–90 Income Distribution Survey, the authors investigate the reasons for the significantly lower gender wage gap in Australia than in Canada. Key similarities and differences between these two countries, the authors argue, make them a good basis for a “natural experiment” to investigate the effects of different labor market institutions. In particular, Australia has a stronger union movement and a greater degree of centralization in wage determination than Canada, and most of its workers are covered by legally binding minimum working conditions. The authors conclude that several differences between the countries in labor market structure—notably, a lower rate of return to education, a lower rate of return to labor market experience, and a lower level of wage inequality in Australia than in Canada—are largely responsible for the smaller gender wage gap in Australia.
9
McCulloch, Michael. « The Death of Whiggery : Lower-Canadian British Constitutionalism and the tentation de l’histoire parallèle ». Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 2, no 1 (9 février 2006) : 195–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031034ar.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract The Constitutional Act of 1791 was sought to create in Lower Canada a community whose social and political values reflected the basic assumptions of late-eighteenth-century Whiggery. These included representation of interest rather than of individuals, the importance of the "due" weight of property, and the organic nature of the British constitution. These values of "Liberty and Property" constituted the focus of the emotional and cultural image of the British Constitution. For the British Lower Canadians of the 1830s, these values were not fossilised remnants. Rather, they formed a coherent framework that made legitimate their conflict with the French-Canadian majority for control over politics. The influence of organised Constitutionalism did not disappear with the Act of Union of 1841. In the opening years of the union, anglophones identified with the Constitutionalist party which dominated both opposition and government in Canada East. They remained an influence until midcentury. Indeed, the final disintegration of Constitutionalism as a defensible basis for British Lower-Canadian politics was not the result of the inevitable triumph of La Fontaine's Responsible Government. Because they strongly identified, not simply with Britain, but with specific elements of British society, English-speaking Lower Canadians responded to changes in British political society. “La tentation de l'histoire parallèle” ensured that the Irish Repeal agitation and the Free Trade campaign would disrupt the assumption of a united British "interest." After the 1840s, the disproportionate power of British-Canadian élites in Lower Canada was based on their influence among the leaders of political parties rather than a collective identity rooted in the values of ''Whiggery.''
10
Martin, Valerie, Céline Le Bourdais et Évelyne Lapierre-Adamcyk. « Stepfamily instability in Canada – The impact of family composition and union type ». Journal of Family Research 23, no 2 (1 septembre 2011) : 196–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-207.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The aim of this paper is to analyze stepfamily instability in Canada by applying the proportional hazards model to the information collected in the 2001 General Social Survey on Family. More specifically, we examine the effect that the family composition and the type of conjugal union exert on the risk of separation, and test whether the impact of cohabiting union varies over time and between Quebec and the other provinces, depending of its stage of institutionalization. The analysis shows that stepmother families face a lower risk of separation than those formed around a stepfather, and that cohabiting stepfamily couples are more unstable than married ones. The risk of union dissolution among stepfamily couples has increased over time, for married as well as cohabiting partners, but the effect of cohabitation relative to marriage does not appear to significantly differ across periods or regions.
Zusammenfassung
Der vorliegende Artikel untersucht die (In)stabilität von Stieffamilien in Kanada. Die Analysen wurden mit dem General Social Survey (GSS) 2001 unter Anwendung der Ereignisdatenanalyse durchgeführt. Von besonderem Interesse waren der Einfluss der Familienkonstellation und die Art der Partnerschaft auf das Trennungsrisiko. Ferner wurde untersucht, wie sich die (In)stabilität von Stieffamilien über die Zeit entwickelt hat. In der kanadischen Provinz Québec gelten nichteheliche Lebensgemeinschaften bereits als vollständig institutionalisiert. Ein weiterer Aspekt dieser Studie war der Vergleich der Entwicklung der québecer Stieffamilien mit denen im restlichen Kanada über die Zeit. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Stiefmutterfamilien ein geringeres Trennnungsrisiko haben als Stiefvaterfamilien und dass Ehen in Stieffamilien stabiler sind als in nichteheliche Lebensgemeinschaften. Ebenso konnte gezeigt werden, dass für beide Partnerschaftstypen das Trennungsrisiko über die Zeit hinweg stark zugenommen hat.
11
Simard, Marie-Josée, Sébastien Rouane et Gilles D. Leroux. « Herbicide Rate, Glyphosate/Glufosinate Sequence and Corn/Soybean Rotation Effects on Weed Seed Banks ». Weed Science 59, no 3 (septembre 2011) : 398–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-10-00162.1.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The effect of herbicide rates on weed control and crop yield is the subject of countless and ongoing research projects. Weed seed banks receive very little attention in comparison. The seed bank resulting from 3 yr (2006 to 2008) of single herbicide rates in a cropping system where glyphosate/glufosinate and corn/soybean were rotated or not was evaluated in a field located in St-Augustin-de-Desmaures, Québec, Canada. Field plots under conventional tillage were seeded in corn every year, or corn and soybean (1 yr). These plots received the same herbicide every year or various glyphosate/glufosinate 3-yr sequences. Subplots were sprayed with a single POST application of the recommended rate of glyphosate (900 g ae ha−1) or glufosinate (500 g ai ha−1) or lower rates. Subplots received the same full (1.0×, recommended) or reduced (0.5×, 0.75×) rate every year. After crop harvest in 2008, soil cores were extracted and the weed seed bank was evaluated. Including soybean in the cropping system resulted in lower seed banks compared to those under continuous corn cropping. Including glufosinate in a glyphosate herbicide sequence increased weed seed banks due to the lower efficacy of the glufosinate rates tested at reducing the seed bank of annual grasses. Higher herbicide rates translated into lower seed banks, up to a certain rate. After 3 yr, the lowest seed bank (full glyphosate rates every year) still had 4,339 ± 836 seeds m−2and was higher than the initial seed bank (2,826 ± 724 seeds m−2).
12
Buckner, Phillip. « The Canadian Civil Wars of 1837–1838 ». London Journal of Canadian Studies 35, no 1 (30 novembre 2020) : 96–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.14324/111.444.ljcs.2020v35.005.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Canadian historians have traditionally stressed that the rebellions of 1837 and 1838 in Upper and Lower Canada were revolts against British imperial authority. Less stressed has been the fact that the rebellions were also civil wars and that British troops were aided by substantial numbers of loyalists in defeating the rebels. In recent years historians have tended to downplay the importance of French-Canadian nationalism, but by 1837–8 the rebellion in Lower Canada was essentially a struggle between French-Canadian nationalists and a broadly-based coalition of loyalists in Lower Canada. Outside Lower Canada there was no widespread support for rebellion anywhere in British North America, except among a specific group of American immigrants and their descendants in Upper Canada. It is a myth that the rebellions can be explained as a division between the older-stock inhabitants of the Canadas and the newer arrivals. It is also a myth that the rebels in the two Canadas shared the same objectives in the long run and that the rebellions were part of a single phenomenon. French-Canadian nationalists wanted their own state; most of the republicans in Upper Canada undoubtedly believed that Upper Canada would become a state in the American Union. Annexation was clearly the motivation behind the Patriot Hunters in the United States, who have received an increasingly favourable press from borderland historians, despite the fact that they were essentially filibusters motivated by the belief that America had a manifest destiny to spread across the North American continent. Indeed, it was the failure of the rebellions that made Confederation possible in 1867.
13
Mafrolla, Elisabetta, et Viola Nobili. « Discretionary Accruals in Italian Private Firms and Non-Linear Bank Loan Granting ». FINANCIAL REPORTING, no 1 (juin 2017) : 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/fr2017-001004.
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This paper investigates whether and at what extent private firms reduce the quality of their accruals in order to signal a better portrait to the bank and obtain new or larger bank loans. We measure earnings discretionary accruals of a sample of Italian private firms, testing whether new and larger bank loans are associated with a higher (lower) quality of earnings in borrowers' financial reporting. We study bank loan levels and changes and how they impact discretionary accruals and found that, surprisingly, private firms' discretionary accruals are systematically positively affected by an increase in bank loans, although they are negatively affected by the credit worthiness rating assigned to the borrowers. We find that the monitoring role of the banking system with regard to the adoption of discretionary accruals is effective only when the loan is very large. This paper may have implications for policy-makers as it contributes to the understanding of the shortcomings of the banking regulatory system. This is an extremely relevant issue since the excessive amount of non-performing loans held by Italian banks recently threatened the stability of the European Banking Union as a whole.
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O'Donovan, John T., K. Neil Harker, T. Kelly Turkington et George W. Clayton. « Combining Cultural Practices with Herbicides Reduces Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Seed in the Soil Seed Bank and Improves Barley Yield ». Weed Science 61, no 2 (juin 2013) : 328–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-12-00168.1.
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A study was initiated in 2001at four locations in western Canada to investigate an integrated approach to managing wild oat, the region's worst weed. The study examined the effects of combining semidwarf or tall barley cultivars with normal or twice-normal barley seeding rates in either continuous barley or a barley–canola–barley–field pea–barley rotation. Herbicides were applied at 25, 50, and 100% of recommended rates. The first phase of the study was completed in 2005. This paper reports on the second phase, which was continued for four more years at two of the locations, Beaverlodge and Fort Vermilion, AB, Canada. The objective was to determine the long-term impact of the treatments on wild oat seed in the soil seed bank. In 2009 (final year), the diverse rotation combined with the higher barley seeding rate (optimal cultural practice) resulted in higher barley yields and reduced wild oat biomass compared to continuous barley and lower barley seeding rate (suboptimal cultural practice). In contrast to the first phase, barley yield was higher with the semidwarf cultivar, and cultivar had no effect on wild oat management. Wild oat seed in the soil seed bank decreased with increasing herbicide rate, but amounts were often lower with the optimal cultural practice. For example, at the recommended herbicide rate at Beaverlodge, an approximate 40-fold reduction in wild oat seed occurred with the optimal compared to the suboptimal cultural practice. The results indicate that combining optimal cultural practices with herbicides will reduce the amount of wild oat seed in the soil seed bank, and result in higher barley yields. Optimal cultural practices may also compensate for reduced herbicidal effects in terms of reducing wild oat seed accumulation in the soil seed bank and increasing barley yield. The results have implications for mitigating the evolution of herbicide resistance in wild oat.
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Dexter, Jody E., Amit J. Jhala, Rong-Cai Yang, Melissa J. Hills, Randall J. Weselake et Linda M. Hall. « Harvest Loss and Seed Bank Longevity of Flax (Linum usitatissimum) Implications for Seed-Mediated Gene Flow ». Weed Science 59, no 1 (mars 2011) : 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-10-00047.1.
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Flax is a minor oilseed crop in Canada largely exported to the European Union for use as a source of industrial oil and feed ingredient. While flax could be genetically engineered (GE) to enhance nutritional value, the adoption of transgenic technologies threatens conventional flax market acceptability. Harvest seed loss of GE crops and the persistence of GE crop volunteers in the seed bank are major factors influencing transgene persistence. Ten commercial fields in Alberta, Canada, were sampled after harvesting conventional flax in 2006 and 2007, and flax seed density and viability were determined. Additionally, artificial seed banks were established at two locations in Alberta in 2005 and 2006 to quantify persistence of five conventional flax cultivars with variability in seed coat color (yellow or brown) and α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3cisΔ9,13,15) content (3 to 55%) at three soil depths (0, 3, or 10 cm). Harvest methods influenced seed loss and distribution, > 10-fold more seed was distributed beneath windrows than between them. Direct harvested fields had more uniform seed distribution but generally higher seed losses. The maximum yield loss was 44 kg ha−1or 2.3% of the estimated crop yield. Seed loss and the viability of flax seed were significantly influenced by year, presumably because weather conditions prior to harvest influenced the timing and type of harvest operations. In artificial seed bank studies, seed coat color or ALA content did not influence persistence. Flax seed viability rapidly declined in the year following burial with < 1% remaining midsummer in the year following burial but there were significant differences between years. In three of four locations, there was a trend of longer seed persistence at the deepest burial depth (10 cm). The current study predicts that seed-mediated gene flow may be a significant factor in transgene persistence and a source of adventitious presence.
16
Wildish, D. J., A. J. Wilson et B. Frost. « Benthic Macrofaunal Production of Browns Bank, Northwest Atlantic ». Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46, no 4 (1 avril 1989) : 584–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f89-075.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Benthic macrofauna of the coarse sediments of Browns Bank, off southwest Nova Scotia, Canada were sampled with a modified 0.5-m2 Van Veen grab; 29 stations from 1983 to 1985. Production was estimated from alcohol-stored biomass by multiplying by the annual turnover ratio, P:B, of each species. The latter was determined from an empirically derived relationship using known or estimated lifespans. Benthic macrofaunal production averaged 64 g wet weight∙m−2∙yr−1 on Browns Bank, markedly lower than the 193 g wet weight∙m−2∙yr−1 in the mixed and finer sediments of the Bay of Fundy. Other community characteristics, such as the number of polychaete and amphipod species for the two areas were similar, which we attribute to the similar geological ages of the sediments. Prey consumed by juvenile age 0 haddock (Melannogrammus aeglefinus) consist mostly of deposit-feeding macroinfauna which produce ~1.8 × 104 t wet biomass per year, representing ~8% of the total production of Browns Bank. Two linked hypotheses are proposed to account for the suitability of Banks as juvenile gadid feeding grounds: rapid rates of suspension of macrofauna by strong tidal currents; and drifting animals are of a suitable size and kind for juvenile haddock feeding.
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Hartman, Joseph H. « Biochronology of uppermost Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary nonmarine Mollusca of the northern Great Plains, U.S.A. and Canada ». Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992) : 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200006833.
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The biochronologic use of nonmarine mollusks commenced in the northern Great Plains with the pioneering studies of F.B. Meek and F.V. Hayden in the 1850s and ‘60s. Their research focused on the chronostratigraphic organization of nonmarine and marine strata and included the naming of the Fort Union Group, which represents the Paleocene throughout the northern plains. Current research has focused on ascertaining the biostratigraphic distribution of nonmarine taxa throughout the post-Fox Hills Formation sections in the northern Great Plains, specifically in the Williston (WB: North Dakota, Montana, Saskatchewan), Powder River (PRB: Montana, Wyoming), and Crazy Mountains (CMB: Montana) Basins. The strata represented include the uppermost Cretaceous Lance (PRB) and Hell Creek (WB, PRB, CMB) Formations; Paleocene Fort Union Group, including (in ascending order) the Ludlow (WB)—Tullock (WB, PRB)—Bear (CMB), Slope (WB)—Lebo (PRB, CMB), Bullion Creek (WB)-Tongue River (WB, PRB)-Melville (CMB), and Sentinel Butte (WB)—lower “Wasatch” (PRB) Formations, and the Bear Den Member of the Golden Valley (WB) Formation; and the Lower Eocene Camels Butte Member of the Golden Valley Formation (WB) and main body of the “Wasatch” (PRB) Formation. About 2000 nonmarine molluscan localities have been collected from these strata and correlated with all of the approximately 200 relevant mammalian local faunas. The geologic section represented by each study area has a segment of the section that is biostratigraphically and biochronologically relatively well controlled by either molluscan or mammalian occurrences or both. These segments overlap sufficiently well to provide a nearly continuous composite section for the uppermost Cretaceous, Paleocene, and Lower Eocene. In the Montana portion of the Williston Basin, the uppermost Cretaceous (Lancian) taxon ranges of nonmarine mollusks and mammals are stratigraphically well controlled. Less abundant or less well-controlled occurrences elsewhere support the view that a diverse, molluscan assemblage, largely composed of highly sculptured unionid bivalves, is extinguished, relatively suddenly, near but before the end of the Cretaceous. The lower and lower middle Paleocene (Puercan and Torrejonian) section, as evidenced in isolated fossil occurrences, is a time of a substantially reduced number of low-diversity molluscan faunules consisting of a small mesogastropod-dominated snail fauna, a few taxa of which cross the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, and a small, unornamented (except for the umbonal region) fauna of unionids. The upper middle Paleocene (Torrejonian) and lower upper Paleocene (Tiffanian) contain a record indicating a resurgence in the molluscan fauna, particularly in the upland Paleocene terrains preserved in the upper Lebo and lower Melville Formations of the Crazy Mountains Basin. A relatively large number of localities contain a diversifying mesogastropod-dominated snail fauna, an increasing number of terrestrial taxa, and an increasingly diversified, but unsculptured, unionid fauna. The middle upper Paleocene (Tiffanian 3–4) faunal record, representing the “classic” Fort Union molluscan fauna of Meek and Hayden, was comparatively diverse, abundant, and dominated by freshwater snail taxa. Although known from substantially fewer localities, this interval also contains an increase in diversity and novelty of aquatic and terrestrial pulmonates. Unionids are locally abundant, but remain relatively undiverse. The uppermost Paleocene (presumed Clarkforkian) record in the Powder River Basin documents a continued increase in pulmonate taxa and a sustained, but compositionally different, diversity of mesogastropods. The unionid fauna is relatively unchanged. The Paleocene-Eocene (Wasatchian) boundary, based on mammalian, palynomorph, and plant criteria, is clearly shown by a widespread change in the composition of the molluscan assemblage. The overall faunal diversity is somewhat reduced, with a noted reduction in the diversity of certain freshwater mesogastropods, a few unionid taxa, and a continued increase in the representation of pulmonate taxa. In summary, uppermost Cretaceous and lower Tertiary strata in the northern Great Plains contain a sequence of nonmarine molluscan faunas that are sufficiently diverse and changing so as to permit the construction of a substantially more resolved biochronology than previously considered possible.
18
Smith, Mary Elizabeth. « On the Margins : Eastern Canadian Theatre as Post-colonialist Discourse ». Theatre Research International 21, no 1 (1996) : 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883300012694.
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Canada became a country in 1867 through the Confederation of the two small eastern (Maritime) colonies of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick with the larger, more inland colonies of Upper and Lower Canada (Ontario and Quebec). Yet the flag remained the British Union Jack and the constitution resided in London. Canada's own flag was raised only in 1965, and the constitution repatriated only in 1982, both events accompanied by considerable controversy within the nation. The political controversy then (and now) reflects a constantly ambivalent attitude of Canadians towards the relationship between identity and nationalism, an ambivalence that encompasses protean forms of nationalism, including essentialist nationalism and a more elastic concept which recognizes the legitimacy of emotional and cultural ties beyond the national borders.
19
Nayebyazdi, Arash. « Social capital and banking system profitability : A survey of European Union countries ». European Journal of Government and Economics 8, no 1 (24 juin 2019) : 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/ejge.2019.8.1.4575.
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Over the last years, the concept of social capital as a facilitator of economic activities has been a remarkable issue among economists. In this article, we study the impact of social capital on banking performance focusing on profitability in the European Union for period 2008-2016. Social capital indicators are applied in the model are "trust in others" and "fair behavior of others". We expect more profitable banks in societies with higher levels of social capital. According to the type of data, we apply GMM estimator to do more efficient estimations. We use auxiliary variables such as bank asset, capital adequacy, real interest rate, the cost to income ratio as micro variables, GDP and inflation are employed as macros. Our estimations point at a rejection of the main hypothesis. Opportunistic behavior and less social trust result in more profits for European countries. We justify the results in two ways. First, due to the 2008 financial crisis, trust in all institutions has decreased in European countries. The second reason concerns countries with low levels of social capital. The decrease of trust for the banking system is lower than for other institutions. Therefore, that sector may benefit is such circumstances.
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Navarro, Vicente, et John Schmitt. « Economic Efficiency versus Social Equality ? The U.S. Liberal Model versus the European Social Model ». International Journal of Health Services 35, no 4 (octobre 2005) : 613–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/6ljj-hl7h-gf0x-66rc.
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This article begins by challenging the widely held view in neoliberal discourse that there is a necessary trade-off between higher efficiency and lower reduction of inequalities: the article empirically shows that the liberal, U.S. model has been less efficient economically (slower economic growth, higher unemployment) than the social model in existence in the European Union and in the majority of its member states. Based on the data presented, the authors criticize the adoption of features of the liberal model (such as deregulation of their labor markets, reduction of public social expenditures) by some European governments. The second section analyzes the causes for the slowdown of economic growth and the increase of unemployment in the European Union—that is, the application of monetarist and neoliberal policies in the institutional frame of the European Union, including the Stability Pact, the objectives and modus operandi of the European Central Bank, and the very limited resources available to the European Commission for stimulating and distributive functions. The third section details the reasons for these developments, including (besides historical considerations) the enormous influence of financial capital in the E.U. institutions and the very limited democracy. Proposals for change are included.
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Nurrahmawati, Bela, et Deni Kusumawardani. « THE EFFECT OF DEMOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE ON CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) EMISSIONS : TOP EMITTERS CASE STUDY ». Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Terapan 6, no 1 (26 juin 2021) : 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jiet.v6i1.26397.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study aims to analyze how the demographic structure affects carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Top Emitters, namely China, the United States, the European Union (EU-28), India, Indonesia, Russia, Brazil, Japan, Canada, and Mexico. This study uses panel data from ten countries stated in Top Emitters for the period 2000-2014 sourced from the World Resource Institute, World Bank and UNESCO Institute for Statistics. This study uses the Panel Data Regression method with the best model chosen is the Random Effect Model (REM) and four demographic structure variables, namely the dependency ratio, sex ratio, higher education ratio, industrial employment ratio. The results of this study indicate that the dependency ratio, sex ratio, higher education ratio, industrial employment ratio have a significant effect on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Top Emitters. The results of this study are expected to provide policies that can be implemented by the government.Keywords: Demographic Structure, Top Emitters, Panel Data Regression MethodJEL : I25, O15, Q5
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Kučas, Andrius, Boyan Kavalov et Carlo Lavalle. « Living Cost Gap in the European Union Member States ». Sustainability 12, no 21 (28 octobre 2020) : 8955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218955.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The living cost gap refers to the differential amongst income, expenditures, and poverty lines. It is important since it addresses a number of aspects that point towards historic and continued living standards. The purpose of this study is to identify, measure, and compare the living cost gap in the Europe Union member states. Twenty-nine indicators/criteria from Eurostat and World Bank, covering the period 2008–2017, are employed. In order to rank and compare living cost gap by countries, objective functions for each criterion are defined and applied. The importance of each criterion is assessed independently. The composite living cost gap indicator for each MS is calculated using multiple criteria decision support methods. The relationship between the compound annual growth rates of this indicator and each single criterion is estimated and evaluated. The findings of the study suggest that living cost gap is higher where unemployment rates and households’ expenditure on basic needs (housing, food etc.), are larger, while living cost gap is lower where households’ income and expenditure on optional needs are higher. The living cost gap in the majority of countries tends to narrow/decrease, along with the increase in the household income and expenditures. Our research highlights the need to mitigate unemployment and households’ low net income in order to alleviate living cost gap. The analysis and assessment of living cost gap might help identifying the most vulnerable social profiles and groups, and hence might contribute to the adequate formulation and implementation of targeted policy responses and interventions at European Union, national, and regional level.
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Kozera, Agnieszka, Romana Głowicka-Wołoszyn et Feliks Wysocki. « The financial independence of rural gminas in the Wielkopolskie voivodship ». Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 61, no 2 (29 février 2016) : 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0916.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Financial independence is an important factor in socio-economic development, especially in rural areas. Rural gminas (communities), mainly located peripherally to larger urban centers, have significantly lower revenue potential. This also means a lower level of financial independence of rural gminas, which in turn can be a barrier in multifunctional rural development. This issue is a priority for the European Union. The main objective of this article is a synthetic assessment of the level of financial independence of rural gminas in the Wielkopolskie voivodship in 2013. The basis of information studies, using the method TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity is an Ideal Solution) to assess the financial condition of municipalities, were data from the Central Statistical Office (Local Data Bank — Public finances for 2013) and Ministry of Finance (Indicators for assessing the financial position of local government units in 2011—2013).
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Zharikov, М. V. « The Implementation Model of a Consensual Refnancing Rate for the BRICS Countries ». Finance : Theory and Practice 23, no 1 (27 février 2019) : 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2587-5671-2019-23-1-66-78.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The relevance of the research subject is due to the fact that countries look for adaptive approaches to the turbulence of the international monetary system (IMS). The approaches of the BRICS countries to the IMS transformation have been fully studied in the economic literature. However, there are no researches on foundation of an advanced central bank as an alternative supranational monetary institution in the new international fnancial architecture. The article objective is to develop a mechanism for setting up the refnancing rate for the BRICS countries in case of the integration hypothesis the currency union, and the lender of last resort and the general unit of accounts. A liberal pricing method has been used to create the model. There is a hypothesis that the refnancing rate should be set at a higher level than that of the People’s Bank of China’s and lower than that of Brazil, Russia, India and South Africa’s, since it has comparative advantages in crediting. The mechanism of the consensual rate of the BRICS countries is based on the assumption that the amount of money in circulation may vary by an amount that does not cause negative consequences for national economies. The fundamental difference between the results of this study is in optimization of the credit resources flow, which implies their distribution within certain limits and in several stages. The main provisions indicate that the optimal rate may provide a background for the coordination of monetary policies in the BRICS countries within the Central bank. The practical relevance of the model is that it can be used to establish the refnancing rate in the BRICS countries. The model suggests that the optimal crediting value in the BRICS countries should ft the GDP growth limits. To conclude, the optimal refnancing rate is a key issue in forming a monetary union and a common currency in the BRICS countries.
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Gawel, Aleksandra, et Timo Toikko. « Trust in European Institutions in Explaining the Entrepreneurship in European Union Countries ». Social Sciences 10, no 6 (26 mai 2021) : 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10060195.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Entrepreneurship is believed to be shaped by institutions; however, the paper assumes that trust in institutions is a fundamental prerequisite for the impact of institutions on entrepreneurship. The aims of the paper are to determine (i) whether trust in European institutions affects the level of entrepreneurship in European Union countries, and (ii) whether there are any differences in this impact regarding the types of institutions and (iii) a country’s government budget size. Based on yearly panel data for 27 European Union countries in the years 2004–2019 and estimations of panel regression models, the results show that confidence in institutions is a significant factor in explaining entrepreneurship. However, institutional trust has no homogeneous effect on entrepreneurship, as the impact depends on the kind of institutions related to their functions and values as well as on the country’s characteristics in relation to the size of the government’s budget. Practical implications suggest the possibilities of supporting entrepreneurship—especially in countries with a relatively lower public redistribution—by raising the level of confidence in the European Central Bank. The originality of the paper is related to distinguishing institutional trust based on the type of institutions and the country’s characteristics of governmental budget size.
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Holben, David H. « Food Bank Users in and Around the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, Canada, Are Characterized by Food Insecurity and Poor Produce Intake ». Journal of Hunger & ; Environmental Nutrition 7, no 4 (octobre 2012) : 449–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19320248.2012.732925.
Texte intégral
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Aksoy, Lerzan, Timothy L. Keiningham, Alexander Buoye et Joan Ball. « Linking satisfaction to credit card decisions : an application of the Wallet Allocation Rule ». International Journal of Bank Marketing 35, no 2 (3 avril 2017) : 205–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-02-2016-0019.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the key drivers of share of wallet for credit cards issued by either a credit union (CU) or bank using a Wallet Allocation Rule (WAR) framework. Design/methodology/approach A survey approach engaging 1,649 current CU members at nine CUs regarding their use of 3,487 different credit cards is employed. Binary logistic regression is used to discriminate when CU issued vs bank issued credit cards are perceived to be “best” by their owners. Findings This research indicates the key drivers differ significantly when CU members prefer a CU-issued credit card vs a bank-issued credit card. For example, CU-issued credit cards are attractive to some CU members because of prior relationships with the CU and offering lower interest rates on revolving balances. By contrast, customers who choose a bank-issued credit card are much more likely to be driven by the rewards offered on the card. Practical implications Using the WAR key driver approach, managers can identify differentiating attributes that influence customers’ perceptions of their rank vis-à-vis competition and thereby grow share. Originality/value This research provides a significant contribution to both the banking literature and the scientific literature by examining the robustness of a relative metrics approach within the retail banking and CU market. It represents the first empirical analysis of a WAR key driver approach in the scientific literature.
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La Cava, Alberto, et Mary Kate Naatus. « Disrupting Business as Usual ». International Journal of Innovation in the Digital Economy 11, no 2 (avril 2020) : 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijide.2020040104.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article analyzes the research on cryptocurrency and blockchain technology and the alternate banking system, led by giants like Bitcoin and Ethereum, and its potential utility for the millions of migrants living in working around the globe, who send nearly half a trillion dollars through various formal and informal channels to family and friends in their home countries. While research on migrant remittances is well established and has been examined from many different lenses, including economic, political, financial, sociological and entrepreneurial, there are few studies to date that examine how the growing crypto-blockchain channel can impact remittance flows, as a lower cost alternative to MoneyGram and Western Union, which have high transaction costs, and also considering that many migrants do not have formal bank accounts, eliminating formal bank transfers, and also that many migrants hold a vulnerable legal status, and may avoid formal money transfer channels. This article is exploratory in nature and identifies the work that has been done to date on this topic, and identifies potential future research in the area.
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ROBICHAUD, YVES, JEAN-CHARLES CACHON et EGBERT McGRAW. « GENDER DIFFERENCES IN VENTURE FINANCING : A STUDY AMONG CANADIAN AND US ENTREPRENEURS ». Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 24, no 03 (septembre 2019) : 1950014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946719500146.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Entrepreneurship contributes significantly to economic growth and female entrepreneurs are strongly involved because their economic contribution is steadily increasing. However, research also reveals that female entrepreneurs face more financial barriers when compared to their male counterparts. Therefore, it is of prime importance to understand better female entrepreneurs’ behavior regarding financing. The purpose of this research was to explore gender differences related to financing with an intention to uncover why such differences exist. An empirical study involving a sample of 946 entrepreneurs from Canada and the United States was conducted to examine the issue. Results revealed that female entrepreneurs start their ventures with less capital than males, have a lesser tendency than males to obtain a bank loan and have a perception of being more in debt than their male counterparts are. Moreover, both variables depicting the smaller size of female-owned ventures and the intrinsic motivations expressed by female entrepreneurs acted as explanatory factors for the lower proportion of bank loans in the case of female-owned venture startups.
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Satchithanantham, Sanjayan, Henry F. Wilson, Patsy Michiels, Melanie Dubois, Sheng Li et Alexander J. Koiter. « Channel geomorphology differences between stream reaches with grass- or tree-dominated riparian vegetation in southern Manitoba ». FACETS 4, no 1 (1 juin 2019) : 336–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2018-0036.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Removal of trees for pasture or crop production is common along the stream reaches in the Canadian Prairies, resulting in a patchwork of forested and nonforest riparian vegetation along most streams. The effect of vegetation type on channel geomorphology and potential to influence sediment dynamics was studied using eight paired reaches (forested and nonforest) within agricultural watersheds in southern Manitoba, Canada. High potential for bank erosion was observed at all sites (bank erosion hazard index scores), but Pfankuch channel stability scores were significantly higher for forested reaches compared with nonforested reaches. Furthermore, forested reaches had higher width to depth ratios, but flood-prone widths did not differ significantly, resulting in lower entrenchment ratios. Reduced channel width and cross-sectional area in nonforested reaches created an overall reduction of in-stream habitat, increased velocity, and increased potential for exceedance of channel capacity and floodplain access during high-flow events. Channel widening in response to riparian afforestation efforts has been observed in a variety of other locations globally and the results of this study suggest that widening with afforestation can still be anticipated in this region where stream gradients are low, hydrology is dominated by snowmelt, and forest cover is minimal.
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Urrutia, Deborah, Elisa Manetti, Megan Williamson et Emeline Lequy. « Overview of Canada’s Answer to the COVID-19 Pandemic’s First Wave (January–April 2020) ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no 13 (3 juillet 2021) : 7131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137131.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Canada is a federal state of almost 38 million inhabitants distributed over ten provinces and three territories, each with their own power regarding health. This case study describes the health infrastructures’ situation before the COVID-19 outbreak and their adaptations to face the expected cases, the available epidemiologic data for the beginning of the first wave (January–April 2020), and the public health and economic measures taken to control the pandemic both at the federal level and breaking down by province and territory. Canadian health infrastructures offered on average 12.9 intensive care units beds per 100,000 (occupancy rate ~90% before the outbreak), unevenly distributed across provinces and territories. Canada implemented public health measures, such as social distancing, when hospitalization and death rates due to the pandemic were still lower than in other countries; each province and territory adapted and implemented specific measures. Cumulated cases and deaths substantially increased from mid-March 2020, reaching 65 cases and 2 deaths per 100,000 on April 12, with strong differences across provinces and territories. Canada has been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic’s first wave with a generally slower dynamic than in the USA or in the European Union at the same period. This suggests that implementation of public health measures when health indicators were still low may have been efficient in Canada; yet the long-term care sector faced many challenges in some provinces, which drove a large part of the pandemic indicators.
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Schmitz, Andrew, Hartley Furtan et Troy G. Schmitz. « Agricultural Policy : High Commodity and Input Prices ». Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 38, no 1 (avril 2009) : 18–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500000162.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Because of high commodity prices, beginning in 2006, subsidies to farmers in the United States, the European Union, and Canada have been reduced significantly. However, significant losses have been experienced by the red meat sector, along with escalating food prices. Because of rising input costs, the “farm boom” may not be as great as first thought. Ethanol made from corn and country-of-origin labeling cloud the U.S. policy scene. Higher commodity prices have caused some countries to lower tariff and non-tariff barriers, resulting in freer commodity trade worldwide. Policymakers should attempt to make these trade-barrier cuts permanent and should rethink current policy legislation to deal with the possibility of a collapse of world commodity markets. Agricultural commodity prices have dropped significantly since early 2008.
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Tokarev, D. A., A. V. Plyusnin, A. A. Terleev, N. A. Ivanova, I. V. Varaksina et A. V. Lipyanina. « NEW RESULTS OF INTEGRATED LITHOFACIES AND BIOSTRATIGRAPHICAL STUDY OF THE LOWER CAMBRIAN OSA HORIZON IN THE SOUTH OF THE SIBERIAN PLATFORM (BOLSHETIRSKAYA 7 WELL) ». Geology and mineral resources of Siberia, no 2 (2021) : 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20403/2078-0575-2021-2-56-66.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The section of the Osa Subformation of the Usolka Formation of the Lower Cambrian Tommotian stage penetrated by the Bolshetirskaya 7 well in the south of the Nepa-Botuoba anteclise has been studied. As a result of lithological-facies investigations, seven lithological types of rocks were identified, they are regularly replaced by each other along the section. Facies environments of the reef complex were dеtected: bar bank, rear part of the reef, organogenic bioherm bildup, reef rear bars, reef buildup, core of reef buildup. In the section of the subformation, three fourth-order sequences are identified. The sequence boundaries are fixed by subaerial hiatuses represented in the core by sedimentation breccias, karst zones. The largest lowering of sea level, in terms of amplitude and duration, is confined to the border of the second and third sequences. The conducted biostratigraphic analysis confirms the Lower Cambrian age. Remains of calcareous algae Renalcis polymorphum, R. gelatinosum, R. granosum, Botomaella zelenovi were found. Small shell fauna of the genus of Namacalathus Grotzinger, Watt ers et Knoll. also was found. It has global distribution in the Lower Vendian (Ediacaran) deposits in Namibia, Brazil, Canada, Oman, Spain, China, Russia, etc.
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Bolleyer, Nicole, et Tanja A. Börzel. « Non-hierarchical policy coordination in multilevel systems ». European Political Science Review 2, no 2 (juillet 2010) : 157–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175577391000007x.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In theory, lower-level governments (provinces, regional governments, or member states) operating in multilevel systems within and beyond the nation-state can choose from a wide repertoire of modes of policy coordination to solve collective problems non-hierarchically. These modes range from unilateral policy emulation over informal intergovernmental agreements to binding interstate law. The modes that governments are willing and capable to use, however, vary considerably across multilevel systems which affects governments’ collective problem-solving capacity. This paper argues that the nature of executive–legislative relations in lower-level governments is crucial to account for this variation. The presence (or absence) of power sharing shapes the willingness of lower-level governments to enter agreements that greatly constrain individual government autonomy. Power-concentrating governments, as opposed to power-sharing ones, tend to avoid such agreements. The type of power sharing affects the capacity to enter agreements that require legislative approval. Compulsory power-sharing governments, as opposed to voluntary power-sharing governments, should find it difficult to enter such agreements, since this type of power sharing invites inter-branch divides. To substantiate these arguments, we apply them to Canada, Switzerland, the United States, and the European Union.
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Azevedo, Monique de Abreu, et Ivan Ricardo Gartner. « Liquidation and merger conditions in the banking industry : the Itaú-Unibanco case ». Revista Contabilidade & ; Finanças 31, no 82 (avril 2020) : 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1808-057x201908140.
Texte intégralRésumé :
ABSTRACT This study’s main objective is to present the circumstances that signal an imminent commercial bank liquidation and the conditions in which mergers are advantageous for a potential acquirer. In addition, it applies the method in an empirical investigation within the context of the domestic banking industry. The research reveals new explanatory factors for liquidations and mergers between robust and insolvent banking institutions, such as bankruptcy costs and tax credits derived from a corporate union. The framework stands out for highlighting the role of creditor financial institutions participating in the open and interbank markets, which in the search to maximize their utility together with that of the shareholders have a decisive influence over the continuity or closure of the bank in crisis. The soundness of the financial system is an essential public good for society. Systemic financial crises cause significant costs for economic agents, such as a fall in production, increased unemployment, a rise in the fiscal deficit, and asset price instability. Efforts to achieve stability involve the regular functioning of banks. In this context, it is important to understand the circumstances under which banking institution distress can be solved by alternatives that are less costly for the treasury. Often, the research indicates the causes of disruptions to corporate activities; however, the explanatory variables and the tools used by bankruptcy prediction models are constantly being evaluated. Theories that elucidate the phenomenon are even scarcer. The paper’s result suggests the effectiveness of the method developed from the paradigmatic perspective of the field of economics and management, corroborating agency theory. The explanatory variables of bankruptcy and bank merger highlighted in this research can contribute to the elaboration of robust models to predict financial distress. The mathematical model of liquidation and merger was constructed from the viewpoint of an imperfect world where informational asymmetry and conflict of interests among shareholders, open and interbank market creditors, and bondholders (which includes depositors and holders of bonds issued by the bank) prevail. Bankruptcy maximizes shareholder and creditor utility if liquidation costs plus the value payable to the bondholders after liquidation are lower than the value they receive in the event of continuity. A merger is feasible for an acquirer if expected return plus tax benefits minus bondholder expenses is greater than the value payable to interbank market creditors. The method is applied to the merger between Itaú and Unibanco, considered a milestone in the process of consolidating the banking market in Brazil. This paper suggests the use of an algebraic model, based on agency theory, as an indicator of conditions for liquidations and bank mergers. The proposed approach was adequate for explaining the union between Unibanco and Itaú, which culminated in the largest private financial conglomerate in the Southern Hemisphere. Unibanco experienced the bankruptcy circumstances and there was evidence that Itaú’s tax benefits encouraged the merger. This article contributes to academic epistemology because it revisits the classical model, characterized by mathematical and theoretical robustness, and adjusts it to the specificities of banks. In addition to this methodological novelty, it applies it to an emblematic case, making it a useful tool for corporate decision-making and bank supervision, especially with regards to actions focused on financial stability.
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Macrander, Ashley. « Fractal inequality : A social network analysis of global and regional international student mobility ». Research in Comparative and International Education 12, no 2 (juin 2017) : 243–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745499917712616.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Literature on global international student mobility (ISM) highlights the uneven nature of student flows – from the developing to the developed world – however, studies have yet to address whether this pattern is replicated within expanding regional networks. Utilizing social network analysis, UNESCO ISM data, and World Bank income classifications, this paper examines economic inequality in ISM from 2008–2012 globally and within the Southern African Development Community, the European Higher Education Area, the Union of South American Nations, and University Mobility in Asia and the Pacific. Findings reaffirm previous global analyses which indicate that higher-income countries play a preeminent role as receivers; whereas, lower-income countries function primarily as source nations. This study demonstrates that this pattern is replicated fractally within the four regional networks as well. Globally and regionally, economically developed countries comprise the core of the world-system in tertiary education while less-developed nations are relegated to peripheral status.
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Gibilaro, Lucia, et Gianluca Mattarocci. « Cross-border banking and foreign branch regulation in Europe ». Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance 29, no 3 (13 mai 2021) : 280–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfrc-08-2020-0072.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Purpose This paper aims to examine the relevance of cross-border activity in the European banking sector, evaluating the role of differences in regulation to explain the level of interest in entering foreign markets. Design/methodology/approach The sample considers all banks in the European Union (EU 28) existing at year-end 2017, and information about the ultimate owners’ nationality to classify local and foreign banks is collected. The analysis provides a mapping of regulatory restrictions for foreign banks and evaluates how they impact the role of foreign players in the deposit and lending markets. Findings Results show that the lower are the capital adequacy requirements, the higher are the amounts of loans and deposits offered by non-European Economic Area banks and, additionally, the higher the probability of having a foreign bank operating in the country. Originality/value This paper provides new evidence on regulatory arbitrage opportunities in the EU and outlines differences among EU countries not previously studied.
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Ali, Md Rayha, Zihad Ahmed, AHM Hedayutul Islam et Md Mizanoor Rahman. « River Bank Erosion, Induced Population Migration and Adaptation Strategies in the Sirajganj Sadar Upazila, Bangladesh ». European Journal of Environment and Earth Sciences 2, no 2 (30 avril 2021) : 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejgeo.2021.2.2.131.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Riverbank erosion, a regular natural phenomenon in the lower confluence deltaic country like Bangladesh. Among the natural disaster effecting Bangladesh each year, river bank erosion is the most vulnerable in term of effected people and loss of assets. As a riverine country there are huge number of rivers and their tributaries and distributaries criss-crossed over the country, but the mighty three rivers like the Padma, Jamuna and Meghna are mostly known for the erosional characteristics. River bank erosion possesses as a significant, endemic and recurrent natural disaster in Bangladesh by these rivers. This research is designed to explore the erosional pattern of the river Jamuna and its impact on population migration and the adaptation strategy of the migrants. For the study primary data were collected from the study area through questionnaire survey, FGD and mapping analysis while secondary data were collected from published and unpublished reports of different offices such as land office, union parisad office, census report, BBS, WDB etc. However, to analyze the trend of erosion mapping analysis was conducted through ArcGIS 10.3 and for statistical analysis SPSS software was used. The research findings indicate that the Jamuna is a highly dynamic river in term of erosion. Due to its severity and dynamic erosional pattern possess mass number of people to be displaced by losing settlements and agricultural land. River bank erosion of Jamuna River invites many obligatory problems at different stages of displacements like loss of residence, household assets, agricultural land etc. Though it pushes the victims to readjust all their activities associated to livelihood pattern as an adaptation strategy with a newer socio-environmental situation, but very often becomes unable to recover the damage even spending considerable time. From this point of view, river bank erosion needs to be considered as a unique disaster and give attention to take comprehensive riverbank erosion management policy, so that problem can be minimized to a tiny scale.
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Shankhdhar, Vinay Kant, Prabha S. Yadav, Ajay Puri, Ashish Kasat, Jaiswal Dushyant, Ram Badari Narayan Raghu et Ashish Gulia. « Free fibula flap for lower limb salvage after tumour resection ». Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 51, no 03 (septembre 2018) : 274–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijps.ijps_113_17.
Texte intégralRésumé :
ABSTRACT Context: Post-tumour resection lower limb salvage. Aim/Introduction: Resection of tumours of the femur and tibia around the knee and ankle joints results in large bony defects. Often arthrodesis is an alternative; in case, adequate functional motors cannot be preserved or due to economic constraints. Thus, in an immunocompromised patient, the vascularised fibula is the best form of reconstruction. The vascularised fibular flap (pedicled/free) can be used in combination with an allograft. We refer to such a combination reconstruction as ‘allocombo’. The vascularised fibular graft hypertrophies in due course of time, and till that period, the allograft provides the required mechanical strength to allow early ambulation. Subjects and Methods: A retrospective study of 24 cases of vascularised fibular graft for lower limb reconstruction was conducted from February 2003 to March 2014. The average defect size was 15.5 cm and the average length of fibula harvested was 24.35 cm. A total of 19 free fibular flaps and 5 pedicled fibula were done. Mean age was 26 years. Fibula was nestled in the allograft obtained from the tissue bank. Results: The mean follow-up time was 52 months. Free flap success rate was 96%. Successful healing was achieved at 45 ends (97.8%). Radiological evidence of union at osteotomy sites occurred at an average of 6.8 months. Eight patients eventually succumbed to disease. At the final follow-up, the mean Musculoskeletal Tumour Society functional score of the evaluable patients was 26 (range 20–30). Conclusions: Pedicled fibula is a good option if the defect is within 14 cm of the knee joint at the femoral end. The vessels have to curve around the fibular head, thus its removal improves the reach of the pedicle. The flap is easy to harvest with predictable vascular anatomy and it can provide a large amount of vascularised bone and skin paddle. It results in early ambulation, rehabilitation and reduced morbidity. We realised that fixation is easier and chances of vascular injury are less in free as compared to pedicled fibula.
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Joseph, Warren S., Darren Culshaw, Steven Anuskiewicz, Carisa De Anda et Philippe Prokocimer. « Tedizolid and Linezolid for Treatment of Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections of the Lower Extremity versus Non–Lower-Extremity Infections ». Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 107, no 4 (1 juillet 2017) : 264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/15-218.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Background: Tedizolid phosphate, the prodrug of the oxazolidinone tedizolid, has been approved in a number of countries, including the United States, those in the European Union, and Canada, for treatment of patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI). Two phase 3 trials demonstrated the noninferior efficacy of tedizolid (200 mg once daily for 6 days) to linezolid (600 mg twice daily for 10 days) in patients with ABSSSI. Because of the challenges of treating lower-extremity ABSSSI, the efficacy and safety of tedizolid and linezolid for treating lower-extremity versus non–lower-extremity infections were compared. Methods: This was a post hoc analysis of pooled data from patients with lower-extremity infections enrolled in two phase 3 studies, ESTABLISH-1 (NCT01170221) and ESTABLISH-2 (NCT01421511), comparing tedizolid to linezolid in patients with ABSSSI. Results: Lower-extremity ABSSSI were present in 40.7% of tedizolid-treated and 42.2% of linezolid-treated patients. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was present in 34.7% of all patients with a baseline causative pathogen. Early clinical responses at 48 to 72 hours and investigator-assessed responses at the post-therapy evaluation were similar between tedizolid and linezolid, regardless of ABSSSI type. With both treatments, the early clinical response was slightly higher in patients with non–lower-extremity infection than in those with lower-extremity ABSSSI (tedizolid, 84.8% versus 77.0%; linezolid, 81.4% versus 76.6%, respectively); however, by the post-therapy evaluation visit, response rates were similar (tedizolid, 87.1% versus 86.3%; linezolid, 86.6% versus 87.2%, respectively). Gastrointestinal adverse events and low platelet counts were observed more frequently with linezolid treatment. Conclusions: Post-therapy evaluations showed that the clinical response of lower-extremity ABSSSI to tedizolid and linezolid was comparable to that of ABSSSI in other locations. A short 6-day course of once-daily tedizolid was as effective as a 10-day course of twice-daily linezolid in treating patients with lower-extremity ABSSSI.
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Colm, J. E., N. E. Mandrak et B. L. Tufts. « Local habitat features explain the distribution of the imperiled grass pickerel (Esox americanus vermiculatus) ». Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no 5 (mai 2019) : 479–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0103.
Texte intégralRésumé :
We investigated patterns of grass pickerel (Esox americanus vermiculatus Lesueur, 1846) distribution in three watersheds in Ontario, Canada, using site- and reach-scale habitat variables and fish community assemblage data to determine why this species occurs sporadically throughout watersheds despite abundant seemingly suitable, but unoccupied, habitat. Habitat and fish community data were collected using conventional field sampling methods, and reach-scale habitat data were compiled with the aid of a geographic information system. We found that occupied sites had lower baseflow indices and reach slopes but higher conductivity and agricultural land uses than unoccupied sites. More grass pickerel were detected when conductivity, channel cover, and wetlands in the floodplain were highest and bank slopes lowest; this is consistent with habitat preferences described elsewhere in its range. Habitat features at the site scale appeared more important than reach-scale features suggesting that grass pickerel may be using small habitat patches. This study identifies habitat elements important to grass pickerel and offers insights into management implications.
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Ph.D. MBA, CPA, CTP, Karina Kasztelnik. « The Role and Impact of International Financial Reporting Standards on Cross-Border Financing for a Systemically Important Bank from Macroeconomic Perspectives—Technical Review Research Study ». International Business & ; Economics Studies 2, no 3 (2 septembre 2020) : p74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ibes.v2n3p74.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The author of the study note that the extensiveness of a country’s international accounting disclosure requirements is a good for the overall disclosure extensiveness of the exchange in that foreign country, which, in turn, is bigly correlated with the cost of listing such as United States, Canada, United Kingdom, The Netherlands, France, Japan, and Germany. The United States and the national over-the-counter market have enjoyed significant growth in foreign listing. In absolute terms, the U.S. numbers are even more impressive. As of December 2019, the 1,420 foreign companies whose shares are traded in the United States reparent the largest amount of foreign listings of any major stock exchange in the world., which reflects, at least in part, recognition by multinational entities that the U.S. securities market represents the most efficient market in the world, thus translating into a lower cost of capital for issuer of securities. This technical research review article may support both the public trade companies and policymakers around the World.
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Rakowska, Joanna. « EUROPEAN UNION REGIONAL POLICY SUPPORT FOR INVESTMENTS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY IN RURAL AREAS OF THE MAZOVIAN VOIVODSHIP ». Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXII, no 1 (7 mars 2020) : 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.9608.
Texte intégralRésumé :
EU regional policy funding was said to be a significant source of co-financing renewable energy investments in Poland, however, what has not yet been investigated thus far is the impact of such financing in rural areas of the Mazovian Voivodship, the biggest in the country. Thus, the aim of the paper is to explore the main outcomes of using this funding for RE investments in rural areas of the Mazovian Voivodship and look into the relations between these outcomes and important factors determining them. The study is based on qualitative and quantitative data from the SIMIK 2007-2013 data base of the Ministry of Development, Local Data Bank of Statistics Poland, data from 3 classifications of communes and a questionnaire survey. Findings prove that RE investments in the rural Mazovian Voivodship differ from investments in other rural areas of Poland as they only used wind and solar RE, were carried out only by local self-governments and enterprises, and obtained EU co-funding only from regional operational programmes. The similarities between RE investments in the rural Mazovian Voivodship in other rural areas of the country indicate an insufficient adjustment of eligible costs to total costs and a lower than available share of EU funding in eligible costs, both significantly increasing the share of non-EU funding necessary to carry out projects. The shortage of funding was indicated by local authorities and the respondents of the survey as the main obstacle in supporting local development and was the reason for taking other than RE investment development priorities. The paper concludes with recommendations on an increase of RE investments in the rural Mazovian Voivodship.
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Bilbiie, Florin, Tommaso Monacelli et Roberto Perotti. « Fiscal Policy in Europe : Controversies over Rules, Mutual Insurance, and Centralization ». Journal of Economic Perspectives 35, no 2 (1 mai 2021) : 77–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.35.2.77.
Texte intégralRésumé :
We discuss the main fiscal policy issues in Europe, focusing on two that are at the core of the current debate. The first is that the government deficit and debt were, from the outset, the key objects of contention in the debate that led to the creation of the Eurozone, and they still are. The second issue is that a currency union implies the loss of a country-specific instrument, a national monetary policy. This puts a higher burden on fiscal policy as a tool to counteract shocks, a burden that might be even heavier now that the European Central Bank has arguably reached the Zero Lower Bound. Two obvious solutions are mutual insurance (or risk-sharing) amongst countries and a centralized stabilization policy. Yet both have been remarkably difficult to come by, especially due to political constraints. We review and discuss the relative merits of several proposals for increased insurance or centralization, or both. We conclude with an early discussion of the implications of the COVID-19 crisis for European fiscal policy reform and an assessment of the current fiscal measures.
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Silver, Michelle. « THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF RETIREMENT AND GENDER DIFFERENCES IN RETIREMENT TIMING ». Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (novembre 2019) : S383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1405.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Retirement is an ever-evolving, dynamic, and complex social construct we associate with the end of one’s career. For some the term is a bad word and a term that needs to be retired, while others can’t wait to retire and enjoy the good life. This paper examines a brief history of retirement and theoretical work from feminist gerontology, while focusing on gender differences in the social construction of retirement and policy implications of 10 different government pension plans. In doing so, it looks at policy implications associated with the standard retirement age tied to public pension plans in the United States, Canada, and the European Union. Findings indicate that women live longer than men in each country, yet women retire earlier and receive lower pensions than men. As the landscape surrounding women’s work experiences changes and concerns about gender equity in salaries and workplace compensation continue to be raised, this paper extends the concerns to raise important questions about inequities in retirement.
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Strangio, Donatella. « ‘Assisted’ Migration and the Marshall Plan : the Italian Case ». Journal of Migration History 6, no 3 (8 octobre 2020) : 300–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00603002.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Italy, as a country of arrival for many migrants from outside the European Union, is currently receiving much international media attention because of the ongoing so-called ‘migration crisis’. Historically, however, Italy has been a country of outward migration. This article analyses the history of Italian migration during the post-Second World War years. This crucial period in Italian history was characterised by economic reconstruction and recovery led by international institutions and the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan’s provisions on migration have received little scholarly attention, and this neglect is particularly pronounced in the case of Italy. This historical research draws mainly from documents retrieved from the Marshall Plan’s collections at the archives of the Bank of Italy, originally produced in the aftermath of the Second World War. The article is divided into four parts. The first section outlines the problem and embeds it within the existing literature on the history of migration policy in Italy. The second part examines the induced aid and migration policies of post-war Italy. The third part considers the architecture of the migration policy of that time, e.g. funding allocations and requests submitted to the United States for destination countries, such as Canada, or continents such as Latin America and Africa. Finally, the last section provides more in-depth analysis of the erp itself and its impact on Italian out-migration. The article concludes that cooperating and joint programming is a necessity for states in the management of migration.
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O’Reilly, Norm, Sameer Deshpande, Guy Faulkner, Amy Latimer, Allana Leblanc, Ryan E. Rhodes, Mark Tremblay et Melissa Werman. « Title sponsorship of cause-related sport events ». Sport, Business and Management : An International Journal 9, no 2 (13 mai 2019) : 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-04-2018-0034.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Purpose Corporations often benefit from associating their brand(s) with a sports property; in some cases, the property is owned or supported by a not-for-profit organization (NFP) championing a cause. Title sponsorship of such a sport event has received limited research attention but is important to a NFP for raising funds and in-kind contributions to support their cause. The purpose of this paper is to investigate title sponsorship of cause-related sport events. Design/methodology/approach This research examines the title sponsorship of a cause-related sport event and its effectiveness in relation to the event, the organization, the cause and other sponsors of the NFP. Specifically, this study examines these questions in the context of a specific annual event, Sports Day in Canada organized by ParticipACTION, a national Canadian NFP and whose title sponsor is Royal Bank of Canada (RBC). Findings Results show that title sponsorship has significant potential value for the sponsor and the cause, perhaps to the detriment of other (lower tier) sponsors of the event and the NFP. Originality/value This research has value to sponsors and cause-related sport events alike. In the case of sponsors, it provides insight into the value of title sponsorship vs other categories of sponsorship, for a brand considering sponsorship of cause-related sport property. For cause-related sport events, the research informs about the importance and possible revenue generation opportunity linked to the title sponsor category.
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Hanoshenko, V. V., et Ya V. Volodarets-Urbanovich. « TREASURE OF MARTYNIVKA TYPE FROM THE VILLAGE OF PRAVI SOLONTSI IN KHERSON REGION ». Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 32, no 3 (25 septembre 2019) : 126–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.03.10.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Article presents jewelry findings from Pravi Solontsi in the Lower Dnieper. The assemblage belongs to the circle of Dnieper early medieval hoards of first chronological group by O. A. Shcheglova or Martynivka type.
The complex comprises 20 whole and fragmented metal items and 1 glass bead. All jewelry is represented by elements of women’s attire: details of collar (chain with link of «snake head», tubular beads Volodarets-Urbanovich / type 1, trapezoidal pendants ornamented with two / three punches circles in mid and blue bead) and bracelets (Rodinkova / type 5, subtype 3 and 2, Rodinkova / type 2, subtype of ornamented).
The items existed in the Middle Dnieper region and the Dnieper left bank starting from the end of the 6th / turn of the 6th—7th cc. to the middle / third quarter of the 7th c.
We have three explanations for the reasons for the appearance of the Slavic complex of Martynivka type in the Lower Dnieper. The first is connected with the relations between Slavs and nomads. The owner of the Pravi Solontsi complex could be in depending or in marital relations with a representative of the nomadic tribal union. Other variants are a trade or migration from the Middle Dnieper to the Crimea. Their confirmation is the jewelry of the Dnieper origin in the Crimea and the Pre-Caucasus. In addition, a series of things of Crimean origin is known in the Middle Dnieper and Left Bank Dnieper.
Near the town Oleshky (next to the village of Pravi Solontsi), was find а small bronze fibula without ornament — brooch of the Danube circle (Joachim Werner’s class IH). V. Ye. Rodinkova believes that this find belongs to type Pergamon-Tai-zee, subtype undecorated according to I. O. Gavritukhin and is already a local modification. Thus, the treasure from the Right Solonets is already the second Slavic finds of the early Middle Ages from this micro-region.
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Stasiuk, L. D., et M. G. Fowler. « Organic facies in Devonian and Mississippian strata of Western Canada Sedimentary Basin : relation to kerogen type, paleoenvironment, and paleogeography ». Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 52, no 3 (1 septembre 2004) : 234–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/52.3.234.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Petrographic analyses of dispersed organic matter (including macerals and palynomorphs), siliceous and calcareous microfossil assemblages and microtextures (e.g. stromatolitic) have been used to define and interpret five organic facies and regionally map their distribution for the following informal groupings of potential hydrocarbon source rocks in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin: Upper Devonian Woodbend group, Upper Devonian Winterburn group and Upper Devonian to Lower Mississippian black shales of the Exshaw and Bakken formations. Five petrographic organic facies (A–E) are defined for the potential source rocks based on assemblages of alginites, acritarchs, sporinites, siliceous microfossils and algal mat microtextures. Organic facies A, B (prasinophyte alginites and acritarchs) and C (coccoidal alginite), represent accumulation in relatively deep (basin), intermediate (shelf-platform), and shallow water depths (bank-reef margin to lagoonal). Organic facies D is defined by siliceous microfossils (e.g. Radiolaria) and accumulated in deep basinal to outer shelf settings immediately east of an ancient Pacific Ocean, or south of an ancient Arctic Ocean. This facies may reflect regions of upwelling which extended into intracratonic and epicontinental settings. Organic facies E, characterized by stromatolitic microtextures with or without coccoidal alginite, only occur within Upper Devonian Winterburn Group shallow water, restricted shelf to lagoonal dolostones associated with evaporites. As a whole, the regional distribution of organic facies is related to paleogeography, paleobathymetry or paleostructure in the source rocks. Surprisingly, petrographic organic facies do not show strong positive correlation with kerogen type as defined by Hydrogen-Oxygen indices or TOC-S2 plots.
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Kappel, Stanislav. « A Comparison of Business Cycles Synchronization in the Euro Area and Some Potential Monetary Unions ». Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 63, no 4 (2015) : 1277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201563041277.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Synchronization of business cycle is one of the main criteria for creation of a monetary union. With increasing synchronization of business cycle, a probability of occurrence of demand and supply shocks, which are asymmetric, decreases. The aim of this contribution is to evaluate synchronicity of business cycle in the euro area and some potential monetary unions. There are MERCOSUR (i.e. Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela), NAFTA (Canada, Mexico and the United States of America). For this aim, correlation analysis and two indexes of cyclical components of GDP are used. The cyclical components of GDP are obtained due to the Hodrick-Prescott filter. The results indicate a high degree of business cycles synchronization among states of the euro area (especially in countries of so called core of the euro area) and states of NAFTA. In opposite, a lower degree of business cycles synchronization was reached among states of MERCOSUR. According to the criterion of business cycle synchronization, NAFTA is more appropriate candidate than MERCOSUR for creation monetary area.