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Mudau, Naledzani, Dennis Mwaniki, Lesiba Tsoeleng, Morwapula Mashalane, Donatien Beguy et Robert Ndugwa. « Assessment of SDG Indicator 11.3.1 and Urban Growth Trends of Major and Small Cities in South Africa ». Sustainability 12, no 17 (29 août 2020) : 7063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177063.
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Geospatial technologies play an important role in understanding and monitoring of land cover and land use change which is critical in achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11 and related goals. In this study, we assessed SDG Indicator 11.3.1, Ratio of Land Consumption Rate to Population Growth Rate (LCRPGR) and other urban growth trends of four cities in South Africa using Landsat 5 TM and SPOT 2&5 satellite images and census data collected in 1996, 2001 and 2011. The 2011 built-up areas were mapped using South Africa’s SPOT 5 Global Human Settlements Layer (GHSL) system whereas the 1996 and 2001 built-up areas were extracted from Landsat 5 and SPOT 2 satellite imagery using a kNN object-based image analysis technique that uses textural and radiometric features. We used the built-up area layer to calculate the land consumption per capita and total urban change for each city, both of which have been identified as being important explanatory indicators for the ratio of LCRPGR. The assessment shows that the two major cities, Johannesburg and Tshwane, recorded a decline in the ratio of LCRPGR between the periods 1996–2001 and 2001–2011. In contrast, the LCRPGR ratios for secondary cities, Polokwane and Rustenburg increased during the same periods. The results further show that Tshwane recorded an increase in land consumption per capita between 1996 and 2001 followed by a decrease between 2001 and 2011. Over the same time, Johannesburg experienced a gradual decrease in land consumption per capita. On the other hand, Polokwane and Rustenburg recorded a unique growth trend, in which the overall increase in LCRPGR was accompanied by a decrease in land consumption per capita. In terms of land consumption, Tshwane experienced the highest urban growth rate between 1996 and 2001, whereas Johannesburg and Polokwane experienced the highest urban growth rates between 2001 and 2011. The information derived in this study shows the significance of Indicator 11.3.1 in understanding the urbanization trends in cities of different sizes in South Africa and creates a baseline for nationwide assessment of SDG 11.3.1.
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Sirayi, Mzo. « Cultural Planning and Urban Renewal in South Africa ». Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society 37, no 4 (janvier 2008) : 333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/jaml.47.4.333-344.
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Cant, Michael Colin, Jan Wiid et Catherine Mpolokeng Sephapo. « An exploration into the branding consumption patterns of consumers residing in townships of Tshwane : a South African case ». Corporate Ownership and Control 11, no 1 (2013) : 332–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv11i1c3art4.
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The primary aim of this research paper is to investigate the branding patterns of consumers residing in townships (also referred to as underdeveloped areas/black urban areas) within the Tshwane area of South Africa. Households in black urban areas are already by far the largest group in the middle-income (LSM 5 to 8) market, where their figures continue to grow gradually (Chase, Legoete & van Wamelen, 2010:2). A quantitative approach was used for this study where a survey questionnaire was the method for collecting data. In order to satisfy research objectives of the study, a self-administered location based survey was distributed to the residents of Shoshanguve, Mamelodi and Attridgeville; black urban areas within the Tshwane region of South Africa.
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Jansen van Vuuren, M., W. B. Van Averbeke et M. M. Slabbert. « Urban home garden design in Ga-Rankuwa, City of Tshwane, South Africa ». Acta Horticulturae, no 1279 (juin 2020) : 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2020.1279.18.
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Cant, Michael Colin, Jan Wiid et Catherine Mpolokeng Sephapo. « An investigation into consumers’ apparel purchase patterns within black urban areas of Tshwane, South Africa ». Corporate Ownership and Control 10, no 2 (2013) : 274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv10i2c2art7.
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The primary aim of this research paper is to investigate the clothing expenditure patterns of consumers residing in black urban areas in the Tshwane area of South Africa. Housing, food and clothing are generally perceived as the most basic needs that people have throughout their lives. Demand for these items is generally expected to increase over time as consumer income increases and expenditure is expected to increase as income increases (Dyer, Hou & Dyer, 2004). Households in black urban areas are already by far the largest group in the middle-income (LSM 5-8) market, where their figures maintain to growth gradually (Chase, Legoete & van Wamelen, 2010:2). A quantitative approach was used for this study where a survey questionnaire was used as a method for collecting data. In order to satisfy research objectives of the study, a self-administered location based survey was distributed to the residents of Shoshanguve, Mamelodi and Attridgeville; Black urban areas within the Tshwane region of South Africa.
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Cant, Michael Colin, Melanie Gopaul et Leanne Manley. « Brand loyalty : are black urban area consumers’ more loyal ? » Corporate Ownership and Control 11, no 1 (2013) : 548–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv11i1c6art2.
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Black urban area consumers’ are a major economic force in the South African economy and represent a considerable portion of the economic and social setting of South Africa (Hummel, M, In: McCann World group, 2008). However this segment has long been neglected by marketers due to the segregation that was experienced within the country pre-1994. Prior to independence, black urban area communities were mostly catered for by ‘spaza’ shops, or informal retailers run from inside a home that presented residents with a limited variety of products. Residents in traditional black urban areas mostly purchased at these retailers due to financial constraints and limited accessibility to other larger retail outlets as well as due to security fears, and in so doing formed a loyalty towards brands offered by spaza shops. Post-1994 however has seen a dramatic increase in black urban area income, enhanced public transportation and greater retail development within these areas, which has allowed for many residents to become more exposed to alternative brands. The primary aim of this study therefore was to examine the degree of brand loyalty consumers’ of black urban areas of Tshwane, South Africa hold today in relation to retail brands. In order to satisfy the research objective of the study, a self-administered location based survey was distributed to the residents of Shoshanguve, Mamelodi and Attridgeville; black urban areas within the Tshwane region of South Africa.
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Cant, Michael Colin, et Leanne Lauren Spolander. « Investigation into consumers’ perceptions of advertised retail brands within black urban areas of South Africa ». Corporate Ownership and Control 10, no 1 (2012) : 162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv10i1c1art1.
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The main aim of this study was to investigate the perceptions consumers’ of Black urban areas of Tshwane, South Africa hold in relation to advertised retail brands and branding. The importance of Black urban area consumers’ perceptions in relation to advertised retail brands is that in the era before independence these communities were generally regarded as being lower income and not brand loyal due to financial constraints. The number of shopping malls and branded stores were limited in these areas but since 1994, when South Africa became a democracy, things have changed. The income in these communities has steadily risen thereby attracting the attention of retail developers (Ligthelm, 2008:37; Tustin & Strydom, 2006:48-49). With the increased retail development in these communities, consumers residing in these areas have become more exposed to branded merchandise and the advertising thereof. This has led to new perceptions towards brands being formed and in the process opening possible new opportunities for retailers. In order to satisfy the research objectives of the study, a self-administered location based survey was distributed to the residents of Shoshanguve, Mamelodi and Attridgeville; Black urban areas within the Tshwane region of South Africa.
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Nzimande, Ntombifuthi Precious, et Szabolcs Fabula. « Socially sustainable urban renewal in emerging economies : A comparison of Magdolna Quarter, Budapest, Hungary and Albert Park, Durban, South Africa ». Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 69, no 4 (22 décembre 2020) : 383–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.15201/hungeobull.69.4.4.
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This study compares the social sustainability of urban renewal interventions in Hungary and South Africa. The societal and environmental challenges arising from urbanisation and the associated population growth in major urban centres around the world have increased the research and policy foci on urban sustainability and governance. While urban regeneration projects are vitally important to urban sustainability, these interventions have been widely criticised because social sustainability issues have been overlooked or ignored. Therefore, there is a need for governance practices that are applicable to different national and urban contexts. The main aim of this study is twofold: firstly, it provides a literature review on the social sustainability of urban renewal and secondly, it compares urban renewal interventions in two different geographical settings to provide recommendations about public participation and stakeholder involvement, which can contribute to increasing social sustainability of urban renewal projects. To this end, a comparative approach was adopted through the analysis of two urban renewal projects: Magdolna Quarter Programme (Budapest, Hungary) and the Albert Park (Durban, South Africa), the data for which were based on a review of secondary sources, including international literature and policy documents. It was found that although urban renewal serves a city-wide purpose (and not just a local one), the socio-economic impacts of these projects have not yet been adequately explored. Furthermore, to achieve higher urban renewal sustainability, there is a need for impact assessments (with special attention paid to the social effects) to promote public participation and empowerment.
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de Jager, Anna E., et Melanie D. Nicolau. « Opening the Door for Wider Application of the Tourism Area Life Cycle Model with Application to the Rietvlei Nature Reserve, Tshwane, South Africa ». African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, no 9(6) (15 décembre 2020) : 912–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-59.
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In this paper, the Tourist Area Life Cycle (TALC) model was adapted for application to an urban green space that is not necessarily a tourist destination. Important components of the TALC model, such as carrying capacity, critical life cycle points and a variety of scenarios relevant to urban green spaces that do not primarily have a tourism focus were considered in the development of an adapted model that could be of value in the management of a variety of functions in such spaces. A case study approach was followed, in which the model was applied to the Rietvlei Nature Reserve in Tshwane (South Africa). The functions and benefits of the Rietvlei Nature Reserve include the protection of a portion of the Highland grassland biome with the associated biodiversity, recreation, opportunities for environmental education research, and water provisioning to the City of Tshwane. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected through observation, individual interviews, focus groups and questionnaires, with a total of 558 respondents. The data included primary and secondary sources, and the researchers’ own observations. The management of a variety of ecosystem services provided by the conservation area and surrounding urban landscape plays an important role in the life cycle of this urban green space. The value of this study lies in demonstrating that an adaptation of the TALC model can be of value in the sustainable management of the ecological services that urban green spaces provide to urban dwellers.
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Cant, Michael Colin, et Catherine Mpolokeng Sephapo. « Consumers’ expenditure patterns and shopping preferences in underdeveloped urban areas : The critical case of Tshwane ». Corporate Ownership and Control 10, no 1 (2012) : 455–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv10i1c4art6.
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This paper investigates the household expenditure patterns and shopping preferences of consumers residing in underdeveloped blackurban areas in the Tshwane area. Black households are already by far the largest group in the middle-income (LSM 5-8) market, where their numbers continue to grow steadily (Chase, Legoete& van Wamelen, 2010:2). Past research provides oddments of general spending patterns in South Africa among the population at large; however, this study focuses specifically on the area of Tshwane. Although the sample size was not representative of the entire population, the results provide a picture of what and how black consumers residing in this area spend their household income. A quantitative approach was used for this study where a survey questionnaire was used as a method for collecting data. The results showed that although the income of the sample population was not high, basic needs were fulfilled and the concept of keeping costs low did not come at the expense of the quality of goods and services.
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Hamann, C., et A. C. Horn. « Continuity or Discontinuity ? Evaluating the Changing Socio-Spatial Structure of the City of Tshwane, South Africa ». Urban Forum 26, no 1 (5 avril 2014) : 39–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12132-014-9231-7.
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Nemutamvuni, Kennedy, T. J. M. McKay et Henry Bikwibili Tantoh. « Active citizenry, community - Based organisations and the protection of urban wetlands : The case of colbyn, Tshwane, South Africa ». Global Ecology and Conservation 24 (décembre 2020) : e01244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01244.
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Shoniwa, Tapiwa T., et Vusilizwe Thebe. « Informal and Unserviceable : the State, Informal Settlement Residents, and Sanitation Management in Western Tshwane City, South Africa ». Urban Forum 31, no 4 (2 juillet 2020) : 533–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12132-020-09396-3.
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Stoffberg, G. H., M. W. van Rooyen, M. J. van der Linde et H. T. Groeneveld. « Modelling dimensional growth of three street tree species in the urban forest of the City of Tshwane, South Africa ». Southern Forests : a Journal of Forest Science 71, no 4 (décembre 2009) : 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/sf.2009.71.4.4.1031.
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Magidi, James, et Fethi Ahmed. « Assessing urban sprawl using remote sensing and landscape metrics : A case study of City of Tshwane, South Africa (1984–2015) ». Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science 22, no 3 (décembre 2019) : 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2018.07.003.
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Waldeck, Louis, Jenny Holloway et Quintin Van Heerden. « Integrated land use and transportation modelling and planning : A South African journey ». Journal of Transport and Land Use 13, no 1 (4 octobre 2020) : 227–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2020.1635.
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Confronted by poverty, income disparities and mounting demands for basic services such as clean water, sanitation and health care, urban planners in developing countries like South Africa, face daunting challenges. This paper explores the role of Integrated land use and transportation modelling in metropolitan planning processes aimed at improving the spatial efficiency of urban form and ensuring that public sector investments in social and economic infrastructure contribute to economic growth and the reduction of persistent poverty and inequality. The value of such models is not in accurately predicting the future but in providing participants in the (often adversarial) planning process with a better understanding of cause and effect between different components of the urban system and in discovering common ground that could lead to compromise. This paper describes how an Urban Simulation Model was developed by adapting one of the leading microsimulation models (UrbanSim) originating from the developed world to South African conditions and how the requirements for microscopic data about the base year of a simulation were satisfied in a sparse data environment by introducing various typologies. A sample of results from three case studies in the cities of Tshwane, Ekurhuleni and Nelson Mandela Bay between 2013 and 2017 are then presented to illustrate how modelling supports the planning process by adding elements of rational analysis and hypothesis testing to the evaluation of proposed policies.
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ROBINSON, FRANCIS. « Islamic Reform and Modernities in South Asia ». Modern Asian Studies 42, no 2-3 (mars 2008) : 259–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x07002922.
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From the beginning of the Islamic era, Muslim societies have experienced periods of renewal (tajdid). Since the eighteenth century, Muslim societies across the world have been subject to a prolonged and increasingly deeply felt process of renewal. This has been expressed in different ways in different contexts. Amongst political elites with immediate concerns to answer the challenges of the West, it has meant attempts to reshape Islamic knowledge and institutions in the light of Western models, a process described as Islamic modernism. Amongst ‘ulama and sufis, whose social base might lie in urban, commercial or tribal communities, it has meant ‘the reorganisation of communities . . . [or] the reform of individual behavior in terms of fundamental religious principles’, a development known as reformism. These processes have been expressed in movements as different as the Iranian constitutional revolution, thejihadsof West Africa, and the great drives to spread reformed Islamic knowledge in India and Indonesia. In the second half of the twentieth century, the process of renewal mutated to develop a new strand, which claimed that revelation had the right to control all human experiences and that state power must be sought to achieve this end. This is known to many as Islamic fundamentalism, but is usually better understood as Islamism. For the majority of Muslims today, Islamic renewal in some shape or other has helped to mould the inner and outer realities of their lives.
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Maree, Kobus, et Ina Louw. « The nature, purpose and effectiveness of assessment in tertiary mathematics at the Tshwane University of Technology (TUT) ». Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 26, no 4 (22 septembre 2007) : 279–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v26i4.144.
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Despite the fact that mathematics is the cornerstone of scientific literacy, many South African learners do not perform adequately in this subject. Furthermore, adopting an Outcomes-based Education (OBE) approach has not contributed to an improvement of the situation. In fact, even in 2007, OBE has not been implemented at most tertiary training institutions in South Africa. Only a few educators (lecturers) implement OBE in the teaching of mathematics at tertiary training institutions. Lecturers use their discretion to decide whether or not to implement an OBE approach in learning facilitation and assessment. At TUT problem-based teaching (PBL) and problem-oriented learning (POL) were introduced previously in some departments and executed with varying degrees of success. Even though no formal decision had been made at TUT with regard to the acceptance of a specific teaching and learning model at the time of the current study, there was general agreement that OBE would be the teaching and learning model of choice, especially since (from 2009 onwards) all prospective students will have received schooling in an OBE-based teaching and learning environment. (In the majority of departments lecturers are currently being groomed to implement OBE and the current study formed part of this process.) First-year students’ insufficient achievement in mathematics was, however, the main thrust behind this attempt to investigate renewal in mathematics assessment at TUT by means of action research. An important aim of the study was to evaluate the nature of prevailing assessment practices on the different TUT campuses, the main aim being to introduce lecturers to effective strategies and to encourage the implementation of these strategies by means of action research. The overarching working assumption guiding the current research was the belief that suitable assessment would probably enhance the effectiveness of students’ learning (thereby impacting on their performance). The research focused on the following questions:Are tertiary mathematics facilitators adequately trained and prepared to implement outcomes-based assessment strategies at TUT? To what extent are outcomes-based strategies effectively and regularly introduced in the teaching of mathematics at TUT? Action research was chosen as research strategy because it was deemed suitable to facilitate improvement of current assessment practices. Furthermore, the cyclical nature of action research lent itself ideally to the introduction and handling of different facets of OBE during the different cycles. During the first cycle (questionnaires) information related to assessment practices was obtained. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected through questionnaires, personal interviews, interviews with focus groups, observations, documentation and a reflective diary. This article, however, only focuses on the qualitative data obtained from lecturers. Respondents were exposed to assessment strategies in an attempt to enhance their insight into contemporary assessment practices in an outcomes-based teaching and learning environment and, in doing so, empower them to execute their activities in a more accountable way. The authors report extensively on the findings and make recommendations for improving assessment practices (obviously, at TUT in the first place, but, hopefully, at other tertiary training institutions as well). The main findings were as follows:OBE strategies were not being introduced throughout TUT in the teaching of mathematics. Group work and peer assessments were rare occurrences.Some lecturers were convinced that new assessment methods would lower the standard of teaching. Uncertainty about the merger and the varying teaching conditions at the different campuses tended to inhibit lecturers, making them less willing to undertake assessment renewal. The lecturers cited large class groups, a lack of marking assistance and ignorance about OBE as reasons for failing to undertake assessment renewal. TUT should benefit from reviewing its admission criteria.n conclusion, it should be said that respondents generally agreed that this research went some way towards preparing them for assessment renewal. Moreover, since TUT recently went through a merger, assessment renewal seems to be an idea whose time has come, a hiatus that deserves the attention of serious researchers and academics alike. The authors realise that this article is not a panacea, not a cure-all; obviously, we do not have all the answers. However, hope is expressed that he study has made a significant contribution to this positive development and has contributed in some way to ongoing debates in the field.
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Akinboade, Oludele Akinloye, et Segun Adeyemi Adeyefa. « An Analysis of Variance of Food Security by its Main Determinants Among the Urban Poor in the City of Tshwane, South Africa ». Social Indicators Research 137, no 1 (27 février 2017) : 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1589-1.
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Horn, André, et Gregory Breetzke. « Informing a Crime Strategy for the FIFA 2010 World Cup : a Case Study for the Loftus Versfeld Stadium in Tshwane, South Africa ». Urban Forum 20, no 1 (février 2009) : 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12132-009-9054-0.
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Katerere, DR, S. Stockenström, KM Thembo, JP Rheeder, GS Shephard et HF Vismer. « A preliminary survey of mycological and fumonisin and aflatoxin contamination of African traditional herbal medicines sold in South Africa ». Human & ; Experimental Toxicology 27, no 11 (novembre 2008) : 793–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327108099535.
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Traditional medicine is an important aspect of healthcare delivery in South Africa and is used by at least 70% of the country’s population. The trade in medicinal plants is a multi-million rand business which is a major driver for rural economies. However, the conditions in which these plant products are transported and stored make them prone to fungal contamination which results in economic losses to the traders and pose potential health hazards to consumers. Of major concern is the possible presence of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins. This study assessed fungal and mycotoxin contamination of African herbal products sold in Cape Town and Tshwane (formerly Pretoria) in South Africa. Of the 16 samples analyzed, 15 were contaminated with at least one of these three fungal genera: Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium. Fumonisin B1 was present in 13 of the samples in quantities ranging from 14 to 139 μg/kg (detection limit 5 μg/kg). None of the samples was contaminated with aflatoxigenic fungi or aflatoxin (detection limit 0.5 μg/kg). This is the first study to report on mycological and mycotoxin contamination of commercial traditional African medicines in South Africa. There is a need to expand the study to other urban centers to gain enough insight into this problem and then to intervene with measures that can protect the public from potential harm.
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Rauf, W., S. Hitchcock, A. Rauf et PJ Becker. « Knowledge of and misconceptions about the spread and prevention of HIV infection among older urban women attending the Tshwane District Hospital, South Africa ». South African Family Practice 52, no 2 (mars 2010) : 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20786204.2010.10873957.
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Makopo, M. M., H. M. De Klerk et S. Donoghue. « Customer satisfaction and complaint behaviour : The case of small custom-made clothing businesses ». Southern African Business Review 20, no 1 (27 mars 2019) : 173–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1998-8125/6049.
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Small and medium enterprises are increasingly considered as playing an important role in the economy of many countries, including South Africa. Unfortunately, home-based businesses in particular, such as most of the custom-made clothing businesses, are exhibiting high failure rates. The purpose of this study was to explore female customers’ satisfaction/ dissatisfaction with the quality of custom-made clothes, the accompanying emotions resulting from the dissatisfaction and their coping strategies in the form of complaint behaviour. A survey-based research design was followed. The sample consisted of 209 females older than 18 years, residing in Tshwane, South Africa, who had had custom-made clothes made by small urban-based custom-made clothing businesses during the previous 12 months. Customers in this study had high expectations for most performance features of the custom-made garments, especially the sensory and emotional performance features, with which they were ultimately not as satisfied as they had expected to be. Most of them blamed the business for the dissatisfaction. They did, however, not contact the business to complain but rather told others about the experience and decided no longer to support the business. They also experienced high levels of negative emotions such as disappointment, frustration and sadness. The results have implications for small custom made clothing businesses.
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Breytenbach, A. « COMPARATIVE ACCURACY EVALUATION OF FINE-SCALE GLOBAL AND LOCAL DIGITAL SURFACE MODELS : THE TSHWANE CASE STUDY I ». ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-2/W1 (5 octobre 2016) : 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-2-w1-211-2016.
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Conducted in the City of Tshwane, South Africa, this study set about to test the accuracy of DSMs derived from different remotely sensed data locally. VHR digital mapping camera stereo-pairs, tri-stereo imagery collected by a Pléiades satellite and data detected from the Tandem-X InSAR satellite configuration were fundamental in the construction of seamless DSM products at different postings, namely 2 m, 4 m and 12 m. The three DSMs were sampled against independent control points originating from validated airborne LiDAR data. The reference surfaces were derived from the same dense point cloud at grid resolutions corresponding to those of the samples. The absolute and relative positional accuracies were computed using well-known DEM error metrics and accuracy statistics. Overall vertical accuracies were also assessed and compared across seven slope classes and nine primary land cover classes. Although all three DSMs displayed significantly more vertical errors where solid waterbodies, dense natural and/or alien woody vegetation and, in a lesser degree, urban residential areas with significant canopy cover were encountered, all three surpassed their expected positional accuracies overall.
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Gottsmann, Donovan, et Amira Osman. « Environments of Change : An Open Building Approach Towards A Design Solution for an Informal Settlement in Mamelodi, South Africa ». Open House International 37, no 1 (1 mars 2012) : 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2012-b0007.
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Poor living conditions in informal settlements may be attributed mostly, though not exclusively, to the lack of basic services. Informal settlements, which also go by the name of squatter camps, are volatile by nature. Even within relatively fixed settlement boundaries, change in urban fabric continually manifests through altering dwelling configurations. Deemed unstable and unsafe by formal criteria, these environments disclose schizophrenic characteristics: beyond the dirt, grime and smog, exist relatively functional societies capable of survival and self-regulation. Public and private sector investment within informal settlements is restricted as a result of their illegal status. Inhabitants have no incentive to invest their own resources where they have no formal tenure over the land. Due to a rather backward approach to informality in South Africa, innovation in dealing with these settlements has been limited. Despite the fact that the rhetoric has sometimes changed from eradication to upgrading, little has been done with regards to alternative forms of settlement development that has relevance in terms of improving the lives of informal settlement dwellers. With rising anger in poverty-stricken areas and on the peripheries of cities, what is needed is improved service delivery through immediate solutions. This article suggests a service delivery core, an architectural catalyst, rooted to the ‘energy’ of the public realm, stimulating growth of infrastructure networks. This catalyst core aims to instigate the amelioration of the surrounding environment. The concept presented is that of a dynamic service core – universal in principle – while also being contextually-driven by responding to a specific environment and needs of a specific community. A generic architectural solution is thus presented to providing basic services and infrastructure within informal settlements, with focussed consideration for the unique situation of an informal settlement in Mamelodi, Tshwane (Pretoria), South Africa. It is important to realise that there is no final product, but rather an organic architecture that adapts in a process of continuous and progressive change.
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Maree, Johanna E., et Susanna C. D. Wright. « How would early detection be possible ? An enquiry into cancer related knowledge, understanding and health seeking behaviour of urban black women in Tshwane, South Africa ». European Journal of Oncology Nursing 14, no 3 (juillet 2010) : 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2009.10.009.
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Birdsall, Carolyn, Anastasiya Halauniova et Linda van de Kamp. « Sensing Urban Values : Reassessing Urban Cultures and Histories Amidst Redevelopment Agendas ». Space and Culture 24, no 3 (15 avril 2021) : 348–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/12063312211000654.
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Introduction to Sensing Urban Values. This special issue assembles a set of papers that respond to a neglected, undertheorized yet crucial question relating to spatial politics and urban renewal: How do economic and non-economic values depend on and co-constitute each other in different urban contexts? In response, the contributors to this special issue build on recent critical reassessments of value; they explore how the spatial and cultural politics of value unfolds in contemporary urban environments globally. They examine cases that traverse Poland, South Africa, Malaysia, Germany, and The Netherlands. The papers demonstrate a theoretical and empirically engaged concern with themes such as the cultural dimensions of place-making processes in contemporary cities; how identity, memory, heritage, and value-making processes may matter for the production of urban spaces today through sensing; aesthetic reorganizations of places, movements, and interactions with urban matters; and through storytelling. Taking up the theme of urban valuation with a multisensory approach has prompted the contributors to explore the multiple and translocal ways through which urban valuations unfold, are performed, and are experienced. This approach reveals the multiple valuations of spaces—not only economic but also symbolic—that inform the struggles for social and spatial justice in cities across the world as well as their scholarly examinations.
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Hersey, S. P., R. M. Garland, E. Crosbie, T. Shingler, A. Sorooshian, S. Piketh et R. Burger. « An overview of regional and local characteristics of aerosols in South Africa using satellite, ground, and modeling data ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no 17 (25 septembre 2014) : 24701–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-24701-2014.
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Abstract. We present a comprehensive overview of particulate air quality across the five major metropolitan areas of South Africa (Cape Town, Bloemfontein, Johannesburg and Tshwane (Gauteng Province), the Industrial Highveld Air Quality Priority Area (HVAPA), and Durban), based on a decadal (1 January 2000 to 31 December 2009) aerosol climatology from multiple satellite platforms and a detailed analysis of ground-based data from 19 sites throughout Gauteng. Data include Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD550, 555) from Aqua (550 nm), Terra (550 nm), and MISR (555 nm) platforms, Ängström Exponent (α550/865, 470/660) from Aqua (550/865 nm) and Terra (470/660 nm), Ultraviolet Aerosol Index (UVAI) from TOMS, and model results from the Goddard Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) model. Results in Cape Town are distinct, owing to a typically clean, marine airmass origin and infrequent continental influence. At continentally-influenced sites, AOD550, AOD555, α550/865, α470/660 and UVAI reach maxima (0.12–0.20, 1.0–1.8, and 1.0–1.2, respectively) during late winter and early spring (August–October), coinciding with a period of enhanced dust generation and the maximum frequency of close-proximity and subtropical fires identified by MODIS Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS). The adjacent metropolitan and industrial Gauteng and HVAPA areas have been identified as a megacity based on NO2 concentrations, but AOD is a factor of 3–6 lower than other megacities worldwide. GOCART results suggest that the contributions of organics and black carbon to AOD are significantly enhanced during biomass burning season (ASO), but that sulfate is the most significant contributor to AOD (~70–80%) through the rest of the year. Dust appears to be underestimated by GOCART emissions inventories at continentally-influenced metropolitan areas of South Africa. Ground monitoring sites were classified according to site type: (1) township and informal settlement sites with domestic burning influence, (2) urban and suburban residential sites with no domestic burning in the immediate vicinity, (3) industrial sites, and (4) one traffic site situated at a major freeway interchange. PM10 concentrations in township areas are 56% higher than in developed residential areas and 78% higher than in industrial areas as an annual average, with PM10 in townships 63 and 136% higher than developed residential and industrial areas, respectively, in winter (June, July, August). Monthly PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations reach annual maxima during winter at all sites except in industrial areas. At industrial sites, maxima in PM10 and PM2.5 tend to occur during summer (December–February), when photochemical generation of secondary aerosol is expected and when deep and unstable boundary layers allow high stack emissions (emitted above the boundary layer during winter) to reach the ground in close proximity to point sources. Diurnal profiles of PM10 and PM2.5 display maxima during morning (06:00–09:00 LT) and evening (17:00–22:00 LT) at nearly every site – especially during winter – and underscore the importance of domestic burning as a major source of primary particles. Multi-year averages indicate that evening maxima at some township sites average in excess of 400 μg m−3. These results from the urban/industrial Gauteng area quantitatively confirm previous studies suggesting that the lowest-income populations of South Africa experience the poorest air quality, and demonstrate that domestic burning results in frequent exposure to high concentrations of particulate pollution in the region comprising the cities of Johannesburg and Tshwane. While remotely-sensed data are frequently used as a proxy for ground air quality, we report poor correlations between PM concentrations and satellite parameters and suggest that this practice is not appropriate in metropolitan South Africa. Disagreement between satellite and ground data may be attributed to a number of factors: (1) vertical inhomogeneity and stratified pollution layers aloft during much of the year, (2) extremely shallow winter boundary layers, (3) discrepancy between satellite passover times and elevated diurnal PM concentrations, and (4) poor spatial resolution of satellites compared with highly localized PM sources. While remotely-sensed data provide a good picture of regional, seasonal properties of column aerosol, a complete understanding of South Africa's air quality at the ground will necessitate more extensive monitoring at the ground and intensive, multi-platform campaigns to understand the relationship between ground and satellite data.
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Schulz, Dorothea E., et Souleymane Diallo. « Competing Assertions of Muslim Masculinity in Contemporary Mali ». Journal of Religion in Africa 46, no 2-3 (27 février 2016) : 219–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700666-12340085.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article counters the ‘female bias’ of scholarship on Islam and gender in Africa by exploring competing understandings of ideal masculinity and what it means to be a respectable Muslim in urban Mali. Special attention is paid to competing constructions of Muslim masculinity that inform the project of Islamic moral and political reform that has gained currency in southern and northern Mali in recent decades. The article scrutinizes the double idiom of reform and conservation articulated by leading spokesmen of Islamic renewal in different parts of Mali and their varying ways of incorporating transnational Islamic intellectual influences. While living conditions in the urban south and north of the country grant young men unequal chances for economic success and political influence, they all face a situation in which education generates and reproduces structural inequality, granting uneven chances for employment, social maturity, and respectability. It is because of their shared dilemmas that many young men support moral and political reform that allows them to gain respectability as a man and ‘proper’ Muslim. By considering the political aspirations, social grievances, and constructions of masculinity articulated by different categories of young men, the article demonstrates the heterogeneity and entanglements of the visions and measures promoted under the heading of political and moral Islamic renewal in Mali.
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Hassim, L., S. Coetzee et V. Rautenbach. « ELECTRICITY INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING : EVALUATING SOLAR POTENTIAL ASSESSMENTS FOR INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS USING GRASS AND FREELY AVAILABLE DATA ». ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W8 (11 juillet 2018) : 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w8-69-2018.
Texte intégralRésumé :
<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Informal settlements, also known as slums or shanty towns, are characterised by rapid and unstructured expansion, poorly constructed buildings, and in some cases, they are on disputed land. Such settlements often lack basic services, such as electricity. As a result, informal settlement dwellers turn to hazardous alternative sources of energy, such as illegal electricity connections and paraffin. Solar power is a clean and safe alternative. However, informal settlements are often located on undesirable land on the urban fringe where the topography may hinder the use of solar energy. The high density of dwellings could also be a hindrance. Therefore, the solar potential needs to be assessed before any implementations are planned. Solar potential assessment functionality is generally available in geographic information system (GIS) products. The nature, cost and accessibility of datasets required for the assessment vary significantly. In this paper, we evaluate the results of solar potential assessments using GRASS (Geographic Resources Analysis Support System) for a number of different datasets. The assessments were done for two informal settlements in the City of Tshwane (South Africa): Alaska, which is nestled on a hill; and Phomolong, a densely populated settlement with a rather flat topography. The results show that solar potential assessments with open source GIS software and freely available data are feasible. This eliminates the need for lengthy and bureaucratic procurement processes and reduces the financial costs of assessing solar potential for informal settlements.</p>
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Repaj, Ermira. « Revitalization of urban areas through business and tourism improvement districts (BIDs/TIDs) in Albania ». Business and Management Review 11, no 02 (15 décembre 2020) : 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24052/bmr/v11nu02/art-15.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The spreading of business improvement districts (BIDs) and similar forms of a public-private partnership, as a new mechanism of urban revitalization and economic development, have emerged in Canada five decades ago and quickly adopted to many cities in countries such as the USA, Germany, UK, South Africa and lately Denmark and Sweden. This form of a public-private partnership with local authorities is created when a significant number of businesses or business property owners agree through a democratic process ballot to manage a delimited area and offer additional public services such as security, maintenance, infrastructure improvement, and marketing, to improve decaying commercial and residential areas. Since 2011, the model has been applied in 8 districts in Albania, contributing to improved business life, infrastructure improvement, and enhanced general public services. The period is long enough to offer insights regarding their evolution and transformative effect in the areas where it has been applied. This paper aims to explore the adaptation of the business improvement district (BID) model in urban areas in Albania and, at the same time, point out its characteristics, activities, and contribution to the area development. The methodology used includes a qualitative research design, including primary and secondary data sources. Primary data sources include interviews with BID association members, administrators, and consultants in Albania, businesses, local government officials, and lawyers. Secondary sources include different research papers on BID functionality and BID legislation, conference proceedings, project reports, entrepreneurship magazines. By identifying the effects of the model in area transformation, this study results have important implications for Albania's public and development policies and extracts practical lessons from its introduction in this local context. The findings presented demonstrate BID's transformative role for area renewal, economic and social development of the areas where it has been applied.
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Landman, Karina, et Darren Nel. « Changing public spaces and urban resilience in the City of Tshwane, South Africa ». Journal of Urbanism : International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 8 juin 2021, 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17549175.2021.1936600.
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Wright, SCD. « Health care practices influencing health promotion in urban black women in Tshwane ». Curationis 31, no 3 (28 septembre 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v31i3.1030.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Health promotion is a multifaceted activity. Women and children are particularly vulnerable regarding access to quality health care, with young African women reportedly the poorest and most economically marginalised and least educated sector in South Africa. Understanding the context within which a person lives is an essential component in the health educator’s teaching strategy. Understanding urban black women’s health care practices will enable health promoters to develop interventions that are successful. The problem investigated was to gain an understanding of the health care practices of urban black women that could influence health promotion activities. The design was qualitative exploratory. The respondents were women living in an urban township in Tshwane, South Africa. The sampling method was convenient and purposive and the sample size was determined by saturation of the data. Data was gathered through semi-structured interviews using six specific themes and the analysed using open coding. The results indicated that the social environment created by the registered nurses in the primary health influenced the health care practices of the women negatively. Practices regarding the seriousness of a health problem suggest a possible reason for late admission of a person with a serious health problem.
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Nel, Reginald W. « The role of urban religion in seeking peace beyond the mere absence of community conflict : A reading of Ephesians 2:11–22, with the homeless in the City of Tshwane ». HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 71, no 3 (11 mars 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hts.v71i3.3128.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Urban religion, often visible in the work of faith-based organisations which consciously aim at unshackling the debilitating realities of urban marginalised communities, needs to be consciously inclusive in all its endeavours. In particular, this is crucial for actions such as those of the Tshwane Leadership Foundation that consciously seeks the peace of the city beyond the mere absence of conflict. This inclusivity requires a sensitive, creative, but also mutually transformative dialogue. This article aims at bringing into dialogue what biblical scholar Gerald West, in his proposal for contextual Bible Study, calls ‘trained’ readers of the Bible with what he calls ‘ordinary’ readers, who are homeless in the City of Tshwane. This methodology leads to a mutually transformative encounter in the common search for peace but also to appreciating the calling of urban religious communities in South Africa. It aims to make a contribution towards an inclusive and mutually transformative dialogue in order to contribute to the quest of urban religious communities to unshackle the marginalisation, whether it be in their consciousness or their environment.
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Horn, Andre. « Growth, exclusion and vulnerability : evaluation of the socio-spatial transformation of post-apartheid Pretoria-Tshwane (South Africa) ». Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, no 87 (12 décembre 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.21138/bage.3001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Apartheid left South African city regions with two major challenges: social integration at a city level and spatial integration at a regional level. The task to finds solutions to these problems was left to municipalities, the lowest level of the three trier government system introduced after 1994. This article critically evaluates the success of the post-apartheid municipal government of Pretoria-Tshwane to address the said challenges in the reorganization of the city region over a 25-year period. The paper starts with a reconstruction of the apartheid city to display its socio-spatial contrasts and to define the challenge of integration and compaction. The investigation is based on literature, census information and observation. The main finding is that the progress made with the integration of the city at both scales is being neutralized by demographic trends, choice of association, urban sprawl, uncertain management, the scale of aspirations, unrealistic expectations and, most of all, municipal incapacity. The failure of the local government of Pretoria-Tshwane to achieve the said goals points to the inefficiency of the current approach that obligates municipalities with the complete task to rectify the dichotomies of the apartheid city system within their regions. It is advocated that additional governmental entities be implemented to support local governments with the planning and re-development of post-apartheid city-regions.
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Steyn, Francois, Annika Coetzee et Harriet Klopper. « A survey of car guards in Tshwane : Implications for private security policy and practice ». South African Crime Quarterly, no 52 (1 juillet 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sacq.v52i1.2.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Car guards form an integral part of South Africa’s urban landscape. This article reports on a survey of 144 car guards in Tshwane to identify the implications of their work for private security policy and practice. The profile of respondents reflects their low socio-economic status and marginalisation from the formal economy. The study found that some car guards struggle to survive financially because of the daily levies payable to car guard agencies and the managers of shopping centres. The results of the study suggest that, despite positive sentiments and advancements in policy and legislation, regulation of the formal car guarding industry remains constrained due to inadequate implementation and monitoring. The article offers insights into the factors affecting car guarding as a form of private security in South Africa.
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Minnaar, Anthony. « The implementation and impact of crime prevention / crime control open street Closed-Circuit Television surveillance in South African Central Business Districts ». Surveillance & ; Society 4, no 3 (1 septembre 2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v4i3.3447.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The use and implementation of public open street Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) surveillance systems in Central Business Districts (CBDs) in South Africa solely for the purpose of crime control (reducing street crime) or crime prevention (deterrence) has in South Africa been a relatively new intervention within the broader context of crime prevention programmes. One of the drawbacks to its implementation for this purpose has been its costs and the inability of the South African Police Service to fund such implementation in the light of other more pressing priorities and demands on its finances and resources. However, the initiative to start implementing and linking CCTV surveillance systems in CBDs in the major metropolitan cities of South Africa to local police services was taken in the mid-1990s by Business Against Crime of South Africa (BACSA). This article, using case study overviews from four South African CBD areas (Cape Town, Johannesburg, Pretoria (Tshwane) and Durban), traces CCTV use as crime control or prevention surveillance, how they were implemented, the rationale behind their implementation and the operationalising of them in terms of preventing street crime and its uses in other surveillance. In addition it also looks at this initiative from the perspective of the growth and commercialisation of the management of these services, and the co-operation and co-ordination structures in partnership with the South African Police Service (SAPS). Furthermore, it reviews the purported impact on the reduction of crime of these systems in CBDs and finally the application of public crime surveillance by the CCTV control room operators (private security) in co-operation with the police (response team) and the role it plays in the observation, recording, arrest and conviction of suspects.
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Mathibe, Maphuthego D., Stephen J. H. Hendricks et Anne-Marie Bergh. « Clinician perceptions and patient experiences of antiretroviral treatment integration in primary health care clinics, Tshwane, South Africa ». Curationis 38, no 1 (27 février 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v38i1.1489.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Background: Primary Health Care (PHC) clinicians and patients are major role players in the South African antiretroviral treatment programme. Understanding their perceptions and experiences of integrated care and the management of people living with HIV and AIDS in PHC facilities is necessary for successful implementation and sustainability of integration.Objective: This study explored clinician perceptions and patient experiences of integration of antiretroviral treatment in PHC clinics.Method: An exploratory, qualitative study was conducted in four city of Tshwane PHC facilities. Two urban and two rural facilities following different models of integration were included. A self-administered questionnaire with open-ended items was completed by 35 clinicians and four focus group interviews were conducted with HIV-positive patients. The data were coded and categories were grouped into sub-themes and themes.Results: Workload, staff development and support for integration affected clinicians’ performance and viewpoints. They perceived promotion of privacy, reduced discrimination and increased access to comprehensive care as benefits of service integration. Delays, poor patient care and patient dissatisfaction were viewed as negative aspects of integration. In three facilities patients were satisfied with integration or semi-integration and felt common queues prevented stigma and discrimination, whilst the reverse was true in the facility with separate services. Single-month issuance of antiretroviral drugs and clinic schedule organisation was viewed negatively, as well as poor staff attitudes, poor communication and long waiting times.Conclusion: Although a fully integrated service model is preferable, aspects that need further attention are management support from health authorities for health facilities, improved working conditions and appropriate staff development opportunities.
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Ntakirutimana, Ezekiel. « Housing challenge and urban regeneration : A contribution of faith-based action with special reference to a case study from the City of Tshwane ». HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 74, no 3 (7 novembre 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hts.v74i3.5151.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The main objective of this article is to describe a problem portrayed into critical human conditions in urban margins characterised by the deprivation of most basic human needs, housing in particular. This is undertaken in search of alternative ways that promote a bigger plan of urban regeneration while exploring whether faith-based action makes a special contribution to this goal, both sustainably and innovatively. The article uses a case study of faith-based action from the City of Tshwane in Gauteng province, South Africa. It first begins with constructing an untoward paradoxical narrative of urban marginalisation and housing crisis scenario. It proceeds, responding to marginalisation in light of values of spatial justice and housing. This insight leads the article to sketch a paradigmatic point of departure addressing urban margins, looking at the sustainable livelihoods framework and its basic tenets that mobilise livelihood assets (tangible and intangible) to tackle urban marginalisation from its roots. The article moves on to explore a contribution of faith-based action in urban regeneration through housing value. The penultimate point of the article engages the case study followed by drawing the general conclusion and way forward. The article adds to the existing literature, employing an epistemological approach that integrates multidisciplinary sources and empirical reports on urban marginalisation. Unstructured interviews, participatory observations and personal experience on housing practice help to achieve the main objective of the study.
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Du Toit, C. A., C. H. Scholtz et W. B. Hyman. « Prevalence of the dog nematode Spirocerca lupi in populations of its intermediate dung beetle host in the Tshwane (Pretoria) Metropole, South Africa ». Onderstepoort J Vet Res 75, no 4 (10 septembre 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v75i4.107.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Spirocerca lupi (Spirurida: Spirocercidae) is a cosmopolitan parasite, principally of domestic dogs and dung beetles are its main intermediate hosts. In South Africa there has recently been growing concern over the upsurge of reported cases of clinical spirocercosis in dogs, while little is known or understood about the dynamics of the host-parasite associations between dung beetles and this nematode. We determined and compared the prevalence of infection in dung beetles between rural, urban and periurban areas of Tshwane (Pretoria) Metropole. Dung beetles were sampled during April and October 2006, at various localities in each of these areas. Localities were selected on the basis of being focal areas of high infection with S. lupi in dogs. Pig, dog and cow dung-baited pitfall traps were used for sampling the beetles. Trap contents were collected 48 h after the traps had been set and only dung beetles were collected from the traps. In total, 453 specimens belonging to 18 species were collected from 63 pitfall traps in all three areas. The numbers of species that were collected varied among the three areas. Dung beetles, irrespective of species (18) and numbers (447), predominantly preferred pig dung. The prevalence of dung beetles infected with the larvae of S. lupi varied considerably in the three areas. In the urban area 13.5 % of the dung beetles dissected were infected, while the prevalence of S. lupi in dung beetles in the rural area was 2.3 %. All the dung beetles that were infected with this nematode showed a preference for omnivore (pig and dog) dung.
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ASD Carroll et CJ Curtis. « Increasing nutrient influx trends and remediation options at Hartbeespoort Dam, South Africa : a mass-balance approach ». Water SA 47, no 2 April (29 avril 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/wsa/2021.v47.i2.10917.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Hartbeespoort Dam, located 40 km west of Tshwane on the Crocodile River, is an extremely eutrophic water body. Situated in one of the most economically active areas of South Africa, it receives a high nutrient input from wastewater treatment works (WWTW), leaking sewers, as well as urban and agricultural runoff. The Metsi a Me programme, which ran from 2006 to 2016, aimed to mitigate in-lake nutrient stocks using biomanipulation, including the physical removal of Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) and Microcystis aeruginosa (blue-green algae). Using Department of Water and Sanitation water quality and flow data, the annual influxes and outfluxes of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) to the Hartbeespoort Dam were calculated. Through literature review and comparison with previous studies, the relative importance of nutrient removal from biomass harvesting in relation to retained nutrients was assessed. The average nutrient influx from rivers during hydrological years 2010/11 to 2016/17 was 582 t∙a−1 TP and 4 687 t∙a−1 TN, with trends for both TN and TP being significantly positive over this period. TP influx increased by 77.8 t∙a−1 every year and TN influx increased by 456 t∙a−1, reversing a long-term negative trend. Average annual dam retention + removal (calculated as the difference between river inputs and outputs, i.e., including sedimentation, biomass removal and denitrification losses) was 358 t P and 2 195 t N. A best estimation of nutrient removal from water hyacinth and algal harvesting was 2.1 t∙a−1 P and 11.5 t∙a−1 N, and 3.9 t∙a−1 P and 40 t∙a−1 N, respectively. An estimated 341 t∙a−1 P and 674–1 288 t∙a−1 N was sedimented. Denitrification losses are poorly quantified but are possibly comparable to sedimentation. River outfluxes increased by 28.4 t∙a−1 TP and 110 t∙a−1 TN, smaller rates than the influxes, suggesting increasing retention per annum. Upgrading WWTWs in the catchment and refurbishing leaking and overflowing sewers is the most appropriate long-term solution.