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Articles de revues sur le sujet « Vertically-transmitted virus »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 4 juin 2021
Mis à jour le 1 février 2022

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1

McKinney, Ross E. « Vertically transmitted human immunodeficiency virus infection ». Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 4, no 4 (août 1991) : 469–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199108000-00003.

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M Sheek-Hussein, Mohamud, Michael W Ross, Nico Nagelkerke, Ahmed R Alsuwaidi, Sayenna Uduman et Abdul-Kader Souid. « Natural History of Vertically Transmitted Hepatitis C Virus ». SM Journal of Hepatitis Research and Treatment 1, no 1 (2015) : 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.36876/smjhrt.1004.

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Wu, Xueling, Adam B. Parast, Barbra A. Richardson, Ruth Nduati, Grace John-Stewart, Dorothy Mbori-Ngacha, Stephanie M. J. Rainwater et Julie Overbaugh. « Neutralization Escape Variants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Are Transmitted from Mother to Infant ». Journal of Virology 80, no 2 (15 janvier 2006) : 835–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.80.2.835-844.2006.

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ABSTRACT Maternal passive immunity typically plays a critical role in protecting infants from new infections; however, the specific contribution of neutralizing antibodies in limiting mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is unclear. By examining cloned envelope variants from 12 transmission pairs, we found that vertically transmitted variants were more resistant to neutralization by maternal plasma than were maternal viral variants near the time of transmission. The vertically transmitted envelope variants were poorly neutralized by monoclonal antibodies biz, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10 individually or in combination. Despite the fact that the infant viruses were among the most neutralization resistant in the mother, they had relatively few glycosylation sites. Moreover, the transmitted variants elicited de novo neutralizing antibodies in the infants, indicating that they were not inherently difficult to neutralize. The neutralization resistance of vertically transmitted viruses is in contrast to the relative neutralization sensitivity of viruses sexually transmitted within discordant couples, suggesting that the antigenic properties of viruses that are favored for transmission may differ depending upon mode of transmission.
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Peutherer, J. F., et S. M. Burns. « Diagnosis of vertically-transmitted infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ». Reviews in Medical Microbiology 4, no 1 (janvier 1993) : 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00013542-199301000-00002.

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Fuxa, J. R., E. H. Weidner et A. R. Richter. « Polyhedra without virions in a vertically transmitted nuclear polyhedrosis virus ». Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 60, no 1 (juillet 1992) : 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(92)90153-u.

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Simmons, H. E., H. R. Prendeville, J. P. Dunham, M. J. Ferrari, J. D. Earnest, D. Pilson, G. P. Munkvold, E. C. Holmes et A. G. Stephenson. « Transgenic Virus Resistance in Crop-Wild Cucurbita pepo Does Not Prevent Vertical Transmission of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus ». Plant Disease 99, no 11 (novembre 2015) : 1616–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-14-1062-re.

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Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) is an economically important pathogen of cucurbits that is transmitted both horizontally and vertically. Although ZYMV is seed-transmitted in Cucurbita pepo, the potential for seed transmission in virus-resistant transgenic cultivars is not known. We crossed and backcrossed a transgenic squash cultivar with wild C. pepo, and determined whether seed-to-seedling transmission of ZYMV was possible in seeds harvested from transgenic backcrossed C. pepo. We then compared these transmission rates to those of non-transgenic (backcrossed and wild) C. pepo. The overall seed-to-seedling transmission rate in ZYMV was similar to those found in previous studies (1.37%), with no significant difference between transgenic backcrossed (2.48%) and non-transgenic (1.03%) backcrossed and wild squash. Fewer transgenic backcrossed plants had symptom development (7%) in comparison with all non-transgenic plants (26%) and may be instrumental in preventing yield reduction due to ZYMV. Our study shows that ZYMV is seed transmitted in transgenic backcrossed squash, which may affect the spread of ZYMV via the movement of ZYMV-infected seeds. Deep genome sequencing of the seed-transmitted viral populations revealed that 23% of the variants found in this study were present in other vertically transmitted ZYMV populations, suggesting that these variants may be necessary for seed transmission or are distributed geographically via seeds.
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Longdon, Ben, Lena Wilfert, Jewelna Osei-Poku, Heather Cagney, Darren J. Obbard et Francis M. Jiggins. « Host-switching by a vertically transmitted rhabdovirus in Drosophila ». Biology Letters 7, no 5 (30 mars 2011) : 747–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0160.

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A diverse range of endosymbionts are found within the cells of animals. As these endosymbionts are normally vertically transmitted, we might expect their evolutionary history to be dominated by host-fidelity and cospeciation with the host. However, studies of bacterial endosymbionts have shown that while this is true for some mutualists, parasites often move horizontally between host lineages over evolutionary timescales. For the first time, to our knowledge, we have investigated whether this is also the case for vertically transmitted viruses. Here, we describe four new sigma viruses, a group of vertically transmitted rhabdoviruses previously known in Drosophila . Using sequence data from these new viruses, and the previously described sigma viruses, we show that they have switched between hosts during their evolutionary history. Our results suggest that sigma virus infections may be short-lived in a given host lineage, so that their long-term persistence relies on rare horizontal transmission events between hosts.
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Krain, Lisa J., Alain B. Labrique, Jessica E. Atwell et Kenrad E. Nelson. « Fetal and Neonatal Health Consequences of Vertically Transmitted Hepatitis E Virus Infection ». American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 90, no 2 (5 février 2014) : 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.13-0265.

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Shead, Gillian M., Joanne Potterton et Aimee Stewart. « Neurodevelopment and growth of institutionalized children with vertically transmitted human immunodeficiency virus ». Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies 5, no 1 (7 avril 2010) : 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17450120903311582.

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Chase, Cynthia. « Early Neurodevelopmental Growth in Children With Vertically Transmitted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection ». Archives of Pediatrics & ; Adolescent Medicine 149, no 8 (1 août 1995) : 850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1995.02170210024004.

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Lambrechts, Louis, et Thomas W. Scott. « Mode of transmission and the evolution of arbovirus virulence in mosquito vectors ». Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 276, no 1660 (13 janvier 2009) : 1369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1709.

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The traditional assumption that vector-borne pathogens should evolve towards a benign relationship with their arthropod vectors has been challenged on theoretical grounds and empirical evidence. However, in the case of arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses), although a number of investigators have reported experimental evidence for virus-induced vector mortality, others have failed to detect any significant impact. Whether this variation in the observed level of arbovirus virulence depends on biological traits or experimental design is unclear. Here, we perform a meta-analysis of studies across a range of mosquito–virus systems to show that, overall, arboviruses do reduce the survival of their mosquito vectors, but that the magnitude of the effect depends on the vector/virus taxonomic groups and the mode of virus transmission. Alphaviruses were associated with highest virulence levels in mosquitoes. Horizontal transmission (intrathoracic inoculation or oral infection) was correlated with significant virus-induced mortality, whereas a lack of adverse effect was found for Aedes mosquitoes infected transovarially by bunyaviruses—a group of viruses characterized by high natural rates of vertical transmission in their enzootic vectors. Our findings are consistent with the general prediction that vertically transmitted pathogens should be less virulent than those transmitted horizontally. We conclude that varying degrees of virulence observed among vector–virus systems probably reflect different selective pressures imposed on arboviruses that are primarily transmitted horizontally versus vertically.
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Rahaus, M., N. Desloges, S. Probst, B. Loebbert, W. Lantermann et M. H. Wolff. « Detection of beak and feather disease virus DNA in embryonated eggs of psittacine birds ». Veterinární Medicína 53, No. 1 (14 janvier 2008) : 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1932-vetmed.

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Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) is a common viral disease of psittacine birds. The causative agent, beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) is a small circular single-stranded DNA virus belonging to the genus <I>Circovirus.</I> We report the detection of viral DNA predominantly in the heart, intestine and liver, but also in the testes and digestive organs. Additionally, BFDV transmission was investigated. We discuss the possibility that BFDV is transmitted horizontally. In our experiments, embryonated and non-embryonated budgerigar eggs were analysed for the presence of BFDV DNA. In 35.3% of non-embryonated and 20% of embryonated eggs viral DNA was detected, suggesting that BFDV can be transmitted horizontally and vertically.
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Akhanaev, Yuriy B., Irina A. Belousova, Darya A. Lebedeva, Sergey V. Pavlushin et Vyacheslav V. Martemyanov. « A Comparison of the Vertical Transmission of High- and Low-Virulence Nucleopolyhedrovirus Strains in Lymantria Dispar L. » Insects 11, no 7 (20 juillet 2020) : 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11070455.

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Baculoviruses can persist in insect host organisms after infection and may be vertically transmitted to the next generation, in which they may be reactivated. The goal of the present study was to compare the efficiency of the vertical transmission of high- and low-virulence strains and the subsequent reactivation of Lymantria dispar multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV) in the offspring of Lymantria dispar L. adults who survived after viral infection. As a result of parental infection, the fecundity of survived females, pupae weight, and fertility were significantly different compared to the untreated insects. However, differences in these parameters between high- and low-virulence strains were not observed. The prevalence of virus strains in the offspring measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction also did not differ. When the larvae reached the fourth instar, they were starved to activate the vertically transmitted virus. The frequency of virus activation in the experiment was not dependent on the virulence of the virus strains. These results are helpful for understanding the strategy of virus survival in nature and for the selection of the most effective strains with transgenerational effects in the years following pest treatment.
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Lai, Zetian, Tengfei Zhou, Jiayong Zhou, Shuang Liu, Ye Xu, Jinbao Gu, Guiyun Yan et Xiao-Guang Chen. « Vertical transmission of zika virus in Aedes albopictus ». PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14, no 10 (15 octobre 2020) : e0008776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008776.

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Background Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne flavivirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Aedes albopictus is an important vector of ZIKV worldwide. To date, most experiments have focused on the vertical transmission of ZIKV in Ae. aegypti, while studies on Ae. albopictus are very limited. To explore vertical transmission in Ae. albopictus, a series of laboratory studies were carried out. Methodology/Principal findings In this study, Ae. albopictus were blood-fed with ZIKV-infectious blood, and the ovaries and offspring viral infection rates were analyzed by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). ZIKV was detected in the ovaries and oviposited eggs in two gonotrophic cycles. The minimum filial egg infection rates in two gonotrophic cycles were 2.06% and 0.69%, and the effective population transmission rate was 1.87%. The hatching, pupation, and emergence rates of infected offspring were not significantly different from those of uninfected offspring, indicating that ZIKV did not prevent the offspring from completing the growth and development process. ZIKV was detected in three of thirteen C57BL/6 suckling mice bitten by ZIKV-positive F1 females, and the viremia persisted for at least seven days. Conclusions/Significance ZIKV can be vertically transmitted in Ae. albopictus via transovarial transmission. The vertical transmission rates in F1 eggs and adults were 2.06% and 1.87%, respectively. Even though the vertical transmission rates were low, the female mosquitoes infected via the congenital route horizontally transmitted ZIKV to suckling mice through bloodsucking. This is the first experimental evidence of offspring with vertically transmitted ZIKV initiating new horizontal transmission. The present study deepens the understanding of the vertical transmission of flaviviruses in Aedes mosquitoes and sheds light on the prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases.
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Giovannetti, Antonello, Francesca Mazzetta, Rossella Coviello, Anna Maria Casadei, Maria Rita Sartorerri, Marco Marziali, Marina Pierdominici et al. « T-Cell Immune Activation in Children with Vertically Transmitted Hepatitis C Virus Infection ». Viral Immunology 14, no 2 (juin 2001) : 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/088282401750234547.

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CARPENTER, JENNIFER A., DARREN J. OBBARD, XULIO MASIDE et FRANCIS M. JIGGINS. « The recent spread of a vertically transmitted virus through populations of Drosophila melanogaster ». Molecular Ecology 16, no 18 (septembre 2007) : 3947–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03460.x.

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Lapidot, M., D. Guenoune-Gelbart, D. Leibman, V. Holdengreber, M. Davidovitz, Z. Machbash, S. Klieman-Shoval, S. Cohen et A. Gal-On. « Pelargonium zonate spot virus Is Transmitted Vertically via Seed and Pollen in Tomato ». Phytopathology® 100, no 8 (août 2010) : 798–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-100-8-0798.

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In autumn 2007, a new disease with unknown etiology was observed in open-field tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in the Lachish region of Israel. The symptoms included mild mosaic, leaf malformation, and severe stunting of the plants. The causal agent was readily transmitted mechanically from the sap of infected plants to indicator plants. Viral particles were purified from infected plants and cDNA was synthesized from RNA isolated from the particles. Cloning and sequencing of the cDNA showed 95% identity to RNA 3 of Pelargonium zonate spot virus (PZSV). Using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, PZSV was detected in both seed and pollen grains of infected tomato plants. Attempts to disinfect seed by using hydrochloric acid and trisodium phosphate failed to eliminate this PZSV detection. Seed from infected tomato plants gave rise to infected seedlings with a seed-transmission rate of PZSV of 11 to 29%. Pollen grains collected from flowers of infected plants were used to hand pollinate healthy mother tomato plants. Although none of the pollinated mother plants became infected with PZSV, 29% of the seedlings produced from seed harvested from these plants were found to be infected. This is the first demonstration that PZSV is transmitted vertically via both pollen and seed in tomato plants.
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Graves, KJ, AP Ghosh, PJ Kissinger et CA Muzny. « Trichomonas vaginalis virus : a review of the literature ». International Journal of STD & ; AIDS 30, no 5 (9 janvier 2019) : 496–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462418809767.

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Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) is a parasitic protozoan responsible for the sexually transmitted infection trichomoniasis. Trichomonas vaginalis virus (TVV) is a nonsegmented, 4.5–5 kbp, double-stranded RNA virus, from the Totiviridae family, which inhabits TV. A capsid protein consisting of 120 subunits is covered in channels aiding in RNA release. TVV is closely associated with the Golgi complex and is transmitted vertically. TVV has four subspecies, TVV1, TVV2, TVV3, and TVV4. The clinical significance of TVV and its effect on the pathogenicity of TV is not well known. We performed a systematic review of the literature on TVV to better understand its clinical significance and its role in the pathogenesis of TV.
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Anderson, John F., Andrew J. Main et Francis J. Ferrandino. « Horizontal and Vertical Transmission of West Nile Virus by Aedes vexans (Diptera : Culicidae) ». Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no 5 (19 mars 2020) : 1614–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa049.

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Abstract West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus) first caused human and veterinary disease, and was isolated from Culex pipiens pipiens L. and Aedes vexans (Meigen) (Diptera: Culicidae) in the United States in 1999. We report that a Connecticut strain of Ae. vexans was competent to transmit West Nile virus both horizontally to suckling mice and vertically to its progeny in the laboratory. Horizontal transmission was first observed on day 6 post-exposure (pe). Daily horizontal transmission rates generally increased with the day post-virus exposure with highest rates of 67–100% recorded on days 28–30 pe. One female vertically transmitted West Nile virus on day 21 pe, but only after it had taken its third bloodmeal. Horizontal and vertical transmission may contribute to West Nile virus infection rates in Ae. vexans in summer, and vertical transmission provides a means of survival of West Nile virus during winter.
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Miyoshi, Yoko, Yuri Etani, Hitoshi Tajiri, Atsushi Sawada, Kosuke Kozaiwa, Kanae Tada, Kazunori Miki et Shintaro Okada. « Natural course and liver histology of children with vertically transmitted hepatitis C virus infection ». Gastroenterology 114 (avril 1998) : A1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(98)85287-6.

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Miller, Tracie L., E. John Orav, Steven R. Martin, Ellen R. Cooper, Kenneth McIntosh et Harland S. Winter. « Malnutrition and carbohydrate malabsorption in children with vertically transmitted human immunodeficiency virus I infection ». Gastroenterology 100, no 5 (mai 1991) : 1296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(91)90781-f.

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Miller, Tracie L., E. John Orav, Steven R. Martin, Ellen R. Cooper, Kenneth McIntosh et Harland S. Winter. « Malnutrition and Carbohydrate Malabsorption in Children With Vertically Transmitted Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 Infection ». Gastroenterology 100, no 5 (mai 1991) : 1296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(91)70016-q.

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Lee, Choong Won, Young Na Han, Jung Hwa Lee, Kwang Chul Lee et Young Mee Ha. « Sequence Variations of Hepatitis B Virus Promotor Regions in Vertically Transmitted Mother-child Pairs ». Korean Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 5, no 1 (2002) : 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5223/kjpgn.2002.5.1.39.

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Martinez, Julien, Gaspar Bruner-Montero, Ramesh Arunkumar, Sophia C. L. Smith, Jonathan P. Day, Ben Longdon et Francis M. Jiggins. « Virus evolution in Wolbachia- infected Drosophila ». Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 286, no 1914 (30 octobre 2019) : 20192117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2117.

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Wolbachia , a common vertically transmitted symbiont, can protect insects against viral infection and prevent mosquitoes from transmitting viral pathogens. For this reason, Wolbachia- infected mosquitoes are being released to prevent the transmission of dengue and other arboviruses. An important question for the long-term success of these programmes is whether viruses can evolve to escape the antiviral effects of Wolbachia. We have found that Wolbachia altered the outcome of competition between strains of the DCV virus in Drosophila. However, Wolbachia still effectively blocked the virus genotypes that were favoured in the presence of the symbiont. We conclude that Wolbachia did cause an evolutionary response in viruses, but this has little or no impact on the effectiveness of virus blocking.
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Akagi, Kunihiko. « Epidemiology, clinical characteristics and natural history of vertically transmitted human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection in Japan ». Pediatrics International 40, no 5 (octobre 1998) : 496–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200x.1998.tb01979.x.

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Li, Chengyao, Kwabena Danso, Emmanuel Addo-Yobo, Albert Dompreh, Francis Sarkodie, Shirley Owusu-Ofori et Jean-Pierre Allain. « GB virus C genotype 1 is rarely transmitted vertically but acquired during infancy in West Africa ». AIDS 20, no 10 (juin 2006) : 1458–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000233583.02586.14.

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Bergren, Nicholas A., Erin M. Borland, Daniel A. Hartman et Rebekah C. Kading. « Laboratory demonstration of the vertical transmission of Rift Valley fever virus by Culex tarsalis mosquitoes ». PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no 3 (22 mars 2021) : e0009273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009273.

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Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-transmitted virus with proven ability to emerge into naïve geographic areas. Limited field evidence suggests that RVFV is transmitted vertically from parent mosquito to offspring, but until now this mechanism has not been confirmed in the laboratory. Furthermore, this transmission mechanism has allowed for the prediction of RVFV epizootics based on rainfall patterns collected from satellite information. However, in spite of the relevance to the initiation of epizootic events, laboratory confirmation of vertical transmission has remained an elusive research aim for thirty-five years. Herein we present preliminary evidence of the vertical transmission of RVFV by Culex tarsalis mosquitoes after oral exposure to RVFV. Progeny from three successive gonotrophic cycles were reared to adults, with infectious RVFV confirmed in each developmental stage. Virus was detected in ovarian tissues of parental mosquitoes 7 days after imbibing an infectious bloodmeal. Infection was confirmed in progeny as early as the first gonotrophic cycle, with infection rates ranging from 2.0–10.0%. Virus titers among progeny were low, which may indicate a host mechanism suppressing replication.
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Domachowske, J. B. « Pediatric human immunodeficiency virus infection. » Clinical Microbiology Reviews 9, no 4 (octobre 1996) : 448–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.9.4.448.

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In the past decade, an increase in pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has had a substantial impact on childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. The vertical transmission of HIV from mother to infant accounts for the vast majority of these cases. Identification of HIV-infected pregnant women needs to be impoved so that appropriate therapy can be initiated for both mothers and infants. While recent data demonstrate a dramatic decrease in HIV transmission from a subset of women treated with zidovudine during pregnancy, further efforts at reducing transmission are desperately needed. This review focuses on vertically transmitted HIV infection in children, its epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, natural history, and clinical manifestations including infectious and noninfectious complications. An overview of the complex medical management of these children ensues, including the use of antiretroviral therapy. Opportunistic infection prophylaxis is reviewed, along with the important role of other supportive therapies.
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Valero, Yulema, Patricia Morcillo, José Meseguer, Francesco Buonocore, María A. Esteban, Elena Chaves-Pozo et Alberto Cuesta. « Characterization of the IFN pathway in the teleost fish gonad against vertically transmitted viral nervous necrosis virus ». Journal of General Virology 96, no 8 (1 août 2015) : 2176–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.000164.

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Rosario, Karyna, Kaitlin A. Mettel, Anthony M. Greco et Mya Breitbart. « Prevalence of a vertically transmitted single-stranded DNA virus in spinybacked orbweavers (Gasteracantha cancriformis) from Florida, USA ». Journal of General Virology 100, no 8 (1 août 2019) : 1253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001293.

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Schaefer, E., H. Koeppen et S. Wirth. « Low level virus replication in infants with vertically transmitted fulminant hepatitis and their anti-HBe positive mothers ». European Journal of Pediatrics 152, no 7 (juillet 1993) : 581–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01954085.

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Gadhave, Kiran R., Saurabh Gautam, Bhabesh Dutta, Tim Coolong, Scott Adkins et Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan. « Low Frequency of Horizontal and Vertical Transmission of Cucurbit Leaf Crumple Virus in Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius ». Phytopathology® 110, no 6 (juin 2020) : 1235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-09-19-0337-r.

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Cucurbit leaf crumple virus (CuLCrV), a bipartite begomovirus, is transmitted by whiteflies in a persistent and circulative manner. Like other begomoviruses, CuLCrV transmission via feeding is well understood; however, whether and how CuLCrV is transmitted by horizontal and vertical modes in its vector, Bemisia tabaci, remains unexplored. We studied transovarial and mating transmission of CuLCrV, and comparatively analyzed virus accumulation in whiteflies through feeding and nonfeeding modes. Furthermore, we quantified CuLCrV DNA A accumulation at different time points to determine whether this virus propagates in whiteflies. CuLCrV DNA A was transmitted vertically and horizontally by B. tabaci, with low frequency in each case. Transovarial transmission of CuLCrV DNA A was only 3.93% in nymphs and 3.09% in adults. Similarly, only a single viruliferous male was able to transmit CuLCrV DNA A to its nonviruliferous female counterparts via mating. In contrast, viruliferous females were unable to transmit CuLCrV DNA A to nonviruliferous males. Additionally, the recipient adults that presumably acquired CuLCrV transovarially and via mating were not able to transmit the virus to squash plants. We further report that the CuLCrV DNA A viral copy numbers were significantly lower in nonfeeding modes of transmission than in feeding ones. The viral copy numbers significantly decreased at succeeding time points throughout adulthood, suggesting no CuLCrV propagation in B. tabaci. Altogether, the low frequency of nonfeeding transmission, reduced virus accumulation in whiteflies, and absence of plant infectivity through nonfeeding transmission suggest that transovarial and mating CuLCrV transmission might not substantially contribute to CuLCrV epidemics.
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Miranda-Díaz, A. G., H. Alonso-Martínez, J. Hernández-Ojeda, O. Arias-Carvajal, A. D. Rodríguez-Carrizalez et L. M. Román-Pintos. « Toll-Like Receptors in Secondary Obstructive Cholangiopathy ». Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2011 (2011) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/265093.

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Secondary obstructive cholangiopathy is characterized by intra- or extrahepatic bile tract obstruction. Liver inflammation and structural alterations develop due to progressive bile stagnation. Most frequent etiologies are biliary atresia in children, and hepatolithiasis, postcholecystectomy bile duct injury, and biliary primary cirrhosis in adults, which causes chronic biliary cholangitis. Bile ectasia predisposes to multiple pathogens: viral infections in biliary atresia; Gram-positive and/or Gram-negative bacteria cholangitis found in hepatolithiasis and postcholecystectomy bile duct injury. Transmembrane toll-like receptors (TLRs) are activated by virus, bacteria, fungi, and parasite stimuli. Even though TLR-2 and TLR-4 are the most studied receptors related to liver infectious diseases, other TLRs play an important role in response to microorganism damage. Acquired immune response is not vertically transmitted and reflects the infectious diseases history of individuals; in contrast, innate immunity is based on antigen recognition by specific receptors designated as pattern recognition receptors and is transmitted vertically through the germ cells. Understanding the mechanisms for bile duct inflammation is essential for the future development of therapeutic alternatives in order to avoid immune-mediated destruction on secondary obstructive cholangiopathy. The role of TLRs in biliary atresia, hepatolithiasis, bile duct injury, and primary biliary cirrhosis is described in this paper.
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Thomas, S. L., M. L. Newell, C. S. Peckham, A. E. Ades et A. J. Hall. « Use of polymerase chain reaction and antibody tests in the diagnosis of vertically transmitted hepatitis C virus infection ». European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & ; Infectious Diseases 16, no 10 (octobre 1997) : 711–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01709250.

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McIntosh, Kenneth. « The Utility of IgA Antibody to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Early Diagnosis of Vertically Transmitted Infection ». Archives of Pediatrics & ; Adolescent Medicine 150, no 6 (1 juin 1996) : 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1996.02170310032006.

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COENEN, ALEX, FERENC KEVEI et ROLF F. HOEKSTRA. « Factors affecting the spread of double-stranded RNA viruses in Aspergillus nidulans ». Genetical Research 69, no 1 (février 1997) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001667239600256x.

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Viruses are common in asexual Aspergilli but not in sexual Aspergilli. We found no viruses in 112 isolates of the sexual Aspergillus nidulans. We have investigated factors that could play a role in preventing the spread of mycoviruses through populations of A. nidulans. Experiments were performed with A. nidulans strains infected with viruses originating from A. niger. Horizontal virus transmission was restricted but not prevented by somatic incompatibility. Viruses were transmitted vertically via conidiospores but not via ascospores. Competition experiments revealed no effect of virus infection on host fitness. Outcrossing was found to limit the spread of viruses significantly more than selfing. It is concluded that the exclusion of viruses from sexual Aspergilli could be due to the formation of new somatic incompatibility groups by sexual recombination.
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Liu, Si, Jiatao Xie, Jiasen Cheng, Bo Li, Tao Chen, Yanping Fu, Guoqing Li et al. « Fungal DNA virus infects a mycophagous insect and utilizes it as a transmission vector ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no 45 (24 octobre 2016) : 12803–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1608013113.

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Mycoviruses are usually transmitted horizontally via hyphal anastomosis and vertically via sexual/asexual spores. Previously, we reported that a gemycircularvirus, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum hypovirulence-associated DNA virus 1 (SsHADV-1), could infect its fungal host extracellularly. Here, we discovered that SsHADV-1 could infect a mycophagous insect, Lycoriella ingenua, and use it as a transmission vector. Virus acquired by larvae feeding on colonies of a virus-infected strain of S. sclerotiorum was replicated and retained in larvae, pupae, adults, and eggs. Virus could be transmitted to insect offspring when larvae were injected with virus particles and allowed to feed on a nonhost fungus. Virus replication in insect cells was further confirmed by inoculating Spodoptera frugiperda cells with virus particles and analyzing with RT-PCR, Northern blot, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry assays. Larvae could transmit virus once they acquired virus by feeding on virus-infected fungal colony. Offspring larvae hatched from viruliferous eggs were virus carriers and could also successfully transmit virus. Virus transmission between insect and fungus also occurred on rapeseed plants. Virus-infected isolates produced less repellent volatile substances to attract adults of L. ingenua. Furthermore, L. ingenua was easily observed on Sclerotinia lesions in rapeseed fields, and viruliferous adults were captured from fields either sprayed with a virus-infected fungal strain or nonsprayed. Our findings may facilitate the exploration of mycoviruses for control of fungal diseases and enhance our understanding of the ecology of SsHADV-1 and other newly emerging SsHADV-1–like viruses, which were recently found to be widespread in various niches including human HIV-infected blood, human and animal feces, insects, plants, and even sewage.
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Simmons, H. E., E. C. Holmes, F. E. Gildow, M. A. Bothe-Goralczyk et A. G. Stephenson. « Experimental Verification of Seed Transmission of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus ». Plant Disease 95, no 6 (juin 2011) : 751–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-10-0843.

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Within two decades of its discovery, Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) achieved a global distribution. However, whether or not seed transmission occurs in this economically significant crop pathogen is controversial, and the relative impact of seed transmission on the epidemiology of ZYMV remains unclear. Using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, we observed a seed transmission rate of 1.6% in Cucurbita pepo subsp. texana and show that seed-infected C. pepo plants are capable of initiating horizontal ZYMV infections, both mechanically and via an aphid vector (Myzus persicae). We also provide evidence that ZYMV-infected seeds may act as effective viral reservoirs, partially accounting for the current geographic distribution of ZYMV. Finally, the observation that ZYMV infection of C. pepo seeds results in virtually symptomless infection, coupled with our finding that an antibody test failed to detect vertically transmitted ZYMV in infected seed, highlights the urgent need to standardize current detection methods for seed infection.
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Santman-Berends, I. M. G. A., J. J. Hage, P. A. van Rijn, J. A. Stegeman et G. van Schaik. « Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) infection reduces fertility of Dutch dairy cattle and is vertically transmitted to offspring ». Theriogenology 74, no 8 (novembre 2010) : 1377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.06.008.

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Mcintosh, K., J. Pitt, D. Brambilla, S. Carroll, C. Diaz, E. Handelsman, J. Moye et K. R. f. t. W. a. I. T. S. Group. « Blood Culture In The First 6 Months Of Life For The Diagnosis Of Vertically Transmitted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection ». Journal of Infectious Diseases 170, no 4 (1 octobre 1994) : 996–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/170.4.996.

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Koulinska, Irene N., Gernard Msamanga, Davis Mwakagile, Max Essex et Boris Renjifo. « Common Genetic Arrangements among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype A and D Recombinant Genomes Vertically Transmitted in Tanzania ». AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 18, no 13 (septembre 2002) : 947–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/088922202760265614.

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Lee, B. N., J. G. Lu, M. W. Kline, M. Paul, M. Doyle, C. Kozinetz, W. T. Shearer et J. M. Reuben. « Type 1 and type 2 cytokine profiles in children exposed to or infected with vertically transmitted human immunodeficiency virus. » Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology 3, no 5 (1996) : 493–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.3.5.493-499.1996.

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Vilaplana, Luisa, Kenneth Wilson, Elizabeth M. Redman et Jenny S. Cory. « Pathogen persistence in migratory insects : high levels of vertically-transmitted virus infection in field populations of the African armyworm ». Evolutionary Ecology 24, no 1 (28 février 2009) : 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10682-009-9296-2.

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Andika, Ida Bagus, Shuang Wei, Chunmei Cao, Lakha Salaipeth, Hideki Kondo et Liying Sun. « Phytopathogenic fungus hosts a plant virus : A naturally occurring cross-kingdom viral infection ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no 46 (30 octobre 2017) : 12267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1714916114.

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The transmission of viral infections between plant and fungal hosts has been suspected to occur, based on phylogenetic and other findings, but has not been directly observed in nature. Here, we report the discovery of a natural infection of the phytopathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani by a plant virus, cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). The CMV-infected R. solani strain was obtained from a potato plant growing in Inner Mongolia Province of China, and CMV infection was stable when this fungal strain was cultured in the laboratory. CMV was horizontally transmitted through hyphal anastomosis but not vertically through basidiospores. By inoculation via protoplast transfection with virions, a reference isolate of CMV replicated in R. solani and another phytopathogenic fungus, suggesting that some fungi can serve as alternative hosts to CMV. Importantly, in fungal inoculation experiments under laboratory conditions, R. solani could acquire CMV from an infected plant, as well as transmit the virus to an uninfected plant. This study presents evidence of the transfer of a virus between plant and fungus, and it further expands our understanding of plant–fungus interactions and the spread of plant viruses.
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Chaves, Barbara Aparecida, Ademir Bentes Vieira Junior, Karine Renata Dias Silveira, Andreia da Costa Paz, Evelyn Beatriz da Costa Vaz, Raphaela Guedes Pereira Araujo, Nilton Barnabe Rodrigues et al. « Vertical Transmission of Zika Virus (Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) in Amazonian Aedes aegypti (Diptera : Culicidae) Delays Egg Hatching and Larval Development of Progeny ». Journal of Medical Entomology 56, no 6 (6 juillet 2019) : 1739–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz110.

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Abstract Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged as a globally important arbovirus and has been reported from all states of Brazil. The virus is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of an infective Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) or Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1895). However, it is important to know if ZIKV transmission also occurs from Ae. aegypti through infected eggs to her offspring. Therefore, a ZIKV and dengue virus (DENV) free colony was established from eggs collected in Manaus and maintained until the third–fourth generation in order to conduct ZIKV vertical transmission (VT) experiments which used an infectious bloodmeal as the route of virus exposure. The eggs from ZIKV-infected females were allowed to hatch. The resulting F1 progeny (larvae, pupae, and adults) were quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assayed for ZIKV. The viability of ZIKV vertically transmitted to F1 progeny was evaluated by cultivation in C6/36 cells. The effects of ZIKV on immature development of Ae. aegypti was assessed and compared with noninfected mosquitoes. AmazonianAe. aegypti were highly susceptible to ZIKV infection (96.7%), and viable virus passed to their progeny via VT. Moreover, eggs from the ZIKV-infected mosquitoes had a significantly lower hatch rate and the slowest hatching. In addition, the larval development period was slower when compared to noninfected, control mosquitoes. This is the first study to illustrate VT initiated by oral infection of the parental population by using mosquitoes, which originated from the field and a ZIKV strain that is naturally circulating in-country. Additionally, this study suggests that ZIKV present in the Ae. aegypti can modify the mosquito life cycle. The data reported here suggest that VT of ZIKV to progeny from naturally infected females may have a critical epidemiological role in the dissemination and maintenance of the virus circulating in the vector.
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Rossi, Anita De, Anthony E. Ades, Fabrizio Mammano, Annarosa Del Mistro, Alberto Amadori, Carlo Giaquinto et Luigi Chieco-Bianchi. « Antigen detection, virus culture, polymerase chain reaction, and in vitro antibody production in the diagnosis of vertically transmitted HIV-1 infection ». Aids 5, no 1 (janvier 1991) : 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002030-199101000-00002.

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Khuroo, M. S., S. Kamili et M. S. Khuroo. « Clinical course and duration of viremia in vertically transmitted hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in babies born to HEV-infected mothers ». Journal of Viral Hepatitis 16, no 7 (juillet 2009) : 519–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2893.2009.01101.x.

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Viljakainen, Lumi, Anna-Maria Borshagovski, Sami Saarenpää, Arja Kaitala et Jaana Jurvansuu. « Identification and characterisation of common glow-worm RNA viruses ». Virus Genes 56, no 2 (3 janvier 2020) : 236–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11262-019-01724-5.

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AbstractThe common glow-worms (Lampyris noctiluca) are best known for emission of green light by their larvae and sexually active adult females. However, both their DNA and RNA viruses remain unknown. Glow-worms are virologically interesting, as they are non-social and do not feed as adults, and hence their viral transmission may be limited. We identified viral sequences from 11 different virus taxa by the RNA-sequencing of two Finnish populations of adult glow-worms. The viruses represent nine different virus families and have negative, positive, or double-stranded RNA genomes. We also found a complete retroviral genome. Similar viral sequences were found from the sequencing data of common eastern firefly of North America, a species belonging to the same family (Lampyridae) as that of the common glow-worm. On average, an individual glow-worm had seven different RNA virus types and most of them appeared to establish a stable infection since they were found from glow-worms during two consecutive years. Here we present the characterization of load, prevalence, and interactions for each virus. Most of the glow-worm RNA viruses seem to be transmitted vertically, which may reflect the biology of glow-worms as non-social capital breeders, i.e., they invest stored resources in reproduction.
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Miller, T. L., K. A. Easley, W. Zhang, E. J. Orav, D. M. Bier, E. Luder, A. Ting, W. T. Shearer, J. H. Vargas et S. E. Lipshultz. « Maternal and Infant Factors Associated With Failure to Thrive in Children With Vertically Transmitted Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection : The Prospective, P2C2 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Multicenter Study ». PEDIATRICS 108, no 6 (1 décembre 2001) : 1287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.108.6.1287.

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Ali Al Ahmad, M. Z., Y. Chebloune, G. Chatagnon, J. L. Pellerin et F. Fieni. « Is caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) transmitted vertically to early embryo development stages (morulae or blastocyst) via in vitro infected frozen semen ? » Theriogenology 77, no 8 (mai 2012) : 1673–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.12.012.

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