Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Wheat growing conditions »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Wheat growing conditions"
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Ivanchenko, T. V., A. V. Belikina, and I. S. Igolnikova. "Technological aspects of growing winter wheat in arid conditions." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 548 (September 2, 2020): 082086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/548/8/082086.
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Бабайцева, Т. А., М. В. Курылев, and А. Г. Курылева. "QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT GRAIN DEPENDING ON GROWING CONDITIONS." Bulletin of Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy, no. 3(79) (September 27, 2024): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.48012/1817-5457_2024_3_5-13.
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Озимая пшеница в Среднем Предуралье выращивается на продовольственные цели, поэтому большое значение имеет управление показателями качества под действием технологических приемов. Цель исследований – оценить эффективность применения предпосевной обработки семян и прикатывания почвы после посева в технологии возделывания сортов озимой пшеницы Мера и Италмас на продовольственные цели. Задачи: оценить качество выращенного зерна; установить характер генотип-средовых взаимодействий и степень влияния метеорологических условий на показатели качества зерна. Исследования проведены в 2020–2023 гг. в Удмуртском НИИСХ в трехфакторном опыте. Фактор А – сорт; фактор Б – предпосевная обработка семян фунгицидом «Виал ТрасТ» (0,4 л/т) в чистом виде и в баковых смесях с препаратами «Восток Эм-1» (0,1 л/т), «Флавобактерин» (0,5 л/т), «Псевдобактерин-2,Ж» (1,0 л/т), «Гумат+7 «Здоровый урожай» (1,0 л/т), Grow B (100 мл/т), «Микровит» (0,8 л/т) и Аgree's «Форсаж» (1,5 л/т); фактор С – прикатывание после посева. Анализ генотип-средовых взаимодействий на изменчивость показателей качества зерна выявил, что на варьирование стекловидности, количества и качества клейковины наибольшее влияние (45–74 %) оказал сорт; натуры зерна – предпосевная обработка семян и взаимодействие факторов (соответственно 40 % и 43 %); массовой доли белка – существенное влияние оказал лишь сорт (17 %). Установлена существенная сильная обратная корреляция качества клейковины с ГТК в период созревания зерна (r = -0,82±0,58) и сильная прямая (r = 0,91±0,42) – с суммой активных температур. На остальные показатели условия не оказали существенного влияния. В результате проведенных исследований не удалось установить общей закономерности изменчивости показателей качества зерна под влиянием изучаемых агроприемов, которые оказывали как положительное, так и отрицательное влияние. Полученное в исследованиях зерно по совокупности проанализированных показателей соответствует требованиям III класса ГОСТ 9353-2016 «Пшеница. Технические условия» и может быть использовано на продовольственные цели. Winter wheat is grown for food purposes in the Middle pre-Ural region, therefore, the management of quality indicators under the influence of technological techniques is of great importance. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of using the pre-sowing seed treatment and soil compaction after sowing in the technology of cultivating winter wheat varieties Mera and Italmas for food purposes. The tasks of the research are: to assess the quality of grown grain; to establish the nature of genotype-environmental interactions and the degree of influence of meteorological conditions on grain quality indicators. The research was conducted as the three-factor experiment in the Udmurt Agricultural Research Institute in 2020–2023. Factor A is a variety; factor B is the pre-sowing seed treatment with Vial Trust fungicide (0.4 l/t) in the pure state and in tank mixtures with Vostok Em-1 (0.1 l/t), Flavobacterin (0.5 l/t), Pseudobacterin-2, ZH (1.0 l/t), Humate +7 Zdoroviy urozhay (1.0 l/t), Grow B (100 ml/t), Microvit (0.8 l/t) and Аgree's Forsazh (1.5 l/t); factor C – soil compaction after sowing. The analysis of genotype-environmental interactions on the variability of grain quality indicators revealed that the variety had the greatest influence on the variation of vitreousness, quantity and quality of gluten (45–74 %); pre-sowing seed treatment and the interaction of factors had the greatest influence on grain nature - (respectively 40 % and 43 %); only the variety had a significant influence on protein mass fraction (17 %). We established a significant strong inverse correlation of gluten quality with HTC during the grain ripening period (r = -0.82±0.58) and a strong direct correlation (r = 0.91±0.42) with the effective heat sum. The other indicators were not significantly affected by the conditions. As a result of the conducted studies, it was not possible to establish a general pattern of variability in grain quality indicators under the influence of the studied agribusiness practices, which had both positive and negative effects. Nevertheless, the grain obtained during the research experiments meets the requirements of class III GOST 9353-2016 "Wheat. Technical conditions" according to the totality of the analyzed indicators and can be used for food purposes.
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Chevychelova, Natalya, and Stalina Zharkova. "INFLUENCE OF GROWING CONDITIONS ON SPRING WHEAT PLANT DEVELOPMENT." Vestnik Altajskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta 229, no. 11 (2023): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.53083/1996-4277-2023-229-11-12-19.
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Zaima, O. A., O. L. Derhachov, A. A. Siroshtan, A. M. Bordiuh, and T. M. Shevchenko. "Dependence of the soft winter wheat productivity on growing conditions." Scientific Journal Grain Crops 8, no. 1 (2024): 101–9. https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0317.
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Topicality. The establishment of optimal previous crops and sowing dates in accordance with specific growing conditions is relevant, because different varieties have different biological characteristics. Therefore, an important task is to develop the best agricultural measures for each individual variety. Purpose. To determine the plasticity of soft winter wheat varieties, as well as the share of influence of agrotechnical measures and growing conditions on their yield level. Materials and Methods. We studied the dependence of winter wheat yield on the following factors: A – previous crops (5): soybean, sunflower, maize for silage, green manure fallow (white mustard), mustard for seeds; B – sowing dates (3): 25 September, 5 and 15 October; C – soft winter wheat varieties (11). Results. It was found that the yield level of winter wheat mainly depended on the previous crop (35.5 %) and the interaction of such factors as year conditions and previous crop (17.0 %), as well as on the variety (13.8 %). Under favourable growing conditions, the yield depended largely on varietal characteristics and sowing date, and under more extreme conditions (drought, uneven precipitation relative to the stages of crop development), the main factor was the previous crop. According to the regression coefficient, a greater response to the change in the previous crops and sowing dates (bi = 1.44–1.46) was noted in the MIP Dovira and MIP Vidznaka varieties, a smaller one – MIP Yuvileina and MIP Fortuna (the regression coefficient was 0.64–0.69). The varieties MIP Nika and MIP Darunok were most responsive to changes in growing conditions, in which the yield varied in direct dependence on agrotechnical conditions (bi = 1.01–1.03). Conclusions. The realization of the productivity potential and the production efficiency of winter wheat are especially influenced by organizational and economic techniques – the selection of varieties, previous crops, and optimal sowing dates. Their effect on grain yields is determined by the characteristics of a certain variety and soil and climatic conditions of cultivation. Therefore, the selection of varieties for sowing should consider their plasticity as well as the optimal previous crops and sowing dates. Key words: variety, previous crops, sowing dates, yield, share of influence, coefficient of variation, regression coefficient
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Larysa, Prysiazhniuk, Khomenko Tetiana, Liashenko Svitlana, and Melnyk Serhii. "The growing factors impact the productivity of new soft winter wheat varieties." Plant varieties studying and protection 18, no. 4 (2023): 273–82. https://doi.org/10.21498/2518-1017.18.4.2022.273989.
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<strong>Purpose. </strong>To determine the growing factors impact the economically valuable characteristics of new soft winter wheat varieties. <strong>Methods.</strong> Field, biochemical methods, ANOVA. <strong>Results.</strong> The influence of the growing zone, the growing season conditions and the genotype of the soft winter wheat varieties on yield, protein and gluten content were determined. The conditions of the growing zone have the greatest influence on studied varieties yield – 73%. On average, for 2020–2021, the maximum yield was obtained in the Forest-Steppe zone – 6.23–8.39 t/ha. In the Forest zone, the yield of studied soft winter wheat varieties was 5.31–7.02 t/ha. For the Steppe zone, the yield was within 5.16–6.63 t/ha. It was determined that varieties which showed low yield in the Forrest zone were characterized by higher yield in the Steppe zone. It was found that the growing zone (49%) and growing season (42%) conditions have the greatest effect on the protein content in grain of studied varieties. It was determined that variety ‘MANDARIN’ was characterized by the highest protein content in all growing zones (14.5–16.4%). In the Steppe and Forest-Steppe zones, high protein content was identified in grain of wheat varieties ‘Tata Mata’ (13.6–14.3%), ‘Eneida’ (13.6–14.3%) and ‘Novator’ (14.2 and 13.2%), in the Forest zone – in grain of varieties ‘Vahoma’ and ‘Eneida’ – 13.4% each. It was found that the growing zone conditions impacted gluten content in grain of studied wheat varieties by 64%, the influence of the growing season conditions was 28%. The effect of variety genotype on protein and gluten content was 5 and 4%, respectively. The grain of soft winter wheat varieties ‘MANDARIN’ and ‘Eneida’ contained the largest amount of gluten in all growing zones (27.7–31.8% and 27.3–30.3%). For the Steppe and Forest-Steppe zones, a high gluten content was found in grains of varieties ‘Illusion’ (28.4 and 30.8%) and ‘Tata Mata’ (27.8 and 29.8%). <strong>Conclusions. </strong>It was found that growing zone conditions of soft winter wheat varieties (73%) and the interaction of factors zone × year (21%) impacted the yield significantly. The growing zone conditions (49 and 64%), growing season conditions (21 and 28%) and genotype of variety (5 and 4%, respectively) had a significant influence on protein and gluten content. Therefore, a significant influence of growing zone conditions on the productivity indicators of soft winter wheat determines the need to select varieties in order to obtain a high yield, taking into account the soil and climatic zone
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Siroshtan, Anatolii, Valerii Kavunets, and Liudmyla Ilchenko. "Heat resistance of winter wheat seeds depending on growing conditions." Foothill and mountain agriculture and stockbreeding, no. (68)-2 (December 10, 2020): 118–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32636/01308521.2020-(68)-2-8.
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Shkarubo, Sergey Nikolaevich. "GROWING GRAIN CROPS IN RUSSIA: HISTORICAL CONTEXT." Agrarian History 10, 2022 (May 4, 2022): 20–26. https://doi.org/10.52270/27132447_2022_10_20.
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The article deals with the historical context of growing grain crops in Russia. The production conditions for growing new varieties of wheat are shown. Particular attention is paid to the development of agricultural machinery for the specific soil and climatic conditions of Russia, which is one of the urgent tasks of crop production. First of all, it concerns the seeding rate - a technological method that has a huge impact on the yield and quality of products. At the same time, this is a complex and most difficult indicator to establish, requiring constant adjustment due to the emergence of new varieties and technologies. Great importance in increasing yields was attached to the rational use of basic fertilizers to improve the quality of grain crops at various phases of crop development. The main feature of the cultivation of grain crops in Russia was that the serf system of economy that existed in Russia until the beginning of the XX-th century had the most detrimental effect, first of all, on agricultural production.
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Los, R. M., V. V. Kyrylenko, O. V. Humeniuk, and N. S. Dubovyk. "Response of promising winter wheat varieties on yield to growing conditions." Scientific Journal Grain Crops 6, no. 2 (2023): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0237.
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Topicality. The genetic potential of winter wheat varieties is used unsatisfactorily, which is one of the many reasons that led to the problem of food grain deficit in Ukraine. Realization of the genetic potential of the variety is possible if the entire set of agrotechnological measures and strict technology of seed growing is implemented. The productivity of varieties with different genotypes largely depends on the preceding crops, sowing dates and weather conditions during the growing season. The purpose of our research was to determine the yield potential of new winter wheat varieties bred at Myronivka, depending on the preceding crops and sowing dates in the conditions of the central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, as well as to establish the interdependence between them. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted in field experiment in the fields of the V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat NAAS of Ukraine (MIW) located in the central part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine in 2018/19–2020/21 (year - factor A). The object of the research were five new winter wheat varieties bred at the V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat (MIP Fortuna, MIP Lada, MIP Yuvileina, Avrora Myronivska, MIP Lakomka), which were compared with the standard variety Podolianka (factor B). The experiments were laid down after two preceding crops, namely, sunflower, soybean (factor C); sowing was carried out on September 25 and October 5 with a deviation of 1–3 days (factor D). The coefficients of materiality deviations in air temperature (°С) and the amount of precipitation (mm) was determined by gradation according to the methodology of Ped D. A. (1975) and Kalenska S. V. (2018). Results. Weather conditions during the years of the research varied significantly, which made it possible to evaluate the material objectively. The yield of new winter wheat varieties bred at the V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat, depending on the preceding crops and sowing dates, was studied. Among the investigated preceding crops, soybean was determined to be the best one, as well as the sowing date September 25, on average, during the years of the study they contributed to obtaining the maximum yield for new varieties of this crop. Conclusions. According to the results of the studying varietal differences, it was determined that the highest yield (6.24 t/ha) in general according to the experiment was formed by the MIP Yuvileina variety for the first sowing date (September 25); for two sowing dates (September 25 and October 5) the highest yield value was observed for the MIP Fortuna variety (5.46 and 5.47 t/ha). Key words: winter wheat, variety, yield, weather conditions, preceding crop, sowing date
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Bazalii, V. V., I. V. Boichuk, Yu O. Lavrynenko, H. H. Bazalii, Ye O. Domaratskyi, and O. V. Larchenko. "Breeding wheat varieties of different development types adapted to different growing conditions." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 23 (September 9, 2018): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v23.982.
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Aim. When forming optimal sowing structure, considering certain conditions of soil and climate zones, a particular region and farm, it is necessary to have a complex of varieties with different levels of plasticity, stability and the length of a growing season, the duration of a vernalization stage and photoperiodic sensitivity. Methods. The research was conducted according to the methods of field experiments. The winter wheat varieties included and the wheat varieties of an alternative type of different genetic and ecological origin were used in the research. Results. The purposeful inclusion of the wheat varieties Znakhidka odeska, Khersonska unbearded, the variety of an alternative type Nevesinjka 471, NS 446 and others into hybridization by a diallel scheme allowed realizing the complexes of such features as fast maturation, 1000 grain weight, adaptive properties in the offspring resulting in high productivity. The promising lines selected in the breeding process became the basis for developing new winter wheat varieties Askaniiska, Askaniiska Berehynia, Perlyna and the varieties of an alternative type Solomiia, Klarysa. Conclusions. The conducted research resulted in developing promising soft winter wheat varieties and the varieties of an alternative type, which ensure high and steady grain yields, especially under late sowing dates.
 Keywords: winter wheat, varieties of an alternative type, combining ability of genotypes.
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Besaliev, I. N., A. L. Panfilov, and N. S. Reger. "VEGETATION CONDITIONS AND DURATION OF INTERPHASE VEGETATION PERIODS OF SPRING SOFT WHEAT IN DRY CONDITIONS." Vestnik of Ulyanovsk state agricultural academy 212 (December 25, 2021): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18286/1816-4501-2021-4-19-24.
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The research was carried out on southern carbonate black soil in the central zone of Orenburg region. The aim of the study was to study the relation between the vegetation season duration and the interphase periods of spring wheat and the air temperature regime and productivity. Rise of climate aridity as well as rise of temperature stress on the plant due to lack of precipitation leads to changes in crop phenology towards reduction of the growing season duration. The dependence of wheat yield on average daily and maximum air temperature for interphase periods was studied, their adaptive parameters were specified: for average temperature for the period from germination to earing - 10.5 ° С and 19.7 ° С for the period from earing to full ripeness. The actual data on duration of the interphase vegetation periods of spring wheat in different years on favourableness are given. Reliable correlations between the yield and the duration of the interfacial periods of the growing season are established. The variety specificity in the studied variants of the experiment is shown. As a result of the study, it was found that the relative duration of the vegetation season for spring wheat in the Orenburg Cis-Urals zone is 91 days with a yield level of 27.4 dt/ ha. A sharp (by 15 days) reduction of the growing season duration leads to a yield decrease to 2.8 dt/ ha.
Thèses sur le sujet "Wheat growing conditions"
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Khan, Mohammad Jamal. "Water and nutrient management for wheat and barley grown under saline conditions." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187026.
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Two separate investigations, on wheat and barley were conducted under control environments. In the first experiment, two wheat varieties, selection line (SL) and Yecoro Rojo (YR) were grown in 100 mM NaCl salinized sand culture with the additional 2 levels (4 and 8 meq/L) of Ca, Mg and NH₄ application. Control treatments (0 salt plus 4 meq/L of Ca, Mg and NH₄) were also included. The fresh and dry matter yield after 4 weeks in salinized Hoagland solution and supplemental nutrient addition reveals that salinity significantly reduced the yield and the addition of 8 meq/L NH₄ increase the yield among the salt treatment pots followed by 8 meq/L supplemental Ca. Likewise, number of tillers and grain yield was also increased by the addition of 8 meq/L NH₄ to salinized Hoagland solution. SL produced significantly higher yields than YR. Water and osmotic potential were significantly increased with salinity but turgor potential was not effected significantly. Concentrations of Na and Cl were significantly higher in both varieties in the salt added plants, and the uptake was reduced by the high level of supplemental NH₄. Generally, YR (a salt sensitive variety) absorbed higher amount of Na, Mg, Cl and PO₄, which might be the possible cause of nutritional disturbance and hence reduced yield. In the second experiment, two selected barley varieties (California Mariout and Gustoe) were grown in lysimeter, irrigated with two NaCl salinity water (150 and 250 mM) and a control with two LF (0.2 and 0.4). As the salt concentrations of irrigation water increased, vegetative growth and grain yield reduced significantly. LF 0.4 had significant effect at moderate salinity on yield but was similar as LF, 0.2 when the salinity increased to 250 mM. Both varieties achieved the highest WUE for the above ground dry matter and grain yield at moderate salinity. Mariout was salt tolerant and high yielding both in and out of salinity. Soil salinity (ECₑ) and Na content increased as the salinity of irrigation water increased. Na concentration of leaf tissue was significantly increased, while Ca and K concentration decreased with increase in salinity. The possible reason for reduced yield at high salinity was the Ca deficiency.
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Castro, Neto Manoel Teixeira de 1958. "Physiological studies of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under limiting water conditions." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191999.
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Four barley (Hordeum vulgare L) and two wheat (Triticum aestivum L) cultivars were grown with a preplant irrigation plus rainfall at the University of Arizona Marana Agricultural Center to study the relationship of growth and physiological characteristics to yield under limiting moisture condition. Grain yield of barley cultivars were ranked in the order Bold = 4-21-13 > 309-1, but increased yields were not related to early maturation dates or to other reproductive or vegetative characteristic which was examined. Grain removal by birds prevented the determination of wheat yields, but Zaragoza, which is known to perform well with limited water, had a deeper root system and higher water potentials than LIP-40. Laboratory measurements of severe osmotic stress (-0.8, -0.9 and -1.15 MPa) effects on leaf growth and physiology of barley leaves showed stress stopped leaf expansion immediately and led to rapid leaf shrinkage before growth resumed. Growth occurred in the basal 0.5 cm, and growth resumed when water potential of the growing region became -0.19 MPa lower than that of the external solution.
Livres sur le sujet "Wheat growing conditions"
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Tucker, Susan, Robert C. Loomis, and Thomas H. Hofacker. Insect and disease conditions in the United States, 1979-83: What else is growing in our forests? The Service, 1985.
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Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives., ed. What can governments do about Canada's growing gap? : Canadian attitudes toward income inequality. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, 2007.
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Subedi, K. D. Assessment of the major yield limiting factors of wheat grown under irrigated conditions and performance of intercropping of wheat with pea and tori, 1993: 94.. Lumle Agricultural Research Centre, 1994.
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Garbarino, James. See Jane hit: Why girls are growing more violent and what can be done about it. Penguin Press, 2006.
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Gallup, George. Scared: Growing up in America : and what the experts say parents can do about it. Morehouse Pub., 1996.
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Gallup, George. Growing up scared in America: And what the experts say parents can do about it. G.H. Gallup International Institute, 1995.
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Claudia, Buchmann, ed. The rise of women: The growing gender gap in education and what it means for American schools. Russell Sage Foundation, 2013.
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Lindner, Christoph, and Gerard Sandoval, eds. Aesthetics of Gentrification. Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463722032.
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Gentrification is reshaping cities worldwide, resulting in seductive spaces and exclusive communities that aspire to innovation, creativity, sustainability, and technological sophistication. Gentrification is also contributing to growing social-spatial division and urban inequality and precarity. In a time of escalating housing crisis, unaffordable cities, and racial tension, scholars speak of eco-gentrification, techno-gentrification, super-gentrification, and planetary gentrification to describe the different forms and scales of involuntary displacement occurring in vulnerable communities in response to current patterns of development and the hype-driven discourses of the creative city, smart city, millennial city, and sustainable city. In this context, how do contemporary creative practices in art, architecture, and related fields help to produce or resist gentrification? What does gentrification look and feel like in specific sites and communities around the globe, and how is that appearance or feeling implicated in promoting stylized renewal to a privileged public? In what ways do the aesthetics of gentrification express contested conditions of migration and mobility? Addressing these questions, this book examines the relationship between aesthetics and gentrification in contemporary cities from multiple, comparative, global, and transnational perspectives.
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Muhaev, Rashid. State and municipal administration. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2125206.
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What kind of public administration system should be in order to be effective in conditions of uncertainty? How should the mechanism of public administration function in order to promptly respond to the growing variety of requests and expectations of the population? The textbook answers these and other questions. It offers a discursive analysis of the current problems of the history, theory and practice of modern public and municipal administration, which is based on a generalization of the world and domestic experience in the functioning of public administration systems. Within the framework of the communicative paradigm, public administration is interpreted as a mechanism for coordinating group and generally significant interests by distributing the "public good" by the state apparatus in the form of making and implementing political and administrative decisions. The patterns of evolution of systems and models of public and municipal administration in different countries, the reasons for the transformation of technologies and styles of governing influence in them, depending on the maturity of society, the legal system, and the type of culture, are revealed.
 The novel of the textbook is a comparative analysis of threats, challenges and responses that define modern transformations of the administrative sphere and change management technologies in the field of public administration, as well as markers for quantifying the effectiveness of public administration systems in the information society.
 Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
 For students of higher educational institutions studying in the fields of 38.03.04 "State and municipal management", 41.03.04 "Political Science", 38.03.02 "Management".
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Youth in crisis: What everyone should know about growing up gay. Magnus Books, 2011.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Wheat growing conditions"
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Honsdorf, Nora, Jelle Van Loon, Bram Govaerts, and Nele Verhulst. "Crop Management for Breeding Trials." In Wheat Improvement. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90673-3_15.
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AbstractAppropriate agronomic management of breeding trials plays an important role in creating selection conditions that lead to clear expression of trait differences between genotypes. Good trial management reduces experimental error to a minimum and in this way facilitates the detection of the best genotypes. The field site should be representative for the target environment of the breeding program, including soil and climatic conditions, photoperiod, and pest and disease prevalence. Uniformity of a field site is important to provide similar growing conditions to all plants. Field variability is affected by natural and management factors and leads to variability in crop performance. Additionally, pest and disease incidence tend to concentrate in patches, introducing variability not necessarily related to the susceptibility of affected genotypes. Precise agronomic management of breeding trials can reduce natural field variability and can contribute to reduce variability of crop performance. Through specialized agronomic management, contrasting selection conditions can be created in the same experimental station. The use of adequate machinery like plot seeders and harvesters contributes to precise trial management and facilitates operation. Machine seeding assures even seeding depth and density. Plot combines can be equipped with grain cleaners, on-board weighing systems and sensors to measure grain humidity and weight, which can greatly facilitate data collection.
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Erenstein, Olaf, Moti Jaleta, Khondoker Abdul Mottaleb, Kai Sonder, Jason Donovan, and Hans-Joachim Braun. "Global Trends in Wheat Production, Consumption and Trade." In Wheat Improvement. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90673-3_4.
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AbstractSince its domestication around 10,000 years ago, wheat has played a crucial role in global food security. Wheat now supplies a fifth of food calories and protein to the world’s population. It is the most widely cultivated crop in the world, cultivated on 217 million ha annually. This chapter assesses available data on wheat production, consumption, and international trade to examine the global supply and demand conditions for wheat over the past quarter century and future implications. There is continued urgency to enhance wheat productivity to ensure global food security given continued global population growth and growing popularity of wheat based processed foods in the Global South. To enhance productivity while staying within planetary boundaries, there is a need for substantive investments in research and development, particularly in support of wheat’s role in agri-food systems in the Global South.
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Alahmad, Samir, Charlotte Rambla, Kai P. Voss-Fels, and Lee T. Hickey. "Accelerating Breeding Cycles." In Wheat Improvement. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90673-3_30.
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AbstractThe rate of genetic gain in wheat improvement programs must improve to meet the challenge of feeding a growing population. Future wheat varieties will need to produce record high yields to feed an anticipated 25% more inhabitants on this planet by 2050. The current rate of genetic gain is slow and cropping systems are facing unprecedented fluctuations in production. This instability stems from major changes in climate and evolving pests and diseases. Rapid genetic improvement is essential to optimise crop performance under such harsh conditions. Accelerating breeding cycles shows promise for increasing the rate of genetic gain over time. This can be achieved by concurrent integration of cutting-edge technologies into breeding programs, such as speed breeding (SB), doubled haploid (DH) technology, high-throughput phenotyping platforms and genomic selection (GS). These technologies empower wheat breeders to keep the pace with increasing food demand by developing more productive and robust varieties sooner. In this chapter, strategies for shortening the wheat breeding cycle are discussed, along with the opportunity to integrate technologies to further accelerate the rate of genetic gain in wheat breeding programs.
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Olsthoorn, Peter. "Educating for Restraint." In Violence in Extreme Conditions. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16119-3_9.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractToday, many armed forces consider teaching virtues to be an important complement to imposing rules and codes from above. Yet, it is mainly established military virtues such as courage and loyalty that dominate both the lists of virtues and values of most militaries and the growing body of literature on military virtues. Some of these virtues, however, may be less suited for today’s missions, which more often than not require restraint on the part of military personnel. This chapter looks into military ethics education from the perspective of military virtues and addresses the question of what we need to solve the aforementioned misalignment: a new set of virtues, a different interpretation of the existing virtues, or something else altogether?
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Vishunavat, Karuna, Kuppusami Prabakar, and Theerthagiri Anand. "Seed Health: Testing and Management." In Seed Science and Technology. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5888-5_14.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractHealthy seeds play an important role in growing a healthy crop. Seed health testing is performed by detecting the presence or absence of insect infestation and seed-borne diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, and viruses. The most detrimental effect of seed-borne pathogens is the contamination of previously disease-free areas and the spread of new diseases. Sowing contaminated or infected seeds not only spreads pathogens but can also reduce yields significantly by 15–90%. Some of the major seed-borne diseases affecting yield in cereals, oilseeds, legumes, and vegetables, particularly in the warm and humid conditions prevailing in the tropical and sub-tropical regions, are blast and brown spot of rice, white tip nematode and ear-cockle in wheat, bacterial leaf blight of rice, downy mildews, smuts, head mould, seedling rots, anthracnose, halo blight, and a number of viral diseases. Hence, detection of seed-borne pathogens, such as fungi (anthracnose, bunt, smut, galls, fungal blights), bacteria (bacterial blights, fruit rots, cankers), viruses (crinkle, mottle, mosaic), and nematodes (galls and white tip), which transmit through infected seed to the main crop, is an important step in the management strategies for seed-borne diseases. Thus, seed health testing forms an essential part of seed certification, phytosanitary certification, and quarantine programmes at national and international levels. Detection of seed-borne/transmitted pathogens is also vital in ensuring the health of the basic stock used for seed production and in maintaining the plant germplasm for future research and product development. Besides the precise and reproducible testing methods, appropriate practices during seed production and post-harvest handling, including seed treatment and storage, are important components of seed health management and sustainable crop protection.
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Azad, Md Abul Kalam, Fahmina Yasmine, Md Kamruzzaman, Md Hasanuzzaman Rani, and Hosne Ara Begum. "Development of climate-adaptable/resilient crop varieties through induced mutation." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0016.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract For crop production to cope with problems driven by climate change, such as salinity, drought and extreme temperatures, the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) released a late Boro rice variety, 'Binadhan-14' in 2013 which is tolerant to high temperature, has short duration (105-115 days) and gives average yield of 6.9 t/ha. This variety was developed by irradiating the seeds of 'Ashfal', a local salt-tolerant landrace of rice, with 200 Gy of carbon-ion beams. The late-transplanting potential of this variety also helps in avoiding seedling injury due to severe cold. Another variety, 'Binadhan-19', was developed by irradiating the seeds of 'NERICA-10' rice with 40 Gy of carbon-ion beams. This was released by the National Seed Board of Bangladesh (NSB) in 2017 as a drought-tolerant, short-duration (95-105 days) and high-yielding (average 4.0 t/ha) variety for the Aus growing season. BINA developed a salt-tolerant wheat variety, 'Binagom-1', by selecting from a segregating population, obtained from NIAB, Pakistan. This variety was released in 2016; it can tolerate salinity (up to 12 dS/m) and produces an average yield of 2.8 t/ha. Apart from these, BINA developed four salt-tolerant groundnut varieties ('Binachinabadam-5', 'Binachinabadam-6', 'Binachinabadam-7' and 'Binachinabadam-9') by irradiation with gamma-rays. All these four varieties can tolerate salinity (up to 8 dS/m) from flowering to maturity and produce pods at 1.8-3.4 t/ha under saline soil conditions. These climate-resilient varieties are playing a significant role in food security and enhancing the nutritional status of the people of Bangladesh.
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Joshi, Arun Kumar, and Hans-Joachim Braun. "Seed Systems to Support Rapid Adoption of Improved Varieties in Wheat." In Wheat Improvement. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90673-3_14.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractNew varieties of crops are developed to provide farmers seeds of cultivars that are acquainted with specific environmental or management conditions to realize best yield and quality. Seed is the carrier of genetic potential for the performance of a crop, hence is considered the most vital input in agriculture. Wheat being self-pollinated, it is not necessary to buy seed every year as in case of hybrids. Seeds are multiplied through an informal or formal approach. In most developing countries, informal wheat seed sector is dominant. Seed production follows well defined steps wherein a particular class of seed is grown to deliver another class of seed to the farmer. In general, there are four classes of seeds in wheat – nucleus, breeder, foundation and certified, although in some cases registered seed is also produced. The strength of the seed sector varies across countries – strong in developed countries but moderate to weak in the Global South. In most countries seed production and its marketing is regulated and both public and private sectors are involved. In counties with a not so strong seed sector, a fast track approach for varietal release and seed dissemination has been advocated to meet the challenges of climate change and transboundary diseases.
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Suleimenov, M., and K. Akshalov. "Continuous spring wheat grown under semi-arid conditions of Northern Kazakhstan." In Developments in Plant Breeding. Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4896-2_62.
Texte intégral
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Kilic, Hasan. "Effects of Climate Change on Wheat Grown Southeastern Anatolia." In Climate Change and Future of Agriculture. Nobel Tip Kitabevleri, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053359449.8.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Southeastern Anatolia Region, the hottest area in Turkey, meets approximately 13% of the country’s wheat needs. Although it has a climate more suitable for durum wheat, spring bread wheat is more commonly preferred due to economic choices. Recently, as seen worldwide, the factors such as extreme temperature changes and fluctuations in rainfall, along with increases in disease and pest populations, make it difficult for producers to make appropriate decisions regarding cultivation techniques such as variety selection and planting time. This study investigates the effects of high and low temperatures on wheat production and ways to mitigate these effects positively. Particular attention is given to the roles of wild wheat and local populations, which have the ability to adapt more quickly to changing climate conditions, and the two genetic elements of vernalization and photoperiodism in this adaptation process.
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Deubel, A., M. Richert, and W. Merbach. "Nitrogen release of wheat roots grown under semi-sterile in comparison to unsterile conditions." In Plant Nutrition. Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47624-x_328.
Texte intégralActes de conférences sur le sujet "Wheat growing conditions"
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Tskitishvili, Eka, Lali Jgenti, Nino Lomidze, and Tengiz Vadachkoria. "TAXONOMIC STRUCTURE OF THE NEMATODE COMMUNITIES IN AGROECOSYSTEMS OF SHUAKHEVI (AJARA, GEORGIA)." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024v/3.2/s13.41.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Potatoes is the fourth important food crop worldwide after maize, wheat, and rice and are grown in more than 100 countries worldwide under temperate, subtropical and tropical conditions, however, they are considered as cool temperature crop. Potato is one of the most important food crops in Georgia and potato growing has always been the subject of great importance for settlement of food supply problems in country. Potato crops are severely affected by approximately forty soil borne diseases worldwide including those caused by soil inhabiting fungi, bacteria and nematodes. Plant-parasitic nematodes are among the important pests of potato production, they can cause serious yield losses but remain unnoticed, in most cases. Above ground symptoms of nematode damage are rarely observed since most nematodes cause damage on roots and tubers. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of plant parasitic nematodes in the main potatoe growing area in Ajara. Fauna of soil nematodes was studied in three villages of Shuakhevi municipality: Dgvani, Dabadzveli and Okhropilauri. Sampling was conducted in nine sites in early spring, in middle summer and in late fall. The 3 composite soil samples collected from each field (weighing 300-500g) consist of 50 individual sub-samples of soil and roots. Nematodes were extracted by a modified Baermann�s method from a sample of 50 g. and exposition time was 48 h. From a total of 83 species of nematodes were found. The richest by the number of species was Dorylaimida order that was presented by 26 species (32 % of species composition). The registered nematodes belong to 2 subclasses, 7 orders, 63 genus and 27 families. The largest abundance of nematodes was observed in the Dgvani village with115 specimens/ 50g soil , and the smallest was in Okhropilauri, with - 37 specimens/50g. Plant-parasitic nematodes from 6 genera (Ditylenchus, Tylechus, Tylenchorhynchus, Helicotylenchus, Pratylenchus, Aphelenchus) were found in soil and (or) potato root samples. All these nematodes can be divided into five groups according to their feeding habits. The omnivore group with 23 species (45,9%) in Spring, 38 species (34,2%) in Summer and 41 species (40,2%) in Autumn, constitut the core of nematode community. Investigations reveal that nematode populations and communities vary seasonally. Plant parasitic nematodes does not exceed a certain limit, which causes measurable economic damage.
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Roti, J. S., and M. M. Mullins. "Operating Experiences in Treating Alkaline, No pH Control Cooling Water Systems." In CORROSION 1989. NACE International, 1989. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1989-89158.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Alkaline, no-pH control cooling water treatment applications represent a growing market in today's industrial environment. Many plants prefer to not feed acid to their open recirculating cooling systems to destroy alkalinity and lower pH because of the inherent handling and safety considerations of this material. Other plants view the use of acid as just another source of system upset should this material be over or under fed. This paper reviews the rationale of why more facilities are moving to this technology, outlines a number of treatment programs which are available to effectively handle these environments and offers laboratory and field data to support when and under what conditions these programs function effectively.
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Zhu, Xiangyang, John Lubeck, Kristine Lowe, Amrutha Daram, and John J. Kilbane. "Improved Method for Monitoring Microbial Communities in Gas Pipelines." In CORROSION 2004. NACE International, 2004. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2004-04592.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) is a significant problem affecting the gas industry, particularly gas production operations. The most commonly used means of monitoring corrosion is to quantify the number of bacteria capable of growing in various microbial growth media after inoculation with water samples obtained from pipelines. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the number and type of bacteria present in water samples, as measured by microbial growth tests, does not correlate well with the presence or extent of corrosion in pipelines, and that microbial growth tests are slow and inaccurate. This paper describes the use of genetic techniques to characterize the types and abundance of bacterial species present in gas pipeline samples. While microbial growth tests quantify what grows under laboratory conditions, genetic tests quantify microbial populations actually present in pipeline samples and provide more precise, and more rapid data to monitor MIC in gas pipelines.
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Das, Gaurav, Jerzy Kosinski, Ronald D. Springer, and Andre Anderko. "Scaling Risk Assessment and Remediation in Geothermal Operations Using a Novel Theoretical Approach." In CONFERENCE 2024. AMPP, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2024-20701.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Geothermal power holds immense potential as a renewable energy source with low emissions utilizing the Earth's natural heat to generate electricity. With growing concerns over climate change and the need for sustainable energy alternatives, geothermal power can provide energy independence, economic benefits, and versatility. Mineral scaling has been recognized as a major hindrance in seamless geothermal operations due to the harsh and diverse operating conditions, which can cause significant issues resulting in higher operating costs while reducing energy production's efficiency and overall economic feasibility. Therefore, there is a growing need for a tool that can help in designing preventive and remedial strategies against mineral scaling and, in effect, ensure seamless operation while reducing costs associated with equipment failure. A few of the most commonly occurring scales in geothermal operations across different regions are amorphous silica (SiO2), metal silicates, and calcite (CaCO3). Formulating an effective theoretical framework to identify the critical conditions and characteristics of scaling solids is imperative in devising preventive and/or remedial measures. This multi-faceted problem requires the simultaneous modeling of solution thermodynamics and kinetics. In this work, we propose a novel modeling scheme through the incorporation of the classical nucleation theory (CNT) with the Mixed-Solvent Electrolyte (MSE) thermodynamic model. While MSE assesses scaling risk based on the effective evaluation of the solution chemistry, CNT provides kinetic information, i.e., an estimate of induction time, based on the continuum thermodynamics treatment of clusters. This work focuses on applying the novel theoretical approach in providing accurate thermodynamic modeling of the scales and subsequent applications of the kinetic modeling in deriving remedial techniques. The theoretical framework aims to provide a consistent approach for testing various what-if scenarios and aid in making the best operational solution in the development of flow assurance.
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Fieltsch, Wolfgang, and Daniel Silva. "AC Interference Risk Ranking: Case Study." In CORROSION 2016. NACE International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2016-07393.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract As utility corridors become increasingly congested, AC interference on pipelines due to collocation with high voltage AC (HVAC) transmission powerlines continues to be a growing concern. Many pipeline operators have large quantities of existing pipeline infrastructure that has not been fully assessed to determine whether it is at risk due to AC interference. The primary risks on these pipelines under powerline steady-state conditions are safety and AC corrosion. This paper is a case study of a project involving AC interference risk ranking of over 6,400 miles (10,300 km) of existing transmission piping operated by one of the largest combination gas and electric utilities in the United States. The scope of this project is to identify the transmission pipelines that are at greatest risk due to steady-state AC interference, to prioritize them based on the severity of risk, and to determine what further action is required. Once the ranking is completed, it is envisioned that AC interference studies, and the design and implementation of mitigation and monitoring systems will be performed on the at risk pipeline systems in order of priority as part of a multi-year program.
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Seregina, I. I., and I. G. Makarskaya. "Photosynthetic activity of spring wheat depending on the conditions of water supply." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-120.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract:In model experiments in soil culture, the effect of different methods of treatment with sodium selenite on the photosynthetic activity of spring wheat variety Zlata was studied under extreme growing conditions. Under drought conditions, the inhibition of the growth of the photosynthetic surface of spring wheat plants was revealed. Under conditions of excessive water supply, a sharp decrease in the area of the assimilating surface of wheat plants was observed. The positive effect of sodium selenite solution on the photosynthetic activity of spring wheat plants was established with insufficient and excessive water supply to wheat plants.
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Panfilova, A. V., and A. M. O. Tarabrina. "INFLUENCE OF GROWING TECHNOLOGY ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF CEREAL AND LEGUME CROPS." In FOOD SECURITY OF UKRAINE IN THE CONDITIONS OF POST-WAR RECOVERY: GLOBAL AND NATIONAL DIMENSIONS. MYKOLAIV NATIONAL AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY, 2025. https://doi.org/10.31521/978-617-7149-86-5-48.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In the conditions of the Steppe of Ukraine, as a result of field studies in 2022-2024, the positive impact of resource and soil-saving technologies for cultivation of grain and legumes was proved. The yield of soybean when growing by no-till technology, on average during the years of research and by factor variety, amounted to 1.73 t/ha, which exceeded the indicators of the variant of classical technology by 0.29 t/ha or by 16.8%. The use of Mzuri-ProTil technology for winter wheat helped increase the grain yield-by 11.9%compared to classical crop technology
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Zubareva K.Y., K. Y. "Biodestructor of stubble in the technology of growing crops in the conditions of agricultural farms." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-30.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The influence of an element of winter wheat cultivation technology that affects the activation of the biological factor on the yield of cultivated plants in the conditions of a peasant (farm) economy in permanent (repeated) grain crops is studied.
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Akhmetzhanov, D. M., and I. I. Seregina. "New approaches in the regulation of the spring wheat production process when growing in the conditions of environmental factors." In III All-Russian Scientific Conference with International Participation "Science, technology, society: Environmental engineering for sustainable development of territories". Krasnoyarsk Science and Technology City Hall, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47813/nto.3.2022.6.217-223.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In vegetation experiment investigated influence of the combination of nitrogen and zinc fertilizers on yield and productivity elements of spring wheat under drought conditions. There are presented results of analysis of acquired data. It was revealed that the highest efficiency of nitrogen-zinc fertilizers under drought conditions achieving in application of variant with ammonium sulfate. It was shown that in the highest influence of zincammonium in the conditions of water stress that increased adaptive potential of spring wheat and reduced depression of plant production process.
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Okorkov, Vladimir Vasilievich, Lyudmila Alekseevna Okorkova, and Veronika Ioannovna Shchukina. "FERTILIZERS, NITRATE NITROGEN AND SPRING WHEAT YIELD." In Themed collection of papers from Foreign international scientific conference «Joint innovation - joint development». by HNRI «National development» in cooperation with PS of UA. February 2025. - Harbin (China). Crossref, 2025. https://doi.org/10.37539/250227.2025.38.56.031.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The influence of fertilization systems and weather conditions on the dynamics of nitrate nitrogen reserves and the size of their formation in the phases of spring wheat vegetation growing on a layer of perennial grasses were studied on gray forest soils of Vladimir Opolye. Their interrelations with crop yield were established, and coefficients of using N-NO reserves formed during vegetation for nitrogen removal by grain were given.
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Wheat growing conditions"
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Olalekan, Olawale. Exploring Ancient and Alien Cereal Germplasms to Advance Sustainable Wheat Breeding for Enhanced Functional, Nutritional, and Sensory Quality. Faculty of Landscape Architecture, Horticulture and Crop Production Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.125844vc36.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Global food security is increasingly threatened by numerous challenges, including widespread malnutrition. Nutritional deficiency, particularly in essential micronutrients such as Zinc (Zn) and Iron (Fe), affects over three billion people worldwide, with pregnant women and children being the most vulnerable. Wheat, as principal cereal crop, provides more than 50% of daily caloric for many populations, contributing essential nutrients such as proteins, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. Wheat’s adaptability to diverse growing conditions and its wide production and consumption make it the most important staple crop globally, and a strong candidate for addressing nutritional deficiencies. However, enhancement of wheat’s quality traits is constrained by the limited genetic diversity within modern cultivars. In contrast, wild relatives and ancient cereals harbor significant genetic variation that can be exploited for crop improvement. Identifying, characterizing, and deploying key genetic loci for quality traits, facilitated by modern breeding tools such as marker-assisted selection (MAS),—offer pathways for the enhancement of both functional and nutritional qualities in wheat. This review examines the current understanding and advancements in wheat quality improvement, with an emphasis on ancient cereals and alien germplasms, and highlights the role of advanced breeding methodologies for optimizing the nutrition, sensory, and end-use qualities of wheat across different growing environments.
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Bonfil, David J., Daniel S. Long, and Yafit Cohen. Remote Sensing of Crop Physiological Parameters for Improved Nitrogen Management in Semi-Arid Wheat Production Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696531.bard.
Texte intégralRésumé :
To reduce financial risk and N losses to the environment, fertilization methods are needed that improve NUE and increase the quality of wheat. In the literature, ample attention is given to grid-based and zone-based soil testing to determine the soil N available early in the growing season. Plus, information is available on in-season N topdressing applications as a means of improving GPC. However, the vast majority of research has focused on wheat that is grown under N limiting conditions in sub-humid regions and irrigated fields. Less attention has been given to wheat in dryland that is water limited. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine accuracy in determining GPC of HRSW in Israel and SWWW in Oregon using on-combine optical sensors under field conditions; (2) develop a quantitative relationship between image spectral reflectance and effective crop physiological parameters; (3) develop an operational precision N management procedure that combines variable-rate N recommendations at planting as derived from maps of grain yield, GPC, and test weight; and at mid-season as derived from quantitative relationships, remote sensing, and the DSS; and (4) address the economic and technology-transfer aspects of producers’ needs. Results from the research suggest that optical sensing and the DSS can be used for estimating the N status of dryland wheat and deciding whether additional N is needed to improve GPC. Significant findings include: 1. In-line NIR reflectance spectroscopy can be used to rapidly and accurately (SEP <5.0 mg g⁻¹) measure GPC of a grain stream conveyed by an auger. 2. On-combine NIR spectroscopy can be used to accurately estimate (R² < 0.88) grain test weight across fields. 3. Precision N management based on N removal increases GPC, grain yield, and profitability in rainfed wheat. 4. Hyperspectral SI and partial least squares (PLS) models have excellent potential for estimation of biomass, and water and N contents of wheat. 5. A novel heading index can be used to monitor spike emergence of wheat with classification accuracy between 53 and 83%. 6. Index MCARI/MTVI2 promises to improve remote sensing of wheat N status where water- not soil N fertility, is the main driver of plant growth. Important features include: (a) computable from commercial aerospace imagery that include the red edge waveband, (b) sensitive to Chl and resistant to variation in crop biomass, and (c) accommodates variation in soil reflectance. Findings #1 and #2 above enable growers to further implement an efficient, low cost PNM approach using commercially available on-combine optical sensors. Finding #3 suggests that profit opportunities may exist from PNM based on information from on-combine sensing and aerospace remote sensing. Finding #4, with its emphasis on data retrieval and accuracy, enhances the potential usefulness of a DSS as a tool for field crop management. Finding #5 enables land managers to use a DSS to ascertain at mid-season whether a wheat crop should be harvested for grain or forage. Finding #6a expands potential commercial opportunities of MS imagery and thus has special importance to a majority of aerospace imaging firms specializing in the acquisition and utilization of these data. Finding #6b on index MCARI/MVTI2 has great potential to expand use of ground-based sensing and in-season N management to millions of hectares of land in semiarid environments where water- not N, is the main determinant of grain yield. Finding #6c demonstrates that MCARI/MTVI2 may alleviate the requirement of multiple N-rich reference strips to account for soil differences within farm fields. This simplicity will be less demanding of grower resources, promising substantially greater acceptance of sensing technologies for in-season N management.
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Velasques de Paula Machado, Fabiana. Does Inequality Breed Altruism or Selfishness? Gauging Individuals' Predispositions towards Redistributive Schemes. Inter-American Development Bank, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011378.
Texte intégralRésumé :
While decreasing inequality is generally considered desirable, and there is a growing understanding of which policies do and do not promote equality, much less is known regarding why these policies are adopted to varying degrees of intensity in different times and places. To explain this variation, the constituencies for different policies under various conditions must be identified. This paper explores that question using Brazilian public opinion data on preferences regarding taxation, conditional cash transfers, pension schemes and educations. It is found that disagreement across socio-economic groups arises on how government should address inequality rather than whether it should do so. While poorer respondents support cash transfers more than the rich, the rich are more likely than the poor to support expenditures on public education. Contrary to what is commonly assumed, inequality seems to breed altruism among the rich regarding the quintessential poverty reduction scheme of conditional cash transfers.
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Thoma, David, and Eliot Rendleman. Landscape phenology, vegetation condition, and relations with climate at Cedar Breaks National Monument, 2000–2019. National Park Service, 2025. https://doi.org/10.36967/2313338.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Climate plays a major role in determining vegetation composition in parks, and changes in climate will affect vegetation conditions and composition in the future. This study, which examined changes in climate, water availability, and vegetation from 2000 to 2019 in Cedar Breaks National Monument (NM) in Utah, USA, evaluates vegetation sensitivity to weather and climate to understand climate-vegetation relationships that can be used to predict what vegetation types may change. Specifically, it evaluates where change is likely in the park, when change may happen, and why change may occur. This information is needed to help avoid surprises and can be used to plan for inevitable change. Satellite images were analyzed with climate data to quantify vegetation sensitivity to climate and drought tolerance. Historic trends in vegetation production and phenology were evaluated, and analysis with climate data identified which aspects of climate were most important to annual production and phenology for different vegetation types. Additionally, trends in climate and climate drivers of vegetation phenology were also identified. Since 2000, growing season primary production has increased in most alliance groups in and near Cedar Breaks NM. The increase coincided with an increase in temperature over the same period which provided more heat for plant growth in most years when water was not limiting. However, over this period, there were warm and cool years and wet and dry periods that resulted in substantial variability in vegetation production. High precipitation years typically coincide with cooler temperatures which shortens the growing season due to persistent snow cover and colder temperatures for growth during the growing season. The information generated in this study can be applied to long-term management and planning which can help preserve the natural resources of the National Park System for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations.
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Brosh, Arieh, David Robertshaw, Yoav Aharoni, Zvi Holzer, Mario Gutman, and Amichai Arieli. Estimation of Energy Expenditure of Free Living and Growing Domesticated Ruminants by Heart Rate Measurement. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580685.bard.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Research objectives were: 1) To study the effect of diet energy density, level of exercise, thermal conditions and reproductive state on cardiovascular function as it relates to oxygen (O2) mobilization. 2) To validate the use of heart rate (HR) to predict energy expenditure (EE) of ruminants, by measuring and calculating the energy balance components at different productive and reproductive states. 3) To validate the use of HR to identify changes in the metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) of grazing ruminants. Background: The development of an effective method for the measurement of EE is essential for understanding the management of both grazing and confined feedlot animals. The use of HR as a method of estimating EE in free-ranging large ruminants has been limited by the availability of suitable field monitoring equipment and by the absence of empirical understanding of the relationship between cardiac function and metabolic rate. Recent developments in microelectronics provide a good opportunity to use small HR devices to monitor free-range animals. The estimation of O2 uptake (VO2) of animals from their HR has to be based upon a consistent relationship between HR and VO2. The question as to whether, or to what extent, feeding level, environmental conditions and reproductive state affect such a relationship is still unanswered. Studies on the basic physiology of O2 mobilization (in USA) and field and feedlot-based investigations (in Israel) covered a , variety of conditions in order to investigate the possibilities of using HR to estimate EE. In USA the physiological studies conducted using animals with implanted flow probes, show that: I) although stroke volume decreases during intense exercise, VO2 per one heart beat per kgBW0.75 (O2 Pulse, O2P) actually increases and measurement of EE by HR and constant O2P may underestimate VO2unless the slope of the regression relating to heart rate and VO2 is also determined, 2) alterations in VO2 associated with the level of feeding and the effects of feeding itself have no effect on O2P, 3) both pregnancy and lactation may increase blood volume, especially lactation; but they have no effect on O2P, 4) ambient temperature in the range of 15 to 25°C in the resting animal has no effect on O2P, and 5) severe heat stress, induced by exercise, elevates body temperature to a sufficient extent that 14% of cardiac output may be required to dissipate the heat generated by exercise rather than for O2 transport. However, this is an unusual situation and its affect on EE estimation in a freely grazing animal, especially when heart rate is monitored over several days, is minor. In Israel three experiments were carried out in the hot summer to define changes in O2P attributable to changes in the time of day or In the heat load. The animals used were lambs and young calves in the growing phase and highly yielding dairy cows. In the growing animals the time of day, or the heat load, affected HR and VO2, but had no effect on O2P. On the other hand, the O2P measured in lactating cows was affected by the heat load; this is similar to the finding in the USA study of sheep. Energy balance trials were conducted to compare MEI recovery by the retained energy (RE) and by EE as measured by HR and O2P. The trial hypothesis was that if HR reliably estimated EE, the MEI proportion to (EE+RE) would not be significantly different from 1.0. Beef cows along a year of their reproductive cycle and growing lambs were used. The MEI recoveries of both trials were not significantly different from 1.0, 1.062+0.026 and 0.957+0.024 respectively. The cows' reproductive state did not affect the O2P, which is similar to the finding in the USA study. Pasture ME content and animal variables such as HR, VO2, O2P and EE of cows on grazing and in confinement were measured throughout three years under twenty-nine combinations of herbage quality and cows' reproductive state. In twelve grazing states, individual faecal output (FO) was measured and MEI was calculated. Regression analyses of the EE and RE dependent on MEI were highly significant (P<0.001). The predicted values of EE at zero intake (78 kcal/kgBW0.75), were similar to those estimated by NRC (1984). The EE at maintenance condition of the grazing cows (EE=MEI, 125 kcal/kgBW0.75) which are in the range of 96.1 to 125.5 as presented by NRC (1996 pp 6-7) for beef cows. Average daily HR and EE were significantly increased by lactation, P<0.001 and P<0.02 respectively. Grazing ME significantly increased HR and EE, P<0.001 and P<0.00l respectively. In contradiction to the finding in confined ewes and cows, the O2P of the grazing cows was significantly affected by the combined treatments (P<0.00l ); this effect was significantly related to the diet ME (P<0.00l ) and consequently to the MEI (P<0.03). Grazing significantly increased O2P compared to confinement. So, when EE of grazing animals during a certain season of the year is estimated using the HR method, the O2P must be re measured whenever grazing ME changes. A high correlation (R2>0.96) of group average EE and of HR dependency on MEI was also found in confined cows, which were fed six different diets and in growing lambs on three diets. In conclusion, the studies conducted in USA and in Israel investigated in depth the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular and O2 mobilization, and went on to investigate a wide variety of ruminant species, ages, reproductive states, diets ME, time of intake and time of day, and compared these variables under grazing and confinement conditions. From these combined studies we can conclude that EE can be determined from HR measurements during several days, multiplied by O2P measured over a short period of time (10-15 min). The study showed that RE could be determined during the growing phase without slaughtering. In the near future the development microelectronic devices will enable wide use of the HR method to determine EE and energy balance. It will open new scopes of physiological and agricultural research with minimizes strain on animals. The method also has a high potential as a tool for herd management.
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Rivera, Luis, Francisco Sancho, and Julio Rosales-Tijerino. Housing Finance in Central America: What is Holding It Back? Inter-American Development Bank, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008991.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper surveys housing finance in Costa Rica, El Salvador and Panama. The development of a secondary mortgage-backed securities market in Costa Rica is very limited despite a broad legal framework, while in El Salvador it is nonexistent and in Panama has not grown due to high liquidity. In Costa Rica's subsidy policy, core institutions responsible for housing policy act as facilitators of private agents. This contrasts with the dispersion of policy and institutional efforts identified in Panama and El Salvador. Government subsidies are especially directed to households where more of 90 percent of the housing deficit is concentrated. A solution based on public budgets is not sustainable, requiring an active role of the private housing finance sector. Increasing the purchase capacity of families and reducing the cost of financing are necessary conditions to reduce housing deficits.
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Blum, Abraham, Henry T. Nguyen, and N. Y. Klueva. The Genetics of Heat Shock Proteins in Wheat in Relation to Heat Tolerance and Yield. United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568105.bard.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Fifty six diverse spring wheat cultivars were evaluated for genetic variation and heritability for thermotolerance in terms of cell-membrane stability (CMS) and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction. The most divergent cultivars for thermotolerance (Danbata-tolerant and Nacozari-susceptible) were crossed to develop an F8 random onbred line (RIL) population. This population was evaluated for co-segragation in CMS, yield under heat stress and HSP accumulation. Further studies of thermotolerance in relations to HSP and the expression of heterosis for growth under heat stress were performed with F1 hybrids of wheat and their parental cultivars. CMS in 95 RILs ranged from 76.5% to 22.4% with 71.5% and 31.3% in Danbata and Nacozari, respectively. The population segregated with a normal distribution across the full range of the parental values. Yield and biomass under non-stress conditions during the normal winter season at Bet Dagan dit not differ between the two parental cultivar, but the range of segregation for these traits in 138 RILs was very high and distinctly transgressive with a CV of 35.3% and 42.4% among lines for biomass and yield, respectively. Mean biomass and yield of the population was reduced about twofold when grown under the hot summer conditions (irrigated) at Bet Dagan. Segregation for biomass and yield was decreased relative to the normal winter conditions with CV of 20.2% and 23.3% among lines for biomass and yield, respectively. However, contrary to non-stress conditions, the parental cultivars differed about twofold in biomass and yield under heat stress and the population segregated with normal distribution across the full range of this difference. CMS was highly and positively correlated across 79 RILs with biomass (r=0.62**) and yield (r=0.58**) under heat stress. No such correlation was obtained under the normal winter conditions. All RILs expressed a set of HSPs under heat shock (37oC for 2 h). No variation was detected among RILs in high molecular weight HSP isoforms and they were similar to the patterns of the parental cultivars. There was a surprisingly low variability in low molecular weight HSP isoforms. Only one low molecular weight and Nacozari-specific HSP isoform (belonging to HSP 16.9 family) appeared to segregate among all RILs, but it was not quantitatively correlated with any parameter of plant production under heat stress or with CMS in this population. It is concluded that this Danbata/Nacozari F8 RIL population co-segregated well for thermotolerance and yield under heat stress and that CMS could predict the relative productivity of lines under chronic heat stress. Regretfully this population did not express meaningful variability for HSP accumulation under heat shock and therefore no role could be seen for HSP in the heat tolerance of this population. In the study of seven F1 hybrids and their parent cultivars it was found that heterosis (superiority of the F1 over the best parent) for CMs was generally lower than that for growth under heat stress. Hybrids varied in the rate of heterosis for growth at normal (15o/25o) and at high (25o/35o) temperatures. In certain hybrids heterosis for growth significantly increased at high temperature as compared with normal temperature, suggesting temperature-dependent heterosis. Generally, under normal temperature, only limited qualitative variation was detected in the patterns of protein synthesis in four wheat hybrids and their parents. However, a singular protein (C47/5.88) was specifically expressed only in the most heterotic hybrid at normal temperature but not in its parent cultivars. Parental cultivars were significantly different in the sets of synthesized HSP at 37o. No qualitative changes in the patterns of protein expression under heat stress were correlated with heterosis. However, a quantitative increase in certain low molecular weight HSP (mainly H14/5.5 and H14.5.6, belonging to the HSP16.9 family) was positively associated with greater heterosis for growth at high temperature. None of these proteins were correlated with CMS across hybrids. These results support the concept of temperature-dependent heterosis for growth and a possible role for HSP 16.9 family in this respect. Finally, when all experiments are viewed together, it is encouraging to find that genetic variation in wheat yield under chronic heat stress is associated with and well predicted by CMS as an assay of thermotolerance. On the other hand the results for HSP are elusive. While very low genetic variation was expressed for HSP in the RIL population, a unique low molecular weight HSP (of the HSP 16.9 family) could be associated with temperature dependant heterosis for growth.
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Thoma, David, and Eliot Rendleman. Landscape phenology, vegetation condition, and relations with climate at Zion National Park, 2000–2019. National Park Service, 2025. https://doi.org/10.36967/2309878.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Climate determines the vegetation composition in parks, and changes in climate will affect vegetation conditions and composition in the future. This study, which examined changes in climate, water availability, and vegetation from 2000 to 2019 in Zion National Park (NP) in Utah, USA, evaluates vegetation sensitivity to weather and climate to understand climate-vegetation relationships that can be used to predict what vegetation types may change. Specifically, it evaluates where change is likely in the park, when change may happen, and why change may occur. This information is needed to anticipate changes and can be used to plan for inevitable change. Satellite images were analyzed with climate data to quantify vegetation sensitivity and drought tolerance. Historic trends in vegetation production and phenology were evaluated, and an analysis with climate data identified which aspects of climate were most important to annual production and phenology for different vegetation types. Since 2000, a very dry period, growing season primary production has increased in most alliance groups in and near Zion NP. The increase coincided with a slight increase in precipitation over the same period. However, over this period, there were dry years and multi-year droughts that resulted in substantial declines in vegetation cover that largely rebounded by the end of the study. There were also large fires that reduced vegetation cover in some areas of the park, most notably in the Pinyon-Juniper alliance group. The information generated in this study can be applied to long-term management and planning and help preserve the natural resources of the National Park System for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations.
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Thoma, David, and David Thoma. Landscape phenology, vegetation condition, and relations with climate at Curecanti National Recreation Area, 2000?2019. National Park Service, 2025. https://doi.org/10.36967/2307122.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Climate determines the vegetation composition in parks and climate change will affect vegetation condition and composition in the future. This study, which examined changes in climate, water availability, and vegetation from 2000 to 2019 in Curecanti National Recreation Area (NRA) in Colorado, USA, evaluates vegetation sensitivity to weather and climate for the purpose of understanding climate-vegetation relationships that can be used to understand what vegetation types may change. Specifically, it evaluates where change is likely in the NRA, when change may happen and why change may occur. This information is needed to help avoid surprises and can be used to help plan for inevitable change. Satellite images were analyzed with climate data to quantify vegetation sensitivity to climate and drought tolerance. Historic trends in vegetation production and phenology were evaluated and analysis with climate data identified which aspects of climate were most important to annual production and phenology for different vegetation types. Additionally, trends in climate and climate drivers of vegetation phenology were also identified. Study results suggest that annual trends in vegetation production increased in 98% of the area analyzed in and near Curecanti NRA between 2000 and 2019, and decreased in the other 2%. Further, from 2000 to 2019, the growing season shortened by 0.6 to 8 days for six vegetation alliance groups (Mesic Sagebrush, Dry Sagebrush, Quaking Aspen, Mixed Montane Shrubland, Disturbed, and Blue Spruce), but lengthened by 2 to 17 days for the other 10 alliance groups that are found in Curecanti NRA. Finally, the information generated in this study was placed in the context of a climate adaptation planning framework to demonstrate how it can be used for long-range management and planning.
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Thoma, David, and Eliot Rendleman. Landscape phenology, vegetation condition, and relations with climate at Natural Bridges National Monument, 2000–2019. National Park Service, 2025. https://doi.org/10.36967/2313610.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Climate plays a major role in determining vegetation composition in parks, and changes in climate will affect vegetation conditions and composition in the future. This study, which examined changes in climate, water availability, and vegetation from 2000 to 2019 in Natural Bridges National Monument (NM) in Utah, USA, evaluates vegetation sensitivity to weather and climate to understand climate-vegetation relationships that can be used to predict what vegetation types may change. Specifically, it evaluates where change is likely in the monument, when change may happen, and why change may occur. This information is needed to help avoid surprises and can be used to plan for inevitable change. Satellite images were analyzed with climate data to quantify vegetation sensitivity to climate and drought tolerance. Historic trends in vegetation production and phenology were evaluated, and analysis with climate data identified which aspects of climate were most important to annual production and phenology for different vegetation types. Additionally, trends in climate and climate drivers of vegetation phenology were also identified. Since 2000, a very dry period, annual primary production has increased in all areas of Natural Bridges NM and there were only a few isolated decreases in production noted by the end of the study in 2019. The increase coincided with a slight increase in precipitation and actual evapotranspiration over the same period. Growing season production increased significantly in all alliance groups. During the study, there were dry years and dry periods extending for several years that resulted in substantial declines in vegetation production that largely rebounded by the end of the study. The information generated in this study can be applied to long-term management and planning, which can help preserve the natural resources of the National Park System for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations.