Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Whitman, walt, 1819-1892, concordances »

The paper incorporates Children’s Literature as a theoretical framework to study the innocent, imaginative, and inquisitive worlds of children. To achieve this goal, the researcher focuses on poems about childhood from two of the most celebrated writers of their respective nations, Walt Whitman (1819-1892) and Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938). The paper is a study of textual and comparative analysis of the images of childhood as depicted in their works. Comparing the two writers of varied times and cultural backgrounds, the present study delves into an analysis of childhood as portrayed in their poetic works, Leaves of Grass (1855-1892) and The Call of the Marching Bell (1924), respectively. It strives to establish a relationship that despite their disparities, the innocence and curious nature of children remain the same. It also attempts to reveal the age-old values passed down through these timeless works. Literature connects readers surpassing linguistic and geographical barriers. By delving deep into Children's Literature as a field of study, readers share the collective experience of imagination and astonishment. It provides young readers with a vast vocabulary and unlocks the door to boundless imagination. Through this paper, it is emphasized that the innocence of children often leaves adult readers awestruck as they pose insightful questions that solve life's mysteries that elude us as grown-ups. The values, morals, and habits that children cherish and inherit long grown out of practice are to be talked about as how they impact the thinking of adults. The insights of this paper may contribute to the fields of Comparative Literature, Children’s Literature, and Cultural Studies in the global context.

Este artigo consiste em refletir sobre as relações e contingências de modernidade, na poética anglófona, por meio da eficácia estética da resignificação de palavras consideradas “malditas” que, como destroços, criam fissuras em torno do lento e contínuo processo de humanização. Para tanto, quando especulamos sobre as conjecturas dos destroços da humanidade, como elemento lírico, ponderamos sobre a ideia de resistência do gênero poético, sobretudo, quando este se nutre através da vida e suas possibilidades expressivas pelas replicâncias e representações ambivalentes por sentimentos/estados indesejados pela humanidade tais quais: solidão, melancolia, dor, medo, angústia, grito, morte, escuro, silêncio que atravessaram os séculos XIX e XX e ainda nos tomam em constante companhia, sobretudo, por potencializar as inúmeras formas do processo de humanização entre ironias, paradoxos e pensamentos do homem contemporâneo. Sob tais perspectivas, ao refletir a aparente desordem secular pela dicção poética de diversos escritores tais quais Emily Dickinson (1830-1886), Walt Whitman (1819-1892), Elizabeth Bishop (1911-1979), Maya Angelou (1928-2014), Simon Armitage (1961) entre outros que afetam, sobremaneira, o sentido a que se pode atribuir as expressões poéticas. Com efeito, as experiências de leitura, serão muito bem vindas ao que concerne à propriedade de revelar as substâncias de que são refletidas as composições, mesmo quando embaladas pelo sentimentalismo piegas e utópico dos amantes. Mas, principalmente, pela força dos engajados artífices das palavras, que, por vezes, se afastam da realidade exatamente para melhor decifrá-la.

Objectives Walt Whitman (1819-1892) was a visionary American poet who inspired innovation within the literary landscape, choosing to preserve real, complex life with poetic imagery. He also chose to volunteer as a nurse during the American Civil War, daring to confront the violent, painful reality of war’s aftermath with precision and unflinching honesty. The United States Sanitary Commission organized volunteer nursing for the Union Army during the Civil War (1861-1865). Our objective is to investigate the urologic management and perspectives of Walt Whitman during his service as a nurse during the American Civil War. Methods We conducted a review of the literature pertaining to Walt Whitman, his clinical practice, and his relationship to John Mahay during the Civil War. A review of textbooks, peer-reviewed articles, works of prose, and government archives was performed. Original publications and images were reviewed through the Walt Whitman Archive, Library of Congress, the National Museum of Health and Medicine, and the archives of the International Journal of Urologic History. Results During the Civil War, Whitman cared for numerous patients, including Private John Mahay, who sustained a penetrating GU injury during the second battle of Bull Run (August 29th, 1862). He passed several bone fragments per urethra, suggesting a PFUI (pelvic fracture urethral injury). Mahay continued his chronic urologic care with Walt Whitman. The entry and exit wounds resulted in fistulas to the urinary tract with documented blood, pus, and urine drainage. Mahay ultimately died on October 24th, 1863, after nearly a year of chronic urologic care. Several urinary stones were removed from Mahay’s bladder on autopsy and archived. Whitman’s account of John Mahay preserved him as a living person, his travails, and sufferings prior to the advent of modern urologic care. Conclusions Walt Whitman’s Civil War writings chose to confront reality with honesty, precision, and eloquence. His commitment to John Mahay’s care during the Civil War underscores the essential human aspects involved in acute and chronic urologic care following traumatic injury.

This thesis examines the reasons why Walt Whitman has been a "puzzle" to literary critics for well over a century. It shows the correspondence between Walt Whitman's work and the mystical tradition of East as also interpreted by American Transcendentalists. Enquiry into "self" is the central theme of most of Whitman's work. Two aspects of this enquiry have been investigated in this thesis and compared with the Upanishads: the development of self; and the use of contradictions as a means of conveying meaning. Both aspects support the view that Whitman displays a worldview not in accordance with the popular Western view in which God and man are entirely different and can never meet on equal terms. Whitman's view can be compared to that of the American Transcendentalists and Neoplatonists which finds a sympathetic chord in the native European tradition of humanistic values as well as in the Upanishads. Whitman works from a state of consciousness that is different in spirit and structure from the Hegelian dialectical principle which has wielded so much influence over Western thought. Whitman's poetry is remarkably akin to that of the Upanishadic writers in whose consciousness the subject and object have fused into one. Whitman is shown to draw his ideas from a depth of the human psyche that is often associated with Eastern thought but which is also present in the West. Four stances of self in Whitman's work have been identified which are seen to be related to, but not identical with, four states of consciousness in the Upanishads. The thesis concludes that not only is there a remarkable degree of correspondence between Walt Whitman and the Upanishads, both in respect to development of the self and use of contradictions, but that interpreting him in the light of the Upanishads provides another modern opportunity for meeting of the East and the West.

Democracy and mysticism are two prominent themes of Walt Whitman's writings, yet few critics have explored the connections that may exist between these areas. Some critics have noted that Whitman holds an ideal of "spiritual democracy," in which all people are equal due to their identity with a transcendent self such as that found in "Song of Myself," but they have not identified the best philosophical model for such a political viewpoint. I believe that the parallel between Whitman's thought and Vedantic mysticism, already developed by V. K. Chart and others, may be expanded to account for Whitman's political thought. Past studies of Whitman and Vedanta have focused only on the advaitic aspects of his writing, but in his later years he came to adopt a visistadvaitic stance similar to that of Ramanuja. In the political sphere, his concept of a Brahmanic self shared by all people led him to not only believe that all people are equal, but that they also possess the capacity to become contributors to a democratic society. Whitman felt that the poet was the primary means by which the masses could attain mystical consciousness and the concomitant social harmony. The ideal poet described in Democratic Vistas and the Preface to the 1855 Leaves of Grass serves as a mediator between the people as they are and Whitman's ideal of a completely unified democratic society and thereby parallels the Vedantic guru's function of bridging the relative and absolute levels of reality.<br>Department of English

The purpose of this thesis is to organize and examine Walt Whitman's poetic representations and discussions of laborers and labor issues in order to argue that form a distinct "poetics" of labor in Leaves of Grass. This poetics of labor reveals that Whitman was attempting to enlarge the audience for American poetry by representing American society at work in poetry. Whitman also used labor as a poetic subject in order to justify the work of the poet in that society. In this sense, Whitman's poetics of labor is comprised of numerous demonstrations of his argument for the labor of poetry because the representation of America at work is contained within the work of the poet. The organization of this thesis rests upon a distinction between the work of the hands and the work of the mind. This distinction resonates in nineteenth century American literature, and it is especially important to debates about the status of the writer in a working democratic society. This question figures prominently in the works of Emerson and Thoreau, and a central issue for both of them is whether or not the writer should participate in the work of the hands. Whitman engages in this debate as well, and argues that the poet can participate in all kinds of work through poetic representation. He participates by representing workers in poetry, and in Whitman's argument the poet then becomes a representative of those workers. A central premise of this thesis is that Whitman's poetry of labor demonstrates an attempt to ensure that America works according to Whitman's interpretation of democracy. This is most apparent in poems where he directly addresses his working audience, and those addresses reveal a specific ideology behind Whitman's poetics of labor. That is, Whitman attempts to level the implicit hierarchical organization of different kinds of work. For instance, in such poems as "Song for Occupations" and "Song of the Broad-Axe," Whitman engages in a conversation with manual laborers in an effort to acknowledge their value and significance to the democratic process. As he celebrates their contribution, he also associates his own work with them, and argues for the · usefulness of such poetry to that process as well. In such poems as "When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer'' and "To A Historian," Whitman addresses those who labor with the mind in order to include them in the dialogue, and also to argue that the majority of that work needs to be revised because its claim for authority perpetuates hierarchical distinctions. Whitman offers poetry as a solution, and argues that it is central to democracy because it "completes" all labor by fusing the work of the community with the work of shaping individual identity that comes from reading and writing poetry. This thesis draws upon New Historicist methodologies and approaches to Whitman in order to reconstruct the significance of labor in Whitman's poetics. The poetry which directly addresses laborers and labor issues in Leaves of Grass forms the basis of the argument, but Whitman's relevant prose is considered in detail as well. In particular, Democratic Vistas is examined for its claims that the "work" of poetry is itself incomplete. "Work" is used here to refer both to the aesthetic object and the effort involved in reading it. In other words, Whitman argues that the work of poetry, like the work of democracy, is a continuous, recursive process.

Alors que de nombreux critiques ont souligné l'importance des quatre éléments dans l'œuvre de Whitman, une étude approfondie de leur influence sur l'imagination, la sensibilité, et l'art poétique de l'écrivain fait cruellement défaut. L'emploi par Whitman de "elements" ou de termes apparentés montre avec quelle facilité on passe des éléments aux aliments et à ces "ailments" que l'anglais associe à la souffrance. Dejà se trouve ébranlée la vision traditionnelle d'un optimisme à toute épreuve. Si l'on essaie d'évaluer le role spécifique de chacun des éléments dans l'œuvre, on s'aperçoit que si l'eau est à la hauteur de sa réputation, l'air, la terre, et le feu ont besoin d'être rehabilites. Le feu surtout, dont le statut particulier et perturbant a ete indument minimise. Mais l'exploration se fait beaucoup plus fructueuse si l'on se debarrasse du carcan de la quaternite elementaire pour recourir a une approche plus diversifiée. Un examen attentif du role joué par les éléments dans la célébration par Whitman du "corps électrique", dans sa conception de l'espace et du temps et ses tentatives changeantes de domestication de la mort, ou son rituel de l'union et sa quête infatigable de l'un, conduit à des conclusions séduisantes et parfois inattendues. L'un des aspects les plus fascinants de l'œuvre ainsi placée sous l'objectif élementaire réside en la réalité protéenne d'une poésie aux perspectives illimitées, extraordinairement moderne, tout aussi ouverte que la route d'un de ses chants. Elle a le pouvoir de rajeunir éternellement. .<br>While many critics have stressed the importance of the four elements in Whitman's works, a thorough study of their influence on his imagination, sensitivity and theory of poetry has long been overdue. Whitman's use of "elements" and some cognate words shows how easily "elements" become "aliments" and "aliments", and unsettles the traditional vision of the poet's unruffled optimism. Trying to assess the specific role of each of the four elements in his writings, one realizes that if water is equal to its reputation, air, earth and fire are worth rehabilitating. Fire, above all, seems to have a peculiar, disturbing status which has been unduly minimized. But the exploration becomes much more rewarding when one gets rid of the straitjacket of the elementary "quaternion" and resorts to a more variegated approach. A careful perusal of the part played by the elements in Whitman's celebration of the "body electric", in his conception of space and time and variable

En depit des apparences, l'absence semble etre au coeur de l'oeuvre de whitman. Absence fondatrice, on la trouve dans l'intention poetique de l'auteur qui s'autocree et par lameme cree l'amerique a partir d'un neant originel ou d'une page blanche. Il donne a voir un monde autre ou le corps est un texte, support de l'ecriture de soi, et le texte une parole. Absence creatrice, elle apparait dans leprocessus creatif meme, a travers les moyens mis en oeuvre - comme la negation - pour modeler et informer cette nouvelle realite. Grace a un jeu subtil de miroirs et d'echos, metaphores, metonymies et hypallages multiplient les signifiances a l'infini, instaurant un espace imaginaire fluide ou le texte, affranchi de toutes contraintes, parvient a s'enoncer seul. Mais l'absence destructrice, qui engendre le doute et le desespoir, est toujours presente et malgre les strategies qu'il deploie pour se dissimuler, pour se soustraire aux frontieres du moi du monde, du lexique, et de la syntaxe, whitman finit par se laisser happer par le mot meme de << mort >>. En definitive, c'est l'absence destructrice qui triomphe : la mort demeure une enigme et la creation poetique une illusion.

Walt Whitman was a feminist, and this assertion can be supported by excerpts from his prose, poetry, and conversation. Furthermore, the poet's circle of associates, chronology, and place of residence also lend credence to the hypothesis stating Whitman's subscription to feminist credos. A pro-feminine attitude is evident in much of Whitman's work, and his ties to the women's rights movement of the nineteenth century do influence the poet's portrayal of women. But the section of poems titled "Children of Adam" proves to be an anomaly in Walt Whitman's feminist attitudes. Instead of portraying women as equals, able to walk a path of equanimity with males, the women of "Children of Adam" are often obscured in linguistic veils or subjugated to the poet's Adamic rhetoric.

O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar alguns dos momentos decisivos do processo de formação da poesia norte-americana, marcados pelas quatro primeiras edições (1855, 1856, 1861,1867) de Leaves of Grass, de Walt Whitman. A escolha desses momentos sublinha o caráter engajado do projeto poético de Whitman, que não visava à mera aclimatação da poesia européia no Novo Mundo, mas sim à constituição formal de uma poesia norte-americana adequada à realidade social de seu país. Nesse sentido, a leitura das quatro primeiras edições de Leaves of Grass pressupõe dois movimentos complementares: o entendimento dessa poesia enquanto resposta aos inúmeros conflitos que perpassam as décadas de 1850 e 1860 norte-americanas, quando a modernização, encabeçada pela industrialização e pelo trabalho livre, entra em choque definitivo com estruturas sociais de origem colonial, baseadas tanto na exploração do trabalho escravo como na própria constituição descentralizada da república; e a configuração literária desses problemas, em que veremos elementos constitutivos da poesia romântica européia em relação dialética com formas locais de expressão, muitas vezes estranhas ao quadro literário do Velho Mundo, mas reforçadas pela pretensão de se fazer valer (não sem contradições) uma literatura de caráter nacional. Para tanto, nossa análise toma não apenas a longa tradição de estudos hitmanianos, que atualmente têm se dedicado à revisão histórica de Leaves of Grass centrada quase que exclusivamente na experiência social norte-americana, mas a própria tradição crítica brasileira, na qual se consolidou um importante corpo de conceitos e debates acerca da posição periférica das literaturas do Novo Mundo em relação à Europa, o que nos permite tanto colocar a literatura de Whitman em um quadro mais abrangente de formação literária como observar ali algumas questões comuns às experiências brasileira e norte- americana para a consolidação de seu sistema literário, tais como o caráter empenhado da elite literária; a busca de novas formas; a representação e afirmação, na lírica, do indivíduo e da natureza do país; as questões éticas e econômicas ligadas ao problema da escravidão; e a relação ambígua e contraditória com os movimentos literários europeus.<br>The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze some of the decisive moments in the making of North American poetry, determined by the development, from 1855 to 1867, of the four initial editions of Walt Whitman\'s Leaves of Grass. The choice of these remarkable moments serves to underline the engaged feature of Whitman´s poetical accomplishment, which implied not the mere transposition of European literary thought into the New World, but mainly the formal constitution of a national poetry fit for the social environment of the United States. In this sense, the analysis of these four Leaves of Grass´ editions (1855, 1856, 1861, 1867) presupposes two complementary ways: firstly the acknowledgment of Whitman´s poetry as a response to the social tensions in North American midnineteenth century, when modernity, led by free labor and industrialization, collides with colonial and pre-modern social structures, based upon slavery and the very descentralized commercial Republic constitution; secondly the literary configuration of these tensions, in which we observe elements of the literary Romanticism dialetically linked to local forms of expression, some of them alien to the literary achievements of the Old World, but reinforced by the founding project of a national literature. To attend these questions, this dissertation recovers the long tradition of Walt Whitman studies - dedicated in the present time to the historical revisioning of the poet´s works centered almost exclusively in the North American social experience - by the light of the Brazilian critical tradition, in which very important concepts and debates over the periferical position of New World literatures were consolidated. This theoretical perpective allows us not only to place Leaves of Grass in a wider perspective of New World literatures but also to build a indirect comparative view that rests upon some important questions to the North American and Brazilian literary traditions, as the engaged ethos of their literary elites; the search for new literary forms; the lyrical affirmative representation of national individuals; the economical and ethical responses to slavery; and the ambiguous and contradictory relation with European literary movements.

Walt Whitman has long been celebrated as a Romantic writer who celebrates the self, reveres Nature, claims unity in all things, and sings praises to humanity. However, some of what Whitman has to say has been overlooked. Whitman often questioned the goodness of humanity. He recognized evil in various shapes. He pondered death and the imperturbability of Nature to human death. He exhibited nightmarish imagery in some of his works and gory violence in others. While Whitman has long been called a celebratory poet, he is nevertheless also in part a writer of the Dark Romantic.

Este trabalho está focalizado na tradução criativa da poesia de Walt Whitman para o português. O termo utilizado para nos referir a este processo é recriação, ou seja, uma tradução que vai além da tradução literal (que privilegia apenas os significados), buscando um trabalho de reconstrução conjunta de significados e significantes, dada a relação profunda existente entre ambos (o capítulo 3 trata desse método de tradução criativa, aqui indicado, além de abordar temas relacionados a este na poesia, como verso livre, ritmo, metro, etc.). Esse termo foi emprestado de meus mestres neste tipo de tradução, que são os poetas Concretistas brasileiros: Haroldo de Campos, Augusto de Campos e Décio Pignatari. Em inglês, utilizamos essa palavra com hífen, “re-creation” (e seus derivados), devido ao fato de que “recreation” indica apenas recreação, divertimento, e não um “criar de novo”. É preciso lembrar que o precursor neste campo tradutório, da tradução a qual também é criação, foi Ezra Pound, que nos trouxe a idéia de renovação constante da poesia via tradução, e recebe atenção mais aprofundada nas seções 3.2 e 3.3. Há outras traduções da obra de Whitman em português, inclusive uma edição completa de Folhas de Relva pela Martin Claret (2005), das quais fornecemos um histórico na seção 2.2, entretanto, nenhuma delas foi feita de modo semelhante ao nosso. Deste modo, o trabalho que apresentamos aqui é inédito, embora não seja completo. No corpo desta tese, no capítulo 4, apresentamos a recriação de vinte peças literárias, entre poemas e livros, do conjunto de Folhas de Relva, que é o volume que engloba a poesia completa de Whitman. Dentro das recriações apresentadas aqui, está o poema “Do Berço Infindamente Embalando,” que faz parte de Detrito-Marinho, o qual havia sido acrescentado como anexo em minha Dissertação de Mestrado. O poema foi revisado e corrigido e foi incluído aqui para que a seção Detrito- Marinho ficasse completa. Na seção 2.1 há uma explicação da história editorial de Folhas de Relva. Além do contexto histórico dessa publicação, o capítulo 2 apresenta uma análise crítica da obra e do autor e discute um símbolo central nas Folhas, que é o cálamo. A recriação do livro “Cálamo”, bem como de “Descendentes de Adão” e “Canção de Mim Mesmo,” integra o texto da minha dissertação de mestrado (SARAIVA, 1995).<br>This work focuses on the creative translation of Walt Whitman’s poetry into Portuguese. The term that we use to refer to this process is re-creation, which is a type of translation that goes beyond literal translation (which favors the signified), searching for a work of conjoined reconstruction of signified and signifiers, due to the profound relation that exists between them (chapter 3 explains this method of creative translation; it also discusses the themes that are related to this in poetry, such as free verse, rhythm, meter, etc.). The term re-creation was borrowed from our masters in this type of translation, the Brazilian Concretist poets: Haroldo de Campos, Augusto de Campos and Décio Pignatari. In English, we use this word hyphenated, “re-creation” (and its derivatives), due to the fact that “recreation” indicates only diversion, an activity that is performed for relaxation and pleasure, and not “creating again”. It is necessary to remember that the precursor in this translatorial field, of translation which is also creation, was Ezra Pound, who brought us the idea of constant renewing of poetry via translation, and who is given more attention in sections 3.2 and 3.3. There are other translations of Whitman’s works in Portuguese, including a complete edition of Leaves of Grass by Martin Claret publishing house (2005), of which we provide an account in section 2.2, however, none of them was carried out in a similar way to our own. Thus, the work we present here is original, although it is not complete. In the body of this dissertation, in chapter 4, we present the re-creation of twenty literary pieces, among poems and books, from Leaves of Grass, which is the volume that assembles the complete poetry of Whitman. Within the re-creations presented here, there is the poem “Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking”, which is part of Sea-Drift, and which had been added as an annex to our Master’s thesis. This poem has been revised and corrected, and has been included here in order for the Sea-Drift cluster to be complete. In section 2.1 there is an explanation about the publishing history of Leaves of Grass. In addition to the historical context of this publication, chapter 2 presents a critical analysis of the works, author, and a central symbol in the Leaves, which is the calamus root. The re-creation of “Calamus”, as well as of “Children of Adam” and “Song of Myself” appears in our Master’s thesis (SARAIVA, 1995).

Cette these examine le theme du rivage dans la poesie americaine de walt whitman a george oppen. Espace de fondation en amerique, le rivage constitue le point de depart du grand periple whitmanien a travers le continent americain. Chez hart crane, c'est un point de jonction entre la mer et le continent. Pour george oppen, c'est un point de rupture, qui creuse la distance entre le poete et l'espace. Chez ces trois poetes, le rivage n'est pas seulement un paysage. Il suggere aussi une pratique d'ecriture fondee sur la fluidite. Cette these s'appuie egalement sur des recits d'explorateurs du seizieme et du dix-septieme siecle pour montrer la centralite du rivage dans la pensee et la litterature americaines.

Abstract Walt Whitman emerged from a humble background to become one of America’s most celebrated poets. The second eight children of Walter and Louisa Van Velsor Whitman, he was born on May 31, 1819, in the rural Long Island village of West Hills, about fifty miles east of Manhattan. Although his ancestors were not distinguished, he later placed great emphasis on his genealogy. In his poem “By Blue Ontario’s Shore,” he wrote, “Underneath all, Nativity, / I swear I will stand by my own nativity.”

Abstract One of America’s most beloved and influential writers, Walttman (1819-1892) brought a radical democratic inclusiveness to literature, transforming the diverse, sometimes pedestrian an images of his culture into soaring, fresh poetry through his exuberant personality. He opened the way for modern writers by experimenting with innovative social and sexual themes and by replacing rhyme and meter with a free-flowing, prose-like poetic form that followed the natural rhythms of voice and feeling.