Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Witoto (Indiens) »

BACKGROUND: Arrhythmic disorders in the aortic aneurysm (AA) have been rarely reported. AIM: The study aimed to assess the repolarisation indices of ventricular arrhythmia (VA) (mainly Tp-Te interval and Tp-Te/QT ratio) in patients with AA. METHODS: A group of 98 patients with AA and 75 patients as control were recruited. Many of indices of ventricular arrhythmia were assessed. RESULTS: Many of indices like QT, QTc, QTpc, Tp-Te/QT, Tp-Te/QTc, Tp-Tec/QTc, S-Tp, S-Tpc, S-Te, S-Tec and fQRS were found to be significantly different in AA group (for all P < 0.05). However, QTp, mean Tp-Te and Tp-Tec were not found different (for all P < 0.05). Aortic diameter (Ao-D) was found to have a positive correlation with QTc, QTpc, S-Tp, S-Tpc, S-Te, S-Tec, fQRS (for all P < 0,05) and negative correlation withTp-Te/QT (P = 0.047). The best cut-off level for prediction of Tp-Te ≥100 ms was found the Ao-D > 43.5 mm in ROC analysis (AUC: 0.69; P = 0.151) with sensitivity 60% and specificity 79.6%. CONCLUSIONS: Although our study did not find any differences for mean Tp-Te interval between groups, many of other indexes of TDR were found to be significantly different. Ao-D was found to have significant correlations with many indices.

A field experiment of split-plot design was conducted in 1999 and 2000 on light soil to study the effect of different levels of mineral nitrogen fertilization: 0, 25 and50 kgN/ha on dry matter yield, N uptake and N efficiency indices of spring triticale and field beans grown in pure stands and in intercrop. The intercrop was composed using half of the seeding densities from pure stands. Intercropping increased protein content in grain and plant biomass of triticale irrespective of N input. Increasing N rate from 0 to 25 kg/ha increased plant biomass yield of triticale and intercrop. Nitrogen uptake with grain and biomass of intercrop was significantly higher than by sole crops showing partial complementarity in N use by intercropped species despite strong dominance of triticale over field beans. The higher the N fertilizer rate, the lower was the gain from intercropping mainly due to increased suppression of field beans by triticale. Agronomic efficiency was similar for triticale and intercrop but it was significantly smaller for field beans indicating there were other limited resources hampering growth of the legume.

Abstract Introduction. Chronic hypoxia, transfusional iron overload and chelation therapy are all contributing factors to the deterioration of renal function in thalassemia major (TM ) patients. Among chelators, deferasirox (DFX) is considered the most toxic drug for kidneys: increment of more than 30% of serum creatinine levels is used for dosage modulation or interruption. Recently tubular abnormalities have also been described. We have observed renal toxicity in nine children affected by TM and treated with DFX or deferiprone (DFP) and described the differences in glomerular or tubular function between the two oral chelators. Material and methods. Nine children, 4 males and 5 females, aged 3-17 years (median 7 y), were retrospectively evaluated. They were regularly transfused every 2-3 weeks, receiving a median of 260 g erythrocytes concentrates/kg/year. The median serum ferritin level at baseline before starting oral chelation was 1763 ug/L (range 1127-4198). Four patients (pts) received only one type of chelator (1 DFP and 3 DFX). Five pts received both DFX or DFP in different periods. Overall 8 DFX treatments (dosage 15-30 mg/kg, for 18-112 months, mean 40) and 6 DFP treatments (dosage 75-130 mg/kg for 14-54 months, mean 24) were administered. Three pts had previously received deferoxamine; 3/8 DFX pts and 1/6 DFP pts were naïf to chelation before first renal evaluation. The following renal indices were considered: − glomerular function: serum creatinine and cystatine C levels, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), according to modified Schwartz formula; urine albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR), urine protein excretion. − tubular function: glycosuria, urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamidase activity/u-creatinine (u-NAG/u-cr), (index of acute tubular damage); urine daily Beta2 microglobulin (B2MG) and Alfa1 microglobulin (A1MG) excretion (both indices of chronic tubular damage). Analyses were performed at different intervals, according to clinical conditions and patients' age, with different frequency among children. Creatinine impairment was defined as an increase over 30% of basal level. All indices were graded according to local laboratory range. Toxicity was considered significant when the tests were abnormal in at least 25% of evaluations. Results. Initial renal function was normal in all patients (median eGFR 209 ml/min/1.73 m2, range 157-295) and eGFR remained stable over time in all cases. A total of 5 pts with DFX and 3 pts with DFP showed an increase of creatinine over 30% of basal levels. Increase of ACR > 30 mg/g cr was seen in 6/8 pts (75%) in DFX and in 1/6 pts (17%) in DFP; 2 pts (1/8 in DFX and 1/6 in DFP) had macroalbuminuria (ACR >300 mg/g creatinine). No association was found between cumulative DFP dose and eGFR over time (Pearson coefficient, r = 0.06), while a moderate association was found with DFX (r = 0.5; p = 0.06). Symptomatic acute tubular toxicity was observed in 2 pts, with tubular acidosis, glycosuria and abnormal acute tubular indices (u-NAG/u-cr). A1MG and B2MG were also altered, suggesting a chronic injury substrate. Both pts were in DFX group (receiving a dose of 20 and 40 mg/kg/day, respectively) and had experienced a fast reduction in ferritin levels over a short period of time. No signs of concomitant infection were detected. u-NAG/u-cr was always abnormal in all children in both groups; mean values were 2.8 U/mmol for DFX and 2.4 U/mmol for DFP. B2MG was altered in 6/8 DFX pts and in 2/6 DFP pts (75% vs 33%). Median values were 3.0 mg/24 h for DFX and 0.5 mg/24 h for DFP, respectively. A1MG was altered in 4/8 DFX pts and 3/6 DFP pts, with median values of 164 mg/24 h for DFX and 55 mg/24 h for DFP, respectively. Conclusions. Patients withTM can experience abnormalities in renal function, especially as regards tubular damage. Acute tubular damage indices were altered in all chelated pts, whereas tests for chronic damage were abnormal more often in the DFX group than in DFP-treated pts. Albeit the significance of our findings needs further confirmation in a longer follow up, these results suggest that extensive renal evaluation is needed, in particular in children whose life expectancy is open and long-term prognosis for multiple organ function is an important issue. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Les Uitoto, peuple de l’Amazonie colombienne au cœur de l’ethnographie proposée dans cette thèse, présentent un état de santé qui, comme dans d’autres peuples d’Amérique du Sud, est marqué par la persistance de maladies infectieuses et parasitaires, et de taux de mortalité maternelle et infantile plus élevés que dans le reste de la population des pays dans lesquels vivent ces peuples. Partant de ce constat, j’ai conduit des missions depuis 2014 auprès des Uitoto vivant dans l’Amazonas, d’abord en tant qu’épidémiologiste puis dans le cadre de ma formation en anthropologie, pour mettre en lumière et analyser les manières dont les Uitoto pensent les rapports au corps, à la santé, aux maladies et aux soins en les inscrivant dans leur cosmovision. La thèse documente en corollaire les éléments saillants qui ont marqué l’histoire collective des Uitoto, leur identité culturelle, leur relation à leur environnement, à la forêt, à l’eau ; ce sont autant d’éléments qui renvoient à la notion centrale d’équilibre qui marque la vie matérielle et spirituelle des Uitoto, ainsi que leurs pratiques de prévention et de soin. La thèse décrit le rôle déterminant du chaman et discute les possibles rencontres entre ethnomédecines et biomédecine pour une co-construction des soins dans un pays où le pluralisme identitaire est reconnu depuis 1991 dans la constitution nationale. Dans une dimension appliquée, la thèse discute également les conditions d’une médiation entre ethno et biomédecine et la manière dont elle pourrait prendre corps dans ce contexte, pour imaginer des relations de soin plus « hospitalières » envers différents types de savoir
The Uitoto, in the Colombian Amazon at the heart of the ethnography proposed in this thesis, present a state of health which, as in other indigenous communities in South America, is marked by the persistence of infectious and parasitic diseases, and higher maternal and infant mortality rates than in the rest of the population of the countries in which these communities live. Based on this situation, since 2014 I have been working with Uitoto communities living in Amazonas, first as an epidemiologist and then as part of my anthropology training, to highlight and analyse the ways in which the Uitoto think about their relationship with the body, health, disease and healthcare, by including them in their cosmovision. As a corollary, the thesis documents the salient elements that have marked the collective history of the Uitoto, their cultural identity and their relationship with their environment, the forest and the river, all of which point to the central notion of balance that marks the material and spiritual life of the Uitoto, as well as their prevention and care practices. The thesis describes the decisive role of the shaman and discusses how ethnomedicine and biomedicine can come together to co-construct care in a country where pluralism of identity has been recognised in the national constitution since 1991. The thesis also discusses, in an applied dimension, the conditions for mediation between ethno and biomedicine and the way in which it could take shape in this context, in order to imagine more ‘welcoming’ care relationships towards different types of knowledge

L'ocaina (famille witoto), jusque là peu décrit, est parlé par quelque 50 locuteurs en Amazonie Nord-Ouest. Notre description porte sur les catégories lexicales et leurs (sous-)classe, identifiées suivant leurs corrélats morphosyntaxiques. Une grande division correspond à leur aptitude à se constituer en centre prédicatif ; les sous-divisions renvoient à leur capacité d'instaurer des syntagmes et d'accueillir de la morphologie flexionnelle : catégories non prédicatives, n'instaurant pas de syntagmes : lexies-énoncés, particules, adverbes, adjectif (non flexionnables), adverbes (flexionnables) ; instaurant des syntagmes : postposition (flexionnables) ; catégories prédicatives, instaurant des syntagmes : idéophones (non flexionnables), verbes, noms et adverbes (flexionnables). La riche morphologie de l'ocaina (en particulier des catégories prédicatives flexionnables) justifie un exposé détaillé des processus morphologiques : flexion, translation et dérivation. Cette tripartition est obtenue par le croisement de la présence ou l'absence de l'un de ces critères : régularité, applicabilité à toute une (sous-)classe, variation sémantique impliquant un changement de (sous-)catégorie lexicale. Des analyses complétant l'abord théorique de certaines questions sont proposées. Par exemple, l'ocaina illustre un fait non documenté auparavant : la coexistence d'un système de genre et d'un système de suffixes classificatoires de discrétisation (cf «classificateurs »), exprimant la catégorie de nombre. D'autre part, les concepts de qualité, dits adjectivaux, sont exprimés par le seul adjectif de la langue, quelques noms substantifs et majoritairement par les adverbes prédicatifs
Ocaina (Witotoan), a language with little previous description, is still spoken by about fifty speakers in North-West Amazon. Our description focuses on lexical categories, its classes and sub-classes, identified by means of their morphosyntactic properties. The first distinction is based on the aptitude of the lexical categories to fonction as predicate nucleus; further distinctions can be made according to their ability to form phrases for which they are the head; and/or their ability to receive inflectional morphology: non predicative, with impossibility of heading phrases: lexical statements, particules, adverbs, adjectif (non inflectable), adverbs (inflectable); heading phrases: postposition (inflectable); predicative catégories, heading phrases: ideophones (non inflectables), verbs, noms and adverbs. The rich morphology of the language justifies a detailed presentation in terras of morphological processes: inflectional, transferential, and derivational. This subdivision is distinguished according to their regularity and their scope of application (a class or sub-class) and, whether or not they induce a semantic change involving a change of lexical category or sub-class. We propose analyses that complement the theoretical approach to certain issues. For instance, Ocaina illustrates the co-existence in the same language of a gender system and a system of classificatory suffixes of discretisation (see "classifiers"), markers which, in our analysis, express the number category. Furthermore, concepts of quality and property (adjectival concepts) are expressed in: adjective (just one); noun, with a handful of commun nouns; and, predicative adverbs, with (large inventory)

AbstractThe texts analysed in this chapter span the first three decades of India’s independence. Polish reporters document both the change that occurred in postcolonial India, and the lingering effects of foreign rule on society and culture of the Subcontinent. It is a former contact zone, a post-contact zone, where the former colonisers are absent but their presence can still be felt. Polish reporters visiting India in the 1950s and early 1960s, such as Witold Koehler, Jerzy Ros and Wiesław Górnicki often voice their critique of British colonialism, especially as (semi-official) representatives of a communist state, the Polish People’s Republic. In their accounts, they mention clubs allowing entry only to foreigners, the conflicts stirred by the colonial administration, lasting longer than the British rule, the greed of industrialists and the oppression of peasants. The reporters underline their anti-colonial viewpoint, but in many situations, they are trapped in the convention of colonial relations. Thus, the main question is whether reporters from socialist Poland can truly be anti-colonial, and, given their own dependence from the Soviet Union, can they be anti-imperialist?

Rebel star Ambareesh, a popular Kannada film actor and a politician, is considered a cult figure for various reasons including his contentious political career and unquestionable stardom. He was well known for controversial, witty, and sleazy statements in public. Yet he gained considerable attention within the party as he represented dominant Vokkaliga voters in Old Mysore part of the state. A large number of films cast him in scripts comprising a rebellious young man who would take down the entire system single-handedly. In his political career as an MP and state minister, he always shocks his party leaders with his “who cares” attitude like in his films. It is not only the rhetorical, chauvinistic statements alone that gained him popularity. The on-screen jingoism towards a region, roles appealing to feudal set up also welded Ambareesh's image as a “Proud son of Mandya.” The current chapter is an attempt to deconstruct the unique model of “Rebel Star,” which needs to be evaluated in the historical context of Kannada cinema along with reception among shared ideologies.

The given research presents the response of some callus characters of mature embryos of the Costel, Ingen 54, L 161 and Haiduc triticale genotypes to the culture filtrates of Alternaria alternata, Drechslera sorokiniana and Fusarium solani, administered in the Murashige and Skoog nutrient medium. The reaction was differentiated by both triticale genotype and fungal strains. In relation to the witness variant, the variability of the investigated indices showed re-sistance (R), medium resistance (MR) and only medium sensitivity (MS) for the callus surface in the Costel genotype. Through the cluster analysis (k-means) of the integral response to fungal metabolites, the high degree of similarity of the genotypes Ingen 54 and L 161 was established, located at Euclidean distances of 19.9 and 29.9 from other 2 genotypes. The genotypes Ingen 54 and L 161 showed values of the callus biomass index at the level of the witness variant, but also high yields in the vegetation conditions of 2022. Purpose. In conjunction with the genetic progress achieved in the last decades, the triti-cale species (x Triticosecale Wittm.) has become an advantageous crop. The high production of plant biomass, but also of grains in a high diversity of pedoclimatic conditions is derived from the high rate of carbon assimilation due to the physiology of the stomata, but also from the low rate of respiration. As a potential genetic source for breeding winter cereals, triticale presents a high genetic diversity of resistance to abiotic stress, a diversity that has not yet been fully ex-plored [2]. Limin A. and Fowler D. (1984) concluded that low temperature resistance of triticale is effectively inherited from rye and modulated by cytoplasmic factors. The expansion of the worldwide growing area has exposed triticale to a high variety of interrelationships of biotic and abiotic stress environments. Resistance to fungal diseases is being considered the most important and sustainable advantage of the culture. The resistance of triticale to fungal pathogens is attributed to the phenomenon of genetic protection from rye and wheat. However, it is evident that triticales have incorporated more susceptibility to wheat pathogens. Thus, filamentous fungi of the species Alternaria, Drechslera, and Fusarium show increased noxiousness in the agrocenosis of triticale, especially under conditions of climate change [1, 4]. Research on the response of immature embryos in vitro revealed the important role of the genotypic potential in the callus ability on media with Fusarium metabolites, though a better differentiation of the resistance of triticale genotypes to the action of fusaric acid [3]. Predictions associated with global climate change imply a large-scale redistribution of pathogens associated with the fungal agent complex in cereal agroecosystems worldwide. The inception of the sources of sustainable resistance is the most advantageous and ecological way to protect both triticale and common wheat from fungal diseases. The objective of this study is to estimate genetic variability for callus characters of mature embryos in response to fungal metabolites and identify sources of resistance to autumn triticale.