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1
Da'Na, Seif. « Israel's Settler-Colonial Water Regime : The Second Contradiction of Zionism ». Holy Land Studies 12, no 1 (mai 2013) : 43–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/hls.2013.0059.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper questions the ecological sustainability of the Zionist colonial scheme in Palestine. It outlines an ecologically-based narrative of the Arab-Israeli struggle by juxtaposing colonial Zionism and ecological Zionism to re-narrate the Arab-Israeli conflict using a recent interpretive mode that assumes as a principle concomitant environmental and colonial histories. Examining both the role of water in the history of the Zionist colonial scheme and Zionist agricultural practices, it argues that, similar to previous colonial European ventures, the sustainability of colonial Zionism is challenged by both Palestine's scarce hydrological resources and their mounting exploitation, spawning what I call the ‘inner tension of Zionism’. Given this dialectic of Zionism – that considering, among other things, the nature of Zionist colonial agriculture and settlers’ Western life style, the necessary increasing exploitation of Palestine's scarce resources challenges the sustainability of the colonial venture – the hydrological challenge, entwining with nationalist conflict, constitutes Zionism's second contradiction.11 Due to size limits and nature of this paper, I deal only with the first stage, 1882–1967. I deal with the next stage, 1967 and thereafter, elsewhere, although the typology employed for the distinction between stages is outlined below.
2
Reich, Bernard. « JOSEPH HELLER, The Birth of Israel, 1945–1949 : Ben-Gurion and His Critics (Gainesville : University Press of Florida, 2000). Pp. 379. $49.95. » International Journal of Middle East Studies 34, no 1 (février 2002) : 152–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743802321068.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Joseph Heller, associate professor of international relations at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem who has previously written about the transition from the Palestine Mandate to Israel (including a study of the Stern Gang and of Zionist politics in the pre-state period), examines a period of great interest to students of contemporary Middle Eastern history and politics, as well as to those who focus on Zionism, Israel, and the Arab–Israeli conflict. He analyzes the internal decision-making of the Zionist Yishuv (Jewish community in Palestine) leadership in Jerusalem from the end of World War II until the armistice agreements at the termination of the first Arab–Israeli War (the Israeli War of Independence; al-Nakba for the Arabs)—in other words, the events leading to and immediately following the creation of the State of Israel.
3
Quer, Giovanni Matteo. « Israel and Zionism in the Eyes of Palestinian Christian Theologians ». Religions 10, no 8 (19 août 2019) : 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10080487.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Christian activism in the Arab–Israeli conflict and theological reflections on the Middle East have evolved around Palestinian liberation theology as a theological–political doctrine that scrutinizes Zionism, the existence of Israel and its policies, developing a biblical hermeneutics that reverses the biblical narrative, in order to portray Israel as a wicked regime that operates in the name of a fallacious primitive god and that uses false interpretations of the scriptures. This article analyzes the theological political–theological views applied to the Arab–Israeli conflict developed by Geries Khoury, Naim Ateek, and Mitri Raheb—three influential authors and activists in different Christians denominations. Besides opposing Zionism and providing arguments for the boycott of Israel, such conceptualizations go far beyond the conflict, providing theological grounds for the denial of Jewish statehood echoing old anti-Jewish accusations.
4
Scholz, Norbert. « BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PERIODICAL LITERATURE ». Journal of Palestine Studies 33, no 3 (2004) : 206–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2004.33.3.206.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This section lists articles and reviews of books relevant to Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict. Entries are classified under the following headings: Reference and General; History (to 1948) and Geography; Palestinian Politics and Society; Jerusalem; Israeli Politics, Society, and Zionism; Arab and Middle Eastern Politics; International Relations; Law; Military; Economy, Society, and Education; Literature and Art; Book Reviews; and Reports Received.
5
Scholz, Norbert. « BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PERIODICAL LITERATURE ». Journal of Palestine Studies 34, no 1 (2004) : 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2004.34.1.195.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This section lists articles and reviews of books relevant to Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict. Entries are classified under the following headings: Reference and General; History (to 1948) and Geography; Palestinian Politics and Society; Jerusalem; Israeli Politics, Society, and Zionism; Arab and Middle Eastern Politics; International Relations; Law; Military; Economy, Society, and Education; Literature and Art; Book Reviews; and Reports Received.
6
Scholz, Norbert. « Bibliography of Periodical Literature ». Journal of Palestine Studies 42, no 2 (2013) : 188–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2013.42.2.188.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This section lists articles and reviews of books relevant to Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict. Entries are classified under the following headings: Reference and General; History (through 1948) and Geography; Palestinian Politics and Society; Jerusalem; Israeli Politics, Society, and Zionism; Arab and Middle Eastern Politics; International Relations; Law; Military; Economy, Society, and Education; Literature, Arts, and Culture; and Book Reviews.
7
Scholz, Norbert. « Bibliography of Periodical Literature ». Journal of Palestine Studies 42, no 3 (2013) : 212–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2013.42.3.212.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This section lists articles and reviews of books relevant to Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict. Entries are classified under the following headings: Reference and General; History (through 1948) and Geography; Palestinian Politics and Society; Jerusalem; Israeli Politics, Society, and Zionism; Arab and Middle Eastern Politics; International Relations; Law; Military; Economy, Society, and Education; Literature, Arts, and Culture; and Book Reviews.
8
Scholz, Norbert. « Bibliography of Periodical Literature ». Journal of Palestine Studies 44, no 4 (2015) : 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2015.44.4.s2.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This section lists articles and reviews of books relevant to Palestine and the Arab–Israeli conflict. Entries are classified under the following headings: Reference and General; History (through 1948) and Geography; Palestinian Politics and Society; Jerusalem; Israeli Politics, Society, and Zionism; Arab and Middle Eastern Politics; International Relations; Law; Military; Economy, Society, and Education; Literature, Arts, and Culture; and Book Reviews.
9
Scholz, Norbert. « Bibliography of Periodical Literature ». Journal of Palestine Studies 45, no 1 (2015) : 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2015.45.1.s2.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This section lists articles and reviews of books relevant to Palestine and the Arab–Israeli conflict. Entries are classified under the following headings: Reference and General; History (through 1948) and Geography; Palestinian Politics and Society; Jerusalem; Israeli Politics, Society, and Zionism; Arab and Middle Eastern Politics; International Relations; Law; Military; Economy, Society, and Education; Literature, Arts, and Culture; and Book Reviews.
10
Scholz, Norbert. « Bibliography of Periodical Literature ». Journal of Palestine Studies 45, no 2 (2016) : 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2016.45.2.s2.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This section lists articles and reviews of books relevant to Palestine and the Arab–Israeli conflict. Entries are classified under the following headings: Reference and General; History (through 1948) and Geography; Palestinian Politics and Society; Jerusalem; Israeli Politics, Society, and Zionism; Arab and Middle Eastern Politics; International Relations; Law; Military; Economy, Society, and Education; Literature, Arts, and Culture; and Book Reviews.
11
Scholz, Norbert. « Bibliography of Periodical Literature ». Journal of Palestine Studies 45, no 3 (2016) : 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2016.45.3.s2.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This section lists articles and reviews of books relevant to Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict. Entries are classified under the following headings: Reference and General; History (through 1948) and Geography; Palestinian Politics and Society; Jerusalem; Israeli Politics, Society, and Zionism; Arab and Middle Eastern Politics; International Relations; Law; Military; Economy, Society, and Education; Literature, Arts, and Culture; and Book Reviews.
12
Scholz, Norbert. « Bibliography of Periodical Literature ». Journal of Palestine Studies 45, no 4 (2016) : 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2016.45.4.s2.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This section lists articles and reviews of books relevant to Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict. Entries are classified under the following headings: Reference and General; History (through 1948) and Geography; Palestinian Politics and Society; Jerusalem; Israeli Politics, Society, and Zionism; Arab and Middle Eastern Politics; International Relations; Law; Military; Economy, Society, and Education; Literature, Arts, and Culture; and Book Reviews.
13
Scholz, Norbert. « Bibliography of Periodical Literature ». Journal of Palestine Studies 46, no 1 (2016) : 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2016.46.1.s2.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This section lists articles and reviews of books relevant to Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict. Entries are classified under the following headings: Reference and General; History (through 1948) and Geography; Palestinian Politics and Society; Jerusalem; Israeli Politics, Society, and Zionism; Arab and Middle Eastern Politics; International Relations; Law; Military; Economy, Society, and Education; Literature, Arts, and Culture; and Book Reviews.
14
Ginat, Rami. « Jewish Identities in the Arab Middle East : The Case of Egypt in Retrospect ». International Journal of Middle East Studies 46, no 3 (18 juillet 2014) : 593–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743814000646.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Much work has been done in recent decades on the histories of the Jews of Arab lands across a variety of time periods, reflecting an increasing interest in the historical past of the Jews of the “Orient.” While diverse, this literature may be divided into several general groups. The first comprises studies written by Western and Israeli scholars and encompasses a broad spectrum of Arabic-speaking countries. This literature has explored, among other things, issues relating to the way of life and administration of ethnically and culturally diverse Jewish communities, their approaches to Zionism and the question of their national identities, their positions regarding the Zionist–Israeli–Arab conflict in its various phases, and the phenomena of anti-Semitism, particularly in light of the increasing escalation of the conflict. It includes works by Israeli intellectuals of Mizrahi heritage, some of whom came together in the late 1990s in a sociopolitical dissident movement known as the Mizrahi Democratic Rainbow Coalition. The target audience of this movement was Mizrahi Jews: refugees and emigrants from Arab countries as well as their second- and third-generation offspring. The movement, which was not ideologically homogeneous (particularly regarding approaches to the resolution of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict), took a postcolonialist approach to the Zionist narrative and enterprise, and was critical of the entrenchment of the Ashkenazi (European-extraction) Jews among the elites of the emerging Israeli society. The movement had scant success in reaching its target population: the majority of Mizrahi/Sephardi Jews living in Israel. Nevertheless, it brought to the fore the historical socioeconomic injustices that many Jews from Arab countries had experienced since arriving in Israel, whether reluctantly or acquiescently.
15
Scholz, Norbert. « Bibliography of Periodical Literature ». Journal of Palestine Studies 46, no 2 (2017) : 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2017.46.2.s2.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This bibliography lists articles and reviews of books relevant to Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict from the quarter 16 August–15 November 2015. Entries are classified under the following headings: Reference and General; History (through 1948) and Geography; Palestinian Politics and Society; Jerusalem; Israeli Politics, Society, and Zionism; Arab and Middle Eastern Politics; International Relations; Law; Military; Economy, Society, and Education; Literature, Arts, and Culture; and Book Reviews.
16
Scholz, Norbert. « Bibliography of Periodical Literature ». Journal of Palestine Studies 46, no 3 (2017) : 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2017.46.3.s2.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This bibliography lists articles and reviews of books relevant to Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict from the quarter 16 November 2016–15 February 2017. Entries are classified under the following headings: Reference and General; History (through 1948) and Geography; Palestinian Politics and Society; Jerusalem; Israeli Politics, Society, and Zionism; Arab and Middle Eastern Politics; International Relations; Law; Military; Economy, Society, and Education; Literature, Arts, and Culture; and Book Reviews.
17
Scholz, Norbert. « Bibliography of Periodical Literature ». Journal of Palestine Studies 46, no 4 (2017) : 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2017.46.4.s2.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This bibliography lists articles and reviews of books relevant to Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict from the quarter 16 February-15 May 2017. Entries are classified under the following headings: Reference and General; History (through 1948) and Geography; Palestinian Politics and Society; Jerusalem; Israeli Politics, Society, and Zionism; Arab and Middle Eastern Politics; International Relations; Law; Military; Economy, Society, and Education; Literature, Arts, and Culture; and Book Reviews.
18
Scholz, Norbert. « Bibliography of Periodical Literature ». Journal of Palestine Studies 47, no 1 (2017) : 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2017.47.1.s2.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This bibliography lists articles and reviews of books relevant to Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict from the quarter 16 May-15 August 2017. Entries are classified under the following headings: Reference and General; History (through 1948) and Geography; Palestinian Politics and Society; Jerusalem; Israeli Politics, Society, and Zionism; Arab and Middle Eastern Politics; International Relations; Law; Military; Economy, Society, and Education; Literature, Arts, and Culture; and Book Reviews.
19
Scholz, Norbert. « Bibliography of Periodical Literature ». Journal of Palestine Studies 47, no 2 (2018) : 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2018.47.2.s2.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This bibliography lists articles and reviews of books relevant to Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict from the quarter 16 August-15 November 2017. Entries are classified under the following headings: Reference and General; History (through 1948) and Geography; Palestinian Politics and Society; Jerusalem; Israeli Politics, Society, and Zionism; Arab and Middle Eastern Politics; International Relations; Law; Military; Economy, Society, and Education; Literature, Arts, and Culture; and Book Reviews.
20
Scholz, Norbert. « Bibliography of Periodical Literature ». Journal of Palestine Studies 47, no 3 (2018) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2018.47.3.s2.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This bibliography lists articles and reviews of books relevant to Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict from the quarter 16 November-15 February 2018. Entries are classified under the following headings: Reference and General; History (through 1948) and Geography; Palestinian Politics and Society; Jerusalem; Israeli Politics, Society, and Zionism; Arab and Middle Eastern Politics; International Relations; Law; Military; Economy, Society, and Education; Literature, Arts, and Culture; and Book Reviews.
21
Scholz, Norbert. « Bibliography of Periodical Literature ». Journal of Palestine Studies 47, no 4 (2018) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2018.47.4.s2.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This bibliography lists articles and reviews of books relevant to Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict from 16 May to 15 August 2018. Entries are classified under the following headings: Reference and General; History (through 1948) and Geography; Palestinian Politics and Society; Jerusalem; Israeli Politics, Society, and Zionism; Arab and Middle Eastern Politics; International Relations; Law; Military; Economy, Society, and Education; Literature, Arts, and Culture; and Book Reviews.
22
Scholz, Norbert. « Bibliography of Recent Works ». Journal of Palestine Studies 49, no 2 (2020) : 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2020.49.2.119.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This section lists literature and reviews of books relevant to Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict. Entries are classified under the following headings: Palestine in Global and Comparative Perspectives; Palestine and the Palestinians; Literature and the Arts; Middle East and the Arab World; Israel and Zionism; and Recent Theses and Dissertations.
23
Hassan Dahab, Mahdi Dahab. « Political Geography and its Impact on Conflict in the Middle East : "Israel and the Arabs as a sample ». Tikrit Journal For Political Science, no 17 (2 décembre 2019) : 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/poltic.v0i17.195.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Recent international conflicts have witnessed developments in all aspects, whether at the level of the parties to the conflict, the tactics used, the tools used, the battlefields and the theater, especially those ongoing conflicts that may take a long time to complicate the conflict and its root and its unity, such as the Arab-Israeli conflict in the Middle East. Recent international conflicts have witnessed developments in all aspects, whether at the level of the parties to the conflict, the tactics used, the tools used, the battlefields and the theater, especially those ongoing conflicts that may take a long time to complicate the conflict and its root and its unity, such as the Arab-Israeli conflict in the Middle East. It is noteworthy that this conflict is one of the complex conflicts in which the methods and tools of the conflict change, even though they began to be ideological by the Jews and international Zionism, which sought to link the occupation of the Arab territories with the belief of the Promised Land.
However, geopolitics began to overshadow the Jewish state and impose a reality on it Of its ambition to implement the Greater Israel Plan from the Nile to the Euphrates, as a result of the geopolitical data of the Israeli entity, be it at the level of demography or the level of the area and the so-called defense in depth and water scarcity and strategic support in the region. This study is based on the premise that geopolitics has become an important element in guiding the Arab-Israeli conflict to the extent that it imposes a reality on Israel in the need to think realistically and reduce its ambition in the region. On the other hand, geopolitics influenced Israel's security strategy in military tactics. In the first strike, the transfer of conflict outside its borders, the intensive fire strategy and the scorched-earth policy of anti-democratic growth that favors the Arabs, as well as its adherence to the West Bank to increase its depth from Qalqilya in the West Bank to Tel aviv in the Mediterranean for a few miles (10 miles) Therefore, this study will attempt to use a different method to understand the Arab-Israeli conflict using geopolitics
24
Scholz, Norbert. « Bibliography of Periodical Literature ». Journal of Palestine Studies 48, no 1 (2018) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2018.48.1.s2.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This bibliography lists articles and reviews of books relevant to Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict from the quarter 16 May–15 August 2018. Entries are classified under the following headings: Palestine in Global and Comparative Perspectives; Palestine and the Palestinians; Literature and the Arts; Middle East and the Arab World; Israel and Zionism; and Recent Theses and Dissertations.
25
Scholz, Norbert. « Bibliography of Periodical Literature ». Journal of Palestine Studies 48, no 2 (2019) : 114–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2019.48.2.114.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This bibliography lists articles and reviews of books relevant to Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict from the quarter 16 August–15 November 2018. Entries are classified under the following headings: Palestine in Global and Comparative Perspectives; Palestine and the Palestinians; Literature and the Arts; Middle East and the Arab World; Israel and Zionism; and Recent Dissertations.
26
Scholz, Norbert. « Bibliography of Periodical Literature ». Journal of Palestine Studies 48, no 3 (2019) : 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2019.48.3.123.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This bibliography lists articles and reviews of books relevant to Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict from the quarter 16 November 2018–15 February 2019. Entries are classified under the following headings: Palestine in Global and Comparative Perspectives; Palestine and the Palestinians; Literature and the Arts; Middle East and the Arab World; Israel and Zionism; and Recent Dissertations.
27
Scholz, Norbert. « Recent Works ». Journal of Palestine Studies 48, no 4 (2019) : 153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2019.48.4.153.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This bibliography lists articles and reviews of books relevant to Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict from the quarter 16 February–15 May 2019. Entries are classified under the following headings: Palestine in Global and Comparative Perspectives; Palestine and the Palestinians; Literature and the Arts; Middle East and the Arab World; Israel and Zionism; and Recent Theses and Dissertations.
28
Scholz, Norbert. « Bibliography of Recent Works ». Journal of Palestine Studies 49, no 1 (2019) : 141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2019.49.1.141.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This bibliography lists articles and reviews of books relevant to Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict from the quarter 16 May–15 August 2019. Entries are classified under the following headings: Palestine in Global and Comparative Perspectives; Palestine and the Palestinians; Literature and the Arts; Middle East and the Arab World; Israel and Zionism; and Recent Theses and Dissertations.
29
Scholz, Norbert. « Bibliography of Recent Works ». Journal of Palestine Studies 49, no 3 (2020) : 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2020.49.3.105.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This bibliography lists articles and reviews of books relevant to Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict from the quarter 16 November–16 February 2020. Entries are classified under the following headings: Palestine in Global and Comparative Perspectives; Palestine and the Palestinians; Literature and the Arts; Middle East and the Arab World; Israel and Zionism; and Recent Theses and Dissertations.
30
Scholz, Norbert. « Bibliography of Recent Works ». Journal of Palestine Studies 49, no 4 (2020) : 168–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2020.49.4.168.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This bibliography lists articles and reviews of books relevant to Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict from the quarter 16 February–15 May 2020. Entries are classified under the following headings: Palestine in Global and Comparative Perspectives; Palestine and the Palestinians; Literature and the Arts; Middle East and the Arab World; Israel and Zionism; and Recent Theses and Dissertations.
31
Rickenbacher, Daniel. « The Anti-Israel Movement in Québec in the 1970s : At the Ideological Crossroads of the New Left and Liberation-Nationalism ». Canadian Jewish Studies / Études juives canadiennes 29 (13 juin 2020) : 81–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1916-0925.40170.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Since the late 1950s, Third World nationalism in Algeria, Vietnam, and the Middle East had fascinated radical Quebec nationalists. Quebec nationalism’s militant arm, the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ), styled itself as a national-liberation movement fighting against Anglo-Canadian exploitation and oppression. After the Six-Day-War, the PLO became a significant source of inspiration for these elements. Quebec was their Palestine, as one prominent Quebec Nationalist asserted. This militant Quebec nationalism coincided and often overlapped with the rise of the New Left at Quebec’s universities and in its unions. Like its European and American counterparts, the Quebec New Left adopted the ideologies of anti-imperialism and anti-Zionism, and in 1972, the Quebec-Palestine Association was established in this milieu. Anti-imperialism combined the Marxist analysis of class struggle with a nationalistic worldview, which saw the world divided between oppressor and oppressed nations. For the New Left, Israel became the epitome of an oppressor nation. It was associated with all the supposed vices of the West: Racism, capitalism, inauthenticity, and militarism. This paper sheds light on the founding years of the Quebec anti-Zionist movement in the early 1970 and discusses the themes and images it used to describe Israel and the Arab-Israeli conflict. Furthermore, the paper investigates whether these articulations a genuine critique of Zionism and Israeli policies or whether they were, instead, a reflection of antisemitic stereotypes. Moreover, the paper compares Quebec anti-Zionism to parallel manifestations of New Left anti-Zionism in Germany, asking whether the cultural context in Quebec affected the message of anti-Zionism.
32
Shaw, Tony, et Giora Goodman. « Star power : Kirk Douglas, celebrity activism and the Hollywood-Israel connection ». Historical Research 93, no 259 (21 janvier 2020) : 153–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hisres/htz006.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract This article scrutinizes the actor Kirk Douglas’s pro-Israeli advocacy over six decades, both on the screen and off it, setting this within the contexts of the Arab-Israeli conflict and the links between Hollywood and Zionism. It looks at why and how Douglas supported Israel and considers what the star’s advocacy says about the history of celebrity activism and the interconnections between the American Jewish community, Hollywood and Israel. The article argues that Douglas was a major player in the special relationship that developed between Hollywood and Israel after 1948, one that, despite recent troubles, endures to this day.
33
Webman, Esther. « Rethinking the Role of Religion in Arab Antisemitic Discourses ». Religions 10, no 7 (1 juillet 2019) : 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10070415.
Texte intégralRésumé :
“The Palestinian cause is not about land and soil, but it is about faith and belief,” insist Islamists in their attempts to Islamize the Arab–Israeli conflict. This paper examines the instrumentalization of religion in the conflict since its early stages, and its impact on Arab antisemitic discourses. It is based on an ongoing research project exploring references to the Jews in Arab, particularly the Palestinian and Egyptian, Islamist as well as nationalist media, during major landmarks in the conflict’s history, from the Arab Wailing Wall riots in 1929 up to US president Donald Trump’s recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel in December 2017. It contends that despite the intensified exploitation of Islam in the incitement against Israel, Zionism, and the Jews, and despite the traditional enmity towards the Jews as a group deriving from Islam, preliminary findings show that the most common themes in the Arab antisemitic discourse originate from a more modern, exogenous vocabulary and perceptions. Classical Christian–Western tropes, such as conspiracy theories epitomized in the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, Nazi terminology, and Holocaust denial, are extensively used and are much more pervasive.
34
Greenstein, Ran. « Class, Nation, and Political Organization : The Anti-Zionist Left in Israel/Palestine ». International Labor and Working-Class History 75, no 1 (2009) : 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547909000076.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractThe paper discusses historical lessons offered by the experience of two leftwing movements, the pre-1948 Palestinian Communist Party, and the post-1948 Israeli Socialist Organization (Matzpen). The focus of discussion is the relationship between class and nation as principles of organization.The Palestinian Communist Party was shaped by forces that shaped the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: British rule, Zionist ideology and settlement practices, and Arab nationalism. At intensified conflict periods it was torn apart by the pressures of competing nationalisms. By the end of the period, its factions agreed on one principle: the need to treat members of both national groups equally, whether as individuals or as groups entitled to self-determination. This position was rejected by both national movements as incompatible with their quest for control.In the post-1948 period, Matzpen epitomized the radical critique of Zionism. It was the clearest voice speaking against the 1967 occupation and for restoration of Palestinian rights. However, it never moved beyond the political margins, and its organization failed to provide members with a sustainable mode of activism. It was replaced by a new mode, mobilizing people around specific issues instead of presenting an overall program.The paper concludes with suggestions on how the Left may use these lessons to develop a strategy to focus on the quest for social justice and human rights.
35
Rudd, Gordon W. « The Israeli Revisionist Historians and the Arab-Israeli Conflict--Part One : From the Founding of Zionism to the 1967 War ». Journal of Military History 67, no 4 (2003) : 1263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2003.0330.
Texte intégral
36
Perez, Shelby. « Palestine…It Is Something Colonial ». American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 35, no 4 (29 octobre 2018) : 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v35i4.475.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has not existed since the beginning of time. Hatem Bazian explores the roots of the conflict, locating the Zionist movement as a settler colonial project under the tutelage of British colonial efforts. Bazian’s text is a look at and beyond first-hand accounts, an investigation of and critical analysis of settler practice in relation to similar texts such as Sari Nusseibeh’s Once Upon a Country: A Palestinian Life, Alan Dowty’s Israel/Palestine, and Ari Shavit’s My Promised Land. Hatem Bazian’s Palestine…it is something colonial is not an introduction to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Readers should possess a basic understanding of the conflict and history of the region over the last century. Nor does this text provide the reader with an unbiased look at the timeline of events since the inception of the Zionist movement. Palestine…it is something colonial instead is a rich critique of the Zionist movement and British colonialism. It investigates the way British colonialism influenced Zionism and how Zionism adopted colonial ideas and practices. Bazian locates Zionism as a settler colonialist movement still at work today, which historically planned and systematically executed the removal of Palestinians from their land, with the aid of the United Kingdom and (later) the United States. Bazian examines Ottoman collapse, the colonization of Palestine by the British, Israel’s biblical theology of dispossession, as well as British colonial incubation of Zionism, Zionism as a Eurocentric episteme, the building of Israel through ethnic cleansing, and the Nakba, all of these culminating in legalized dispossession. Throughout the text, Bazian is able to tie each chapter to the present state of affairs and remind the audience of the trauma of a people forcibly removed. Bazian opens with the straightforward assertion that “Palestine is the last settler-colonial project to be commissioned in the late 19th early 20th centuries and still unfolding in the 21st century with no end in sight” (17). In chapter one, “Dissecting the Ottomans and Colonizing Palestine,” Bazian navigates the biased historiography of the fall of the Ottoman empire, linking the collapse of the empire to the colonizing forces of Europe which sought to ensure access to the newly discovered oil in the region as well as to Asia and Africa. Bazian masterfully steers the reader through the history of European intervention, and in particular on behalf of Christians as ethnic minorities in the Middle East. Europe is historically anti-Jewish; at the turn of the century, Zionism was determined to solve Europe’s “Jewish Problem” and maintain a stronghold in the Middle East, he writes. In chapter two, “Israel’s Biblical Theology of Dispossession,” Bazian explores the biblical roots of Zionist ideology. The chapter opens with a discussion of a contemporary Bedouin tribe being expelled in the Negev. Bazian writes that “the biblical text gets transformed into policy by the Zionist state, by which it then normalizes or makes legal the wholesale theft of Palestinian lands and expulsion of the population”(57) using legal documents such as the Levy Report. These policies create “facts on the ground” which lead to “legalized expulsions.” The Bible was central to the historical development of the European Christian supremacist idea of the Holy Land. The loss of the territory conquered during the Crusades ruptured this notion, a break “fixed” through Zionism. In chapter three, “British Colonialism and Incubation of Zionism,”Bazian begins to address British colonialism and Zionism as complementary. Bazian uses primary texts from British political actors of the time, such as Lord Robert Cecil and Lord Balfour, to establish the anti-Semiticinspiration for British actions of the time. Bazian also successfully uses the Hussein-McMahon Correspondence and the Sykes-Picot agreement to establish the double dealings of the British in the Middle East in the early twentieth century. Bazian uses many primary texts in this chapter effectively, though their organization could leave readers confused. Chapter four, “Zionism: Eurocentric Colonial Epistemic,” continues the themes of the prior chapter as the colonial influence is cemented. In this chapter, Bazian explores the subterfuge and the genius propaganda selling Palestine as “a land without a people for a people without a land” along with “making the desert bloom”—as if the indigenous Arab people were not there. Bazian frames this chapter within the Zionist ideology of the peoples living in the land being only a barrier to a Jewish state in Palestine. Bazian uses primary sources (e.g., Herzl) to defend the assertion that the removal of the Palestinian people was always a piece of the Zionist plan. Bazian also includes Jewish critical voices (e.g., excerpts from the reporter Ella Shohat) to establish the European Jewish bias against the indigenous Arab peoples, including Sephardic Jews. Bazian that these biases and the effort to remove Palestinians from their land defined the early Zionist movement and the creation of the state of Israel in chapter five, “Building a State and Ethnic Cleansing.” This chapter draws extensively on primary sources: correspondence, reports, declarations, agreements, commissions, and maps. Bazian struggles to organize these rich resources in a clear fashion; however, his analysis matches the richness of the sources. These sources establish the “legalized” systematic removal of the Palestinians from the land by the Israelis in 1948. In chapter six, “The Nakba,” Bazian uses further legal documents and first-hand accounts to trace the forced removal of Palestinians. He pays homage to the trauma while critically dissecting the process of legalizing ethnic cleansing and peddling the innocence of the Israelis to the rest of the world. Bazian profoundly concludes his chapter with the story of a Palestinian boy who witnessed the mass executions of men and women of his village and marched away from his home. The boy, now a man, closed his story with poignant words that capture the horror of the Nakba: “The road to Ramallah had become an open cemetery” (241). After the land was emptied the new state of Israel needed to legally take possession of the Palestinian-owned property. Chapter seven, “Colonial Machination,” elaborates this process: “the State of Israel is structured to give maximum attention to fulfillment of the settler-colonial project and the state apparatus is directed toward achieving this criminal enterprise” (243). The name “Palestine” is erased as a name for the land and the peoples; former colonial and Ottoman laws were twisted to support a systematic theft of the land. Bazian concludes his book with a look to the future: “What is the way forward and Palestine’s de-colonial horizon?” (276). He lays out the options available for true and lasting peace, discounting out of hand the twostate solution as impossible due to the extent of the settlements in the West Bank. He also dismisses both the options of the removal of Palestinians and the removal of the Jewish people. He instead posits a way forward through a one-state solution, leaving how this is to be done to the reader and the people of Israel/Palestine to determine. Bazian has contributed a full-bodied analysis of primary sources to defend his assertion that Zionism has always been a settler colonial movement with its goal being a land devoid of the indigenous people. The organization of the text, the lack of sectioning in the chapters, and the technical insertion and citation of primary sources could be improved for clearer reading. Bazian thoroughly defends his thesis with tangible evidence that Zionism is something colonial, and has been something colonial from the start. This is a text that complicates the narrative of what colonialism is, what the State of Israel is, and who and what Palestine is, together establishing the book as required reading for understanding nuances of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Shelby Perez Master’s Divinity Candidate Chicago Theological Seminary
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Lederhendler, Eli. « The Arab-Israeli Conflict in American Political Culture ; The New American Zionism ; Trouble in the Tribe : The American Jewish Conflict Over Israel ». Journal of Israeli History 36, no 1 (2 janvier 2017) : 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13531042.2017.1299076.
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Stepkin, E. A. « On Political Islam in Palestine ». MGIMO Review of International Relations, no 5(44) (28 octobre 2015) : 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-5-44-168-172.
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Abstract: This article deals with analyzing the place and the political Islam occupies on the Palestinian territories. The author tries to prove that despite the “Arab spring” and growing popularity of Islamism in the neighbor Arab countries its popular support among Palestinians is low. The main reason for this is Israeli total control of political, economic and - partially - social processes taking place in the West Bank. Position of the officials in Ramallah who together with Tel-Aviv strictly contain spread of Islamism throughout the West Bank also has a strong suppressing effect. Central Palestinian leadership may be called one of the few secular political establishments that are still in power in the Arab countries. The main explanation for this is the desire to make a positive effect on the international community, which Palestine totally depends on in political and financial terms. Also one should keep in mind secular beliefs of the current political elite in Palestine. President Mahmoud Abbas with his counterparts from FATAH and PLO represent old type of Arab nationalist politicians, almost all of who were stripped from power after the beginning of “Arab spring” in 2011. Finally, Palestinian society itself still feels united by the idea of national liberation from the Israeli occupation. This helps Palestinians to put aside the issue of religious self-identification. According to the surveys, most of Palestinians still rank their national identity number while describing their identity, while religion comes only second (despite the strong stable tendency for growing Islamization of their views). The only Palestinian enclave where political Islam has gained ground is isolated Gaza Strip. However ruling there “Islamic Resistance Movement” (HAMAS), despite declared anti-Zionism and Islamism, in reality show pragmatic readiness for certain coordination of its actions with Israel and central government in Ramallah. Nowadays one can witness the deepening conflict within the Islamist camp - between HAMAS and more radical Salafists, who support “Islamic State” in Iraq and Syria. In the final end the fate of Political Islam in Palestine will depend on the success of Middle East peace process.
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Hentsch, Thierry. « La politique israélienne de Sadate ou l’énigme de la stratégie égyptienne ». Études internationales 11, no 4 (12 avril 2005) : 647–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/701113ar.
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It is generally accepted that a power relation is at the base of every negotiation and that, to the extent possible, each State attempts to negotiate when that relation is the most weighted in its favour, especially if the subject matter of negotiation is perceived by it as being of vital importance. Over several years all of Israel's neighbours, Egypt among them, obstinately refused to negotiate (at least openly) with the Zionist State apparently counting on an improvement in the power relation in their favour. An improvement moreover that eventually seemed possible with the relative yet nonetheless important successes of the October 1973 war. The enigma that Sadat's policy constitutes from this vantage point resides precisely in the fact that that policy appears to upset the power relation that made the October War possible and that led to Israel's first setback. The economic difficulties and reorientation of the Egyptian regime (both towards the West and towards private enterprise) do not, by themselves, explain what is referred to as Egypt’s « defeatist » diplomacy. This diplomacy also reflects a strategic coherency that can only be understood within the historical perspective of the Arab-Israeli conflict and by undertaking a rigourous analysis of Zionism and its principal sources of political support. Sadat, by a paradoxical exploitation of a position of weakness, attempts to transform politically that relative weakness into a position of strength in order to wrest from Israel that which the Arabs have not succeeded in obtaining by armed force. He pursues the war, but by the other means. Nevertheless, the success of these means depends to a great extent on the attitudes of the other countries of the battlefield.
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Toth, Anthony B. « LAILA PARSONS, The Druze Between Palestine and Israel, 1947–49, St Antony's Series (New York : St. Martin's Press, 2000). Pp. 197. $65.00 cloth. » International Journal of Middle East Studies 34, no 1 (février 2002) : 159–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743802351067.
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Laila Parsons situates her study alongside those of the so-called new historians of the Arab– Israeli conflict who in recent years have rewritten large parts of the dominant narratives of the “traditionalist” historians. One of elements of these narratives has been the assumption that the struggle between Arabs and Jews was a starkly bipolar affair, with a relatively small number of Jews in conflict with a much larger, monolithic population of Arabs. Recent “revisionist” works, however, have shown that this interpretation is inaccurate. For example, an integral part of Zionist policy was to make contact with various Arab leaders and groups before, during, and after the emergence of the State of Israel and forge relationships that could advance the movement's geopolitical agenda. Scholars who have worked on this question include Avi Shlaim (Collusion across the Jordan: King Abdullah, the Zionist Movement, and the Partition of Palestine and The Politics of Partition: King Abdullah, the Zionists and Palestine, 1921–1951) and Kirsten Schulze (Israel's Covert Diplomacy in Lebanon). In The Druze Between Palestine and Israel, a compact and narrowly focused study based on the author's doctoral thesis, Parsons skillfully employs archival sources in Israel, as well as published accounts in English, Arabic, and Hebrew, to show how Zionist officials developed relationships with Druze leaders and representatives and how these links could benefit both sides.
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Garami, Bosmat. « Chronology and Ideology ». European Television Memories 2, no 3 (30 juin 2013) : 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18146/2213-0969.2013.jethc036.
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This paper examines two major Israeli historic-documentary television series, PILLAR OF FIRE (POF), product of the 1970's, and REVIVAL (RL), product of the 1990's.The series deal with the Zionist enterprise and its realization. The research applies Gerard Genette's central narratological typology to the series' temporal structures, through the categories of Order, Duration and Frequency. Findings show that while POF's classic, linear, , historicist structure serves its celebration of the Zionist narrative, RL employs a unique, complex , multi-dimensional structure, which enables its historical multivocality, and supports its critical presentation of the cyclical Arab-Israeli Conflict and revisionism of Israeli history.
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Mazzucotelli, Francesco. « Les « printemps arabes » au miroir du Ḥizb Allāh ». Oriente Moderno 94, no 2 (18 novembre 2014) : 357–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340062.
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This essay analyzes how Ḥizb Allāh frames its reading of the ‘Arab Spring’ and the ongoing Syrian conflict within the lines of a global interpretation of regional politics. The Middle East is seen as the battleground between ‘the American-Zionist axis’ and its local proxies, on the one hand, and the ‘axis of opposition and rejection’ (al-mumānaʿah), on the other hand. According to Ḥizb Allāh’s thought, the Arab uprisings should be assessed according to the role that they can play in the ongoing conflict between the ‘logic of hegemony’ of the American-Israeli policies in the region and the ‘anti-imperialist resistance’. Therefore in this binary logic, the key element of evaluation is not democracy per se but the position of existing regimes and opposition movements vis-à-vis the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and theus-Israeli plans in the Region.
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Alahmed, Nadia. « “The Shape of the Wrath to Come” ». James Baldwin Review 6, no 1 (29 septembre 2020) : 28–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/jbr.6.3.
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This article traces the evolution of James Baldwin’s discourse on the Arab–Israeli conflict as connected to his own evolution as a Black thinker, activist, and author. It creates a nuanced trajectory of the transformation of Baldwin’s thought on the Arab–Israeli conflict and Black and Jewish relations in the U.S. This trajectory is created through the lens of Baldwin’s relationship with some of the major radical Black movements and organizations of the twentieth century: Malcolm X, Elijah Muhammad and the Nation of Islam, and, finally, the Black Power movement, especially the Black Panther Party. Using Baldwin as an example, the article displays the Arab–Israeli conflict as a terrain Black radicals used to articulate their visions of the nature of Black oppression in the U.S., strategies of resistance, the meaning of Black liberation, and articulations of Black identity. It argues that the study of Baldwin’s transformation from a supporter of the Zionist project of nation-building to an advocate of Palestinian rights and national aspirations reveals much about the ideological transformations of the larger Black liberation movement.
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BEININ, JOEL. « Forgetfulness for Memory : The Limits of the New Israeli History ». Journal of Palestine Studies 34, no 2 (1 janvier 2005) : 6–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2005.34.2.006.
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Many believe that the ““new historians”” represent a revolution in Israeli intellectual life. However, the exclusion of Arab voices and sources of evidence, especially in the work of Benny Morris, limited the extent of that revolution and situates some of the new history close to traditional Zionist categories of knowledge. This historical exclusion partly explains Morris's retreat to the Israeli political center since the outbreak of the second intifada. Meron Benvenisti's outlook and ““relational”” approaches to the history of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict are intellectual methods with a more promising political perspective.
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Ram, Uri. « Israeli Sociology : Social Thought Amidst Struggles and Conflicts ». Irish Journal of Sociology 23, no 1 (mai 2015) : 98–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/ijs.23.1.6.
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The basic challenge of Israeli sociology always has been, and continues to be to present days, the designation of its object of study; i.e. ‘Israeli society’. The history of Israeli sociology and its conception of ‘Israeli society’ may be discerned into the five following modules: 1. Proto-sociology. In the pre-state era, sociological thought thrived within the context of the socialist Zionism. The two prominent ‘proto-sociologists' were Arthur Ruppin and Martin Buber, who professed German communal perspectives. 2. Modernization sociology. The formative phase of sociology as a discipline was from 1950 to 1977. It was led by Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt, who effected a transition from the German anti-modernist paradigm to an American modernization theory. 3. Critical sociology. The critical phase took place in the 1970s and 1980s. Critical sociology was manifested in elitism, pluralism, Marxism, feminism and colonization approaches. Simultaneously there emerged a robust branch of ‘quantitative sociology’. 4. Post-modern sociology. The turn towards post-modernity started in the 1990s. The three noticeable post-modern perspectives are: post-structuralism, post-colonialism and post-Marxism. 5. Palestinian Arab sociology in Israel. Palestinian Arab sociology is emerging and coming to its own since the 1990s. It reflects integration as well as alienation.
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Rowe, Paul S. « Postponing Armageddon ? Christian Zionist and Palestinian Christian Responses to the Problem of Peace ». Chronos 28 (21 mars 2019) : 67–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31377/chr.v28i0.399.
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Of all the problems of peacemaking and peacebuilding in the modern international system, none is as contentious a matter of religion and identity as that of the Arab-Israeli conflict. The weight of spiritual significance and history has caused more than one author to expound upon the way religion has uniquely marked this land. Foreign interest and interference in the allocation of privileges and ownership in the region have led one recent analyst to bemoan the plight of this "much too promised land." (Miller 2008) In a history of the conflict written long before its descent into the first and second intifadas and the expansion of the number of religious antagonists, David Smith noted that .the years after the 1967 [Arab-Israeli] war would defy a solution an spawn a new conflict between Arabs and Jews. In the tiny battleground of the West Bank — just 80 miles long and 26 miles wide — the two peoples would live together, contesting the same territory. Many on both sides would claim that it was granted to them by God... In the process, Arabs and Jews would be locked in a modern-day secular conflict, fuelled by age-old religious zealotry and bigotry. They would become prisoners of God. (Smith 1987: 4)
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SHEM-TOV, NAPHTALY. « Performing Iraqi-Jewish History on the Israeli Stage ». Theatre Research International 44, no 3 (octobre 2019) : 248–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883319000294.
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The analysis of the following two Israeli plays is the focus of this article: Ghosts in the Cellar (Haifa Theatre, 1983) by Sami Michael, and The Father's Daughters (Hashahar Theatre, 2015) by Gilit Itzhaki. These plays deal with the Farhud – a pogrom which took place in Iraq in 1941, in which two hundred Iraqi Jews were massacred by an Iraqi nationalist mob. The Farhud has become a traumatic event in the memory of this Jewish community. Using the concept of ‘performing history’ as advanced by Freddie Rokem, I observe how these plays, as theatre of a marginalized group, engage in the production of memory and history as well as in the processing of grief. These plays present the Farhud and correspond with the Zionist narrative in two respects: (1) they present the traumatic historical event of these Middle Eastern Jews in the light of its disappearance in Zionist history, and (2) their performance includes Arab cultural and language elements of Iraqi-Jewish identity, and thus implicitly points out the complex situation of the Arab–Israeli conflict.
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Qaraya, Bashir Abul. « Al-Aqsa Mosque and The Third Palestinian Intifada ». GATR Global Journal of Business and Social Science Review (GJBSSR) Vol.5(3) Jul-Sep 2017 5, no 3 (14 juin 2017) : 14–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2017.5.3(15).
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Objective - This paper highlights the threats that Al-Aqsa Mosque is exposed from the Zionist entity. It seeks to recognize the gradual Judaizing attempts that are being implemented on the factual level. In more comprehensive frameworks, the paper also addresses the Judaizing of Jerusalem science occupying the sacred city in 1967. There is no doubt that these Zionist practices have led to igniting a third Intifada. This paper examines the evolution of active power's map and their interactions, which includes: The Israeli occupation authority, Jewish religious groups, the Palestinian Authority, the Palestinian militant factions, Fatah and Hamas, The Palestinian people, the Arab regimes, and the Arab peoples. The paper is interested in analysing the Palestinian political differences and the evolution of political situations in the Arab region. The paper also addresses the impact of the Arab situations on the Israeli political behaviour and the extent to which the region is passing through an appropriate opportunity toward more Zionist violations and accelerating the Judaizing of the Holy City, which include the Islamic sanctities and the Palestinian suburbs of Jerusalem, the native people of the city. The paper also covers the developments and the new phenomena in particular, and at the forefront the rise of Palestinian Intifada's phenomenon which called: the third Intifada. Methodology/Technique - The study reviews previous literature. Findings - The paper concludes at the end of the analysis to provide a vision for the future of contemplative Al-Aqsa mosque, runs from two visions; one is pessimistic and the other is optimistic. Every approach has its private determinants, on the safe level in particular, which related to the Palestinian, Arab and Islamic reality. Novelty - Accordingly, this paper will analyse four topics: Judaizing of Jerusalem, threats of Judaizing Al-Aqsa Mosque, the rise of the Intifada's phenomenon, and the future of Al-Aqsa Mosque. Type of Paper: Review Keywords: Mosque; Aqsa Mosque; Jerusalem; Arab Israeli Conflict; Judaize; Intifada; Theoretical Models; Islamic Political Thought; Political Theory; Political Science. JEL Classification: F51, F53.
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Melkumyan, E. S. « Role of the Arab League in Structuring the Arab Regional Space ». MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, no 5 (11 novembre 2020) : 220–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-5-74-220-235.
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Abstract: The article analyzes the reasons that prompted the Arab states to consolidate their efforts and create the League of Arab States. Attention is focused on the deep differences that existed between the states that came forward with the idea of strengthening Arab unity and determined the nature of this regional organization and the features of its charter, which provided its members with the opportunity to preserve their political system, sovereignty and the specifics of foreign policy.The heterogeneous nature of LAS had an impact on its the goals and objectives. The focus of this organization was to protect pan-Arab interests and support all Arab states in achieving political independence.The aggravation of the situation in Palestine after the Second World War became a central item on the agenda of all the Arab League meetings. This organization indicated its position on the Palestinian issue in the preparatory period for its official proclamation. The article discusses the activities of the Arab League, aimed at introducing a complete boycott of Israel, which, amid expansion of the Arab League, other Arab states also joined. The Arab-Israeli conflict, due to the targeted efforts of the Arab League, consolidated the Arab geopolitical community and contributed to the formation of a national Arab identity. The LAS in its documents built a common Arab narrative, having two underpinnings: the recognition of the Palestinian Arab people as a victim of the Western powers and Zionists, as well as foreign policy of Israel.The article traces the relationship between the activities of the Arab League and the changes that have occurred in the regional and international environment. The gradual transition of the Arab League to the search for a political settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict was influenced by the emergence of a new balance of power in the Middle East region, as well as the gradual transformations of a new system of international relations.The further demarcation of the Arab countries that occurred after the mass protests in 2011 influenced the activities of the Arab League, which tried to maintain Arab unity by using the traditional tool – the unresolved Arab-Israeli conflict. The LAS member-states should have taken a pan-Arab stance on the settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict in order to preserve national identity. The refusal of all Arab League members to accept the American settlement plan, proposed by D. Trump administration in early 2020, was a confirmation that this regional organization retains its position as a defender of Arab unity and pan-Arab interests.
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Esber, Rosemarie M. « Rewriting The History of 1948 : The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Question Revisited ». Holy Land Studies 4, no 1 (mai 2005) : 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/hls.2005.4.1.55.
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The existence of Palestinian refugees remains an unresolved grievance at the heart of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict and a major obstacle to peace. This paper places the Palestinian exodus in historiographical context, elucidates the arguments that have characterised the debate over the Palestinian refugees since their creation, and presents new research. The incorporation of the Palestinian viewpoint and British contemporary perspectives from oral histories and the documentary record demonstrate that the creation of the Palestinian refugees during the civil war period lay in the convergence of chaotic civil conflict, the British inaction to suppress the escalating violence, and Zionist offensive operations aimed at forcing out the Arab population.