Tesi sul tema "1835-1910"

This study examines Mark Twain's use of the spoken word in the last decade of his life. It includes Twain's informal readings, his image manipulation and control, his rhetorical speaking, his methods of speech preparation, and his dictation of the autobiography. Twain's use of oral interpretation is examined demonstrating the influence of the Reading Tour of 1884-1885. He read informally for personal delight and to edit his works. A large part of the dissertation is devoted to the long history of the Twain persona. Particularly does this study focus on Twain's rhetorical persona and the means by which he attempted to maintain the historical Mark Twain while expanding his role to that of political activist. Using a Burkean perspective, Twain's anti-imperialist rhetoric is analyzed. His private philosophy dictated the use of two ratios. Though he did not successfully defeat the imperialists, he was effective in rallying and unifying the anti-imperialist forces. The final portion of this work investigates Twain's participation in the effective campaign to dethrone Richard Croker and Tammany Hall. Attention is also given to Twain's seventieth birthday speech, and his lecture-like dictation of his autobiography. This dissertation concludes that in his final years Twain found happiness in the spoken word, that mode of communication on which he built his career.

In this study, I show that three major areas of Mark Twain's personality—conscience, ego, and nonconformist instincts—are represented, in part, respectively by three of his literary creations: Huckleberry Finn, Tom Sawyer, and No. 44. The origins of Twain's personality which possibly gave rise to his troubled conscience, need for attention, and rebellious spirit are examined. Also, Huck as Twain's social and personal conscience is explored, and similarities between Twain's and Tom's complex egos are demonstrated. No. 44 is featured as symbolic of Twain's iconoclastic, misanthropic, and solipsistic instincts, and the influence of Twain's later personal misfortunes on his creation of No. 44 is explored. In conclusion, I demonstrate the importance of Twain's creative escape and mediating ego in the coping of his personality with reality.

This work re-assesses the heroic character of Huckleberry Finn in light of the inherent problems of discourse. Walter Ong's insights into the differences between oral and literate consciousnesses, and Stanley Fish's concept of "interpretive communities" are applied to Huck's interactions with the other characters, revealing the underlying dynamic of his character, the need for a viable discourse community. Further established, by enlisting the ideas of Ernest Becker, is that this need for community finds its source in the most fundamental human problem, the consciousness of death. The study concludes that the problematic ending of Twain's novel is consistent with the theme of community and is neither the artistic failure, nor the cynical pronouncement on the human race that so many critics have seen it to be.

Cette thèse se donne pour enjeu de redéfinir l'identité littéraire de Mark Twain dans son articulation avec l'histoire. Clef de voûte de la mythologie nationale qui donne forme à l'identité américaine, le motif de la trace devient chez Twain un principe d'écriture où s'exprime une conscience historique dissidente. La réappropriation progressive de ce paradigme subvertit les représentations collectives pour définir une compréhension singulière de l'historicité de la nation et du devenir individuel. L'opposition entre la trace mnésique, inscription de l'histoire dans la profondeur du lieu, et la trace prospective, ébauche d'un tracé nouveau, structure dès l'origine les représentations symboliques de l'Ancien et du Nouveau Continent. À ces deux modalités de l'inscription correspondent chez Twain deux formes d'historicité, la stase et le progrès, et deux régimes politiques, la monarchie et la démocratie. Or son écriture subvertit cette polarité symbolique en dénonçant la stratification de l'histoire américaine, symptôme d'une dérive monarchique due à la perte des origines fondatrices de la nation. Se définit dès lors une économie historique où la trace des origines de la nation se révèle habitée par un régime de perte qui contamine quiconque cherche à les capter, tandis que le déterminisme des origines individuelles impose l'idée d'une fermeture de l'histoire. À l'emprise mortifère de la trace, l'écriture de Twain oppose l'utopie de la non-inscription, principe d'une sortie de l'histoire et d'une coïncidence retrouvée avec l'origine. La résurgence de tensions irrésolues dans les textes tardifs convertit cependant cette utopie en mise en scène de l'abolition de l'histoire
: This thesis aims at redefining Mark Twain's literary identity in its articulation with history. The motif of the trace, which stands at the core of the national mythology that shapes American identity, is in Twain a writing principle expressing a dissident historical consciousness. The progressive reappropriation of this paradigm subverts collective representations and defines a singular apprehension of national and individual historicity. The opposition between the mnesic trace—which inscribes history into a place—and the prospective one—the starting point of a new tracing—lies at the root of the symbolical representations of the Old and the New Continents. In Twain's writings, these two forms of inscription correspond to two opposite modes of historicity—stasis and progress—and two political regimes—monarchy and democracy. Twain nevertheless subverts this symbolical polarity by revealing the stratification of American history. He thereby hints at a drift towards monarchy that results from the loss of the nation's founding principles. His fiction thus defines a historical economy in which the traces of the nation's origins appear to be inhabited by a principle of loss that may contaminate whoever attempts to appropriate them. The determinism of individual origins meanwhile suggests the closing down of history. To the deadly hold of the trace, his writings oppose the utopia of non- inscription – the principle of an escape from history and of a renewed coincidence with the origins. Yet the resurgence of unsolved tensions in Twain's late works converts the utopia into the staging of the abolition of history

Many Twain scholars believe that his skepticism was based on personal tragedies of later years. Others find skepticism in Twain's work as early as The Innocents Abroad. This study determines that Twain's atheism is evident in his earliest writings. Chapter One examines what critics have determined Twain's religious sense to be. These contentions are discussed in light of recent publications and older, often ignored, evidence of Twain' s atheism. Chapter Two is a biographical look at Twain's literary, family, and community influences, and at events in Twain's life to show that his religious antipathy began when he was quite young. Chapter Three examines Twain's early sketches and journalistic squibs to prove that his voice, storytelling techniques, subject matter, and antipathy towards the church and other institutions are clearly manifested in his early writings.

Depuis plusieurs décennies, la critique américaine bouscule les limites traditionnelles du concept de « canon ». Les « grands » auteurs n’ont pas pour autant été congédiés et la notion de canon continue à jouer un rôle central. Ce phénomène double est particulièrement frappant chez Mark Twain. Le corpus illustrant le mieux ce mélange d’hypercanonicité et d’obscurité totale est sans doute celui qui regroupe les textes composés après l’œuvre twainienne canonique par excellence, les célèbres Adventures of Huckleberry Finn : le Twain tardif. Si ces textes sont de plus en plus lus, l’effort d’analyse critique achoppe presque invariablement sur une problématique revenante : celle de leur marginalité ou plus spécifiquement encore, de leur illisibilité. Cette thèse interroge la notion d’illisibilité en conjonction avec la question de la « tardiveté » de ces écrits.L’illisibilité du corpus twainien tardif commence dès l’époque de la rédaction de ces écrits, par une illisibilité dans son acception la plus matérielle et littérale. Cette illisibilité s’accompagnait d’entrée de jeu d’un autre type d’illisibilité, fondé sur le jugement et l’appréciation esthétiques (des textes illisibles car mal écrits). Cette thèse cherche à lire l’illisible, sans pour autant chercher à réhabiliter le corpus, sans même entreprendre de confirmer l’existence pleine de l’objet d’étude choisi, de ce corpus tardif en tant qu’ensemble de textes unifiables à l’intérieur d'une catégorie chronologique close et évidente. Loin d’ignorer l’ennui, l’exaspération et la déception que ces textes ont pu inspirer, il s’agit de problématiser la notion d'illisible
Although deconstructed and challenged, the idea of the literary canon seemsto have survived. This ambiguous phenomenon has affected approaches to Mark Twain’swork to a profound degree. The group of texts most aptly illustrating this odd interlacingof hypercanonicity and complete obscurity is that which follows Huckleberry Finn : thelater writings of Twain. These texts invariably call up the question of their marginalityand their unreadability. Why were they left unread for so many years, and why do theycontinue to be so marginal, when compared to the immense success of the Adventures ?Can some of the manuscripts be salvaged by means of certain literary approaches and atspecific times in the history of aesthetic moods ? This PhD on Twain’s later writingsaims to explore the idea of unreadability by combining it with theoretical and criticalaccounts of lateness. « Unreadability » as a central notion to Twain’s later work startswith the most material and literal meaning of the word – that which cannot be read – andbegan as early as the moment of composition of these texts : many manuscripts remainedunpublished, incomplete, or were rejected by the publishers Twain approached. Thisillegibility combined with the texts’ frequently decried unreadability. The aim of this PhDis to read late Twain without necessarily attempting to rehabilitate these texts, withouteven confirming the full existence of the idea of « late » Twain. Instead of ignoring theexasperation and disappointment many critics and readers have experienced, this thesiswill attempt to work with this unreadability, but not without questioning and redefiningthe notion of unreadability and its contraries

This dissertation is an attempt to give a picture of the Nevada frontier journalist Samuel L. Clemens and the surroundings in which he worked. It is also an assessment of the extent to which Clemens (and his alter ego Twain) can be considered a serious journalist and the extent to which he violated the very principles he championed.

Living in tune with nature means respecting the natural environment and realizing its power and the ways it manifests in daily life. This essay focuses on the ways in which respect for nature is expressed through animal imagery in Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God, Mark Twain's "The Stolen White Elephant," Roughing It, and Pudd'nhead Wilson, and Jack London's The Call of the Wild. Each author encouraged readers to seek the benefits of nature in order to become better human beings, forge stronger communities, and develop a more unified nation and world. By learning from the positive example of the animals, we learn how to share our world with them and with each other.

The research presented in this thesis under the title ¿Las Fábricas Textiles, En El Centro Y Sur De México De 1835 A 1910. Origen Evolución e Influencia Europea¿ is proposed based on the principle 2.3 that ICOMOS presented for the analysis, conservation and restoration of architectural heritage structures which says that "A full understanding of the structural and material characteristics is required in conservation practice. Information is essential on the structure in its original and earlier states, on the techniques that were used in the construction, on the alterations and their effects, on the phenomena that have occurred, and, finally, on its present state." The main objective of this thesis is to produce support documentation for the analysis, preservation and good intervention of the industrial heritage, specifically the buildings that housed the textile manufacturing processes in Mexico. The study was based on a historical and architectural constructive technique, conducted mainly in ten states of Mexico from 1835, that was when the first building with all the features of a factory appeared, covering 75 years of development, including its higher peak during the era known as the ¿Porfiriato¿, and ending in 1910 when the Mexican Revolution began, when several factories closed their doors. This document also intends to give testimony of the importance of this kind of buildings in order to give them proper value recognition. This type of construction was pioneered by adapting the use of materials and constructive techniques that were implemented in Europe to local conditions, resources and building traditions in Mexico. To obtain information about the origin and evolution of these structures a historical, architectural, typological and constructive analysis was performed based on two major influences: local influences (¿obrajes¿ and ¿haciendas¿) and foreign influences, specifically European (analysis of textile production buildings to identify materials, techniques and typologies of the Industrial Revolution in Manchester England, Catalonia Spain and France). For this reason the study was divided into two major areas: the analysis of the influences (Chapter II) and a medullar second issue which focuses on the analysis of the textile mills in central and southern Mexico (Chapter I, III, IV). Once the data of the mill factories in Mexico was collected it was possible to obtain data on the evolution and growth of each of the sample sets analyzed. Later on a comparison between the two great influences and the constructions of this kind in Mexico is presented to obtain the results of the origin and degree of influence in these buildings (Chapter V). This study was developed based on a documentary research at regional, national and foreign (European) as well as in large part data collection was conducted as field research (in situ) in 32 sampled sets of 136 factories that were included in the inventory. All information collected is grouped into catalog cards contained within the volume of annexes. In the annex part sketches, drawings and contemporary photographs are incorporated. Its development was based on the analysis of specific files, interviews, photography analysis and lithographs of the period.
La investigación que se presenta en esa tesis bajo el título “Las Fábricas Textiles, En El Centro Y Sur De México De 1835 A 1910. Origen Evolución e Influencia Europea” se propone en base al principio 2.3 que ICOMOS presenta para el análisis, conservación y restauración de las estructuras del patrimonio Arquitectónico el cual dice que “La práctica de la conservación requiere un conocimiento exhaustivo de las características de la estructura y los materiales. Es fundamental disponer de información sobre la estructura en su estado original y en sus primeras etapas, las técnicas que se emplearon en la construcción, las alteraciones sufridas y sus efectos, los fenómenos que se han producido y, por último, sobre su estado actual.” El principal objetivo de esta tesis es tener un documento de apoyo y consulta para el análisis, la conservación y buena intervención del patrimonio industrial, específicamente de las edificaciones que albergaron los procesos de producción textil en México. El estudio se desarrolló principalmente con un enfoque histórico, arquitectónico, técnicoconstructivo, en diez estados de la República Mexicana desde 1835 que fue cuando aparece la primera edificación con todas las características de una fábrica, abarcando 75 años de desarrollo, incluyendo el de mayor esplendor durante el Porfiriato y terminando en 1910 cuando comienza la Revolución Mexicana y varios conjuntos cerraron sus puertas. Se pretende también dar un testimonio de la importancia de este género edificatorio para que se le dé el valor correspondiente a estas edificaciones a partir de la comprobación de la originalidad de este generó, ya que fue el género precursor en el uso de materiales y técnicas constructivas llegadas de Europa y su adaptación a las condiciones, recursos y tradiciones constructivas en México. Para obtener los resultados acerca del origen, y evolución de estas edificaciones se realizó un análisis histórico, arquitectónico tipológico y constructivo de las dos grandes influencias: las influencias locales (antecedentes tipológicos obrajes y haciendas debido al reuso de edificaciones y tradición técnica-constructiva) y las influencias extranjeras específicamente las europeas (análisis de edificios de producción textil para identificar materiales, técnicas y tipologías de la llamada Revolución Industrial de Manchester Inglaterra, Cataluña, España y Francia ). Por este motivo el estudio se dividió en dos grandes temas: el análisis de las influencias (Capítulo II) y un segundo tema y medular que se centra en el análisis de las fábricas textiles del centro y sur de México (Capítulo I, III, IV). Teniendo los datos específicos de las fábricas en México se pudieron obtener datos acerca de la evolución y crecimiento de cada uno de los conjuntos analizados. Posteriormente también se presenta una comparativa entre las dos grandes influencias y las edificaciones de este género en México para obtener los resultados del origen y grado de influencia en estas edificaciones (Capítulo V). Este estudio se desarrolló a partir de una investigación documental a nivel regional, nacional y extranjera (europeas), además de que en gran parte para la obtención de datos se realizó una investigación de campo en 32 conjuntos tomados como muestra de las 136 fábricas que se incluyeron en el inventario. Toda la información recabada se vació en fichas de catalogación propuestas incluidas dentro del volumen de anexos. En las fichas se incorporaron esquemas, planos y fotografías actuales. Su elaboración se apoyó en el análisis de archivos específicos, entrevistas, consulta de fotografías y litografías de la época.

Cette étude vise à analyser la traduction de la rhétorique enfantine dans les romans Tom Sawyer et Huckleberry Finn de Mark Twain. L'approche est à la fois descriptive et prescriptive. Elle s'appuie sur la recherche dans divers domaines : études en traduction, histoire du livre et de l'édition, narratologie, linguistique appliquée à la traduction, stylistique, ainsi que sur plus d'un siècle de critique twainienne. Il s'agit d'une approche systémique du champ qui considère les liens que les différentes versions entretiennent avec l'original, mais également les unes avec les autres. Suivant les préceptes d'Antoine Berman, les traducteurs sont appréhendés selon leur 'position', leur 'projet' et leur 'horizon', des notions qui incluent l'ensemble des paramètres historiques, linguistiques, littéraires et culturels qui façonnent leur penser et leur traduire. Un certain nombre d'éléments paratextuels sont analysés afin d'évaluer les versions en terme de lectorat, un aspect important dans le contexte d'œuvres largement perçues comme appartenant à la littérature pour enfants. Les différentes maisons d'édition et les traducteurs sont également définis en terme d'engagement politique le cas échéant. La rhétorique enfantine est un 'sociolecte littéraire' et est une des nombreuses voix qui intègrent la polyphonie de ces romans américains dans leur version originale. Il apparaît que cet aspect a été négligé, aussi bien dans le discours critique que par les traducteurs. La rhétorique enfantine est définie comme reposant sur différents types de discours et un nombre limité de figures : la litote, la comparaison et l'hyperbole
This study aims to analyse the translation of child rhetoric in Twain's novels Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. The approach is both descriptive and prescriptive. It is based on findings in the fields of translation studies, the history of book publishing, narratology, linguistics as applied to translation, stylistics, as well as over a century of critical discourse on Twain. The approach of the field is systemic, the different versions being analysed in relation to the original but also in relation to one another. Following Berman's precepts, the translators have been taken into account according to their 'position', 'project' and 'horizon'?these notions that encompass the historical, linguistic, literary and cultural elements that influence the translators' way of thinking and translating. A number of paratextual elements are analysed in order to assess the versions according to their readership. This aspect is crucial in the context of novels which have largely been considered as children's literature. The different publishing houses and translators are also defined in terms of political engagement or lack thereof. Child rhetoric is a 'literary sociolect' and one of the many voices which make up these American novels in their original version. It appears that this aspect has been overlooked by critics as well as by French translators. Child rhetoric has been defined as relying on several different types of discourse and a limited number of figures of speech: litotes (or any way of achieving understatement), simile and hyperbole (or any way of achieving overstatement)

This thesis examines the work of the American Zulu Mission in Natal from 1835 to 1910. Of the institutions controlled by this mission, the most famous was that known in the 20th Century as Adams College, named after one of the founders of the Natal work, Dr Newton Adams. Although other research work has been done on this institution and this mission in general, this thesis attempts to examine the work in the light of the mission's own view of its educational purpose and the expectations of the Colonial Government of what could be expected of missionary education. To meet this purpose particular stress was laid first on the actual development of the mission's educational institutions, especially when reports and letters assessed the aims of the developments and the ways in which these aims were being met. Secondly, the aims of missionary education were explained through five capital Colonial Government Commissions, which looked, in a number of different ways, at the current position and future of the Zulu peoples of Natal. These Commissions reported in 1846, 1852-1853, 1881-1882, 1892 and 1902. Two major findings emerge from the investigation. The first was lack of clarity, not only on the part of what the mission was trying to do, but also on what the Colonial Government expected it to do. To this absence of clarity must be added the continuous shortage of finance, the reluctance of the Zulu themselves to accept the combination of education (which they wanted) and conversion (of which they were often suspicious). In these circumstances, their slow progress of the 75 years from 1835 to 1910 becomes understandable. Had these years been the total extent of the mission' s contribution to Natal, there would be little justification for any extended investigation, or any reason behind the high prestige which the mission enjoyed. It is shown, however, that from 1902 onwards a new, more incisive and directional policy, especially on the question of education, came from the mission. This emerged particularly under the leadership of Le Roy, Principal from 1903 to 1925. The last part of this thesis assesses this new direction. The detailed investigation comes to an end at 1910 when with the creation of Union, an entirely new organisation and dispensation came into being. In the last years of Le Roy's principalship the promise of the period of 1902 to 1920 came to fruition and in the final chapter a brief summary of these developments are given

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Secretaria da Educação
Nossa pesquisa busca verificar a presença da sátira menipéia na obra The Adventures of Tom Sawyer de Mark Twain e discutir a atuação do narrador na mesma. É uma obra aparentemente elaborada para jovens, mas também tece críticas às normas pré-estabelecidas e abarca fantasia e humor inserindo-se nas características abordadas por Bakhtin. As raízes da sátira menipéia estão embasadas na carnavalização, a qual abriga um sentido ambivalente e se traduz em ritos cômicos e festejos populares de caráter não oficial. Com o filósofo Menipo de Gadara, século III a.C., a sátira menipéia adquire a forma clássica, mas foi com Marcus Terentius Varro ou Varrão (116-27 a.C.), filósofo romano, autor de Saturae Menipeae que utilizou o termo pela primeira vez. Fundamentamos nossa pesquisa em Bakhtin, o qual discorre sobre a carnavalização e aponta as características da menipéia. O humor e a sátira de Mark Twain resultam de seu intimo modo de pensar, imaginação e senso crítico os quais remetem à sua vivência e à cor local contabilizando um estilo claro, mas, profundo. O pensamento crítico do escritor pode ser notado desde as primeiras obras, exteriorizando-o no seu momento antiimperialista. Enfocamos alguns aspectos da sátira, da carnavalização literária e nos dedicamos ao estudo de As Aventuras de Tom Sawyer sob o viés da sátira menipéia.
Our research deals with the menipeaen satire in the work The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain and discusses the narrator's performance in it. It is a work apparently elaborated for young readers, but it also criticizes the pre-established norms, and it embraces fantasy and humor with bases on the characteristics pointed out by Bakhtin. The roots of the menipeaen satire are based on the carnival, which shelters an ambivalent sense and it turns out to be comic rites and popular feasts of unofficial character. With the philosopher Menipo of Gadara, century III B.C., the menipeaen satire acquires the classic form, but it was with Marcus Terentius Varro (116-27 B.C.), roman philosopher, author of Saturae Menipeae that the term was used for the first time. We have based our research on Bakhtin , who talks about the carnival process and points out the characteristics of the menipeaen satire. Twain's humor and satire come from his deep way of thinking, imagination and critical sense; which convey to his experience and to local color computing a clear but deep style. The writer's critical thinking can be noticed from his first works, and it can be evidenced in his anti-imperialist moment. We have focused some aspects of the satire, of the literary carnival, and we have developed a study of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer under the point of view of menipeaen satire.

Divided into five chapters, the thesis analyzes the translation into French of Black English as represented in Mark Twain's novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The method, mainly text-oriented, that is to say turning away from the sociological approach, offers a semiotic reading of the text, both original and translated (Chapter 1). This semiotic approach considers the text as a significant mosaic. Thus, it brings out not only the motivation of the different textual elements, but also the coherence cementing them. The analysis of the original text (Chapter 2) shows that the subversive aesthetic and ideological function of Black English is provided by Jim's characterization and his discursive and narrative programs. William-Little Hughes's translation (1886), as well a Claire Laury's (1979) and Rene and Yolande Surleau's (1950), reverse the subversive project of the source-text through an organized system of textual transformations (additions, omissions, shifts) and produce a stereotyped version of Jim's character, his speech, also simplified and reduced, becoming the expression of this characterization (Chapter 3). Poles apart from these three texts, the French versions written by Suzanne Netillard (1948), Andre Bay (1961), Lucienne Molitor (1963), Jean La Graviere (1979) and Helene Costes (1980) display translation projects which reactivate the original system in which Jim had a multidimensional characterization (Chapter 4). Yet, despite the efficient options chosen by certain translators on the material level, Jim's speech in French does not convey a Black identity in the way Black English does in the original text. A modified and literary version of creolized French is suggested as a possible option for translating this sociolect (Chapter 5).

Orientador: Yara Frateschi Vieira
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Não tem resumo na obra impressa. Base IEL resumo: Leitura comparativa de duas refacções da matéria de Bretanha produzidas no século XIX: Idylls of the King, de Alfred Tennyson, e A Connecticut Yankec in King Arthur's Court, de Samuel Langhorne Clemens (Mark Twain). O interesse em um estudo comparativo das duas obras é grande, uma vez que, tendo utilizado o mesmo texto como fonte básica para suas refacções - Le Morte D'Arthur (Thomas Malory) -, Tennyson e Clemens produziram obras profundamente diferentes, tanto na abordagem quanto no tratamento da matéria de Bretanha. Da comparação feita entre as alterações promovidas por um e outro autor, ao trabalharem com o texto de Malory, é delineado um interessante quadro histórico-social, bem como são levantadas algumas hipóteses relativas à manutenção do interesse literário por histórias de natureza arturiana
Abstract: Not informed.
Mestrado
Teoria Literaria
Mestre em Letras

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A leitura cuidadosa do texto do Tratado de Paris, em 1900, leva Mark Twain a concluir que a intenção política norte-americana era, claramente, a de subjugação. Declara-se, abertamente, antiimperialista nesse momento, apesar das inúmeras críticas recebidas por antagonistas políticos que defendiam o establishment dos Estados Unidos. Após viajar para a Europa e Oriente, em 1867, como correspondente do jornal Daily Alta Califórnia, Mark Twain publica, em 1869, seu relato de viagem, The Innocents Abroad or The New Pilgrim's Progress. Nosso estudo demonstra que o autor, apesar das diversas máscaras usadas em seus relatos, narra histórias, culturas e tradições, tanto da Europa quanto do Oriente, já com os olhos bem abertos pelo viés antiimperialista. Faz uso da paródia, sátira, ironia e humor para dessacralizar impérios, monarcas e a Igreja que subjugavam os mais fracos, iluminando, desde então, os estudos sobre culturas. O primeiro capítulo de nosso estudo enfoca os problemas que a Literatura Comparada enfrenta face à globalização, descolonização e democratização, norteado pelo Relatório Bernheimer, como também faz uma reflexão sobre cultura, tradição e o olhar do viajante, justificando o olhar do narrador de The Innocents Abroad. Como pressupostos teóricos, usamos autores como Eliot, Edward Said, Todorov, Foucault, dentre outros. O capítulo subseqüente traz o histórico sobre como se procedeu o ideário antiimperialista de Mark Twain, além de uma abordagem geral em algumas de suas obras. Nosso próximo passo trata do inocente relato twainiano, dando uma compreensão maior ao leitor de como foi feita a colonização norte-americana, como a personagem burlesca é construída e também demonstra o modo como as ilustrações do livro foram delineadas. Encerramos nosso estudo balizando os entrechos de toda a expedição twainiana, que trazem à luz sua posição contra impérios.
The careful reading of the Trait of Paris, in 1900, leads Mark Twain to conclude that America intended policy was clearly one of subjugation. He frankly declares himself an anti-imperialist at that time, notwithstanding the several criticisms he had received from political antagonists who had been defending the United States establishment for a long time. Having traveled to Europe and to the East in 1867 as the Daily Alta California's newspaper correspondent, Mark Twain edits, in 1869, his travel report, The Innocents Abroad or The New Pilgrim's Progress. Our study demonstrates that the author, in spite of using different masks in his reports, narrates histories, cultures and traditions from both Europe and the East with his point of view imbued by his anti-imperialistic ideal. By using in his texts parody, satire, irony and humor to desacralize empires, monarchs, and the Church that had been subjugating the weaker since the Old Age, he highlights, indeed, the cultural studies. The first chapter of our study focuses on Comparative Literature problems, face to globalization, decolonization and democratization, ruled by the Bernheimer Report. It also reflects on themes as culture, tradition and the traveler point of view, justifying the narrator innocent point of view in his report. For theorical support we've concentrated on Eliot, Said, Todorov, Foucault's among others. Subsequently, our study brings up Mark Twain's anti-imperialism way as a general approach to his work. Our next step is focused on the American colonization, and then we demonstrate how Mark Twain created his travel report as a burlesque character and also the way the illustrations of the book were drawn. Finally, we enclose our study highlighting several fragments of The Innocents Abroad that clearly demonstrate Mark Twain's position against empires.

Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur les manières dont deux économistes du XIXe siècle, W. S. Jevons et L. Walras, abordent la question du bien-être collectif et la prise de décision publique. Connus principalement pour leurs travaux en économie pure, ces auteurs s'intéressent également à la question sociale et proposent des solutions pour Y remédier. Jevons, conformément à son adhésion à la tradition utilitariste, estime que les interventions des autorités publiques doivent avoir pour objectif l'amélioration du bien-être collectif. Quant à Walras, il adopte un critère de justice qui relève du « droit naturel» et les propositions sociales qu'il préconise sont justifiées sur la base de leur conformité avec ce dernier. A l'issue du travail effectué dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons abouti à deux résultats principaux: 1)Les analyses de Jevons et Walras, deux économistes qui sont souvent considérés comme des « marginalistes » diffèrent fondamentalement non seulement dans leur analyse de l'économie pure mais également en termes d'économie du bien-être. 2)Il existe deux voies originales pour justifier les réformes sociales dans les œuvres de Jevons et Walras qui partagent des similarités importantes avec les théories modernes bien que ces auteurs ne fassent pas partie des jalons généralement retenus de l'histoire de l'économie du bien-être et de l'économie publique. Ces deux résultats nous conduisent à avancer que l'étude des approches de Jevons et de Walras peut contribuer à la formulation de nouvelles solutions à des problèmes rencontrés dans l'évaluation des différentes politiques publiques, car elles peuvent permettre de nuancer certains aspects des méthodes modernes.

Le sujet de la thèse porte sur les liens intertextuels entre "Les Aventures d'Huckleberry Finn" de Mark Twain et les "slave narratives" ou récits d' (ex-) esclaves. C'est une étude du récit de l'esclave dans le roman de Mark Twain et de sa fonction dans le travail intertextuel. Cette étude porte essentiellement sur : 1- l'intertextualité comme effet de l'écriture (le récit de Jim – l'esclave – et sa fonction dans le travail intertextuel) ; 2- l'intertextualité comique (il s'agit d'une observation des réécritures comiques, voire parodiques de certaines traditions propres aux "slave narratives" ou récits d' (ex-) esclaves ; 3- l'intertextualité et la modernité des "Aventures de Huckleberry Finn" (comment l'intertextualité est une force de liaison et de modernisation dans le roman de Mark Twain)
The thesis is a study of intertextuality : the presence and the different functions of slave narratives in Mark Twain's novel, "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn". We propose in this study an observation of : 1- the function of Jim's narratives (as a slave narrative) in the novel (in the intertextuality) ; 2- parody of slave narratives in "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" (the comic versions of certain traditions and scenes in slave narratives) ; slave narratives and the modernity of Mark Twain's book

Mark Twain, renomado autor realista e local colorist, é conhecido pelo seu estilo coloquial de escrever. A modalidade oral regional da língua inglesa é representada na fala dos personagens do romance The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (Aventuras de Tom Sawyer). Nesta dissertação, é feita uma análise comparativa entre alguns trechos da obra original de Mark Twain, publicada em 1876, e da tradução feita por Monteiro Lobato, em 1934. A partir dos conceitos de regionalidade apresentados por Arendt (2012) e Stüben (2013), o objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar as especificidades culturais da obra original e verificar de que forma o tradutor, Lobato, as transpõe para o texto da língua-meta, o português brasileiro. Além disso, a partir da análise dos trechos selecionados, são identificadas as técnicas tradutórias utilizadas por Monteiro Lobato, com base nas propostas de Vinay e Dalbernet (1971), Barbosa (1990) e Hurtado Albir (2001). Duas línguas nunca serão suficientemente iguais para serem consideradas representativas de uma mesma realidade cultural, sendo possível analisar se há perdas e ganhos na tradução, como corrobora Bassnett (2005). Nos moldes de Venuti (1995), verifica-se se a tradução é sobretudo domesticadora ou estrangeirizadora.
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Mark Twain was a prominent realistic author and local colorist, known by his colloquial style of writing. He represents the regional oral modality of the English language in the speech of the characters in the novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (Aventuras de Tom Sawyer). This master’s thesis aims at comparatively analyzing parts of the original work by Mark Twain, published in 1876, and the translation made by Monteiro Lobato, from 1934. Using the concepts of regionality from Arendt (2012) and Stüben (2013), the objective of this research is to analyze the cultural characteristics of the original novel and verify how the translator, Lobato, transposes the text to the target language, Brazilian Portuguese. In addition, the translational techniques used by Monteiro Lobato are identified, based on the proposals by Vinay and Dalbernet (1971), Barbosa (1990) and Hurtado Albir (2001). Two languages are never enough alike to be considered representative of the same cultural reality, so it is possible to analyze whether there are losses and gains in translation, as confirmed by Bassnett (2005). Following the ideas systematized by Venuti (1995), this work analyzes to what extend the selected translation is a domestication or keeps the cultural elements from the original novel.

This thesis examines what the visual art of Christian faith might reveal, and teach us, about the living art of faith in a world characterised by progress. The argument focuses on two prominent visual artists from the nineteenth century - William McTaggart (1835-1910) and William Dyce (1806 – 1864) - and two late twentieth century painters: Andy Goldsworthy (b. 1956) and Peter Howson (b. 1958). The principal contribution then, of the thesis is the sustained analysis of works of art as sites of religious meaning; works that do not simply reflect or echo their contexts (although this is clearly the case) but also, through the particular, may transform our understanding of those contexts and, in terms of the art of faith, may prophetically offer new ways of relating to faith in times in which faith is challenged in various ways. After setting the scene with a substantial treatment of the tensions in Victorian society (Chapter 1), the thesis then builds its arguments through close interpretations of the works of William McTaggart (Chapter 2) and William Dyce (Chapter 3) in the central part of the thesis. In Chapter 4, the argument moves to the contemporary. After a short introduction to the secularism, or unattached belief, arguably characteristic of modern Britain (4.1), the thesis presents a close analysis of Andy Goldsworthy (4.2) and Peter Howson (4.3). In the conclusion, I set up a comparison between these two contemporary Scottish artists and their Victorian forbears.

Hemingway claims in Green Hills of Africa that "all modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn." If this basic idea is applied to his own work, elements of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn appear in some of Hemingway's Nick Adams stories and his novel The Old Man and the Sea. All major characters and several minor characters in these works share the quality of natural innocence, composed of their primitivism, sensibility, and active morality. Hemingway's Nick, Santiago, and Manolin, and Twain's Huck Finn and Jim reflect their authors' similar backgrounds and experiences and themselves come from similar environments. These environments are directly related to their continued possession and expression of their natural innocence.

Toni Morrison, in Playing in the Dark, observes the pervasive silence that surrounds race in nineteenth-century canonical literature. Observing the ways in which the “Africanist” African-American presence pervades this literature, Morrison has called for an investigation of the ways in which whiteness operates in American canonical literature. This thesis takes up that challenge. In the first section, from Chapters One through Three, I explore how whiteness operates through the representation of the African-American figure in the works of three eminent nineteenth-century American writers, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Walt Whitman, and Mark Twain. The texts studied in this regard are: Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Leaves of Grass, and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. This section is not concerned with whether these texts constitute racist literature but with the ways in which the study of race, particularly whiteness, reveals the contradictions and insecurities that attend (white American) identity. As such, Morrison’s own fiction, written in response to white historical representations of African-Americans also deserves attention. The second section of this thesis focuses on Morrison’s attempt to produce an authentically “black” literature. Here I look at two of Morrison’s least studied but arguably most contentious novels particularly because of what they reveal of Morrison’s complex position on race. In Chapter Four I focus on Tar Baby and argue that this novel reveals Morrison’s somewhat essentialist position on blackness and racial, cultural, and gendered identity, particularly as this pertains to responsibilities she places on the black woman as culture-bearer. In Chapter Five I argue that Paradise, while taking a particularly challenging position on blackness, reveals Morrison’s evolving position on race, particularly her concern with the destructive nature of internalized racism. This thesis concludes that while racial identities have very real material consequences, whiteness and blackness are ideological and social constructs which, because of their constructedness, are fallible and perpetually under revision.

Thesis (M.A.)--Indiana University, YEAR.
Title from screen (viewed on August 26, 2009). Department of English, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Advisor(s): Jane E. Schultz, Jonathan R. Eller, Robert Rebein. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-83).

America has adopted as its own the Eden myth, which has provided the mythology of the American dream. This New Garden of America, consequently, has been a masculine garden because of its dependence on the myth of the Fall. Implied in the American dream is the idea of a garden without Eve, or at least without Eve's sin, traditionally associated with sexuality. Our canonical literature has reflected these attitudes of devaluing feminine power or making it a negative force: The Scarlet Letter, Moby-Dick, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Great Gatsby, and The Sound and the Fury. To recreate the Garden myth, Americans have had to reimagine Eve as the idealized virgin, earth mother and life-giver, or as Adam's loyal helpmeet, the silent figurehead. But Eve resists her new roles: Hester Prynne embellishes her scarlet letter and does not leave Boston; the feminine forces in Moby-Dick defeat the monomaniacal masculinity of Ahab; Miss Watson, the Widow Douglas, and Aunt Sally's threat of civilization chase Huck off to the territory despite the beckoning of the feminine river; Daisy retreats unscathed into her "white palace" after Gatsby's death; and Caddy tours Europe on the arm of a Nazi officer long after Quentin's suicide, Benjy's betrayal, and Jason's condemnation. Each of these male writers--Hawthorne, Melville, Twain, Fitzgerald, and Faulkner--deals with the American dream differently; however, in each case the dream fails because Eve will not go away, refusing to be the Other, the scapegoat, or the muse to man's dreams. These works all deal in some way with the notion of the masculine American dream of perfection in the Garden at the expense of a fully realized feminine presence. This failure of the American dream accounts for the decidedly tragic tone of these culturally significant American novels.

Cette thèse de doctorat a pour objectif d’interroger les relations entre littérature, droit et sciences médicales à l’intérieur de ce qu’on appelle le roman « judiciaire », genre qui s’est développé en Italie dans une période comprise entre l’Unité nationale et le tout début du XXème siècle. Dans ce cadre, nous nous questionnons essentiellement sur l’élément principal qui émerge de cette relation interdisciplinaire, à savoir la construction de la figure du criminel. Dans cette perspective, nous avons pu en effet dégager que la construction de cette figure est centrale dans de nombreux romans de la période post-unitaire. En nous concentrant ensuite sur la notion de genre, nous nous sommes départis de la querelle désormais séculaire inhérente à la naissance (voire à l’existence même) du roman policier italien. Notre analyse souligne enfin que c’est dans la relation entre littérature, droit et sciences médicales que se révèle toute la valeur de ces romans judiciaires dans le processus de construction de l’identité nationale italienne.Notre travail est composé de deux parties. La première, à caractère historique, entend proposer une nouvelle définition du genre dit « judiciaire », après avoir examiné avec attention, et parfois révoqué en doute, les hypothèses avancées jusqu’à nos jours, sur le sujet, par la critique. La seconde partie s’appuie sur deux cas spécifiques – Colonia felice de C. Dossi et Romanzo di Misdea de E. Scarfoglio – qui nous ont permis d’étudier la composition des différentes figures du criminel, attestant de l’efficacité de la méthode interdisciplinaire adoptée, et en portant une attention toute particulière aux théories de Cesare Lombroso
This doctoral thesis aims to investigate the relations between literature, law, and medicine in the so-called “legal novel”—a genre that has developed in Italy between the national unification and the very beginning of the 20th century. My discussion examines the centrepiece of this interdisciplinary connection—namely, the literary construction of the figure of the criminal. Through this argument I show that the characterization of the criminal is central to several novels of the period following the unification. Turning then to the notion of genre, my thesis considers the long-standing debate surrounding the origins (and the existence itself) of the Italian detective novel. Finally, I suggest that the intersection between literature, law, and medicine sheds an important light on the role played by the legal novel in the construction of Italian national identity.My study falls into two parts. The first section is historical; it seeks to offer a new definition of the “legal” novelistic genre, building on—and partially questioning—the existing literature on the topic. The second part centres on two case studies, C. Dossi’s Colonia felice and E. Scarfoglio’s Romanzo di Misdea. These close readings enable me to further examine the characterization of different criminal figures, demonstrating the fruitfulness of this interdisciplinary methodology while placing a particular emphasis on Cesare Lombroso’s theories

This thesis is divided into two main parts. The first, comprising the three initial chapters, looks, in chapter one, at the specifically German origins of the Bildungsroman, its distinctive features, and the difficulties surrounding its transplantation into the literary contexts of other countries. Particular attention is paid to the ethical dimension of the genre, i.e. to the relation between the individual self and the exterior world, and how it affects individual formation. The focus then shifts to American literature, and the term 'narrative of initiation' is recommended as a credible alternative to 'Bildungsroman'. Allowing for similarities between them, it is none the less strongly suggested that the Bildungsroman of German origin and the American narrative of initiation should be seen as being intrinsically different, principally because of the different cultural backgrounds that shaped them. Several features of the theme of initiation are postulated as decisive factors in the discrepancies between the initiatory narrative and the Bildungsroman. Analysis of six texts - three of each literary tradition - follows, to provide support for the theoretical discussion of the terms introduced in chapter one. Three Bildungsromane are considered in the second chapter, namely Goethe's Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre, Stifter's Der Nachsommer and Keller's Der grune Heinrich, and three narratives of initiation in chapter three: Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Crane's The Red Badge of Courage and Anderson's Winesburg, Ohio. Their relevance to the tradition of German and American fiction as a whole and as precursors of Mann's Der Zauberberg and Hemingway's The Nick Adams Stories is considered. A direct comparison between Mann's and Hemingway's texts constitutes the second part of this thesis, wholly contained in chapter four. In addition to a comprehensive critical reading of both narratives, the contemporaneity of Der Zauberberg and The Nick Adams Stories is taken into account, and consequently special consideration is given to the texts' close relation with the cultural and historical realities of the early twentieth century, particularly the impact of the First World War. With the assistance of Jung's theories, an increased awareness of death and of the dark side of the psyche - though dealt with differently in both texts - is put forward as a significant factor in the deviation of Der Zauberberg and The Nick Adams Stories from the traditions of the Bildungsroman and of the narrative of initiation. This departure leads to a re-appraisal of the relation between the protagonists and their society, and to a new ethical attitude that presupposes different, more modem conceptions of what Bildung and initiation represent in the context of the early twentieth century. How and why they changed and if they survived as literary notions are questions this thesis attempts to answer.

O século XIX testemunhou o aprofundamento da cultura burocrática enquanto consequência do processo de construção do Estado Moderno. Os arquivos da Administração Pública Portuguesa resultantes apresentam-se como evidências de uma vivência de profunda instabilidade política, económica e social. O que inevitavelmente condicionou a política arquivística, da época, mas que se tornou no lastro desta cultura burocrática. O arquivo da Direção-Geral do Ultramar é um bom exemplo da relação entre prática administrativa e política arquivística. A exploração da evolução orgânica e funcional da Direção-Geral do Ultramar, e concomitantemente do seu arquivo, permitiram estudar a sua produção informacional. Na tese será analisada a correspondência da Direção-Geral do Ultramar com o intuito de aceder ao sistema de informação daquele organismo. Um estudo que possibilitou averiguar como fluía o seu sistema de informação explorando processos, autoridades e níveis de transmissão.
The XIX century witnessed the development of a bureaucratic culture as the result of the construction process of the Portuguese Modern State. Public administration archives composed through this century present themselves as evidences of an ambience of deep political, economic and social instability. Those inevitably conditioned the archival policy at the time and became the foundation of this bureaucratic culture. The archive of the Direção-Geral do Ultramar is a good example of the relationship between administrative practice and archival policy. The exploration of the organic and functional evolution of the Direção-Geral do Ultramar, and concomitantly of its archive, allowed to study its informational production. This thesis analyses the correspondence of the Direção-Geral do Ultramar intending to access its information system. A study that allowed to verify how that information system flowed, exploring processes, authorities and levels of transmission.

O presente relatório, realizado no âmbito do estágio do mestrado de Tradução, na editora Ponto de Fuga, debruçar-se-á sobre a tradução de ficção breve da autoria de Mark Twain, pertencente ao ciclo de Adão e Eva. As obras em causa são, especificamente, “Adam’s Expulsion” (1996), “Adam’s Soliloquy” (1923), “Autobiography of Eve” (1996), “Passage from Eve’s Diary” (1923) e “Passage from Satan’s Diary” (1923). É sobre estes textos que incide a análise das escolhas tradutórias. As decisões tomadas são agrupadas em três grandes núcleos: as referências ao contexto religioso, social e histórico; as passagens humorísticas; e as preocupações de realismo espelhadas nas obras. Apresentam-se ainda as estratégias de tradução utilizadas, sempre regidas pela tentativa de encontrar um equilíbrio entre o respeito pelo texto de partida e pelo próprio leitor e as suas expetativas.
The present report, written under an internship in the publisher Ponto de Fuga, to acquire a master’s degree, considers the translation of brief fiction by Mark Twain, belonging to the cycle of Adam and Eve. The tales regarded here are, specifically, “Adam’s Expulsion” (1996), “Adam’s Soliloquy” (1923), “Autobiography of Eve” (1996), “Passage from Eve’s Diary” (1923) and “Passage from Satan’s Diary” (1923). The analysis of the options made during the translation process is based primarily on these works. The decisions are organized around three major topics: references to the religious, social and historical context; humorous passages; and the expressions of realism in the texts. This report also presents the translation strategies used, while trying to find a balance between the respect for the source text and the respect for the readership and its expectations.

This dissertation reconsiders the relationship between fiction and slavery in American literary culture. “Prisoners of Style” shows how writers from the middle of the nineteenth to the middle of the twentieth century, including Hannah Crafts, Mark Twain, Charles Chesnutt, and William Faulkner, wrestled with enslavement. They found it not only a subject to be written about, but also a problem of characterization. Slavery and the ontological sorcery through which it produced a new kind of individual—the individual who is also a thing—led these authors to rethink basic formal assumptions about realist fiction, especially about what constitutes a literary character. The writers I discuss did not set out to argue for the slave’s humanity or to render her interiority, but instead sought to represent the systematic unmaking of black personhood perpetrated by the laws and institutions that governed chattel slavery in the US. They set out to reveal the ideological violence perpetrated against enslaved blacks, and they did so by writing characters who embodied the categorical uncertainty of the slave, characters who were not allegories for real, full people. The tradition of writing I describe does not represent the fullness of enslaved “persons”; instead it renders something far more abstract: the epistemology that undergirded enslavement—those patterns of thought that preconditioned slavery itself. The authors I study understood fictionality as a thorny ethical, epistemological, and political problem. In my chapter on Crafts, for example, I look at The Bondwoman’s Narrative alongside a set of non-fiction texts about Jane Johnson, the slave who preceded her in John Hill Wheeler’s household. Reading the novel against legal documents, pamphlets, and histories about Johnson and her escape from Wheeler, the chapter explores what fiction could do that these other modes of writing could not. In moments of sleep, amnesia, and daydreaming, Crafts resists the normative logic of subjecthood and individual rights that underpins the representations of Johnson. In the second half of the project, I demonstrate the significance of fictionality to American literary realism’s evolution into modernism. The final chapter, on Faulkner, places two of his Yoknapatawpha novels within the context of his interest in modernist painting and sculpture. Work by Picasso, Matisse, and other visual artists inspired his concern with surfaces and flatness, leading to a meditation on artifice that runs throughout his major novels. I argue that his flatness—his insistence on the non-referential quality of fiction—is crucial for understanding his characterization and philosophy of history history, in particular the history of Southern plantation slavery.