Tesi sul tema "Adsorption – Travail à chaud"
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Mekonnen, Benhur. "Synthesis and characterization of microporous materials : towards a versatile adsorbent and a simple model material for the study of adsorption-induced deformation in microporous media". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Pau, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025PAUU3002.
Testo completoThis work contains two parts dealing with the elaboration of microporous materials. In the first part, we address the three-step synthesis (in order: bulk radical polymerization, functionalization, and hypercrosslinking via Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction) of functionalized fluorinated hypercrosslinked polymers (HCP) starting from three functional monomer units: divinyl benzene, vinylbenzyl chloride, and pentafluorostyrene. The textural properties of the HCPs were found to be strongly influenced by the initial monomer ratio. Therefore, the latter was optimized for a reasonable compromise between textural properties and functionalization degree. A selective, rapid, and energy-efficient functionalization route known as the para-fluoro-thiol reaction is utilized in order to functionalize the pentafluorobenzene ring with a series of widely available thiols bearing various chemical groups (sulfonate, alkyl, amine, and hydroxyl), yielding functionalized HCPs with diverse chemical moieties. The high-pressure CO2 adsorption performance of the materials was assessed using manometry. The results showed the discrepancies brought by the presence of functional groups at ambient pressure. They underlined the importance of textural properties, particularly of microporous volume, for high-pressure sorption performances, with a probable contribution of adsorption-induced swelling of the HCP.The second part of this work deals with the synthesis of microporous silica films from dipodal organosilane compounds. After assessing a series of techniques including electrochemically assisted self-assembly (EASA), Stöber solution deposition, and evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA), the latter was chosen for producing uniform and crack-free films. These films will serve as a straightforward model material for the initial step of the experimental validation of a poromechanics model. First, a series of films have been elaborated from five dipodal organosilane precursors by solvent-casting in order to identify the suitable precursors and protocol for the obtention of nanoporous films. Three of these dipodal organosilane precursors yielded nanoporous films with variable PSD dispersity, as evidenced by Ar porosimetry. Consequently, the latter were selected to elaborate thin films by dip-coating-coating. Two types of substrates were considered (PVC and Si wafer) and the withdrawal speed was adjusted to obtain crack-free and uniform films. Films deposited on Si wafers in the draining regime were selected to conduct water sorption-induced deformation studies using environmental ellipsometry porosimetry (EEP). Over four continuous adsorption/desorption cycles, the results revealed that the chemisorption of water led to a gradual change of the adsorption and deformation properties of all the materials between the cycles. A monotonous swelling was observed for two of the materials while a contraction followed by swelling, typical of a capillary condensation, was observed for one film
Oudin, Alexis. "Fatigue thermo-mécanique d'aciers pour outils de travail à chaud". Paris, ENMP, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENMP1091.
Testo completoThermal fatigue damage is a life limiting factor of hot metal forming tools. A Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue (TMF) facility was developed to assess such damage mechanisms on the 55NiCrMoV7 and X38CrMoV5 hot work tool steels. A full compressive out-of-phase TMF cycle with different minimal and maximal temperatures were examined. The cyclic behaviour of both steels is characterised by two successive regimes of accommodation and softening. Accommodation is a gradual adaptation of the microstructure to TMF loading while softening corresponds to a cyclic decrease of the steel strength. The maximal temperature controls the cyclic behaviour. For the X38CrMoV5 steel, the temperature 550°C constitutes a boundary above which thermally activated phenomena control the cyclic behaviour. The 55NiCrMoV7 steel showed more rapid accommodation and global higher softening than the X38CrMoV5 steel. Preferential oxidation and oxidation-fatigue cracking seem to be the dominant crack initiation mechanisms. A parabolic law describes the oxide scale thickness growth higher for the 55NiCrMoV7 steel. For the X38CrMoV5 steel, an oxide scale through thickness cracking law was proposed. The TMF crack growth rate was deduced from striations accounting. A strain intensity factor range and a Paris law type were used to correlate the crack growth rate. The oxidation, tensile going strain and cyclic plasticity seem to control the crack growth. For the oxidation and the crack growth laws, the minimal temperature effect is neglected. The TMF lives are reduced with maximal temperature rise. A simple phenomenological TMF life prediction model was proposed using the Manson-Coffin relationship mechanical strain range based. A detailed partitioning of the fatigue life was proposed. For the X38CrMoV5 steel, the oxide scale through thickness cracking and the crack growth laws were used to estimate some fractions of the TMF life. The X38CrMoV5 steel presents a global better TMF strength than the 55NiCrMoV7 steel
Abdul, Hay Bakri. "Études théorique et expérimentale des aspects thermiques du procédé d'emboutissage à chaud". Nantes, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NANT2146.
Testo completoThe purpose of this work is the experimental and theoretical study of thermal aspects of hot stamping process. The objective is to estimate the thermal conductance in order to simulate the cooling of the blank during the three stages of hot stamping process: approach, forming and quenching. An experimental device was designed and developed to estimate the thermal contact resistance at the part/tool interface. The designed stamping tool is composed of a die and a punch made in Z160CDV12 steel and presenting an omega shape. It was mounted on a 10 tons hydraulic press equipped with force sensors and positioning plates. Samples and tools are thermally instrumented with thermocouples type K sheathed with silky glass, forming heat flux-meters in the most interesting locations in the tools. The experiments were carried out on three types of blank materials. Reproducibility tests showed a good repeatability of recorded and estimated parameters; it was noticed a re-heating of the cooled part due to its microstructure transformation from austenite to martensite occurring systematically at 400°C. Whatever the intensity of the stamping effort, the deformed part presents the same resistance law; that shows the good reliability of the experimental device. At the part boundary, thermal conductances are determined using convective/radiation modeling of both phases: approach and forming. At the contact interfaces, thermal resistances are estimated experimentally through a nonlinear 1D inverse technique founded on sequential method of Beck. Results have been established as correlation of type: R f (P) C = to be used for numerical simulation (through Pam-Stamp and Abaqus). Experimental and numerical parameters have been compared and the small temperature difference shows the good quality of results. This work has been done in collaboration with ArcelorMittal R&D - Montataire
Dahan, Yoann. "Formabilité de l’Usibor 1500P pour emboutissage à chaud". Paris, ENMP, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ENMP1547.
Testo completoUSIBOR 1500 P® is a coated C-Mn steel which is micro-alloyed with boron. It displays excellent processing properties in hot stamping, both in terms of formability, quenchability and surface protection, and allows to produce part with mechanical properties of the formed part. Formability data of the material is of primary importance to make a decision in terms of feasibility of a given part. Up to now, no experimental procedure is available in the literature to determine the forming limits of hot stamped material, taking into account the specific features of this process. This manuscript reports research work performed to develop and validate such a methodology. First, an efficient experimental set-up which allows to vary all the desired process conditions has been developed. Several hundred Nakazima and Marciniak hot stamping tests have been carried out for various process parameters (stroke, velocity, friction and heat exchange) and blank parameters (temperature, thickness and shape). The third step consisted in developing and validating an analysis scheme to determine the critical strain values based on Bragard's method. Finally, the critical strain values have been confirmed and comparisons with industrial parts for various process conditions have been performed
Barrau, Olivier. "Étude du frottement et de l'usure d'acier à outils de travail à chaud". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2004. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7382/1/barrau1.pdf.
Testo completoBarrau, Olivier Gras René. "Étude du frottement et de l'usure d'acier à outils de travail à chaud". Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2004. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000080.
Testo completoDaouben, Estelle. "Compréhension des mécanismes d'endommagement en surface des outils de forge à chaud : effets des lubrifiants". Valenciennes, 2009. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/098afdfd-84bc-42ce-801d-630af646d436.
Testo completoThe conditions of contact and friction encountered in hot forging generate important thermo mechanical stresses which induce various damaging modes on the tools. The principal objective of the thesis aims at quantifying the capacity of the lubricants to reduce or delay these damages. First, the choice of a laboratory friction test allowing the tribological characterization applied to hot steel working is presented and justified. The methodology of use of the test bench is detailed. Results provided by the friction test are presented as performance pointers, allowing quantifying the capacities of the lubricant to reduce friction or to protect work piece and tool surfaces. Second, a first series of tests is run. Results show the reliability and the robustness of the test bench, in particular in terms of sensitivity and repeatability. Finally, a second series of tests is performed. It leads to the qualification of the graphite aqueous solutions, used as lubricant in hot forging of steels. The results present the performances of the graphite lubricants according to their composition (grain size distribution, binder), their spraying technique, and the mechanical loadings they undergo
Alimi, Amel. "Analyse experimentale et numérique multi-échelle du comportement mécanique de l'acier X40CrMoV5-1 : application au matriçage à chaud". Thesis, Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NANT4043/document.
Testo completoDuring hot forming process, tools are subjected to severe, complex and variable loadings. Acting in synergy, they induce degradation of tooling by various damage processes that depend on several factors including the level of loading, the microstructure of materials in contact and the residual stresses in dies. In order to solve this set of problems, it seems particularly important to study the mechanical behaviour of hot forming tooling material. This study is based on different multi-scale experimental and numerical approaches. To identify damage modes, a damaged hot working tool has been investigated with SEM observations, analysis of residual stresses by XRD and hardness measurements. This expertise highlights the complexity and multi-scale of damage. In view of these results, a first phenomenological approach was developed to predict the cartography of thermal and mechanical stresses in the tool. Multi-scale modelling of the X40CrMoV5-1 steel tool cyclic mechanical behaviour is developed by adopting Chaboche-Lemaitre model initially and operating a self-consistent model in a second time. A comparison of results acquired from the different approaches investigated in the thesis is established
Gaoua, Nadia. "Étude de l’effet de l’exposition à un environnement chaud sur les fonctions cognitives chez l’homme". Paris 8, 2012. http://octaviana.fr/document/178307572#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Testo completoThe aim of this thesis was to investigate the effects of exposure to a hot environment on cognitive performance. Methods: A series of four experiments were performed in an environmental chamber under both hot (HOT: 50°C, 30% RH) and control (CON: 24°C, 30% RH) conditions, with varied exposure times ranging from 15 minutes to 4h30min. Under different levels of thermal strain, subjects performed both simple and complex computerised cognitive tasks. Central (Tcore) and skin (Tskin) temperatures were continuously recorded. Subjective measures of thermal comfort and thermal sensation were also registered. During the forth study EEG was registered over the frontal lobe. Results: Hyperthermia had no impact upon reaction time and accuracy of responses of simple tasks, however, impulsivity increased during tasks that required sustaining attention over prolonged periods of time. Significant increases in Tcore beyond 38. 7oC were associated with impaired complex cognitive task performance. In addition, rapid and substantial variations in Tskin (≈3oC in 15min of exposure to HOT), independent of any change in Tcore, had a similar detrimental effect upon complex cognitive tasks. The elevation in theta and alpha power showed a higher cognitive load in HOT during simple tasks but not during the complex tasks. Discussion & conclusion: The results suggest that these reductions in complex cognitive performance with heat exposure originate from an additional cognitive load imposed by the thermal strain associated to the increase in Tcore or the alliesthesial Tskin variations; with both these factors acting as competing variables to the limited cognitive processes. EEG recordings confirm that attempts to reallocate additional cognitive resources to perform complex tasks are unavailable given the load imposed by passive hyperthermia
Vergne, Catherine. "Analyse de l'influence des oxydes dans le frottement d'une fonte pour outil de travail à chaud". Paris, ENMP, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENMP1064.
Testo completoBlaise, Alexandre. "Etude théorique et expérimentale des aspects thermiques de l’emboutissage à chaud de l’Usibor 1500P sur des outillages partiellement chauffés". Université Nantes-Angers-Le Mans - COMUE, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NANT2098.
Testo completoThe hot stamping consists in heating a blank in a furnace, and transferring it in a press where it is formed. Because the tools are cold, a severe cooling of the blank by contact allows the quenching of the part. Thus, the [mal part presents high mechanical properties. For some automotive applications, it is necessary to decrease locally the mechanical properties to ensure the energy absorption in case of a car crash. Heating locally the tools to prevent the quenching of the steel modify locally the mechanical properties. Using omega shape tools allows the characterization of the heat transfer in case ofa sliding contact in a die radius. The air cooling of a blank at the removal from the furnace allows the study of the heat transfers with the environment and the metallurgical transformations that can occur during the transfer of the blank from the furnace to the press. Using a flat tool, initially at ambient temperature, allows the study of the martensitic transformation and the thermal contact resistances at the blank-tools interfaces. Then, heating cartridges are used to heat up this flat tool up to 500°C. Th influence of the tool temperature on the mechanical properties of the [mal part is studied. A complete model, that is able to predict the hardness and the ultimate tensile tests, is proposed and then validated by the experimental results. Finally, a last apparatus consists of partially heated tools: a side is kept cold while the other side can be heated up to 500°C. The mechanical properties gradient between these two areas is studied. The predictive model, developed with the previous tools, is tested and validated on this area
Marchal, Arnault. "Comportement thermomécanique d'aciers déformés par essais de torsion à chaud". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPL013N.
Testo completoAhmer, Zeeshan. "An investigation on thermomechanical behaviour of a tool steel X38CrMoV5". Paris, ENMP, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ENMP0075.
Testo completoHot work tool steel X38CrMoV5-47HRC is mainly used in industrial manufacturing processes such as high pressure die casting, hot Forging, stamping and rolling etc. The tools should comprise high fatigue strength as well as high toughness to defy thermal and mechanical shocks. The tool's Surface is principally ruined by the cyclic and progressive process under ephemeral temperature i. E. The process of non-isothermal fatigue. The appropriate constitutive laws are therefore required to predict the behaviour of material under non-isothermal conditions. This thesis depicts a contribution to predict the mechanical behaviour of X38CrMoV5-47HRC by numerical simulations using constitutive behaviour models. Assessment of the robustness and limitations of a Chaboche type thermoelastoviscoplastic model is carried out under several different test conditions starting from several uniaxial tests (LCF and TMF) to complex loading conditions with variable transient temperature range and variable amplitude of mechanical strain. After characterization of the model under the said conditions, its parameters have been re-identified in order to update the model to work under complex loading conditions. Keeping in view the model's limitations, further directions are also discussed in order to improve the model in terms of its application under severe loading conditions
Joos, Olivier. "Compréhension des mécanismes d'endommagement couplés des cylindres de travail pour le laminage à chaud des alliages ferreux et non ferreux". Paris, ENMP, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ENMP1655.
Testo completoThe interruption of a hot strip mill in order to replace a work roll is very expensive. This replacement is mainly motivated by strip surface quality degradation. The strip surface quality is the mirror of the roll one. Because of numerous coupled solicitations during service (oxidation, abrasion/adhesion, thermal fatigue), the roll surface is continuously damaged. The relative amplitude of each solicitation depend of the roll position in the mill. The productivity improvement is also linked to the roll life increase, in others words is linked to the enhancement of roll resistance to oxidation, abrasion/adhesion and/or thermal cracking. The aim of this study consists in correlating microstructure of 4 roll grades with resistances against solicitations. At the laboratory level, solicitations are decoupled in order to better study the impact of microstructural parameters on damage mechanisms. After highlighting grade microstructural differences through numerous parameters (such as the solidification structure; the type, chemical composition, morphology and distribution of both primary and secondary carbides ; the structure and chemical composition of the matrix,…), we show firstly how these parameters influence grade oxidation mechanisms. Secondly we analyse the impact of these parameters on wear mechanisms against coupled solicitations: abrasion and oxidation on a one side, thermal fatigue ant oxidation on the other side. By weighing these parameters, it will be possible to optimize the microstructure
Ba, Kadiata. "Modélisation des procédés de mise en forme de composantes d'un train d'atterrissage d'avion : application au procédé de forgeage à chaud à matrices fermées". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28200.
Testo completoThe use of numerical modeling tools in the simulation of different methods of forming is nowadays a must. The forging industry, thanks to advanced calculation and simulation softwares such as Forge or Abaqus used in many studies and theses, can take advantage of good control settings (process and material parameters) that enable the production of high quality pieces, with complex geometry and highly competitive. Numerical simulation with the help of appropriate methods as ALE (Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian) and SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics) that will be addressed in the report , can significantly reduce the time and costs through process optimization and virtual prototyping. With the integration of material laws adapted for each case during the forming process and the control of process parameters, simulation results are highly accurate for processes such as machining and forging, which is the subject of our study. In partnership with Héroux-Devtek, our work focuses on the simulation of the manufacturing of an aircraft landing gear component in aluminum by hot closed-die forging. This study requires a good understanding of the kinematics of tools, and material properties before and during the forming process. Thus, a parametric study to test the importance of each parameter on the final results will be done. Simulation softwares that will be used are Abaqus explicit and Ls-dyna. The analyses conducted in this study were used to develop an analysis methodology, to find a good first approximation of the forging simulation of the component of the landing gear and to identify parameters that allow for better simulation results. Keywords: Hot forging, ALE, SPH, FEM, aluminum, landing gear
Collet-Fenétrier, Jean-Michel. "Étude et maitrise du profil thermique transversal des bandes d'acier lors du laminage à chaud". Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10132.
Testo completoVidal, Bastías Marcia. "Modélisation du pressage à chaud des panneaux de fibres de bois (MDF) par la méthode des éléments finis". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18667.
Testo completoThis study describes a mathematical-physical model to predict temperature, gas pressure and moisture content during MDF hot pressing in batch and continuous processes. The final system is composed of three differential equations: gas conservation, water vapor conservation and energy conservation. This model introduced the moisture diffusion term which was not considered in the basis model. The system of equations was solved by the finite element method using the MEF++ software developed by the GIREF at Laval University. The boundary conditions used during simulation are of the Neumann or Dirichlet type depending on the process considered. In order to validate the numerical results in 2-D and 3-D, we compared them with experimental data obtained from the batch process in the pressing laboratory and from the continuous process in an industry. For this purpose, MDF panels of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BPS) were manufactured and temperature measurements made using thermocouples on the surface and the center of the mat. The gas pressure was also measured using a pressure probe located inside the mat. Moreover, in order to evaluate moisture content, seven sorption models were extrapolated and compared with experimental values from the literature. The Malmquist model gives the best correspondence for the relative humidities considered and was therefore used. The numerical results indicate that the predicted temperature, moisture content and gas pressure are in agreement with experimental results for the two processes considered without using an adjustment factor. We concluded that the mathematical-physical model and the finite element method have a great potential to solve this type of problem to control the quality of panels and the losses during manufacturing. It is strongly recommended to look further into research on the values of the physical parameters involved in this process.
Saidi, Badreddine. "Etude expérimentale et numérique du procédé de formage incrémental à chaud de tôles en titane". Thesis, Troyes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TROY0025.
Testo completoThe incremental forming process is a flexible forming process, with low cost tooling. It is perfectly suited for single use products as customized titanium implants or prosthesis. But the important forming forces with titanium limit the geometries to realize. One of the solutions consists in performing this process at hot temperature.The objective of this work is to study numerically and experimentally the warm incremental forming process of titanium sheets. A new setup for the warm incremental forming process is proposed. It is based on the use of heating cartridges. A hot experimental test campaign with Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy sheets is conducted in order to study the impact of the temperature and process parameters on the axial force and thickness distribution for a truncated cone. It is shown that the forming forces are lower at hot temperature and the formability is improved. For a temperature of 450°C, a forming limit angle of 57° is obtained.Numerical simulations with Abaqus of the incremental forming process are performed at room temperature and hot temperature. We show the impact of the punch diameter and the axial step size on the axial force and thickness. The optimum values of these parameters are determined by using an experimental design and response surfaces. The comparison between results obtained numerically and experimentally allows to validate the numerical model. We are then interested in the warm incremental forming process of a human skull prosthesis. A reverse engineering approach is used
Atmani, Oualid. "Étude expérimentale et numérique du comportement thermomécanique de thermoplastiques en PS et en PET dans le procédé de thermoformage assisté par poinçon". Thesis, Reims, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REIMS003.
Testo completoThis thesis concerns the experimental and numerical study of the plug-assisted thermoforming process of high impact polystyrene, foam polystyrene and polyethylene terephthalate. The thermomechanical properties of these three polymers were characterized at different temperatures and deformation rates using plugging tests. In order to study the influence of different parameters in the real conditions of plug- assisted thermoforming, we carried out plugging tests at different temperatures and plugging speeds using different types of plugs. In order to describe the rheological behavior of our polymers, we proposed a thermo-elastic-viscoplastic behavior model, which we have implemented in the Abaqus software. A thermo-dependent friction model was also proposed and implemented in the Abaqus software. The parameters of the proposed models were identified by the inverse analysis method in the real conditions of plug-assisted thermoforming using the plugging tests. The proposed models were validated with plugging tests. We also validated our numerical models on plug-assisted thermoforming of yogurt pot (plugging followed by blowing)
Parent, Alex, e Alex Parent. "Développement d'un système de fabrication additive hybride par mise en fusion d'un filament d'aluminium grâce au chauffage par induction". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37159.
Testo completoLes machines de fabrication additive métallique actuelles sont dispendieuses et généralement peu productives. De plus, la plupart des pièces issues de la fabrication additive doivent être usinées après l’impression pour obtenir de bonnes tolérances géométriques. L’objectif de ce projet de recherche est de développer un système de fabrication additive hybride pouvant remplacer les machines d’usinage traditionnelles. Les systèmes hybrides combinent les avantages de la fabrication additive et de l’usinage dans un seul système. Ce mémoire présente le développement et la mise en service d’un système de fabrication additive hybride formant des pièces en aluminium à partir d’un filament d’Al4043. Ce système utilise une technologie innovatrice qui se base sur le principe de chauffage par induction. Le filament est fondu directement par induction à l’intérieur d’un tube, puis un flux d’argon permet à l’aluminium en fusion de s’éjecter du tube. Cette méthode permet de faire des préformes en aluminium qui peuvent être usinées afin d’obtenir une pièce finale. Cette technologie permettrait de fabriquer une machine hybride à faible coût tout en ayant un taux de déposition élevé. Le système a été installé sur un bras robotisé FANUC. Les résultats préliminaires démontrent qu’il est possible de générer des gouttelettes d’aluminium de manière contrôlée en pulsant le débit d’argon grâce à une valve. Les gouttelettes sont générées à chaque pulse puis sont projetées sur un substrat en suivant une trajectoire précise. L’accumulation des gouttelettes formera une couche d’aluminium, puis les couches seront empilées pour former une pièce. Des pièces en aluminium ont été mises en forme grâce à ce nouveau procédé de fabrication additive. Le volume des pièces pouvant être imprimées est limité par la perte d’efficacité du système de chauffage par induction après plusieurs minutes d’utilisation. La densité apparente la plus élevée obtenue avec ce système est de 84%.
Current metal additive manufacturing machines are expensive and generally unproductive. In addition, the majority of parts from additive manufacturing must be machined after printing to achieve good geometric tolerances. The objective of this research project is to develop a hybrid additive manufacturing system that can replace traditional machining machines. Hybrid systems combine the benefits of additive manufacturing and machining into a single system. This thesis presents the development and usage of a hybrid additive manufacturing system that can form aluminum parts from a Al4043 filament. The system presented in this thesis uses an innovative technology that is based on the principle of induction heating. The filament is melted directly by induction inside a tube, then a flow of argon allows the molten aluminum to eject from the tube. This method makes aluminum preforms that can be machined to obtain a final piece. With this technology, it could be possible to manufacture a hybrid machine at low cost while having a high deposition rate. The system was installed on a FANUC robotic arm. Preliminary results demonstrate that it is possible to generate aluminum droplets in a controlled manner by pulsing the argon flow through a valve. The droplets are generated at each pulse and are projected onto a substrate along a precise trajectory. The accumulation of droplets will form a layer of aluminum, then the layers will be stacked to form a part. Aluminum parts have been shaped by this new additive manufacturing process. The volume of parts that can be printed is limited by the loss of efficiency of the induction heating system after several minutes of use. The highest bulk density obtained with this system is 84%.
Current metal additive manufacturing machines are expensive and generally unproductive. In addition, the majority of parts from additive manufacturing must be machined after printing to achieve good geometric tolerances. The objective of this research project is to develop a hybrid additive manufacturing system that can replace traditional machining machines. Hybrid systems combine the benefits of additive manufacturing and machining into a single system. This thesis presents the development and usage of a hybrid additive manufacturing system that can form aluminum parts from a Al4043 filament. The system presented in this thesis uses an innovative technology that is based on the principle of induction heating. The filament is melted directly by induction inside a tube, then a flow of argon allows the molten aluminum to eject from the tube. This method makes aluminum preforms that can be machined to obtain a final piece. With this technology, it could be possible to manufacture a hybrid machine at low cost while having a high deposition rate. The system was installed on a FANUC robotic arm. Preliminary results demonstrate that it is possible to generate aluminum droplets in a controlled manner by pulsing the argon flow through a valve. The droplets are generated at each pulse and are projected onto a substrate along a precise trajectory. The accumulation of droplets will form a layer of aluminum, then the layers will be stacked to form a part. Aluminum parts have been shaped by this new additive manufacturing process. The volume of parts that can be printed is limited by the loss of efficiency of the induction heating system after several minutes of use. The highest bulk density obtained with this system is 84%.
Semnani, Rahbar Mojtaba. "Nouvelles frigo-pompes et thermo-frigo-pompes à absorption pour production simultanée du chaud et du froid : nouveaux couples : solutions idéales d'hydrocarbures. Nouvelles structures à film ruisselant sur tubes à ailettes spiralées". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPL089N.
Testo completoKchaou, Mohamed. "Influence du couplage frottement-oxydation sur l'usure d'un acier à outil de travail à chaud : développement d'un tribomètre spécifique au cyclage de matriçage". Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00685881.
Testo completoKchaou, Mohamed. "Influence du couplage frottement-oxydation sur l’usure d’un acier à outil de travail à chaud : développement d’un tribomètre spécifique au cyclage de matriçage". Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ECLI0030/document.
Testo completoLife time improvement of hot working tools becomes one of the major industrial issue unsufficiently mastered. Indeed, loadings induced by hot forming involve coupling between thermal, mechanical, tribological and physicochemical phenomena. They lead to multiple degradation modes (mainly by plastic deformation, thermo-mechanical fatigue, friction and oxidation). Friction induces one of the most detrimental damage, which is difficult to apprehend and to control allowing for the complexity of engaged couplings.This thesis deals with wear of tool steel X40CrMoV5-1 in the case of hot forging of brass. Damage and wear mechanisms were analyzed through an expertise of matrices after used in production. It reveals different types of damage, activated thanks to location and exposure of the matrix surface to cyclic loadings induced during forging. A scenario of a three-body abrasion is proposed maintained by working cycles and wherein brass and toll steel oxides are crucial.Oxidation and pre-oxidized tribological behavior of tool steel were investigated. An original test is proposed to study the influence of hot working cycling on friction-oxidation coupling and its effects on the wear of tool steel. A specific tribometer has been developed. The friction tests are defined by analogy with the hot-working cycle, without reproducing the forming process, favoring formation and trapping of oxides inside the contact
Gaudout, Benoît. "Modélisation des évolutions microstructurales et étude de la lubrification par film solide lors du filage à chaud d'alliages de zirconium". Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00376031.
Testo completoKaza, Guy. "Contribution à l'étude de la résistance thermique de contact et à sa modélisation à travers l'écrasement de l'interface tôle-outil dans la mise en forme à chaud de tôles d'acier". Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1249/.
Testo completoAn exploratory study has been conducted to estimate the thermal contact resistance (TCR) in hot forming at the sheet/tool interface, in order to understand its relationships with pressure and surface roughness parameters. The importance of the TCR in applications such as hot stamping comes from the fact that it controls the heat exchanges directly and has an indirect effect on the properties of the final parts. The study is focused on the feasibility of measuring the TCR between a tool made of X38CrMoV5 steel and a steel sheet made especially for hot stamping. The grade of sheet used in the study is 22MnB5 grade. Two facilities developed at the LETEE and at ICA-Albi have helped to assess the influence of contact pressure on TCR in constant thermal conditions for the LETEE and transient conditions for the ICA-Albi respectively. A range of pressures between 4 and 80 MPa has been explored on the LETEE facility. A decrease in TCR from 2 × 10-4 to 6 × 10-5 m2KW-1 in order of magnitude was measured. The influence of surface roughness has been investigated through two surface states on X38CrMoV5 tool samples: one is a ground surface and the other is a polished state. The results showed slightly larger values of TCR for rectified samples. The trend of decreasing TCR with an increase in pressure has been confirmed on the ICA-Albi facility. Variations between 3. 4 × 10-4 m2KW-1 and 2. 7 × 10-4 m2KW-1 have been measured for a range of pressures from 40 to 160 MPa. In comparison, the values obtained are on average twice as high than those measured at the LETEE and with lower measurement variations. The TCR has then been subject to a two steps modelling process. The first step is focused on site crushing of asperities taking into account their rheological behavior (elastic, plastic or elastoplastic) to assess the contact area. The second step consisted in defining a relationship between the TCR and the contact pressure from a predefined model, linking the contact area to the TCR. From the resulting conductance model, a simulation of contact has been conducted under ABAQUSTM. By simulation, the evolution of temperatures according to contact pressure has been reproduced with a maximum deviation of 5°C from experimental temperature measurements
Fortier, Martin. "Les effets de la rugosité de surface du moule sur a microstructure et la résistance à la déchirure à chaud pour un alliage A1 - 4.5%p/p Cu /". Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2000. http://theses.uqac.ca.
Testo completoLiu, Zhigang. "Étude numérique et expérimentale de AZ31-O feuille en alliage de magnésium formage à chaud". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00718370.
Testo completoDingremont, Norbert. "Analyse de la compatibilité des traitements de nitruration par voie ionique avec les dépôts par plaquage ionique : application à l'acier de construction 35NCD16 et à l'acier d'outillage pour travail à chaud Z38CDV5". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPL110N.
Testo completoRussier, Vincent. "Contribution à la description théorique de l'interface métal noble / solution électrolytique". Paris 6, 1986. https://hal.science/tel-04577395v1.
Testo completoTheoretical description of the interface between a noble metal and an electrolytic solution. The description of the solution-wall solid interface is described by the "civilized" model in which the molecules are hard spheres bearing a point dipole and the ions of charged hard spheres. Determination of the density profile of dipoles when they interact with the surface and the density profile of ions. For noble-vacuum metal interface, calculation of output work and surface energy. Use of a simple model to treat the surface and account for hybridization s/d
Thomas, Anoop Ebey. "Modélisation numérique thermo-viscoplastique du procédé de forgeage des métaux par l’Approche Pseudo Inverse". Thesis, Reims, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REIMS003/document.
Testo completoHot forging is a metal forming process used to form difficult-to-form materials as well as to achieve complex geometries. The reduction of yield stress at high temperatures and a subsequent increase in formability is the primary mechanism that drives the process. Numerical methods provide an efficient means to predict the material yield and the stress/strain states of the product at different stages of forming. Although classical methods are accurate enough to provide a suitable representation of the process, they tend to be computationally expensive. This limits its use in practical cases especially for process optimization. Pseudo Inverse Approach (PIA) developed in the context of 2D axisymmetric cold forming, provides a quick estimate of the stress and strain fields in the final product for a given initial shape. In this work, the PIA is extended to include the thermal and viscoplastic effects on the forging process as well as to the general 3D case. The results are compared with commercially available software, based on the classical approaches, to show the efficiency and the limitations of PIA. The results obtained indicate that PIA is a quite effective tool that can be used for both 2D and 3D simulations of hot forging
Keïta, Mohamed. "Texturing of a TiAl alloy via hot deformation and phase transformations". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LORR0141.
Testo completoIn this study, a detailed experimental investigation was conducted on the high-temperature (1280°C) compression of a TNM TiAl alloy, with the goal of understanding its microstructure and texture evolution under different deformation conditions. A dilatometer was used for high-temperature compression, while in-situ phase transformation and texture were analyzed using High-Energy X-ray Diffraction (HEXRD) at a synchrotron source. SEM-EBSD (Scanning Electron Microscopy - Electron Backscatter Diffraction) was employed to correlate crystallographic orientation with microstructural features, and SEM-EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) was used to analyze the alloy's elemental composition. Uniaxial compression in the (α+β) phase region led to a transition from a random texture to a {0002}α fiber texture. A strong basal texture developed at high strain and low strain rates, indicating the potential for optimizing the texture through controlled deformation. The mechanisms involved in high-temperature deformation, such as dislocation slip, polygonization, continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX), grain fragmentation, and grain boundary sliding (GBS), were analyzed for their impact on the alloy's microstructure. The study also examined the influence of strain and strain rate on these mechanisms, providing insights into how microstructure and texture evolve under different conditions. A key observation was the resurgence of the metastable γ phase during high-temperature compression, which has significant implications for mechanical properties. Two phase transformations were identified: the β → γ transformation, following the Kurdjumov-Sachs (K-S) orientation relationship, and the α → γ transformation, following the Blackburn orientation relationship at low strain rates. In the β → γ transformation, crystallographic analysis revealed that the Schmid factor played a critical role in variant selection. The chemical differences between the β and γ phases pointed to the displacive-diffusive nature of the transformation, involving both diffusion and displacement mechanisms. The α → γ transformation exhibited similar mechanisms, but resulted in two distinct γ morphologies: nodules and lamellae. The lamellae followed the Blackburn OR and formed through combined compression and shear, while γ nodules likely arose from the fragmentation and subsequent coarsening of γ lamellae, indicating different transformation pathways. The deformation behavior of the TNM alloy at different strain rates was systematically investigated. True stress-strain curves, EBSD microstructural data, texture analysis, and Kernel Average Misorientation (KAM) maps highlighted the differences in response to low and high strain rates. At low strain rates, the stress-strain curve showed an elastic region followed by a steady state. At higher strain rates, the curve displayed yielding, discontinuous yielding, and a steady state. The high strain rate induced adiabatic heating, initiating the α → β transformation and increasing the β phase volume fraction, leading to softening. In both cases, the steady-state deformation resulted from the balance between strain hardening from dislocation slip and softening due to dynamic recovery (DRV), CDRX, and GBS. Intragranular disorientation analysis showed that dislocation slip was dominant at high strain rates, while at lower strain rates, dislocation slip transitioned to grain boundary sliding as strain increased. Additionally, deformation was found to trigger the resurgence of the γ phase within β grains, affecting the microstructure. Texture analysis confirmed that the different phases developed distinct textures during deformation. This study enhances the understanding of hot deformation mechanisms such as dislocation slip, recovery, recrystallization, and phase transformation, providing valuable insights into microstructure and texture control for optimizing the mechanical properties of TiAl alloys
Rosinosky, Guillaume. "Élasticité de l’exécution des processus métier". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0003/document.
Testo completoThe availability of middleware platforms in the cloud, with "transparent" scalability, is a progress for software developers and integrators. They can develop and deploy their applications without worrying about technical details. However, the exploitation cost of a cloud infrastructure can quickly become important. Providers requires methods to reduce this cost by adapting the size of ressources to the needs of the customers. In this thesis, we focus on multi-tenant transactional web applications, more precisely on business processes execution engines. We propose methods allowing to optimize the operational costs of providers of business process execution "as a Service" (BPMaaS) while ensuring a sufficient level of quality of service. This type of application do not scale well because of its persistence tier and of the transactional nature of operations. One must distribute the customers installations in order to optimize the cost, and sometimes move them depending of the needs of the customers. These moves (or migrations) have an impact on the quality of service and they must be limited. First, we propose a method for measuring the size of resources in terms of BPM tasks throughput, and then a method for measuring the impact of migrations we evaluate, thus confirming our hypothesis. We also propose several linear optimization models and heuristics targeting resouce allocation and distribution of customers, while limiting the number of migrations. These models are based on the knowledge of the needs of customers per time slot. We have experimented our three methods on the BPM solution Bonita, and demonstrated that they provide substantial savings on the infrastructure exploitation compared to a basic method
Rosinosky, Guillaume. "Élasticité de l’exécution des processus métier". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0003.
Testo completoThe availability of middleware platforms in the cloud, with "transparent" scalability, is a progress for software developers and integrators. They can develop and deploy their applications without worrying about technical details. However, the exploitation cost of a cloud infrastructure can quickly become important. Providers requires methods to reduce this cost by adapting the size of ressources to the needs of the customers. In this thesis, we focus on multi-tenant transactional web applications, more precisely on business processes execution engines. We propose methods allowing to optimize the operational costs of providers of business process execution "as a Service" (BPMaaS) while ensuring a sufficient level of quality of service. This type of application do not scale well because of its persistence tier and of the transactional nature of operations. One must distribute the customers installations in order to optimize the cost, and sometimes move them depending of the needs of the customers. These moves (or migrations) have an impact on the quality of service and they must be limited. First, we propose a method for measuring the size of resources in terms of BPM tasks throughput, and then a method for measuring the impact of migrations we evaluate, thus confirming our hypothesis. We also propose several linear optimization models and heuristics targeting resouce allocation and distribution of customers, while limiting the number of migrations. These models are based on the knowledge of the needs of customers per time slot. We have experimented our three methods on the BPM solution Bonita, and demonstrated that they provide substantial savings on the infrastructure exploitation compared to a basic method
Aghahadi, Mohammad. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation physique des transferts couplés chaleur-humidité dans un isolant bio-sourcé". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCA007/document.
Testo completoThe conventional heat transfer models are not sufficiently suitable for thermal characterization of bio-sourced thermal insulating materials due to their strongly hydrophilic nature. The proposed work in this PhD thesis aims to answer this problem with experimental and theoretical approaches of coupled heat-moisture transfers. In the experimental approach, a thermal insulating material based on Flax Fiber Felt (FFF) is developed and then characterized at different hygrometric conditions with an asymmetric hot plate device. The humidity diffusion characterization of the samples is done using the GAB, GDW and Park theoretical moisture adsorption isotherm models. In the theoretical approach, a physical model of heat and mass transfer is proposed. It is solved numerically, in transient 3D configuration, by the finite element method under COMSOL Multiphysics and, in transient 1D configuration, by the finite difference method under MATLAB. The Levenberg-Marquardt method coupled with the 1D transient direct model and the measured temperatures made it possible to estimate the apparent thermal conductivity of the studied sample with a relative error of less than 6% compared to the experimental measurements, thus validating the theoretical models
De, Castro Emmanuelle. "Le frottement des toles galvanisées en emboutissage : étude par tof-sims de la réactivité de surface vis-à- vis de l'acide oléique et des sulfonates de calcium". Paris, ENMP, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENMP1137.
Testo completoSlimani, Ali. "Développement d'une méthodologie de caractérisation à haute température des alliages métalliques par micro-indentation". Compiègne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012COMP2001.
Testo completoIndentation technique has been used extensively to measure the elastic modulus and hardness of materials. Lt has been instrumented and used successfully to identify other mechanical properties at room temperature. However the extension of this technique for characterization at high temperature is in its beginning. The main goal of my thesis is to characterize cast aluminum alloys using microindentation test at different temperatures. Ln addition to the quantities measured directly from indentation test such as Young modulus and hardness, we also determined the characteristic parameters like work hardening and viscoplasticity parameters at different temperatures. Ln this work, the high temperature indentation tests are combined with inverse analysis to calibrate the constitutive model parameters. Welding is one of the most important metal-joining processes used in diverse industries. However, the very concentrated heat in fusion welding, leads to a local dilatation and metallurgical phase transformation that generate inhomogeneous plastic deformation and residual stresses in the welded parts which can be a source of cracking and fracture problems in welded structures. Ln this study we use the micro indentation technique at different temperature which is a powerful tool to characterise the mechanical properties of a welded bond. The aim of this part is to characterize the differences of the mechanical properties of the different zones of the weld
Close, Damien. "Alternative protective coatings for hot stamped automotive body parts". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0083/document.
Testo completoVarious coatings are currently available for press-hardened steels used for the automotive construction, mainly with the aim of providing good anticorrosive properties to the body components. In order to improve performance of the coated products in terms of hot formability, corrosion protection and suitability for subsequent manufacturing processes, steelmakers and car manufacturers investigated various alternative coating materials. Only a few solutions resulted in a serial production. The aim of this study is to proceed to a screening of the performance of current coating variants, to identify new concepts for alternative coating materials and assess their suitability for the hot stamping application. The present work is focused on the study of Zn-Mn alloy coatings. Various electroplating baths and electric parameters were studied in order to determine optimal deposition conditions for obtaining Zn-Mn alloys with high Mn contents. The deposits obtained on large-scale steel plates were characterized with regards to their crystallographic, microstructural and anticorrosive properties. The behavior of the coating materials during austenitizing treatment was studied after heat treatment to different temperatures and heating durations. A particular attention was given to the evolution of the composition, the interdiffusion phases formed as well as to the presence of oxidation and evaporation mechanisms at high temperature. At last, the forming properties of the alternative coating materials and their susceptibility for liquid metal embrittlement were assessed on the basis of direct hot stamping experiments
Velay, Vincent. "Modélisation du comportement cyclique et de la durée de vie d'aciers à outils martensitiques". Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2003. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001209.
Testo completoHentati, Nesrine. "Matériaux composites à matrice organique pour garnitures de frein : analyse des liens entre le procédé d’élaboration, la microstructure, les propriétés et le comportement tribologique : analyse des liens entre le procédé d’élaboration, la microstructure, les propriétés et le comportement tribologique". Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECLI0012/document.
Testo completoOrganic composite friction materials for brake lining result from a complex elaboration made up of successive stages (mixture of constituents, cold preforming, hot molding, post-curing) that makes difficult the mastery of the link between process, properties and behaviour of friction material, especially because of synergies between constituents on one hand, and between composition and manufacturing process on the other hand. Two manufacturing stages were involved in this study, the hot molding and the post-curing, with the aim of a better understanding of the influence of certain parameters of the manufacturing process: the temperature and the duration of hot molding, and the duration of post curing. The analysis has focused on the understanding the relationship between microstructure, properties, tribological behaviour and friction and wear mechanisms of materials.The experimental approach was based on the development of simplified formulations of friction material, and on an elementary wear test specifically designed for braking loadings
Sirvin, Quentin. "Etude du comportement mécanique de tôles en alliage de titane et des paramètres procédé dans les opérations d'emboutissage à hautes températures". Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018EMAC0003.
Testo completoIn the aerospace industry, titanium alloys are used for their excellent mechanical behavior associated with low density. They are widely available in sheet form and the final shape can be obtained through three processes: at room temperature by stamping operation, at very high temperatures (T≈900°C) by superplastic forming (SPF) and at intermediate temperature (T=730°C, 880°C) by hot forming (HF). The project is based on the development of the hot stamping process of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy sheet under isothermal conditions at temperatures below than 700°C. Therefore, the determination of the process and material parameters constitutes an important stage for implementing the numerical simulation while contributing to the success of the stamping operation at the scale of an industrial part. The process parameters are related to the punch speed, the blank holder forces and the friction induced between the sheet and the tool. Their analysis allowed to determine two temperature levels (400°C et 500°C) leading a drastic drop in energy cost, compared to HF or SPF processes, while maintaining enough elongation levels. The material parameters influencing the behavior of the alloy are analyzed and quantified. They can be influenced by several mechanisms: elasticity, viscosity, anisotropy (Hill48, Barlat91) and nature of hardening (isotropic, kinematic). In this study, an anisotropic elasto-viscoplastic behavior model, able to consider the loading path undergone by sheet during forming, has been formulated for both temperature levels. The implementation of the behavior model is achieved in Abaqus/Standard 6.14® Finite Element code with the material library plugin ZMAT®. It enables, on the one hand, stamping numerical simulations of a simple shape Omega profile for which experimental comparisons were done, on the other hand, calculations on an industrial part with a complex shape
Dessolier, Thibaut. "Effet de la température sur les hétérogénéités de déformation plastique dans les alliages de magnésium". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI094/document.
Testo completoThe aim of this study is to quantify the intra and intergranular contribution of the deformation during a high temperature micromechanical test on a magnesium alloy (AZ31). In order to answer this scientific issue, we have developed an in situ tensile test at high temperature within a SEM. It has required a significant preparation work in order to push the current technical limits of this type of test on magnesium alloy. These technical limits can partly explain why there are currently few in situ studies at high temperature on magnesium alloys. A local marker in the form of a microgrid was placed on our sample as it does not provide any local contrast for digital image correlation (DIC). Before the deposition of the microgrid, EBSD mapping was made. Using the grain boundaries from the EBSD, we can superimpose the deformed grain boundaries on the strain map from the DIC.Using high temperature in-situ tensile tests, we were able to highlight the effect of the temperature on the different active deformation mechanisms. This whole development work enables us to locate the plastic deformation heterogeneities both according to the evolution of the deformation and for several temperatures. From the tests conducted, it has been shown that the higher the temperature, the more heterogeneous the plastic deformation heterogeneities are located in the vicinity of the grain boundaries. Based on a heart/coat hypothesis, we were able to quantify the intra and intergranular contribution, and show that it became more important with temperature
Baccar, Manel. "Etude de l'endommagement et du comportement en fatigue des aciers à outils". Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EMAC0001/document.
Testo completoHot metal forming tools are subjected to cyclic thermomechanical loading and damage by complex fatigue/wear/oxidation interactions. Thermal solicitations were measured on high pressure die casting and hot stamping processes. Based on thermal measurements, the isothermal fatigue behaviour and lifetime of a new high conductivity steel HDC1 were investigated at different temperatures and strain amplitude then compared to AISI H11 steel. As AISI H11, continue cyclic softening was observed in HDC1 at all temperatures. The Manson-Coffin and Basquin laws were used for life prediction models under different temperatures. It was observed that the fatigue/oxidation interaction was a principal damage mechanism of the HDC1 steel at high temperature. Fatigue crack propagation in steels was investigated at room temperature in SENT specimens. A digital image correlation technique was used to evaluate crack opening (∆COD) and crack tip opening displacement (∆CTOD) ranges. Crack growth rate were investigated using ∆K (Paris law) and ∆CTOD criteria. It was observed that the cyclic crack tip plasticity control the crack propagation resistance. Crack closure could be evaluated by ∆CTOD.Finite element method by debond technique was used to model the crack propagation of AISI H11 at 600°C using both monotonic elasto-plastic (EP) and cyclic elasto-viscoplastic (EVP) constitutive laws materials. The comparison of ∆COD calculated and measured had shown that monotonic EP and cyclic EVP had no significant effect on the ∆COD, mainly due to the small-scale yielding conditions. It is however observed that the cyclic constitutive law was the best suitable model for the crack tip plasticity effect
D'Ans, Pierre. "Contribution à la mise au point d'une démarche rationnelle de sélection des traitements de surface: illustration dans le cas des dispositifs de fonderie de l'aluminium". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210366.
Testo completo- Utiliser des multitraitements de surface peut se faire en scindant les différentes requêtes en sous-ensembles, de manière à ce que chaque traitement réponde à l’un d’eux. Dans quel ordre ces requêtes doivent-elles être introduites par rapport au substrat ?
- Comment sélectionner les traitements de surface répondant à chaque requête individuelle ?
- Comment classer des multitraitements en termes d’adéquation au problème posé ?
Dans ce travail, les première et troisième questions sont abordées, en explorant les requêtes concernant habituellement les dispositifs de moulage de l’aluminium :
- Résistance aux contraintes d’origine thermique.
- Résistance à la corrosion par les métaux fondus.
- Résistance au frottement.
L’analyse de la bibliographie relative aux traitements de surface utilisés dans ces systèmes a été analysée et des « architectures »-types ont été identifiées (chapitre 3). On prévoit, par exemple, un traitement conférant la résistance à la fatigue superficielle, ainsi qu’un revêtement étanche et résistant à l’aluminium fondu. Une barrière thermique est parfois préconisée.
Pour chacune des architectures, des traitements de surface individuels peuvent être sélectionnés. Un « facteur de performance » permettant de classer les solutions par rapport au problème de la fatigue thermique a été construit (chapitre 4) et discuté dans deux situations :
- Lorsqu’un revêtement est présent, et que les contraintes d’origine thermique (différence de dilatation thermique couche-substrat) menacent de le rompre lors de l’immersion dans un milieu corrosif à haute température. Des essais de corrosion dans de l’aluminium fondu ont été réalisés sur un acier revêtu par du nitrure de chrome dopé à l’aluminium, synthétisé par déposition physique en phase vapeur (chapitre 5 – collaboration :Inasmet).
- Lorsque des variations thermiques rapides menacent de rompre le substrat et la (les) couches. Des essais de fatigue thermique ont été réalisés sur de l’acier à outils pour travail à chaud non traité, boruré ou recouvert d’un multitraitements (zircone yttriée / NiCrAlY / boruration / acier). Le revêtement en zircone yttriée a été obtenu par projection par plasma. L’essai de fatigue thermique a été modélisé et le facteur de performance, discuté (chapitre 6).
Au chapitre 7, les architectures-types ont été introduites dans une méthodologie de sélection des multi-traitements de surface, qui a été appliquée dans deux cas :
- Celui des moules de fonderie, devant résister à la fatigue thermique et à la corrosion par l’aluminium fondu. Le facteur de performance a été extrapolé à d’autres situations qu’aux chapitres 5 et 6. Les solutions habituellement proposées pour résoudre ce problème sont retrouvées.
- Celui de deux pièces en acier frottant l’une contre l’autre en présence d’aluminium fondu.
To select surface treatments, one must account for the required functional properties, the substrate features and the solicitations the substrate must endure. Certain combinations of these parameters make it difficult to select a single surface treatment, a reason why several successive treatments are preferred. To select them, one needs to determine:
- How to divide the several requests into groups and how to stack up these groups from the substrate to the outer surface, so that each treatment deals with one specific group of requests/properties.
- How to select individual layers for each group of properties.
- How to rank the multi-treatments in terms of relevance for a given application.
In this work, one tries to answer the first and the third questions, by studying the case of aluminium foundry, in which the industrial devices frequently face the following solicitations:
- Thermal stress (thermal fatigue, thermal expansion mismatch).
- Presence of corrosive molten metal.
- Sliding wear.
In the literature, several “standard” architectures are proposed (chapter 3), like a diffusion layer reducing superficial fatigue plus a corrosion barrier layer. A thermal barrier coating is also sometimes proposed.
For each of these architectures, one can select individual treatments. To rank them, one devised a “performance index” for thermal stress (chap.4), which is discussed for two cases:
- For large differences between layer and substrate thermal expansion coefficients, when both are put into contact with a high temperature corrosive medium, the layer may be damaged. One discusses this case by examining the corrosion caused by molten aluminium for a steel substrate coated by anticorrosive chromium nitride doped with aluminium. The layer is produced by physical vapour deposition (chap. 5 – cooperation: Inasmet).
- Repeated fast surface temperature transients can also damage the substrate and/or the layer by thermal fatigue. One conducted thermal fatigue tests with samples of hot work tool steel, respectively untreated, simply borided and protected by a multilayer. In the last case, top coat is yttria stabilised zirconia, followed by a nickel superalloy and then a borided layer (undercoat). One synthesized the zirconia coating by plasma spray and one modelled the thermal fatigue (chap. 6).
In chap. 7, architectures from chap. 2 are introduced in a multi-treatment selection routine, which is applied in two cases:
- Foundry moulds for molten aluminium, withstanding both thermal fatigue and corrosion. The devised performance index is extrapolated beyond the tests of chap. 5 and 6 to treatments for this industrial application, thereby quantifying their respective merits.
- A foundry device exposed to molten metal and sliding wear.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished