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Labov, William. "The role of African Americans in Philadelphia sound change". Language Variation and Change 26, n. 1 (marzo 2014): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394513000240.
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AbstractA number of studies of African American communities show a tendency to approximate the phonological patterns of the surrounding mainstream white community. An analysis of the vowel systems of 36 African American speakers in the Philadelphia Neighborhood Corpus compares their development over the 20th century with that of the mainstream community. For vowels involved in change in the white community, African Americans show very different patterns, often moving in opposite directions. The traditional split of short-a words into tense and lax categories is a more fine-grained measure of dialect relations. The degree of participation by African Americans is described by measures of bimodality, which are applied as well to the innovative nasal short-a system. The prototypical African American speakers show no bimodality in either measure, recombining the traditional tense and lax categories into a single short-a in lower mid, nonperipheral position. The lack of relation between the two short-a systems is related to the high degree of residential segregation, in that linguistic contact is largely diffusion among adults rather than the faithful transmission found among children.
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Ryabov, Igor. "The Role of Residential Segregation in Explaining Racial Gaps in Childhood and Adolescent Obesity". Youth & Society 50, n. 4 (23 settembre 2015): 485–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x15607165.
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The present study used nationally representative data from the U.S. Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) merged with census-track data from the American Community Survey (ACS) to model race-ethnic disparities in overweight, obesity, and obesity-related disease among children and adolescents as a function of neighborhood race-ethnic segregation, socio-economic status, household size and structure, family history of obesity, and other important predictors. Results indicate that African American and Hispanic children and adolescents are more likely to suffer from obesity and obesity-related disease than their non-Hispanic White peers. We also found that race-ethnic segregation proxied by the Index of Dissimilarity has a strong and negative effect on the weight status and health outcomes mentioned above. Moreover, race-ethnic segregation appears to explain up to 20% of the difference between minority children and their non-Hispanic White peers in the prevalence rate of overweight, obesity, and obesity-related disease.
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Thomas, Ronay, Patrick T. McGann, Andrew Beck, Amanda Pfeiffer e Kyesha M. James. "Characterization of Community-Based Socioeconomic Factors, Utilization, and Adherence in Children with Sickle Cell Disease". Blood 134, Supplement_1 (13 novembre 2019): 4686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-130637.
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Introduction Sickle cell disease (SCD) affects over 100,000 people in the US, the majority of whom are African American. Socioeconomic challenges have a significant impact on both access and adherence to appropriate treatments which, given a history of racial segregation and discrimination, disproportionately burden under-represented minorities. The distribution of socioeconomic factors, like poverty, educational attainment, and housing quality, can now be assessed routinely at the population level, yet the distribution and impact of such contextual risks in the pediatric sickle cell population have not been sufficiently described. Here, we sought to characterize the burden of neighborhood-level socioeconomic challenges and barriers among children with SCD in one large, urban county. We also sought to determine whether these area-level indicators were associated with hospitalizations and markers of adherence to SCD medications. Methods We pursued a retrospective review of electronic health record data from 2011-2017 for children with HbSS disease in the active Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center's SCD registry which includes all children receiving care within the past two years in the Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center and is representative of nearly all children with SCD in Hamilton County, Ohio. The analysis was performed under an IRB-approved study investigating socioeconomic factors for children in Hamilton County. Children within the SCD registry were excluded from this analysis if they had a non-HbSS genotype or an address outside of Hamilton County. Addresses were geocoded and linked to a specific census tract which approximates local neighborhood boundaries. Once linked to a census tract, that address was connected to a pre-determined list of variables present within the 2013-2017 US Census' American Community Survey. Variables included the census tract poverty rate, educational attainment rate (percentage of adults with less than a high school education), and the percentage of vacant housing. A validated census tract-level deprivation index, assembled from 6 such census variables, was also included. Outcomes of interest included number of hospitalizations and ED visits during the study period and %HbF for the subset on hydroxyurea treatment. Descriptive statistics were used to illustrate ecological socioeconomic characteristics among included patients. Associations between area-based socioeconomic deprivation and outcomes of interest were tested using the Kruskal-Wallis Test. Results There were 141 patients with HbSS included in the analysis (53% Male, 82% publicly insured). Mean age at the end of the analysis period was 9.6±6.3 years. Consistent with the aggressive treatment strategy at our center, most (97%) were on disease modifying treatment with either hydroxyurea (81%) or chronic transfusion therapy (16%). Compared to the county as a whole, children in the registry mapped to areas with relatively high rates of poverty (median 26%; IQR 15%-42%), low rates of education attainment (median with high school degree 86%; IQR 78%-91%), and high rates of vacant housing (median 13%; IQR 8%-19%). The deprivation index is scaled between 0 and 1 with higher values indicative of more socioeconomic deprivation. In our population, the deprivation index median was 0.45 (IQR 0.36-0.61). When the sample was categorized into three deprivation groups (low < 25th percentile, medium between 25th and 75th, and high >75th percentile), we found trends toward associations with utilization and adherence measures (Table 1). Conclusion A majority of our SCD patients live in neighborhoods with stark socioeconomic challenges and barriers which have been shown to negatively affect health outcomes. There appears to be a significant trend towards increased utilization among those living in more deprived neighborhoods, although, the link with adherence was less clear. The latter finding, indicative of similar HbF levels across deprivation groupings, may be the result of efforts made by our multidisciplinary comprehensive care team to optimize care for all patients regardless of socioeconomic challenges. The data presented here are novel and likely representative of socioeconomic challenges of most SCD patients living in the US. Future, larger, multi-center studies should focus on identifying and addressing social determinants of health within this population. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Usher, Carey Leigh. "Trust and Well–Being in the African American Neighborhood". City & Community 6, n. 4 (dicembre 2007): 367–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2007.00232.x.
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Trust is a key component in the creation and maintenance of social capital, which has been linked to neighborhood capacity to respond to environmental challenges as well as physical and mental well–being of individuals. This article investigates the significance of this component of social capital for the health and well–being of African American residents of various types of neighborhoods. Using data collected from a sample of residents of neighborhoods characterized by differing levels of racial and economic segregation in a midsized southern city ( N= 310), a psychosocial resources model of distress is employed to explore the role of trust as a critical resource mediating the impact of stress in the form of racial and economic segregation on residents’ well–being. Results show that minority saturation is a more important predictor of well–being than economic segregation, and that, though no mediating influence is found, generalized trust is an important predictor of well–being.
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Ingham, John N. "Building Businesses, Creating Communities: Residential Segregation and the Growth of African American Business in Southern Cities, 1880–1915". Business History Review 77, n. 4 (2003): 639–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30041232.
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Patterns of residential segregation in late-nineteenth-century southern cities had great influence on the type of African American business that developed. They also affected the relative stability of business enterprise. In neighborhoods with a higher degree of segregation, African American entrepreneurs were able to develop vital businesses that survived the worsening climate of race relations around the turn of the century.
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Halpin, Dennis P. "“The Struggle for Land and Liberty”: Segregation, Violence, and African American Resistance in Baltimore, 1898-1918". Journal of Urban History 44, n. 4 (3 luglio 2015): 691–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144215589923.
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Beginning in the late 1890s, battles erupted along Baltimore’s racial frontiers as African Americans moved into predominately white neighborhoods. This article analyzes the fight to impose residential segregation by focusing on events on the streets. This vantage point reveals a fuller picture of the movement to impose legalized segregation in Baltimore. Attempts to maintain racially exclusive neighborhoods in Baltimore began years before the passage of the West Segregation Ordinances in 1910. A street-level examination emphasizes the violence and racism—often elided in top-down analyses—that were central to the push for legalized segregation. It also demonstrates the significance of grassroots activists in this story. The movement to impose residential segregation was both promulgated and opposed at the grassroots.
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Taplin–Kaguru, Nora E. "Mobile but Stuck: Multigenerational Neighborhood Decline and Housing Search Strategies for African Americans". City & Community 17, n. 3 (settembre 2018): 835–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12322.
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While many scholars have demonstrated that entrenched racial residential segregation perpetuates racial inequality, the causes of persistent racial segregation continue to be debated. This paper investigates how geographically and socioeconomically mobile African Americans approach the home–buying process in the context of a segregated metropolitan region, by using qualitative interviews with working–class to middle–income African American aspiring homebuyers. Homebuyers use three principal search strategies to determine suitable neighborhoods: avoiding decline, searching for improvement, and searching for stability. The findings suggest that despite these strategies African American homebuyers end up in areas that may not retain characteristics they desire in terms of racial demographics and amenities, in large part because such neighborhoods remain rare.
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Friedson, Michael. "Correction to: Physical Punishment of Children in Urban African American Neighborhoods". International Journal on Child Maltreatment: Research, Policy and Practice 4, n. 1 (aprile 2021): 135–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42448-021-00066-w.
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Jarrett, Robin L. "African American Children, Families, and Neighborhoods: Qualitative Contributions to Understanding Developmental Pathways". Applied Developmental Science 2, n. 1 (marzo 1998): 2–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s1532480xads0201_1.
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Krupala, Katie. "The Evolution of Uneven Development in Dallas, TX". Human Geography 12, n. 3 (novembre 2019): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861901200308.
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Dallas has a long history of uneven development. It is the product of excess capital, white planning, and a desire to shape the land into something it is not. Communities in Dallas broke sharply along racial and class lines, and as a result black and white Dallas developed separately. Forces of structural and physical violence largely determined where African American neighborhoods were, and are, located in Dallas. African American, Mexican American, and other low-income communities suffered not only from low housing availability and high rent prices, but also bombings, arson, and other physical threats. When alliances formed between poor whites and their neighbors of color, the construction of a highway or railroad was apt to split a neighborhood and fracture the community. The effects of segregation and discrimination have followed the African American communities in Dallas since their inception. Space for African Americans, who made up almost twenty percent of the population, within the Dallas city limits continued to shrink. In 1940, African American neighborhoods were squeezed into 3.5 square miles within the City and in small communities along the perimeter. Meanwhile, the wealthy sequestered themselves into enclaves within the city, avoiding both minorities and municipal taxes while benefitting from city services. In this paper I explore how this historical discrimination and segregation shaped geographic inequality across Dallas today. Much of the wealth in Dallas is clustered in the north around the Park Cities enclave as illustrated by viewing the property tax values over the city. Low-income, majority African American neighborhoods like Joppa, located in southern Dallas, illustrate the impacts that the flows of capital have on livelihoods. South Dallas experienced a sharp decrease in population as residents moved to the suburbs in the 1960s and has since been underdeveloped. Joppa, a small, historically neglected, neighborhood has remained isolated until recently. Developers are interested in Joppa for its cheap, empty lots, and valuable proximity to booming downtown Dallas and the Trinity River Corridor. Gentrification is a concern for the neighborhood; residents have a desire to revitalize their neighborhood on their own terms, not developers’. This research will help to visualize and amplify the continued material effects of a history Dallas is trying to make invisible.
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Gulosino, Charisse, e Chad DEntremont. "Circles of influence: An analysis of charter school location and racial patterns at varying geographic scales". education policy analysis archives 19 (20 marzo 2011): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v19n8.2011.
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This paper uses Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and dynamic mapping to examine student enrollments in New Jersey charter schools. Consistent with previous research, we find evidence of increased racial segregation. Greater percentages of African-Americans attend charter schools than reside in surrounding areas. We add to the existing charter school literature by more fully considering the importance of charter school supply and examining student enrollments across three geographic scales: school districts, census tracts and block groups. We demonstrate that racial segregation is most severe within charter schools’ immediate neighborhoods (i.e. block groups), suggesting that analyses comparing charter schools to larger school districts or nearby public schools may misrepresent student sorting. This finding appears to result from the tendency of charter schools in New Jersey to cluster just outside predominately African-American neighborhoods, encircling the residential locations of the students they are most likely to enroll.
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Chronopoulos, Themis. "“What’s Happened to the People?” Gentrification and Racial Segregation in Brooklyn". Journal of African American Studies 24, n. 4 (5 settembre 2020): 549–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12111-020-09499-y.
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Abstract This article explores the relationship between gentrification and racial segregation in Brooklyn, New York with an emphasis on Black Brooklyn. With more than 2.6 million residents, if Brooklyn was a city, it would be the fourth largest in the USA. Brooklyn is the home of approximately 788,000 Blacks with almost 692,000 of them living in an area that historian Harold X. Connolly has called Black Brooklyn. In recent decades, large portions of Brooklyn, including parts of Black Brooklyn have been gentrifying with sizable numbers of whites moving to traditionally Black neighborhoods. One would anticipate racial segregation to be declining in Brooklyn and especially in the areas that are gentrifying. However, this expectation of racial desegregation appears to be false. While there are declines in indices of racial segregation, these declines are frequently marginal, especially when the increase in the number of whites in Black neighborhoods is taken into consideration. At the same time, gentrification has contributed to the displacement or replacement of thousands of long-term African American residents from their homes. This persistence of racial segregation in a time of gentrification raises many questions about the two processes and the effects that they have on African Americans.
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Letiecq, Bethany, e Sally Koblinsky. "African-American Fathering of Young Children in Violent Neighborhoods: Paternal Protective Strategies and Their Predictors". Fathering: A Journal of Theory, Research, and Practice about Men as Fathers 1, n. 3 (1 ottobre 2003): 215–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3149/fth.0103.215.
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Bell, Jeannine. "Hate Thy Neighbor: Lessons for Neighborhood Integration for the Post-Obama Era and Beyond". Law & Social Inquiry 42, n. 02 (2017): 577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12294.
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This essay explores contemporary racial harassment, hate crimes, and violence targeted at African Americans and other racial minorities who have moved to white neighborhoods in the 1990s and 2000s, as described in my book Hate Thy Neighbor: Move In Violence and the Persistence of Segregation in American Housing. The essay details the experiences of blacks, Latinos, and Asian Americans who face race-based hate crimes upon integrating white neighborhoods. This violence is not limited to a specific geographic area of the United States, and is an important factor in continuing patterns of racial segregation. Social segregation and the failure of existing law to address this violence are important factors in its survival. Analyzing the roots and causes of such violence, the essay calls for greater attention to the enforcement of legal remedies designed to address neighborhood hate crime.
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Zuberi, Anita. "Feeling Safe in a Dangerous Place: Exploring the Neighborhood Safety Perceptions of Low-Income African American Youth". Journal of Adolescent Research 33, n. 1 (25 dicembre 2016): 90–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0743558416684948.
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Research shows that neighborhood safety is strongly associated with the health and well-being of adolescents. However, few studies examine what shapes these perceptions of safety, especially for adolescents who grow up in more dangerous neighborhoods. The present study explores what factors shape the neighborhood safety perceptions of a sample of low-income, African American adolescents aged 15 to 19 years ( n = 46) from Baltimore who lived in public housing as children. The study reveals the complexity in how adolescents perceive safety, especially among those living in dangerous neighborhoods. The results highlight the importance of the type of danger (e.g., drug activity vs. gun-related violence) and social connections in shaping neighborhood safety perceptions. Sample youth are more likely to report feeling safe when there is little perceived danger. In more dangerous neighborhoods, youth feel safe where there is low violence, they have protective social ties, and they can avoid perceived danger. However, social connections can also tie youth to violence and victimization, which threatens their perception of safety. This more nuanced understanding of youth perceptions of safety has implications for the ways in which neighborhoods affect adolescents and the role of housing policy in improving the well-being of low-income youth.
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Retzlaff, Rebecca. "Connecting Public School Segregation with Urban Renewal and Interstate Highway Planning: The Case of Birmingham, Alabama". Journal of Planning History 19, n. 4 (3 marzo 2020): 256–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1538513220906386.
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This article analyzes the connection between public school segregation and Urban Renewal and interstate highway construction in Birmingham, Alabama. It analyzes the routes of the interstate highways, the locations of Urban Renewal areas, and their impact on segregated schools and school zones. This article argues that interstate highways and Urban Renewal were used to preserve segregated schools. It also argues that activists for White schools were able to affect interstate highway design while activists for African American schools were not. Also, Urban Renewal funds were used to build new segregated schools and neighborhoods in order to reinforce patterns of segregation.
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Terzian, Sevan G. "“Subtle, vicious effects”: Lillian Steele Proctor's Pioneering Investigation of Gifted African American Children in Washington, DC". History of Education Quarterly 61, n. 3 (agosto 2021): 351–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/heq.2021.22.
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AbstractThis essay examines the first detailed study of gifted African American youth: Lillian Steele Proctor's master's thesis from the late 1920s on Black children in Washington, DC. Unlike formative research on gifted children by educational psychologists, Proctor's investigation emphasized children's experiences at school, home, and community in determining their abilities, opportunities, and accomplishments. Proctor's work also anticipated African American intellectuals’ critiques of racist claims about intelligence and giftedness that would flourish in the 1930s. In focusing on the nation's capital, her investigation drew from a municipality with a high proportion of African American residents that was segregated by law. Proctor pointed directly to systemic racism as both contributing to the relative invisibility of gifted African American youth and in thwarting opportunities to realize their intellectual potential. In an environment of racial subordination and segregation, these gifted children found themselves excluded from cultural resources and educational opportunities.
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Payton Foh, Erica, Rashida R. Brown, Kunga Denzongpa e Sandra Echeverria. "Legacies of Environmental Injustice on Neighborhood Violence, Poverty and Active Living in an African American Community". Ethnicity & Disease 31, n. 3 (15 luglio 2021): 425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.31.3.425.
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Features of the built environment such as parks and open spaces contribute to increased physical activity in populations, while living in neighborhoods with high poverty, racial/ethnic segregation, presence of neighborhood problems, and violence has been associated with less active living. Our present study examined the factors that may facilitate or hinder the long-term success of built environment interventions aimed at promoting physical activity in communities with a legacy of environmental injustice. The data for this study came from a larger assessment of the impact of a new local park in Newark, NJ. Analysis included all adults from the original study population who self-identified as African American/ Black (N=95).To provide an in-depth understanding of how neighborhood social and physical features influence physical activity among African Americans living in high poverty neighborhoods, we analyzed data from two focus groups with a total of 14 participants, and six in-depth interviews held in 2009- 2010.Survey results indicated high exposure to violence, and associations between neighborhood features and walking. Self-reported neighborhood walkability was associated with increased walking (P=.01), while increased perception of neighborhood safety was associated with less walking (P=.01). Qualitative results indicated that residents perceived the new park as a positive change, but also expressed concern about the presence of violence and lack of social cohesion among neighbors, with younger generations expressing less optimism than the elderly. Positive changes associated with improvements to the built environment may be limited by social conditions such as neighborhood violence.These mixed findings suggest that policies and initiatives aimed at improving the built environment should address poverty, safety, and social cohesion to ensure more active living communities.Ethn Dis. 2021:31(3):425-432; doi:10.18865/ed.31.3.425
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Gibson, Bentley, Erin Robbins e Philippe Rochat. "White Bias in 3–7-Year-Old Children across Cultures". Journal of Cognition and Culture 15, n. 3-4 (26 agosto 2015): 344–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12342155.
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In three studies we report data confirming and extending the finding of a tendency toward a White preference bias by young children of various ethnic backgrounds. European American preschoolers who identify with a White doll also prefer it to a Black doll. In contrast, same age African American children who identify with a Black doll do not show a significant preference for it over a White doll. These results are comparable in African American children attending either a racially mixed (heterogeneous), or an Afro-centric, all African American (homogenous) preschool. These results show the persistence of an observation that contributed to school de-segregation in the United States. Results also reveal a lack of congruence between skin color identity and preference is not limited to African Americans. There is a comparable, if not stronger White preference bias in five to seven-year-old Polynesian and Melanesian children tested in their native island nations. Using a modified procedure controlling for binary forced choice biases, we confirm these findings with second generation American children of Indian descent showing clear signs of a White (lighter skin preference) bias. These results are consistent with the idea that during the preschool years children are sensitive and attracted to signs of higher social status that, for historical reasons and across cultures, tends to be associated with lighter skin color.
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Carlton-LaNey, Iris, e Annie McCullough Chavis. "Annie Mae Kenion (1912–2009)". Affilia 26, n. 4 (novembre 2011): 431–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886109911428209.
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This article examines the career of Annie Mae Kenion who worked as a Jeanes teacher and supervisor of African American schools for more than 40 years. Strict racial segregation and disenfranchisement was the order of the day throughout most of her career, forcing her to negotiate the system gingerly in order to serve children. Kenion’s professional life illustrates an unyielding love of learning and the stark connection between education and the African American struggle against oppression.
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Knudson, Paul. "Continuing Social Constraints in Education Agency: The School Choices and Experiences of Middle- Class African American Families in Albany, NY". Qualitative Sociology Review 17, n. 1 (8 febbraio 2021): 150–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.17.1.10.
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This paper explores the experiences of middle-class African American parents who have enrolled their children in a central-city public school district and the factors that inform and contribute to their school enrollment decisions. Data come from nineteen in-depth interviews with middle-class African American parents in Albany, New York. The paper uses the conceptual framework of empowerment and agency to explore and analyze the findings. Findings suggest that middle-class African American parents possess some measure of empowerment based on their human capital and positive childhood experiences in public schools. The latter denotes the salience of emotions in intergenerational education transmission. Parents’ empowerment, however, does not fully extend to agency. Most parents’ school choices have been structured and narrowed by racial segregation in residence and by the real and perceived racial exclusion in private school settings. Therefore, even for highly-educated, middle-income African Americans, anxieties over racial exclusion act as a strong social constraint on parents’ community and school choices.
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Ward Randolph, Adah, e Dwan V. Robinson. "De Facto Desegregation in the Urban North: Voices of African American Teachers and Principals on Employment, Students, and Community in Columbus, Ohio, 1940 to 1980". Urban Education 54, n. 10 (20 marzo 2017): 1403–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042085917697204.
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This research explores the historical development of African American teacher and principal hiring and placement in Columbus, Ohio, from 1940 to 1980. In 1909, the Columbus Board of Education established Champion Avenue School creating a de facto segregated school to educate the majority of African American children and to employ Black educators. Over the next 50 years, Columbus created a de facto system of education where Black educators were hired and placed exclusively. This research illuminates how an unintended detriment such as de facto segregation actually developed Black leadership, and strengthened and empowered the community before and after Brown.
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Michney, Todd M., e LaDale Winling. "New Perspectives on New Deal Housing Policy: Explicating and Mapping HOLC Loans to African Americans". Journal of Urban History 46, n. 1 (9 gennaio 2019): 150–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144218819429.
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Scholarship on the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) has typically focused on this New Deal housing agency’s invention of redlining, with dire effects from this legacy of racial, ethnic, and class bias for the trajectories of urban, and especially African American neighborhoods. However, HOLC did not embark on its now infamous mapping project until after it had issued all its emergency refinancing loans to the nation’s struggling homeowners. We examine the racial logic of HOLC’s local operations and its lending record to black applicants during the agency’s initial 1933-1935 “rescue” phase, finding black access to its loans to have been far more extensive than anyone has assumed. Yet, even though HOLC did loan to African Americans, it did so in ways that reinforced racial segregation—and with the objective of replenishing the working capital of the overwhelmingly white-owned building and loans that held the mortgages on most black-owned homes.
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Rezazade, Faeze, Esmaeil Zohdi e Sohila Faghfori. "Negro’s “Double Consciousness” in To Kill a Mockingbird". Theory and Practice in Language Studies 6, n. 12 (1 dicembre 2016): 2292. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0612.08.
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Living among the Whites has caused many problems for the Blacks throughout the history. African Americans, who are African in their roots and American in their life, as opposite races, are segregated from the White’s societies due to their colored skin. They are considered as uncivilized and lowbrow people who do not have equal rights to the Whites. Thus, racial segregation acting like a veil, as Du Bois refers to, brings African Americans a dual identity which leads to their double consciousness. Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, written in 1960, further to its depiction of racial prejudice and discrimination issues of American society in 1930’s, pictures the life of a minor character named Calpurnia as a black woman who lives with a white family and has the role of a mother for the white children. Therefore, living among the Whites and the Blacks at the same time leads her to a double consciousness, which is the result of segregation. Thus, using W. E. B. Du Bois’ concepts of “veil” and “double consciousness”, in this study it has been tried to investigate the inner as well as the outer truth of African Americans’ life and their merged identity under the impact of racism.
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Leibbrand, Christine, Catherine Massey, J. Trent Alexander, Katie R. Genadek e Stewart Tolnay. "The Great Migration and Residential Segregation in American Cities during the Twentieth Century". Social Science History 44, n. 1 (2020): 19–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2019.46.
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ABSTRACTThe Great Migration from the South and the rise of racial residential segregation strongly shaped the twentieth-century experience of African Americans. Yet, little attention has been devoted to how the two phenomena were linked, especially with respect to the individual experiences of the migrants. We address this gap by using novel data that links individual records from the complete-count 1940 Census to those in the 2000 Census long form, in conjunction with information about the level of racial residential segregation in metropolitan areas in 1940 and 2000. We first consider whether migrants from the South and their children experienced higher or lower levels of segregation in 1940 relative to their counterparts who were born in the North or who remained in the South. Next, we extend our analysis to second-generation Great Migration migrants and their segregation outcomes by observing their location in 2000. Additionally, we assess whether second-generation migrants experience larger decreases in their exposure to segregation as their socioeconomic status increases relative to their southern and/or northern stayer counterparts. Our study significantly advances our understanding of the Great Migration and the “segregated century.”
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Wells, Amy Stuart, e Robert L. Crain. "Perpetuation Theory and the Long-Term Effects of School Desegregation". Review of Educational Research 64, n. 4 (dicembre 1994): 531–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/00346543064004531.
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For the last 30 years, the bulk of research on school desegregation has focused on the short-term effects of this policy on the achievement, self-esteem, and intergroup relations of students in racially mixed versus segregated schools. These research foci reflect a more psychological approach to understanding the goals and purposes of school desegregation, viewing it as a policy designed to save the hearts and minds” of African-American students and teach children of all races to get along. This article brings together, for the first time, a smaller body of literature on the long-term effects of school desegregation on the life chances of African-American students. In this article, we argue from a sociological perspective that the goal of desegregation policy is to break the cycle of segregation and allow nonwhite students access to high-status institutions and the powerful social networks within them. We analyze 21 studies drawing on perpetuation theory, a macro-micro theory of racial segregation.
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Showell, Nakiya N., Katie Washington Cole, Katherine Johnson, Lisa Ross DeCamp, Megan Bair-Merritt e Rachel L. J. Thornton. "Neighborhood and Parental Influences on Diet and Physical Activity Behaviors in Young Low-Income Pediatric Patients". Clinical Pediatrics 56, n. 13 (26 dicembre 2016): 1235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922816684599.
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This study explores the relationship between neighborhood characteristics and caregiver preferences for establishing diet and physical activity behaviors among low-income African American and Hispanic young children (2-5 years). Primary caregivers of young children were recruited from 2 urban pediatric clinics to participate in focus groups (n = 33). Thematic analysis of transcripts identified 3 themes: neighborhood constraints on desired behaviors, caregivers’ strategies in response to neighborhoods, and caregivers’ sense of agency in the face of neighborhood constraints. This study elucidates the dynamic relationship between neighborhoods and caregiver preferences, their interrelated impacts on establishment of diet and physical activity behaviors among young children, and the important role of caregiver agency in establishing behaviors among young children. To effectively address obesity disparities among young children, primary care behavioral interventions must leverage and support such resilient caregiver responses to neighborhood constraints in order to optimally address racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in obesity among young children.
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Powell, Jessica S. ""To Have Better Than What I Had”: The Transgenerational Family Pedagogy of an African American Family in the South". Journal of Family Diversity in Education 2, n. 2 (6 dicembre 2016): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53956/jfde.2016.83.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper, based on an ethnographic study of Black families in the South, explores the narratives of the Jordan family across three generations to understand the varied histories of schooling, education, segregation, and desegregation that are embodied in the stories they share. Their stories describe a transgenerational family pedagogy, which I define as the moves, choices, and messages shared across generations to support the educational and social mobility of their children and grandchildren. Their stories underscore the strengths of the segregated community schools of the past, while exposing a shift when de jure segregated education became de facto segregated schooling, and was no longer a suitable option for their children and grandchildren. This paper brings a new perspective to the family involvement discourse by arguing that our understandings of family-school partnerships can be strengthened by analyzing families and their relationships to education as historically and contextually situated
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Fisher, E. B. "Community Organization to Reduce the Need for Acute Care for Asthma Among African American Children in Low-Income Neighborhoods: The Neighborhood Asthma Coalition". PEDIATRICS 114, n. 1 (1 luglio 2004): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.114.1.116.
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Hill, Jerell B. "Culture and Conversation: Rethinking Brown v. Board of Education a Postponed Commitment to Educational Equality". Journal of Education and Learning 10, n. 2 (9 febbraio 2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jel.v10n2p37.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Brown v. Board of Education (1954) decision was a significant change in social justice and human rights. There is ongoing debate about public education not as a private commodity but as a public good that must be made available on equal terms. Recently, schools are entering an era of second-generation segregation. Poor outcomes, language acquisition programs preventing access to college-readiness courses, and teacher quality are causes for concern. Research on second-generation segregation found that African-American children experience lower rates of academic achievement than their White peers. This was a case study analysis to investigate the impact of teacher preparation and culturally relevant practices related to educational opportunities. The results hold implications on misconceptions of educational improvements for Black children and identify the need to increase cultural responsiveness and an intentional focus on students’ assets and needs.
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Vincent, Neil J. "Exposure to Community Violence and the Family: Disruptions in Functioning and Relationships". Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 90, n. 2 (aprile 2009): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.3865.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Of all the stressors experienced by poor urban African American families, community violence is perhaps the worst. This study examines how exposure to community violence affects the relationships and functioning of these families. Eight problems emerged from an analysis of 38 case records from a crime victims assistance program, including disruptions in communication and increased family conflict. Female caregivers experienced distress and an inability to meet the psychological needs of their children. Overall, the families experienced heightened safety concerns, isolation, and loss of financial resources while living in violent neighborhoods. Recommendations include using the ecological/transactional and family systems frameworks paired with a nontraditional, community-based approach to provide mental health and supportive services. Limitations and directions for further research are discussed.
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GORMAN–SMITH, DEBORAH, e PATRICK TOLAN. "The role of exposure to community violence and developmental problems among inner-city youth". Development and Psychopathology 10, n. 1 (marzo 1998): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579498001539.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
While research has well documented that urban youth are exposed to increasing rates of community violence, little is known about what increases risk for violence exposure, what protects children from exposure to violence, and what factors reduce the most negative outcomes associated with witnessing violence. This study expands on current research by evaluating the relations between exposure to violence, family relationship characteristics and parenting practices, and aggression and depression symptoms. Data were drawn from a sample of 245 African-American and Latino boys and their caregivers from economically disadvantaged inner-city neighborhoods in Chicago. Rates of exposure could not be predicted from family relationship and parenting characteristics, although there was a trend for discipline to be related. Exposure to community violence was related to increases in aggressive behavior and depression over a 1-year period even after controlling for previous status. Future studies should continue to evaluate the role of exposure to violence on the development of youth among different neighborhoods and communities. Implications for intervention and policy are discussed.
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Mair, Christine A., Amanda J. Lehning, Shari R. Waldstein, Michele K. Evans e Alan B. Zonderman. "Exploring Neighborhood Social Environment and Social Support in Baltimore". Social Work Research 45, n. 2 (1 giugno 2021): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/swr/svab007.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Intervention efforts include social support as a mechanism to promote well-being in diverse communities. Cultivating support can be complex, particularly in disadvantaged urban communities. This complexity is compounded by a lack of studies that attempt to map associations between urban neighborhood environments and social support exchanges. Authors address this gap by analyzing data from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span study (Wave 1, 2004–2009), a 20-year epidemiological investigation of African American and White adults living in Baltimore City. Results of ordinary least squares linear regression models (N = 2,002) indicate that individuals who report that their neighborhoods have more social resources (p = .03), social order (p < .001), social cohesion (p = .002), and social control (p = .001) tend to exchange more social support. Respondents in neighborhoods with more social disorder report providing more support (p = .02), but receive less (p = .004). Neighborhood social environment is more consistently associated with support received from friends or other kin compared with spouses and children. These findings suggest that neighborhood social environments may be a key contextual consideration for social work intervention efforts and indicate need for macro-level interventions to complement existing micro-level interventions.
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Goluboff, Risa L. "“Won't You Please Help Me Get My Son Home”: Peonage, Patronage, and Protest in the World War II Urban South". Law & Social Inquiry 24, n. 04 (1999): 777–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1999.tb00405.x.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
During World War II, young African Americans from southern cities left their homes for what appeared to be patriotic job opportunities harvesting sugar cane in Florida. When returning workers described peonage and slavery instead, parents worried about their children's safety. After attempting to contact their children directly, the parents appealed to the federal government. Their decision to mobilize the federal government and the strategies they used to do so reveal important aspects of wartime African American protest that historians have previously overlooked. This article focuses on families instead of atomized individuals, revealing the importance of families, neighborhoods, and communities to the emergence of rights consciousness. It also complicates the historiographical dichotomy between rights consciousness and patronage relationships. Patrons served as liaisons with law enforcement agencies and provided links to a law-centered rights consciousness. For many historians, until protest exits the realm of patronage ties, it is not really protest, and once interactions with government themselves become bureaucratized they cease to be protest any longer. The efforts of the peons' families challenge both ends of this narrow category of protest; they both used patronage relations to lodge their protests and also forged rights consciousness within the legal process itself.
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Readdick, Christine A., e G. Robert Schaller. "Summer Camp and Self-Esteem of School-Age Inner-City Children". Perceptual and Motor Skills 101, n. 1 (agosto 2005): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.101.1.121-130.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that a session of summer camp would increase the self-esteem of economically disadvantaged, school-age children from New York's inner-city neighborhoods. This study was conducted at a small, coeducational residential summer camp in the Pocono Mountains designed for children ages 6–12 years from low-income areas of New York City. During each of four 12-day sessions, the Piers-Harris Children's Self-concept Scale was administered as a pretest and posttest to a sample of 68 children (36 boys and 32 girls; 33 African American, 34 Hispanic, and 1 Asian) of 742 attending camp for the summer. Children scored significantly higher on the measure of self-esteem at the end of camp than at the beginning. Positive descriptions and ratings of self on popularity increased significantly. Observations and interviews with children suggested physical and social environmental features, such as contact with nature and having the same counselor as a previous year, may support self-esteem. Findings are discussed within a framework for biophilia, an innate urge to affiliate with nature which unfolds from earliest childhood on.
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Vanover, Charles. "Listening to the Silences: A Teacher’s First Year in Words and Music". Art/Research International: A Transdisciplinary Journal 1, n. 1 (16 luglio 2016): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.18432/r2cc7t.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Listening to the Silences is an ethnodrama – an example of verbatim theatre that evokes a teacher’s first year in the Chicago Public Schools (CPS) based on the words voiced during a series of four interviews sessions conducted by the author. The protagonist, Indiana Ingelside, spent her first year in CPS in an African American school in one of Chicago’s poorest neighborhoods. The show is intended to help the audience reflect on the beginning teacher’s experiences of working in that setting. The script evokes the challenges of teaching within environments shaped by social policies that do not address, and frequently exacerbate, the poverty, racism, and other forms of injustice that shape the lives of children and families of color. The article begins with the complete playscript and then concludes with an afterword that describes what the author learned from developing and producing the show. Photos from the Philadelphia workshops are included.
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Phillips, Evelyn Newman, e Wangari Gichiru. "Structural Violence of Schooling: A Genealogy of a Critical Family History of Three Generations of African American Women in a Rural Community in Florida". Genealogy 5, n. 1 (12 marzo 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy5010020.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Through the lens of structural violence, Black feminism and critical family history, this paper explores how societal structures informed by white supremacy shaped the lives of three generations of rural African American women in a family in Florida during the middle to the late twentieth century. Specifically, this study investigates how disparate funding, segregation, desegregation, poverty and post-desegregation policies shaped and limited the achievement trajectories among these women. Further, an oral historical examination of their lives reveals the strategies they employed despite their under-resourced and sometimes alienating schooling. The paper highlights the experiences of the Newman family, descendants of captive Africans in the United States that produced three college-educated daughters and a granddaughter despite structural barriers that threatened their progress. Using oral history interviews, archival resources and first-person accounts, this family’s story reveals a genealogy of educational achievement, barriers and agency despite racial and gendered limitations in a Southern town. The findings imply that their schooling mirrors many of the barriers that other Blacks face. However, this study shows that community investment in African American children, plus teachers that affirm students, and programs such as Upward Bound, help to advance Black students in marginalized communities. Further, these women’s lives suggest that school curriculums need to be anti-racist and public policies that affirm each person regardless of the color of their skin. A simple solution that requires the structural violence of whiteness be eliminated from the schooling spheres.
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Harris, Shaywanna, Christopher T. Belser, Naomi J. Wheeler e Andrea Dennison. "A Review of Adverse Childhood Experiences as Factors Influential to Biopsychosocial Development for Young Males of Color". Professional Counselor 11, n. 2 (giugno 2021): 188–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.15241/sh.11.2.188.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Despite the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision ending school segregation in 1954, African American children and other children of color still experience severe and adverse challenges while receiving an education. Specifically, Black and Latino male students are at higher risk of being placed in special education classes, receiving lower grades, and being suspended or expelled from school. Although adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and the negative outcomes associated with experiencing them, are not specific to one racial or ethnic group, the impact of childhood adversity exacerbates the challenges experienced by male students of color at a biological, psychological, and sociological level. This article reviews the literature on how ACEs impact the biopsychosocial development and educational outcomes of young males of color (YMOC). A strengths-based perspective, underscoring resilience among YMOC, will be highlighted in presenting strategies to promote culturally responsive intervention with YMOC, focused professional development, and advocacy in the school counseling profession.
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Hopkins, Laura, Cara Pannell e Carolyn Gunther. "Exploring the Relationship Between Attendance at USDA Summer Food Service Program Sites and Baseline Household Food Security Status: Results from the Project SWEAT Study". Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (29 maggio 2020): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa043_055.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Objectives Explore the relationship between attendance at USDA Summer Food Service Program (SFSP) sites and baseline household food security status. Methods Two elementary schools in low-income urban neighborhoods of Columbus, OH were recruited. Families with children at these schools in grades pre-kindergarten through fifth were invited to participate. Caregivers completed a demographic survey at the end of school year 1 (baseline [t0]). Household food security was assessed at t0 using the USDA 6-item Short Form Food Security Module and based on responses participants were categorized as living in high marginal food security (HMFS), low food security (LFS), or very low food security (VLFS) households. Child attendance at USDA SFSP sites was collected via weekly text messages to caregivers using the online TextIt© platform. ANOVA was conducted to determine differences in attendance level by household food security status. Results 113 children representing 78 families enrolled. Mean age was 7.10 ± 0.21 yr, 79.65% were African American, 72.73% were low-income, and mean annual income was $28,222. Approximately 27% of families (n = 21) reported living in LFS (n = 10, 14.82%) or VLFS (n = 11, 12.10%) households. Overall mean attendance at summer programming was 10.40 ± 1.43 days (out of 50 possible days) and attendance by household food security status was 10.51 ± 1.61 (HMFS), 19.00 ± 6.15 (LFS), and 5.70 ± 2.85 (VLFS) days with a significant difference (P = 0.04) between LFS and VLFS households. Conclusions Children in VLFS (vs HMFS and LFS) households, who are at increased risk for hunger during the summertime window of risk, are attending sites offering the USDA SFSP least frequently. Future research and programmatic efforts should be targeted at children from the most vulnerable households to ensure food security during the summertime window of risk. Funding Sources USDA NC-NECE.
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Hossain, Sharmin, May A. Beydoun, Michele K. Evans, Alan B. Zonderman e Marie Fanelli Kuczmarski. "Caregiver Status and Diet Quality in Community Dwelling Older Adults". Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (29 maggio 2020): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa043_056.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Objectives Prior studies on caregivers have focused mainly on the diet quality of their recipients, especially children. We investigated both cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of caregiver status and diet quality in older adults (mean 53.0 ± 9.0 years). Methods We studied participants in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study (57.7% women, 62% African American) between wave 3 (2009–2013) and wave 4 (2013–2018). Caregiving was assessed at both waves, starting at wave 3. Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI2010) score, a measure of diet quality, was assessed from two 24-hour recalls at each wave on both occasions (mean 4.1 years follow-up). Baseline caregiving (at wave 3) was examined in relation to change in HEI between waves 3 and 4. Multivariable linear regression was performed for cross-sectional analysis; mixed-effects regression was performed for longitudinal analyses. Results are expressed as β-coefficients ± standard error of means (β±SE). Results After adjusting for age, sex, race and poverty status, more time spent taking care of grandchildren (N = 2033) was associated with poor diet quality (–1.51 ± 0.55, P = 0.006) in cross-sectional analysis (wave 4 caregiving and wave 4 HEI). However, in a separate cross-sectional analysis (wave 4 only) on dual (caring for both grandchildren and an elderly person) vs. single caregivers (either grandchildren or elderly) (N = 73; 24 men & 49 women) we found no difference in diet quality. The longitudinal analyses (N = 1848) demonstrated that diet quality did not change with caregiving over time for either grandchildren (P = 0.16) or others (not children & grandchildren) (P = 0.88). Overall, women tended to have better quality diet (P < 0.001) than men. Conclusions Among relatively older caregivers, cross-sectional analyses revealed an inverse effect of caregiving with diet quality. Longitudinal research is needed to evaluate the temporal associations of dual caregiving with subsequent diet quality changes over time. Funding Sources The first author is supported by a Postdoctoral Fellowship from the Intramural Research Program (IRP) at the National Institute on Aging (NIA). HANDLS is supported by the Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, grant Z01-AG000513.
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Khan, Hamda, Nariman Ammar, Jerlym S. Porter, Juan Ding, Jeremie H. Estepp, Jason R. Hodges, Arash Shaban-Nejad et al. "Food Deserts Are Associated with Acute Care Utilization Among Preschool Children with Sickle Cell Disease". Blood 136, Supplement 1 (5 novembre 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-138802.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction Individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD) experience recurrent acute vaso-occlusive events (VOE) beginning in infancy, that can be prevented with hydroxyurea therapy (Wang W. Lancet 2011), while chronic organ dysfunction becomes evident in adolescence and progresses with age. Nutritional insufficiencies and deficiencies occur in SCD (e.g., zinc, vitamin D and B6), and are associated with greater frequency of VOE (McCaskill M. Nutrients 2018, Martyres D. PBC 2016, Schall J. J Pediatr 2004). While infants and young children (age <6) are particularly vulnerable to the effects of malnutrition (e.g., developmental delay and cognitive impairment), the environmental components leading to decreased food access have not been investigated relative to the impact on their healthcare outcomes. We tested the hypothesis that restricted access to healthy food sources is associated with increased SCD-related acute care utilization among children with SCD younger than age 6 years, despite treatment with hydroxyurea. Methods Participants were recruited from the IRB-approved longitudinal clinical cohort study, Sickle Cell Clinical Research and Intervention Program (Hankins J. PBC 2018). Home addresses were mapped to census-tract environmental data from the US Food Access Research Atlas (USDA ERS 2017). Food deserts were defined as "low income census tracts where at least 33% (minimum of 500 people/tract) of the population live >1.0 (urban area) or >10 (rural area) miles from a grocery store or a supermarket" (Food Access, USDA ERS 2019). Three main outcomes: emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, and acute care utilization (ACU=ED + hospitalizations) from a VOE, were collected from birth to age 6 and analyzed as cross-sectional outcomes at age 6-years. Generalized linear models (GLM) were used to associate environmental factors as continuous and categorical variables with the outcomes adjusted for sickle genotype and hydroxyurea exposure. False discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted p-values (pFDR) were calculated to account for multiple comparisons. Environmental factors with pFDR<0.1 were assessed in multivariate GLM. The area under ROC curves (AUC) were generated to estimate how environmental data can improve the accuracy of predicting the acute care utilization outcomes. Results 523 children with SCD, all African American, were included. The median age at last follow-up was 5.5 years (range 1- 6), 51.7% were girls (Table 1). Differences in health care utilization and hydroxyurea use were observed according to SCD genotype. A total of 33.5 % of the studied population resided in census tracts considered food deserts. The average distance to the nearest supermarket from participants' household was 2.8 miles. Except for % of children per census tract, there were no neighborhood differences by SCD genotype (Table 1). Participant neighborhoods had on average 14.7% unemployment rate, while 30.8% of individuals were under the federal poverty threshold and received Food and Nutrition Services. 7.9% of adults had a bachelors' degree. Among the tracts where the population was considered low income, 9% did not own a car, and the proportion of those living >0.5 and >1.0 miles from a supermarket was 37% and 16%, respectively. Living in a household without a vehicle and located >0.5 miles from a supermarket was associated with increased hospitalizations and ACU (Figure 1). The odds ratio (OR) of experiencing >0 hospitalizations or ACU were 1.3 (95%CI: 1.0-1.8) or 1.5 (95%CI: 1.1-2.0), for those living in a household without a vehicle and >0.5 miles from a supermarket, respectively. Living in a household with children and >1.0 mile from a supermarket was associated with high risk of experiencing >0 hospitalizations (OR: 1.5; 95%CI: 1.2-1.8) and >0 ACU (OR: 1.3; 95%CI: 1.1-1.7) (Figure 2). The accuracy of predicting a SCD-related acute event by age 6 years significantly improved when adding markers of poor food access to the predictive model (AUC increase: ≥0.06, p=0.01) (Figure 3). Conclusion Living in food deserts limits access to affordable and nutritious foods. Food deserts are associated with poor health outcomes among pre-school children with SCD. The prediction of acute care utilization in young childhood increases when food access is considered. Treatment with hydroxyurea did not mitigate the effects of reduced food access on the frequency of acute care utilization of young children with SCD. Disclosures Estepp: ASH, NHLBI: Research Funding; Daiichi Sankyo, Esperion, Global Blood Therapeutics: Consultancy; Global Blood Therapeutics, Forma Therapeutics, Pfizer, Eli Lilly and Co: Research Funding. Hankins:LINKS Incorporate Foundation: Research Funding; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: Honoraria, Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding; UptoDate: Consultancy; MJH Life Sciences: Consultancy, Patents & Royalties; Global Blood Therapeutics: Consultancy, Research Funding; American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology: Honoraria.
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Santiago, Anna Maria, George C. Galster, Jessica Lucero, Karen J. Ishler, Eun Lye Lee, Georgios Kypriotakis e Lisa Stack. "Opportunity Neighborhoods for Latino and African American Children". SSRN Electronic Journal, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2563141.
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Friedson, Michael. "Physical Punishment of Children in Urban African American Neighborhoods". International Journal on Child Maltreatment: Research, Policy and Practice, 4 dicembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42448-020-00062-6.
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Barber, Sharrelle, Kiarri Kershaw, Xu Wang, Mario Sims, Julianne Nelson e Ana V. Diez-Roux. "Abstract MP58: Racial Residential Segregation is Associated With Worse Cardiovascular Health in African American Adults: The Jackson Heart Study". Circulation 137, suppl_1 (20 marzo 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.137.suppl_1.mp58.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction: Racial residential segregation results in increased exposure to adverse neighborhood environments for African Americans; however, the impact of segregation on ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) has not been examined in large, socioeconomically diverse African American samples. Using a novel spatial measure of neighborhood-level racial residential segregation, we examined the association between segregation and ideal CVH in the Jackson Heart Study (JHS). Hypothesis: Racial residential segregation will be associated with worse cardiovascular health among African American adults. Methods: The sample included 4,354 men and women ages 21-93 from the baseline exam of the JHS (2000-2004). Racial residential segregation was assessed at the census-tract level. Data on racial composition (% African American) from the 2000 US Census was used to calculate the local G i * statistic- a spatially-weighted z-score that represents how much a neighborhood’s racial/ethnic composition deviates from the larger metropolitan area. Ideal CVH was assessed using the AHA Life’s Simple Seven (LS7) index which includes 3 behavioral (nutrition, physical activity, and smoking) and 4 biological (systolic BP, glucose, BMI, and cholesterol) metrics of CVH. Multivariable regression models were used to test associations between segregation and the LS7 index continuously (range: 0-14) and categorically (Inadequate: 0-4; Average: 5-9; and Optimal: 10-14). Covariates included age, sex, income, education, and insurance status. Results: The average LS7 summary score was 7.03 (±2.1) and was lowest in the most racially segregated neighborhood environments (High Segregation: 6.88 ±2.1 vs. Low Segregation: 7.55 ±2.1). The prevalence of inadequate CVH was higher in racially segregated neighborhoods (12.3%) compared to neighborhoods that were the least segregated (6.9%). After adjusting for key socio-demographic characteristics, racial residential segregation was inversely associated with ideal CVH (B=-0.041 ±0.02, p=0.0146). Moreover, a 1-SD unit increase in segregation was associated with a 6% increased odds of having inadequate CVH (OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.00-1.12, p=0.0461). Conclusion: In conclusion, African Americans in racially segregated neighborhoods are less likely to achieve ideal CVH even after accounting for individual-level factors. Policies aimed at restricting housing segregation/discrimination and/or structural interventions designed to improve neighborhood environments may be viable strategies to improving CVH in this at-risk population.
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Krivo, Lauren J., Christopher J. Lyons e María B. Vélez. "The U.S. Racial Structure and Ethno-Racial Inequality in Urban Neighborhood Crime, 2010–2013". Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 14 agosto 2020, 233264922094855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649220948551.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Stark ethno-racial differences in reported neighborhood crime are a major facet of contemporary U.S. inequality. However, the most generalizable research on neighborhood inequality in crime across cities is only for 2000. Many of the underpinnings of crime have changed since 2000—increases in socioeconomic segregation, the Great Recession and attendant housing crisis, the continuation of the crime decline, shifting trends in incarceration and other types of social control, and small decreases in racial residential segregation. We provide a much-needed assessment of whether ethno-racial reported neighborhood crime disparities have increased, remained stable, or decreased in the contemporary period. We invoke a racial structural perspective that traces ethno-racial disparities in neighborhood crime to the divergent community conditions emblematic of the U.S. racial hierarchy. Using newly collected data for 8,557 neighborhoods in 71 large U.S. cities for 2010–2013, we demonstrate that violent and property crime is lower in White, African American, Latino, minority, and multiethnic neighborhoods than in 2000. However, smaller relative decreases in African American neighborhoods widened the relative crime gap from other ethno-racial communities. Supporting the racial structural perspective, large ethno-racial inequalities in neighborhood well-being account for most of the crime gaps, with disadvantage and residential lending being most important. This suggests that non-White neighborhoods need economic investments to reduce the harmful and inequitable consequences of neighborhood crime.
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Rose, Daniel, Courtney McMillian e Onneya Carter. "Pet-Friendly Rental Housing: Racial and Spatial Inequalities". Space and Culture, 16 settembre 2020, 120633122095653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1206331220956539.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Renters with pets seeking quality and affordable accommodations face numerous challenges. This research aims to identify whether the racial/ethnic predominance of the neighborhood population relates to the willingness of landlords to accept pets. To address this question, we gathered 266 rental listings from Craigslist and Zillow over a two-week period in Forsyth County, North Carolina. While the vast majority of landlords allowed dogs and cats at rental units in predominantly white neighborhoods, less than half permitted pets at properties in African-American neighborhoods. Chi-square tests demonstrated the statistical significance of these differences. Additional policies including breed restrictions, weight/size limits, non-refundable fees, and additional rent for pets further limited the ability of renters to keep pets. We discuss implications for tenant autonomy, the welfare of companion animals, and the perpetuation of racial segregation.
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Webber-Ritchey, Kashica J., Lois J. Loescher e Ruth Taylor-Piliae. "Abstract P135: Predictors of Physical Activity Among African American Parents of Young Children: Personal and Environmental Factors". Circulation 133, suppl_1 (marzo 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.133.suppl_1.p135.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction: Regular physical activity (PA) is associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Prior research efforts to increase PA among African Americans (AAs) have not been effective in achieving recommended levels. Understanding factors that influence PA using a theory-based approach is needed. Methods: Cross-sectional study using social cognitive theory as the framework. Data were collected using an online survey from 96 AA parents of young children aged 6-12 years, living in Chicago, IL (average age=36 years, 59% women, 72% college-educated, 60% annual income>$75,999) to describe PA ( International Physical Activity Questionnaire-short form, IPAQ-S ), personal ( PA Knowledge, Exercise Self-Efficacy-ESE and Outcome Expectations-OE ) and environmental factors (social economic status- MacArthur Subjective Social Status, neighborhood safety -Physical Activity Neighborhood Environmental Scale, and culture -African American Acculturation Scale ). Spearman’s rho (r s ) identified associations among PA, personal and environmental factors. Simultaneous multiple regression (all variables entered) was used to determine potential predictors of PA. Results: Moderate (30%, n=29) to high (54%, n=52) levels of PA were reported. There were significant correlations between PA and neighborhood safety (r s =.25), PA knowledge and culture (r s =-.30), ESE and culture (r s =.30), and OE and social economic status (r s =.24) (all values p<.05). Overall, personal and environmental factors accounted for 33% of the variance in PA (F 11, 84 = 3.73, p< .001). Significant predictors of PA included ESE (β=.21, t(84)=2.20, p=.030), neighborhood safety (β=.33, t(84)=3.56, p=.001), and an unexpected inverse of PA knowledge (β=-.25, t(84)=-2.42, p=.018). Conclusions: Unlike prior studies, we found AA parents of young children were physically active, knowledgeable of the PA guidelines, with moderate-high ESE, high social economic status, felt safe in their neighborhoods with a positive cultural identity. This study indicates that prior efforts to increase PA among AA parents of young children in Chicago are evident. Future research examining the influence of PA behavior on CVD risk factors among AA parents of young children is needed next. Keywords: African American, parents, physical activity, self-efficacy, neighborhood safety, social cognitive theory
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Broyles, Stephanie T., Amanda E. Staiano, Kathryn T. Drazba, Alok K. Gupta e Peter T. Katzmarzyk. "Abstract P184: Neighborhood Crime and Poverty is Associated with Systemic Inflammation in Children". Circulation 125, suppl_10 (13 marzo 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.125.suppl_10.ap184.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction: The neighborhood environment may contribute to cardiovascular disease risk by promoting physical inactivity and/or unhealthy eating, as well as through exposure to chronic psychosocial stress. Elevated serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations have been associated with increased cardiovascular risk in adults and may also be a marker for stress-related inflammation. Whether CRP is associated with stressful neighborhood conditions among children is unknown. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that children and adolescents living in neighborhoods characterized by high levels of poverty or crime have higher concentrations of CRP, independent of adiposity. Methods: The sample included 395 children 5-18 years of age (50% African American, 46% white, 4% other race; 48% male, 52% female) from 262 households and 102 census tracts in southeastern Louisiana. Serum CRP levels were measured with a high-sensitivity chemiluminescent immunoassay. High risk neighborhoods were defined as those in the upper tertile of either census-tract family poverty (US Census 2000) or of an index of total crime derived from Uniform Crime Report data (CrimeRisk, Applied Geographic Solutions). Multilevel logistic regression analyses that accounted for both family and neighborhood clustering compared children and adolescents with CRP levels >3mg/L to those with levels ≤3 mg/L across high versus low risk census tracts. Analyses also controlled for race, sex, age, and total body fat (kg) measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Results: In this sample, 16.0% of children had CRP levels higher than 3 mg/L. After adjustment for covariates, and family and neighborhood clustering, total body fat was positively associated with high CRP levels (p<0.0001) and age was negatively associated with higher CRP levels (p=0.001). Race and sex showed no associations. Independent of adiposity, children from census tracts with the highest levels of either crime or poverty had 2.4 (95% CI: 1.1-5.1) times the odds of having high CRP levels when compared to children from other census tracts. Conclusions: Children from neighborhoods characterized by high levels of poverty or crime appear to have higher levels of C-reactive protein, a marker of systemic inflammation and cardiovascular risk. Stress may initiate cardiovascular disease starting in childhood. This research identifies neighborhoods at high risk, where early disease screening and prevention efforts may have maximal impact.
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Mancus, Gibran C., Andrea N. Cimino, Md Zabir Hasan, Jacquelyn C. Campbell, Phyllis Sharps, Peter J. Winch, Kiyomi Tsuyuki e Jamila K. Stockman. "Greenness and the Potential Resilience to Sexual Violence: “Your Neighborhood Is Being Neglected Because People Don’t Care. People With Power Don’t Care”". Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1 luglio 2021, 088626052110280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08862605211028009.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
There is increasing evidence that green space in communities reduces the risk of aggression and violence, and increases wellbeing. Positive associations between green space and resilience have been found among children, older adults and university students in the United States, China and Bulgaria. Little is known about these associations among predominately Black communities with structural disadvantage. This study explored the potential community resilience in predominately Black neighborhoods with elevated violent crime and different amounts of green space. This embedded mixed-methods study started with quantitative analysis of women who self-identified as “Black and/or African American.” We found inequality in environments, including the amount of green space, traffic density, vacant property, and violent crime. This led to 10 indepth interviews representing communities with elevated crime and different amounts of green space. Emergent coding of the first 3 interviews, a subset of the 98 in the quantitative analysis, led to a priori coding of barriers and facilitators to potential green space supported community resilience applied to the final 7 interview data. Barriers were a combination of the physical and social environment, including traffic patterns, vacant property, and crime. Facilitators included subjective qualities of green space. Green spaces drew people in through community building and promoting feelings of calmness. The transformation of vacant lots into green spaces by community members affords space for people to come together and build community. Green spaces, a modifiable factor, may serve to increase community resilience and decrease the risk of violence.
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Sharn, Amy, Laura Hopkins, Dan Remley e Carolyn Gunther. "Caregiver Perceptions of Environmental Facilitators and Barriers to Healthy Eating and Active Living During Summer: Findings from the Project SWEAT Study (P04-143-19)". Current Developments in Nutrition 3, Supplement_1 (1 giugno 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzz051.p04-143-19.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Objectives To determine caregiver perceptions of neighborhood-level environmental barriers and facilitators to healthy eating and active living (HEAL) among children living in low-income, urban neighborhoods during the summer. Methods The current study was a part of a prospective observational study - Project SWEAT - which investigated determinants of unhealthy weight gain during the summer months in economically disadvantaged school-age children. Caregivers with students in grades preK–5th attending 2 Columbus, OH elementary schools were recruited. Participants completed a demographic survey. To explore neighborhood-level environmental barriers and facilitators to HEAL, participants engaged in a modified HEAL MAPPS (Healthy Eating Active Living Mapping Attributes using Participatory Photographic Surveys) protocol, which included 5 phases: 1) orientation; 2) photographing and geotagging facilitators and barriers to HEAL on daily routes using a Garmin Oregon 650 device; 3) in-depth interview (IDI) discussing images and routes taken; 4) focus group per school site; and 5) culminating local community stakeholder meeting. Results Ten families enrolled; 9 families completed photographing, geotagging and IDIs; 5 families participated in focus groups. A majority (77.8%, n = 7) of caregivers were African-American, female (88.9%, n = 8), and low-income (55.6%, n = 5). Preliminary analyses of photograph and IDI themes include: 1) walkway infrastructure crucial for healthy eating and active living; 2) scarce accessibility to healthy, affordable foods; 3) multiple abandoned properties; and 4) unsafe activity near common neighborhood routes. Conclusions Results from this pilot indicate caregivers perceive both environmental barriers and facilitators to healthy eating and active living during the summer. Additional research should be conducted to confirm findings from this study and compare findings to different settings (e.g., rural and suburban). Funding Sources USDA North Central Nutrition Education Center for Excellence.