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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Africana elephant"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 1 febbraio 2022

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Africana elephant"

Pretorius, Yolanda, Marion E. Garaï e Lucy A. Bates. "The status of African elephant Loxodonta africana populations in South Africa". Oryx 53, n. 4 (15 aprile 2018): 757–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317001454.

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AbstractWith an increase in poaching of elephants Loxodonta africana across Africa, it is vital to know exactly how many elephants remain and where they occur, to ensure that protection and management are planned appropriately. From a nationwide survey we provide current population and distribution data for elephants in South Africa. We consider the viability of elephant populations in the country, as well as some of the management techniques implemented and how effective these are in controlling elephant numbers. According to our surveys there were 28,168 elephants in South Africa as of December 2015, with 78% of these occurring in Kruger National Park and reserves bordering and open to the Park. Of the country's 78 discrete reserves that host elephants, 77% have populations of < 100 elephants, which could mean they are not genetically viable. We discuss our findings in terms of the conservation value of South Africa's elephant reserves, and the animal welfare implications. We recommend that the fragmentation of elephant habitat in the country be addressed through a national elephant management strategy that promotes wildlife corridors between existing, neighbouring elephant reserves.

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Shoshani, Jeheskel, Jerold M. Lowenstein, Daniel A. Walz e Morris Goodman. "Proboscidean origins of mastodon and woolly mammoth demonstrated immunologically". Paleobiology 11, n. 4 (1985): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300011714.

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Immunologically reactive protein substances were extracted from bone samples of an American mastodon (Mammut americanum), 10,200 yr old by radiocarbon dating, and from muscle samples of three woolly mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius), 10,000, 40,000 and 53,000 yr old, respectively. The mastodon samples contained significant quantities of the amino acids hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline, both of which are usually found in collagens and not in albumins. Using these products and other comparable extracts, as well as sera and purified collagens from modern elephants and other living mammals, as test antigens, immunological comparisons were carried out with the following antisera: rabbit anti-mastodon bone; chicken anti-mammoth muscle; chicken anti-elephant muscle; rabbit anti-elephant albumin and rabbit anti-elephant collagen, as well as with rabbit antisera to purified albumins and collagens of other mammals. For the first time, mastodon bone was found to have elephant-like proteins, which elicited antibodies that reacted strongly with collagen and serum proteins of extant elephants. Mammoth muscle strongly reacted with anti-elephant collagen and anti-elephant albumin, but the concentrations of the recoverable mammoth collagen and albumin decreased with increasing chronological age of the mammoth specimens. Nevertheless, in the immunological comparisons, the mammoth was closer to Asian (Elephas maximus) and African (Loxodonta africana) elephants than to the mastodon; in turn, the mastodon was closer to these elephantid species than to mammals outside the order Proboscidea.

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Ehlers, Bernhard, Güzin Dural, Manfred Marschall, Vera Schregel, Michael Goltz e Jochen Hentschke. "Endotheliotropic elephant herpesvirus, the first betaherpesvirus with a thymidine kinase gene". Journal of General Virology 87, n. 10 (1 ottobre 2006): 2781–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81977-0.

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Endotheliotropic elephant herpesvirus (elephantid herpesvirus 1; ElHV-1) is apathogenic for African elephants (Loxodonta africana), but causes fatal haemorrhagic disease in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). This is thought to occur through transmission from African elephants in places where both species are housed, such as zoological gardens. The virus has caused considerable losses in North American and European zoological gardens and thus severely impedes breeding of the endangered Asian elephant. Previously, the ultrastructural and genetic characterization of ElHV-1 from a male Asian elephant that died from the disease at the Berlin zoological gardens in 1998 have been reported. Here, a partial characterization of the ElHV-1 genome is presented. A 60 kbp locus, spanning 34 open reading frames, was analysed. Most of the detected genes were found to be conserved among the herpesviruses and showed an overall arrangement most similar to that of betaherpesviruses, in particular Human herpesvirus 6 and Human herpesvirus 7. Most importantly, in addition to a protein kinase gene that is homologous to the human cytomegalovirus UL97 gene, a thymidine kinase (TK) gene was found, which is generally missing in betaherpesvirus genomes. Thus, ElHV-1 is the only known betaherpesvirus to encode a TK gene. This peculiarity might contribute to the fulminant pathogenicity of ElHV-1, but also provide a crucial enzymic activity for developing an efficient antiviral therapy with currently available nucleoside analogues.

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Kitamura, Shumpei, Takakazu Yumoto, Pilai Poonswad e Prawat Wohandee. "Frugivory and seed dispersal by Asian elephants, Elephas maximus, in a moist evergreen forest of Thailand". Journal of Tropical Ecology 23, n. 3 (24 aprile 2007): 373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467407004026.

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The Asian elephant Elephas maximus is the only living species of the genus Elephas (Elephantidae) that evolved in Africa c. 5–6 million y ago and migrated into Eurasia (Sukumar 2003). The Asian elephant is one of the few remaining extant megafauna (Owen-Smith 1988) and has disappeared from c. 95% of its historical range (Sukumar 2006). Asian elephants eat fruit when it is available, defecating intact seeds, of which some later germinate in the dung (Lekagul & McNeely 1977, Ridley 1930). However, to date there has been no detailed study of frugivory and seed dispersal by Asian elephants (Corlett 1998). The only common feature of the fruit reported to be eaten by Asian elephants is their relatively large size, but there is no evidence that they are exclusive dispersers of any plant species (Corlett 1998), in contrast to the more frugivorous African forest elephants, Loxodonta africana cyclotis (Babweteera et al. 2007, Chapman et al. 1992, Cochrane 2003, Feer 1995).

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Chase, Michael J., Scott Schlossberg, Curtice R. Griffin, Philippe J. C. Bouché, Sintayehu W. Djene, Paul W. Elkan, Sam Ferreira et al. "Continent-wide survey reveals massive decline in African savannah elephants". PeerJ 4 (31 agosto 2016): e2354. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2354.

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African elephants (Loxodonta africana) are imperiled by poaching and habitat loss. Despite global attention to the plight of elephants, their population sizes and trends are uncertain or unknown over much of Africa. To conserve this iconic species, conservationists need timely, accurate data on elephant populations. Here, we report the results of the Great Elephant Census (GEC), the first continent-wide, standardized survey of African savannah elephants. We also provide the first quantitative model of elephant population trends across Africa. We estimated a population of 352,271 savannah elephants on study sites in 18 countries, representing approximately 93% of all savannah elephants in those countries. Elephant populations in survey areas with historical data decreased by an estimated 144,000 from 2007 to 2014, and populations are currently shrinking by 8% per year continent-wide, primarily due to poaching. Though 84% of elephants occurred in protected areas, many protected areas had carcass ratios that indicated high levels of elephant mortality. Results of the GEC show the necessity of action to end the African elephants’ downward trajectory by preventing poaching and protecting habitat.

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Ndlovu, Mduduzi, Antón Pérez-Rodríguez, Emma Devereux, Miranda Thomas, Alfredo Colina e Linford Molaba. "Water for African elephants ( Loxodonta africana ): faecal microbial loads affect use of artificial waterholes". Biology Letters 14, n. 8 (agosto 2018): 20180360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0360.

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In semi-arid protected areas, artificial waterholes ensure that water is locally available to animals for extended periods. However, artificial waterholes may limit animal movement, which contributes towards habitat deterioration. Challenges of artificial water provisioning worsen in the presence of ecosystem engineers like African elephants Loxodonta africana , capable of transforming environments. Camera traps were used to monitor elephant visitation at 21 artificial waterholes in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. We also assessed if water quality parameters influenced elephant preference for certain waterholes. There were no significant correlations between elephant abundance and water physicochemical properties. However, there was a strong negative correlation between elephant abundance and levels of Escherichia coli in water. Our findings suggest that elephants avoid drinking water with high levels of faecal microbial loads. Whereas most studies addressing animal management in protected areas consider waterholes as homogeneous units, we posit that water quality could also determine local landscape use and movement patterns of key species like elephants, a finding with relevant implications in reserve management practices.

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Cerreta, Anthony J., Richard J. McMullen Jr, Heather E. Scott, Jennifer D. Ringenberg, Julie E. Hempstead, Ryan S. DeVoe, Michael R. Loomis e Larry J. Minter. "Bilateral Phacoemulsification in an African Elephant (Loxodonta africana)". Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine 2019 (10 luglio 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2506263.

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A 37-year-old bull African elephant (Loxodonta africana) at the North Carolina Zoo (NCZ) was diagnosed with bilateral cataracts leading to behavioral changes and significant weight loss secondary to functional blindness. On initial examination, a weight loss of 234 kg, a mature cataract in the right eye, and a focal cataract in the left eye were diagnosed. Ultrasound and electroretinography (ERG) indicated normal retinal attachment and both eyes were viable candidates for surgery. After careful planning and behavioral training, the left cataract was surgically removed via phacoemulsification and irrigation/aspiration. The right eye subsequently developed a ventral lens subluxation, and phacoemulsification and irrigation/aspiration were performed six months after the first procedure. Four years after surgery, menace response, palpebral reflex, dazzle reflex, and pupillary light reflexes were present in both eyes. Body weight was 5,515 kg, 88kg more than at the time of the second surgery. This is the first published report of an African bull elephant undergoing bilateral cataract removal using phacoemulsification and irrigation/aspiration. The lack of significant postoperative inflammation and uneventful recovery of the elephant suggests that this surgical procedure along with proper preoperative planning and postoperative medical management can be a safe and effective treatment option for elephants with cataracts.

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Brugière, David, Iacouba Badjinca, Cristina Silva, Abubacar Serra e Mamadou Barry. "On the road to extinction? The status of elephant Loxodonta africana in Guinea Bissau and western Guinea, West Africa". Oryx 40, n. 4 (ottobre 2006): 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605306001177.

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We carried out a nationwide survey of elephant Loxodonta africana in Guinea Bissau, a small West African country for which records of elephant are limited. We also investigated parts of western Guinea along the border with Guinea Bissau likely to harbour a transboundary elephant population. Standardized interviews with hunters were held in 110 villages in Guinea Bissau and 60 villages in Guinea, and field surveys were carried out to validate interviewee responses. Results suggest that elephants are mainly restricted to an area between the Corubal River (Guinea Bissau) and the Kogon River (Guinea) and that elephants occur only seasonally in Guinea. Based on the number, geographical localization and interpretation of observed tracks, our estimate of the minimum number of elephants in Guinea Bissau is 4–10 animals. We did not observe any signs of young elephants. The most immediate threat to elephants is a road scheme between Guinea Bissau and Guinea that cuts through elephant range. The future of elephants in this region depends on the capacity of the two countries to manage their common elephant population jointly. In particular, the creation of a transboundary park is urgently needed.

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Mortimer, Beth, James A. Walker, David S. Lolchuragi, Michael Reinwald e David Daballen. "Noise matters: elephants show risk-avoidance behaviour in response to human-generated seismic cues". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, n. 1953 (30 giugno 2021): 20210774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0774.

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African elephants ( Loxodonta africana ) use many sensory modes to gather information about their environment, including the detection of seismic, or ground-based, vibrations. Seismic information is known to include elephant-generated signals, but also potentially encompasses biotic cues that are commonly referred to as ‘noise’. To investigate seismic information transfer in elephants beyond communication, here we tested the hypothesis that wild elephants detect and discriminate between seismic vibrations that differ in their noise types, whether elephant- or human-generated. We played three types of seismic vibrations to elephants: seismic recordings of elephants (elephant-generated), white noise (human-generated) and a combined track (elephant- and human-generated). We found evidence of both detection of seismic noise and discrimination between the two treatments containing human-generated noise. In particular, we found evidence of retreat behaviour, where seismic tracks with human-generated noise caused elephants to move further away from the trial location. We conclude that seismic noise are cues that contain biologically relevant information for elephants that they can associate with risk. This expands our understanding of how elephants use seismic information, with implications for elephant sensory ecology and conservation management.

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Viljoen, J. J., H. C. Reynecke, M. D. Panagos, W. R. Langbauer e A. Ganswindt. "Seasonal Selection Preferences for Woody Plants by Breeding Herds of African Elephants (Loxodonta africana) in a Woodland Savanna". International Journal of Ecology 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/769587.

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To evaluate dynamics of elephant herbivory, we assessed seasonal preferences for woody plants by African elephant breeding herds in the southeastern part of Kruger National Park (KNP) between 2002 and 2005. Breeding herds had access to a variety of woody plants, and, of the 98 woody plant species that were recorded in the elephant's feeding areas, 63 species were utilized by observed animals. Data were recorded at 948 circular feeding sites (radius 5 m) during wet and dry seasons. Seasonal preference was measured by comparing selection of woody species in proportion to their estimated availability and then ranked according to the Manly alpha (α) index of preference. Animals demonstrated a selection preference in feeding on woody vegetation, andGrewia hexamita, Grewia bicolor, Grewia flavescens, andGrewia monticolawere selected consistently more over all seasons. In addition, our results indicate that elephant herds have a low preference for at least some of the woody species prone to extirpation and that feeding preferences for woody plants do not account for the association of elephants and riparian fringe habitat.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Africana elephant"

Bigwood, Taryn. "Geomorphic impacts of Loxodonta Africana (African elephants) in Tembe Elephant Park". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30370.

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Humans are modifying animal populations, indirectly accelerating or reducing the geomorphic alterations caused by animals. Species have been monitored and studied with focus on domesticated animals but little research has been undertaken on wild animals. This study analyses the geomorphic impact of elephants on Tembe Elephant Park, so that the changes they cause to the landscape may be quantified. To conduct this research four sites were chosen: an area where elephants had been excluded for twenty-five years, where excluded for five years, where elephants exist at present and where elephants mud wallow. Three of the four study sites were classed as sand forest (twenty-five-years exclusion, five-years exclusion and where elephants exist) and were analysed and compared to determine the similarities and differences in climate, microclimate, vegetation and the soil’s physical and chemical properties. The wallow site was not compared to any other study site, but was observed and mapped to quantify the geomorphic impact of elephants wallowing. When the sand forest sites were compared the climate, vegetation type and soil were found to be similar. Where elephants were present: the vegetation was inconsistent in basil cover, canopy height, structure and class. Soils were more compacted with a low infiltration rate, higher temperature, lower soil moisture, higher pH and a lower electric conductivity and air relative humidity was the highest. Where elephants have been excluded for twenty-five years, the opposite trends arose from the data analysis. The vegetation was consistent in basil cover, canopy height, structure and class, and the soils were less compacted with a high infiltration rate, low temperature, higher soil moisture, lower pH and a higher electric conductivity. The microclimate showed a trend where the air relative humidity was the lowest. At the elephant wallow site data showed that the wallows were in general circular in shape, 52.5m3 of soil was removed per month for the last nine months and the surface area of the wallows increased by 165.5m2 per month for nine months from April to December 2008. All the results from this study show that the elephant activity in Tembe Elephant Park has geomorphic consequences. From the results, it is possible to conclude that the geomorphic impacts of elephants on Tembe Elephant Park are contributing to a nutrient cycle shift in the sand forest biome, as they change aspects of the vegetation, microclimate, soil and landscape, which are the foundation of the cycle.
Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology
MA
Unrestricted

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Jacobs, Zoe M. "African Elephant (Loxodonta Africana) Conservation in Tanzania". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/568.

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Increasing human population and development in Africa restricts land and resources for African elephants (Loxodonta africana) and threatens the preservation of the species. Despite the importance of conservation for many governments in Africa, many local communities have negative views of elephants and exhibit anti-conservation behavior. By looking at the history of wildlife policy in Tanzania, this paper seeks to understand these opinions through a historical context. Three case studies of conservation initiatives were evaluated to determine what aspects of conservation initiatives promote long-term pro-conservation behavior on the part of the local community. Ultimately, conservation initiatives should establish a framework whereby local communities are empowered through conservation.

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Hook, Margaret Rose. "Effect of Lion Calls on African Elephants (Loxodonta Africana) in Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa". TopSCHOLAR®, 2012. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1196.

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Perceived predation risk alters animals’ behavior. This shift in behavior often comes at the cost of attaining resources. Generally, African elephants (Loxodonta africana) experience little predation pressure; however, the risk of predation by lions (Panthera leo) increases other prey species are less abundant. In elephant herds, related females and their offspring travel together in family groups, led by the eldest female. Response to predation pressure was examined by playing lion calls to the population of 437 elephants at the Main Camp Section of Addo Elephant National Park (AENP) in South Africa. Unfamiliar lion calls from a single male and two males, static, and running water were played from a remote speaker to elephants at waterholes. These trials were recorded by video. Behaviors of elephants were then extracted from video into focal observations of thirty second segments before, during and after a sound was played. I analyzed these data using parametric t-tests and non-parametric randomization tests. When no sound was played, elephants did not alter their behavior. Water elicited low levels of distress behaviors. Elephants behaved in a threatened or annoyed manner toward static. Elephants changed their behavior more in response to lion calls than to the controls, namely by decreasing drinking and increasing walking and distress behaviors. I also examined how individuals differed in their responses to the lion calls based on a number of demographic factors. Adult and subadult females performed more social behaviors after lion calls when the matriarch was absent than when she was present. Furthermore, when group size was larger and more calves were present, females decreased drinking and increased time exhibiting distress behaviors. Based on this and other studies it can be concluded that elephants of different demographics perceived similar levels of elevated risk when hearing lion calls. Landscape of fear models are useful for assessing habitat use by prey species in response to real and perceived predation risk. The present study corroborates findings from a study in East Africa that elephants perceive threat from lions based on calls alone and appear to distinguish levels of threat by the number of lions calling.

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Gough, Katie F. "Relatedness, social behaviour, and population dynamics of the elephants (Loxodonta africana) of Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/3569.

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This study presents an investigation into the population dynamics and social structure of a small, closed elephant population. Specifically, it examined population growth rates for evidence of density-dependent regulation. It also quantified the association patterns of female elephants groups, and male elephants groups. Social structure was examined using Hamilton’s kinship theories of inclusive fitness, and age. Male-female patterns of association were also examined for inbreeding avoidance behaviours. The study population was located in Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa. Density-dependence was assessed using a long-term data set. Densities were considerably higher than estimated carrying capacities. Population growth rate was positively correlated with increasing density. No relationship between birth rate, the age of first calving or calf sex ratio and elephant density was detected but there was a positive relationship between birth rate and rainfall during conception year. Mortality rates, particularly for juveniles, were low, and mean inter-calf interval was 3.3 years. There is no evidence of density dependent regulation in this population. These findings indicate that density dependence should not be considered as an option in the control of elephant numbers in this Park, or where elephant resources are not seasonally limited. Examination of association patterns of the adult female component revealed that associations were not random at the population, family or individual scale. This is the second study on African elephants to confirm previous behavioural studies that predicted that preferred associates were close maternal relatives. This supports many studies showing that social species preferentially associate with their kin. The adult males in this population were found to have a well differentiated society with non-random associations. Generally, males were found to have weak associations with most other males and strong associations with only a few males. This association pattern was found to be persistent over the time frame of the study, as indicated by the time lag analysis. Males returned to their natal family, even when maternally related females were in oestrus. Oestrous females directed positive behaviours towards musth males. It appears that behavioural inbreeding avoidance mechanisms in this small, closed population are inhibited: musth status seems to override inbreeding avoidance. General principles from this case study were interpreted in terms of their applicability to other small, closed populations.

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Wood, Jason Donald. "Communication and spatial cohesion of the African elephant, Loxodonta africana /". For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2003. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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King, Lucy E. "The interaction between the African elephant (Loxodonta africana africana) and the African honey bee (Apis mellifera scutellata) and its potential application as an elephant deterrent". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.543016.

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Nasseri, Nabil A. "The relationship of herpetofaunal community composition to an elephant (Loxodonta africana) modified savanna woodland of northern Tanzania, and bioassays with African elephants". Click here to access thesis, 2009. http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/archive/spring2009/nabil_a_nasseri/Nasseri-Nabil-200901-ms.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Georgia Southern University, 2009.
"A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science." Directed by Bruce A. Schulte. ETD. Includes bibliographical references (p. 25-45, 64-87) and appendices.

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Wall, Jacob C. "Geospatial analysis of African elephant movement (Loxodonta africana and L. cyclotis)". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/51929.

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African elephants (Loxodonta africana and L. cyclotis) are important species for geospatial study given their ecological role as megaherbivores, their large home ranges which pose challenges for conservation, and the ongoing ivory crisis. Using GPS tracking data, I address five research topics that contribute new information to the geospatial analysis of tracking data, to elephant movement ecology, and conservation : 1. What is an appropriate method to collect, store, disseminate, visualize and analyze elephant tracking data? I present a system (Loxobase) designed to provide an efficient and scientific basis for the treatment of wildlife tracking data. I demonstrate its utility by analyzing tracking datasets collected from 247 elephants (Chapter 2). 2. Can we leverage real-time tracking data for management and conservation? I present a monitoring system that implements continuous analysis of elephant GPS tracking data streams to identify positional and movement-based geospatial alert conditions. Four algorithms identify when wildlife slow or stop moving or cross into or near to spatial objects (Chapter 3). 3. Can we estimate wildlife space-use from tracking data? I develop the Elliptical Time-Density model to estimate an animal's utilization distribution from tracking data where parameters are directly linked to species biology. I demonstrate its performance in relation to other space-use estimators (Chapter 4). 4. What does tracking data tell us about the movement patterns of the Sahelian elephants in Mali? I use GPS tracking to study elephants in the Gourma, Mali to understand this unique and important population. The Gourma elephant's range was found to exceed those reported elsewhere in Africa and movements were correlated with patterns of rainfall and vegetation phenology. I also identified corridors and core areas of conservation priority (Chapter 5). 5. What does tracking data tell us about the factors influencing elephant range size across Africa? I present a comparative analysis of elephant range area measured in West, Central, East and Southern Africa. Using mixed effects models, I test hypotheses about elephant range size in relation to sex, species, region, vegetation phenology and quantity, protected areas, human footprint and terrain (Chapter 6).
Arts, Faculty of
Geography, Department of
Graduate

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Wood, JD, B. McCowan, R. Langbauer, J. Viljoen e L. Hart. "Classification of African elephant Loxodonta Africana rumbles using acoustic parameters and cluster analysis". Bioacoustics, The International Journal of Animal Sound and its Recording, 2005. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001005.

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It has been suggested that African savanna elephants Loxodonta africana produce 31 different call types (Langbauer 2000). Various researchers have described these calls by associating them with specific behavioural contexts. More recently Leong et al. (2003) have attempted to classify elephant call types based on their physical properties. They classified 8 acoustically distinct call types from a population of captive elephants. This study focuses on one of these call types, the rumble, in a wild population of elephants in Kruger National Park, South Africa. A single family group of elephants was followed to record group behaviours and vocalizations from January through August 2001. By measuring the physical properties of 663 rumbles and subjecting these to cluster analysis, we present evidence that shows that rumbles can be categorized by their physical properties and that the resulting rumble types are associated with specific group behaviours. We characterize three types of rumbles that differ significantly by ten acoustic parameters. Two rumble types were associated with the elephant group feeding and resting, while the third was associated with socializing and agitation.

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Rooney, Brigit. "Tourism and African Elephant (Loxodonta Africana) Behavior in Zambezi National Park, Zimbabwe". TopSCHOLAR®, 2019. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/3123.

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As charismatic megafauna and a flagship species, African elephants (Loxodonta africana) are vital to the African tourist economy. Conversely, high levels of wildlife tourism can induce behavioral shifts that push desired animals into less frequented areas and disrupt natural behaviors. In order to examine this trade-off, tourism levels and African elephant behaviors were studied in Zambezi National Park (ZNP) near Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. Over the course of 14 weeks, in-person observations and camera traps in ZNP were used to collect geographic, demographic, and behavioral data from elephant sightings. As a proxy for human presence, geo-locational data were collected for each vehicle sighted in ZNP. These data of vehicles and elephants were mapped in ArcGIS to show a visual representation of their spatial relationship and identify high density and hotspot locations. Analyses from physical observations found that elephants were more frequently sighted in the park region with less vehicle traffic, as expected, but surprisingly also expressed more vigilance behaviors in that region. These results imply that elephants in high traffic regions become accustomed to vehicles but still avoid them when possible. Analyses from camera trap data revealed that only two of the six waterholes monitored had inversely related elephant and human presence, as predicted. There was no clear relationship between elephant and human presence. Future studies should account for habitat type differences in behavioral observations and compare elephant waterhole use in more heavily visited parks.

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Più fonti

Libri sul tema "Africana elephant"

Why the elephant has no butt: Stories Mother Turkey told her children, adapted from the Africana-Igbo original. San Francisco: Africana Press, 2000.

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Alan, Roocroft, a cura di. African elephants. Mankato, Minn., USA: Capstone Press, 1992.

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African elephants. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1999.

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Roland, Smith. African elephants. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications, 1995.

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The African elephant. New York: Workman Pub., 1996.

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African elephants. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Co., 2006.

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Lee, Rue Leonard, e Rue Len, a cura di. Jane Goodall's animal world: Elephants. New York: Aladdin Books, 1990.

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ill, Douglas-Hamilton Oria, a cura di. African elephants: Giants of the land. New York: Holiday House, 1991.

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Ann, Strugnell, a cura di. African elephant. London: Hutchinson, 1995.

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Michel, Denis-Huot, a cura di. The elephant, peaceful giant. Watertown, MA: Charlesbridge, 1992.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Africana elephant"

Saayman, Andrea, e Melville Saayman. "The valuation of elephant sightings in protected areas." In The elephant tourism business, 191–203. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245868.0016.

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Abstract The research presented in this chapter determines the value that tourists on safari in protected areas in South Africa attach to elephant sightings and the relative importance of the elephant sighting compared with the other species in the Big Five. The study also determines whether tourists take the increased poaching of elephants - also in South Africa - into account when revealing their choice. Using information from five surveys conducted at different parks in South Africa from 2011 to 2013 and again in 2019, the elephant was found to be the fourth preferred species in the Big Five. The exception is Addo Elephant National Park, where the elephants are the second most preferred species. To determine the value that tourists attached to a sighting, contingent valuation was used. Although approximately a quarter to a third of respondents indicated positive amounts for a sighting across the years, the mean willingness to pay (WTP) reflects the scarcity of the species. The elephant is relatively abundant in all the parks and, in many instances, much easier to spot than the leopard or lion. It is therefore not surprising that the mean valuation of a sighting is much lower than that of the leopard and lion throughout all the years. Although tougher economic conditions in the country also influence WTP, it was found that tourists to South Africa's National Parks do not yet take the increased poaching of elephants into account when revealing their choice, nor in their valuation.

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Croome, Harriet, e Clare Wilkinson. "How African is the African elephant?" In Communicating Endangered Species, 67–84. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003041955-6.

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Kidd, Michael, e Michael Cowling. "CITES and the African Elephant". In International Environmental Law and Policy in Africa, 49–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0135-8_3.

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Spinage, Clive A. "Elephants: A Continent-Wide Problem Part II". In African Ecology, 715–83. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22872-8_15.

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Spinage, Clive A. "Elephants a Continent-Wide Problem: Part III". In African Ecology, 785–817. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22872-8_16.

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Spinage, Clive A. "Too Many Elephants: A Continent-Wide Problem: Part I". In African Ecology, 675–713. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22872-8_14.

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Stoeger, Angela S., e Shermin de Silva. "African and Asian Elephant Vocal Communication: A Cross-Species Comparison". In Biocommunication of Animals, 21–39. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7414-8_3.

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Schulte, Bruce A., Kathryn R. Bagley, Stacie Castelda, Helen Loizi, Nabil Nasseri, Dhaval K. Vyas e Thomas E. Goodwin. "From Exploration to Selective Information Gathering: The Development of Chemosensory Investigation in Male African Elephants (Loxodonta africana)". In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 12, 135–45. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5927-9_10.

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Bilchitz, David. "Animal Interests and South African Law: The Elephant in the Room?" In Animal Law and Welfare - International Perspectives, 131–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26818-7_7.

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Horsthemke, Kai. "Free-Roaming Animals, Killing, and Suffering: The Case of African Elephants". In The Palgrave Handbook of Practical Animal Ethics, 525–43. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-36671-9_30.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Africana elephant"

Ndlovu, Mduduzi, e Antón Pérez-Rodríguez. "CANCELLED: Water for African Elephants (Loxodonta Africana): faecal microbial loads affect use of artificial waterholes". In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107102.

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Palangpour, P., G. K. Venayagamoorthy e K. Duffy. "Recurrent Neural Network Based Predictions of Elephant Migration in a South African Game Reserve". In The 2006 IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Network Proceedings. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2006.246953.

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Gorga, Russell E., e Jesse Jur. "Saving Elephants in Africa – Concept to Reality through Experiential Engineering Design". In HEAd'15. Conference on Higher Education Advances. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head15.2015.350.

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Weideman, Hendrik J., Charles V. Stewart, Jason R. Parham, Jason Holmberg, Kiirsten Flynn, John Calambokidis, D. Barry Paul et al. "Extracting identifying contours for African elephants and humpback whales using a learned appearance model". In 2020 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wacv45572.2020.9093266.

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"Making sense of the ailing African ‘elephant’–new perspectives for a more sustainable pathway into the future". In WABER 2019 Conference. WABER Conference, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33796/waberconference2019.91.

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Buynevich, Ilya, Alexa Silverman, Tilghman H. Moyer, Kaylen M. Policino, Yung Jan Yang e Nolan Barrette. "ZOOGEOMORPHIC IMPACT OF AFRICAN ELEPHANTS IN HWANGE NATIONAL PARK, ZIMBABWE: INSIGHTS FROM SATELLITE-BASED ANALYSIS". In Northeastern Section-56th Annual Meeting-2021. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021ne-361374.

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Bakker, Robert T. "PALEONTOLOGICAL MYTHS IN UGARITIC AND OLD TESTAMENT STORIES: LEVIATHAN IS THE NILE CROCODILE, BEHEMOTH IS A YOUNG ADULT AFRICAN ELEPHANT". In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-320436.

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Ameglio, L., e J. Marsh. "The Elephant’s Head Dyke (South Africa) revisited - An integrated geophysics and geology approach". In 8th SAGA Biennial Technical Meeting and Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.144.31.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Africana elephant"

Holdgate, Matthew. Applying GPS and Accelerometers to the Study of African Savanna (Loxodonta africana) and Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) Welfare in Zoos. Portland State University Library, gennaio 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2232.

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