Tesi sul tema "Aliments – Teneur en acides gras"
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Ksouda, Ghada. "Valorisation des plantes tunisiennes pour leur accumulation d’huiles et de composés bioactifs au cours de leur développement : application dans la protection des aliments". Thesis, Compiègne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018COMP2451.
Testo completoThe aim of this study is to identify bioactive oils and compounds in seeds from the semi-arid to arid region of "Regueb" in central Tunisia. Several species contained high amounts of oil mainly composed of classic fatty acids. High amounts of petroselinic acid, an unusual fatty acid, have been detected in species of the family Apiaceae, in particular P. major and P. saxifraga. The seeds ofAP. graveolens, An. graveolens, P. saxifraga and L. sativum were rich in oil and functional phenolic compounds. The accumulation of these compounds in growing seeds has been studied for P. major, P. saxifraga and L. sativum. Several seed contained essential oils with antibacterial properties such as those of P. saxifraga, AP. graveolens and C. sativum, which contained anethole, dillapiole and linalool. The essential oil of P. saxifraga seeds (PSEO) was, for the first time, tested in an edible coating based on sodium alginate for the preservation of fresh cheese. An evaluation of its toxicity in the mice allowed the determination of the dose range without any harmful effect. The edible coating of sodium alginate enriched with PSEO has improved the preservation of the fresh Sicilian cheese by preserving pH and color, reducing lipid peroxidation and improving bacterial stability. Sensory analysis showed a strong appreciation of coated cheese in presence of PSEO
Schoumacker, Rachel. "Perception du gras : variabilité interindividuelle et origine". Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOS030/document.
Testo completoTo reduce the fat content in food products as recommended by the National Nutrition and Health Plan, it is necessary to understand the fat perception mechanisms. In this context, this thesis work aimed to contribute to the understanding of fat perception through the study of interindividual variability in fat perception and the research of its origin.For this purpose, a multidisciplinary approach combining physico-chemistry of “fatty” aroma molecules, subjects’ oral physiology, food oral processing and sensory perception during food consumption has been established. A particular focus has been done on the olfactory component of fat perception, especially on the potential contribution of the metabolites produced in the human nasal cavity from odorous volatile compounds.This work shows that reducing fat content in cottage cheese decreases the perception of the cream aroma, increases bitterness and astringency and decreases the perceived greasy film. The results confirmed the multidimensional nature of fat perception. This work also shows that fat perception is related to the lipid content of the mouth coating as well as the aroma compounds composition of the food matrix.It highlights three groups of subjects with significant difference in fat sensitivity. These groups also differ in several physiological and anatomical parameters which can impact tactile, taste and smell sensations and therefore potentially fat perception. Finally, this work proves the existence in the human olfactory mucosa of enzymes capable of metabolizing odorous compounds into volatile metabolites. These metabolites proved to be themselves odorants could be involved in fat perception or its modulation
Fall, Maïna. "Analyse du comportement d'achat des consommateurs canadiens en matière d'aliments fonctionnels : cas des oeufs contenant de l'oméga-3, des aliments à base de soja et le jus enrichi en calcium". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20939.
Testo completoMartin, Jean-Charles. "La composition en acides gras polyinsaturés des triacylglycérols du lait maternel : contribution des apports alimentaires et du tissu de réserve analyse stéréospécifique". Tours, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOUR4001.
Testo completoMiele, Alberto. "Recherches sur la composition en acides aminés et en acides gras des feuilles et des raisins de Vitis vinifera L. Cv Cabernet Sauvignon pendant la période de maturation et en fonction du système de conduite". Bordeaux 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BOR20023.
Testo completoCharon, Hélène. "Détection et quantification d'ajouts de matière grasses végétales autres que le beurre de cacao dans le chocolat". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR13119.
Testo completoDesmarais, Amélie. "Contribution à l'étude du mécanisme de formation des monomères cycliques d'acides gras à partir d'acides gras oméga-3 et leur métabolomique chez le rat". Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29984/29984.pdf.
Testo completoQuéméneur, Michelle. "Devenir des acides gras et des stérols issus des effluents urbains après leur rejet dans les environnements littoraux". Brest, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BRES2032.
Testo completoKalmar, Zoltan Pal. "Recherches sur la tolérance à l'éthanol des bactéries lactiques des vins : relation avec la constitution lipidique membranaire". Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR20346.
Testo completoIdrissi, Taghki Abdelghani. "Etude du type métabolisme intégré entre embryons de colza natif et transgénique : analyse et compréhension de la modification induites dans les lignées transgéniques de colza et de lin : analyse enzymatique et métabolique". Compiègne, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009COMP1798.
Testo completoThe importance of these unusual structures for fatty acids, the development of genetic engineering and the identification and isolation of many genes involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of lipid metabolism in plants, have provided new perspectives for the production of vegetable oil with a higher value in field crops. In this perspective, REFLAX and PAGIOS programmes were developed. The aim of these projects is the production of unusual fatty acids in agronomie plants (rapeseed and flan), through the creation of a new ,biosthetic pathway for branched fatty acids in the plast. Rapeseed plants were transformed with four bacterial enzymes: TD, KS, PCCA and PCCB. These proteins were identified as key enzymes in the synthesis of branched fatty acids. The level of methylmalonyl-CoA, a precursor of the methyl branched fatty acid synthesis, was amplified thanks to the introduction of these four genes. However the accumulation of methyl branched-chain fatty acids in rapeseed plants transformed, remains very low (<2%). To get a deeper understanding of this low production of BFA, we incubated whole rapeseed embryos, at different stages of development, in presence of 13C-labelled glucose and observed the label redistribution by NMR. The NMR and biochemical analysis showed that the synthesis of BFA was very low and transient (only at 15 J). Biomass synthesis fluxes were similar between native and transformed plant. The central carbon metabolism was not affected by the introduction of these genes. However, an accumulation of' pyruvate and kétobutyrate and a low accumulation of branched Chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine) at the transformed lines were observed
Azzi, Joyce. "Amélioration des qualités nutritionnelles et organoleptiques des aliments par encapsulation de composés actifs (arômes, vitamines, antioxydants, acides gras insaturés...)". Thesis, Littoral, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017DUNK0460/document.
Testo completoPhytochemicals are widely distributed secondary metabolites, divided into three major classes : terpenoids, flavonoids and alkaloids. They are shown to possess important biological properties such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties. Therefore, increasing the use of these bioactive molecules in food products may reduce the risk of widespread diseases referred to as "diseases of civilization". However, their low solubility, susceptibility to degradation and their rapid release reduce their bioavailability in the human body and thus their biological effect. To solve the aforementioned physicochemical drawbacks, encapsulation systems were developed to allow the incorporation of phytochemicals in food. In this study, two food ingredients : the sesquiterpene nerolidol and the flavonol quercetin were selected du to their potent biological activities but their problematic physicochemical properties.Therfore, the aim of this work was to encapsulate these molecules into cyclodextrins (CDs), conventional liposomes (CLs) and the double systeme drug-in-cyclodextrin-in-liposomes (DCLs), in order to develop nztural and biocompatible formulations that may find applications in food fields. This project was built around three main research axes. The first part dealt with the preparation and the characterization of CD/guest inclusion complexes both in solution and in solid state. Characterizations were performed with UV-visible spectroscopy, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Total Oragnic Carbon (TOC), ¹H NMR, 2D ROESY NMR, and molecular modeling. These investigations were complemented with phase solubility studies.The second axis addressed the preparation of CLs ans DCLs by ethanol injection method and characterization of the vesicles. CLs encapsulating quercetin were prepared from three different types of phospholipids (Lipoid E80, Lipoid S100, Phospholipon 90H) in order to study the effect of lipid composition on the characteristics of liposomes. The optimal formulation was then selected to prepare nerolidol loaded-CLs and DCLs encapsulating the two compounds. HP-β-CD/Ner (at different CD:Ner molar ratios) and SBE-β-CD/Quer inclusion complexes were used as the aqueous phase in the DCL system. The last part focused on the effect of encapsulation on the physicochemical properties of nerolidol and quercetin (in vitro release, photostability, stability in gastro-intestinal fluids, storage stability) and their antioxidant activities. Results demonstrated that CDs could successfully encapsulate bioactive compounds, enhance their solubility , photostability and antioxidant activity. Furthermore, Lipoid E80-liposomes were nanometric in size, exhibited a high entrapment efficiency and higher stability in comparison to the other formulations. Moreover, CD:guest molar ratio influenced the size of DCLs and their encapsulation efficiency. When compared to CLs, DCLs extended the release of neridol, enhanced the photostability of both compounds ans increased the stability of quercetin in biological fluids. These results could be considered as a promising tool to achieve an optimized and efficient formulation incorporating nerolidol and quercetin in food industry
Compagnon, Vincent. "Régulation de l'expression et rôles physiologiques de cytochromes P450s catalysant l'hydroxylation d'acides gras chez Vicia sativa et Arabidopsis thaliana". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2006/COMPAGNON_Vincent_2006.pdf.
Testo completoOmega-hydroxylated fatty acids play diversified roles in the plant : they constitute monomers of the plant polyesters cutin and suberin, second messengers in plant-pathogen interactions, and are intermediates of the fatty acids catabolism. Cytochrome P450 isoforms from CYP86 and CYP94 families could be implicated in these reactions. The identification of some of these isoforms is the aim of our work. In Vicia sativa, high concentrations (50 to 500 µM) of chemicals (clofibrate, 2,4-D, 2,3-D, IAA, SA, methyljasmonate) applied on the seedlings produce a strong induction of CYP94A1. A promotor analysis revealed the occurrence of an as-1 regulatory sequence, which, as in the regulation of isoform 6 of the glutathione-S-transferase, would suggest a role in the detoxification of free fatty acids. CYP86B1 and CYP86B2 from Arabidopsis thaliana are involved in the biosynthesis of suberin monomers in the root endodermis, and probably in the production of lipids for the pollen coat and the wall of pollen grains
Armougom, Marie-Pulchérie. "Étude de la fraction lipidique des graines de cucurbitacées tropicales des genres Lagenaria, Luffa, Momordica". La Réunion, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00489158/fr/.
Testo completoBarnier, Madeleine. "Hydrocarbures et acides gras présents dans les milieux marins "propres" : Méditerranée (site de Port-Cros), région subantarctique (îles Amsterdam et Saint Paul)". Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX30038.
Testo completoMoussaoui, Noredine. "Formulation de liposomes à haute teneur en acides gras poly-insaturés n-3 adaptés pour la cosmétique et/ou les nutraceutiques". Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12929.
Testo completoEljammal, Tamim. "Nature et distribution des hydrocarbures et des acides gras dans des sédiments marins oxydes et réduits". Aix-Marseille 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX30034.
Testo completoGuihéneuf, Freddy. "Régulation par des facteurs environnementaux de la synthèse des acides gras à longue chaîne de différentes espèces de microalgues marines : effets combinés de l'éclairement et de la nature de la source carbonée sur l'optimisation de la synthèse de l'EPA et du DHA : intérêts nutritionnels". Le Mans, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LEMA1011.
Testo completoBy their large amounts of omega-3 (EPA and DHA), marine microalgae are currently used in aquaculture for feeding invertebrates and in human nutrition for their beneficial effects on human health. In this context, the objective of this work was to study the influence of environmental factors on n-3 fatty acids synthesis in three microalgae species. It appears that the response to variations in growing conditions is specific to each species. Thus, the results can be used to optimize the cultivation conditions of microalgae producing n-3 fatty acids. Meanwhile, the study in rats shows that nutritional n-3 fatty acids from microalgae induced EPA tissue enrichment compared to regime based on fish oil. Consequently, microalgae could represent a possible alternative to fish oil in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases
Muchembled, Jérôme. "Le couple Triticum aestivum/Erysiphe (= Blumeria) graminis f. Sp. Tritici : induction de la résistance acquise, incidences sur la composition lipidique". Littoral, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999DUNK0027.
Testo completoMannai, Hanen. "Impact du profil en acides gras de la ration des vaches laitières sur la teneur en matière grasse du lait en conditions commerciales". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25677.
Testo completoKnoll, Anja. "Etude du métabolisme des acides gras à très longues chaînes dans le cerveau du rat : activités enzymatiques d'élongation des acyl-CoAs, expression des gènes de la béta-oxydation peroxysomale". Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR28756.
Testo completoLatreille, Julie. "Approche épidémiologique du rôle des acides gras sur le vieillissement cutané dans le cadre de l’étude SU.VI.MAX". Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CNAM0866/document.
Testo completoThe possible effect of dietary lipids on the photoprotection of the skin has been few investigated so far. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the links between dietary monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) on facial skin photoaging in a large population of men and women aged between 45 and 60 years old. An inverse association was found between intakes of olive oil and the severity of photoaging. Concerning n-3 PUFAs, severe photoaging was inversely associated in men with intake of -linolenic acid (ALA) from both vegetable oil and fruits & vegetable. In women, an inverse relationship was found with the intake of eicosapentaenoic acid and a tendency with ALA from vegetable oil. These findings support the recommendations for a diet rich in olive oil and n-3 PUFAs such as the Mediterranean diet
Perri-Plandé, Joëlle. "Recherche des effets protecteurs des huiles de poisson enrichies en acides gras oméga-3 insaturés vis à vis de la néphrotixicité de trois xénobiotiques in vivo et in vitro". Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR28627.
Testo completoLe, Floc'h Nathalie. "Régulation nutritionnelle de l'oxydation de la thréonine chez le porc". Aix-Marseille 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX30028.
Testo completoAkraim, Fowad Enjalbert Francis. "Effet du traitement thermique des graines de lin sur la biohydrogénation ruminale des acides gras polyinsaturés et la qualité de matière grasse du lait de vache". Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2005. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000130.
Testo completoRozès, Nicolas. "Contribution à l'étude du métabolisme lipidique de Saccharomyces Cerevisiae : application à la différenciation des levures du vin". Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR20189.
Testo completoKerviel, Vincent. "Clonage et caractérisation de deux gènes codant des enzymes lipolytiques de la microalgue Isochrysis galbana". Thesis, Le Mans, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LEMA1017/document.
Testo completoLipolytic enzymes present in all known species play a key role in lipid metabolism and are involved in several industrial processes. They catalyse lipid hydrolysis and synthesis. Actually and particularly in microalgae, isolation and characterization of this type of enzyme remains an unexplored research area.The potential of the lipidic content of microalgae in food industry or energy field requires specific lipolytic enzymes. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an 3 poly insaturated fatty acid (3 PUFA) is well known for its beneficial effects on human health. Among many species, Isochrysis galbana, a unicellular marine microalga belonging to the Prymnesiophyceae class, is considered as a potential alternative source of DHA.Lipid analysis of I. galbana shows free fatty acids and suggests the presence of lipolytic enzymes with potential interesting selectivities and substrate specificities. Analysis of incomplete expressed sequence tag (EST) listed in the EST bank of Isochrysis galbana, identified incomplete genes that encode lipolytic enzymes. Messenger RNAs were extracted, characterized and cloned.This work describes the analysis and cloning of two genes encoding a putative ester hydrolase and a putative thioesterase in marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana. Sequences encode two proteins with predicted molecular weights of approximately 35,41 kDa and 42,31 kDa. Slight similarity and identity (from 30 to 40 %) were observed between the gene sequence and various fold hydrolase found in diverse phyla (including carboxylesterase).Sequences also included the consensus Gly-X-Ser-X-Gly and the catalytic triad Ser/Asp/His. To characterize the predicted enzymatic functions, an experimental procedure was introduced: coding sequences were cloned into expression vectors and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in Escherichia coli.Western blot identification of recombinant enzyme shows a convenient protein production in bacteria. Furthermore, the expression of the protein in E. coli shifted the fatty acid composition predominantly towards C16:1 and C18:1 fatty acids. The enzyme called IgTeCe showed a thioesterase activity
Bédard-St-Amant, Jessika. "Effet de la pasteurisation haute du babeurre sur sa composition minérale et celle des constituants protéiques des fragments de la membrane du globule gras du lait". Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26364/26364.pdf.
Testo completoPelayo-Ortiz, Carlos. "Assimilation des acides gras à courte chaîne et de l'azote ammoniacal chez les levures : intérêts en épuration carbonée et azotée d'effluents agro-industriels". Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT017A.
Testo completoFontaine, Joël. "Etude du métabolisme lipidique d'un champignon endomycorhizien à vésicules et arbuscules : Glomus intraradices". Littoral, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DUNK0052.
Testo completoGlomus intraradices is a Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungus. As an obligate biotrophic organism, this fungus is not able to complete its biological cycle out of a plant partner. We studied its lipid content and metabolism from monoxenic cultures. The lipid content of G. Intraradices is very unusual because of the presence of both typical plant sterols (24-methylcholestérol, 24-ethylcholestérol, amyrin) and also typical fungal sterols (lanosterol, eburicol, episterol), although ergosterol is absent. The major fatty acid is C 16:1∆¹¹, which is very uncommon in eucaryotic organisms ; it is mainly associated with triacylglycerols. We showed also that the lipid content changes with the developmental stages of the fungus. When the roots are colonised by this fungus, their lipid content increases while changes appear in their lipid profile. C 16:1∆¹¹ and 24-methylenecholesterol also appear in the roots when the colonisation begin, and, both of these molecules increase with the developing colonisation ; indeed, these molecules can be used as a tool to evaluate the intensity of colonisation. C 16:1∆¹¹ is a particular F. A. Of the fungus while 24-methylenecholesterol can be detected in the mycorrhizal roots only, thus seems to be specific for the mycorrhizal status, since it does not appear as a consequence of either biotic or abiotic stresses. By the use of 1-¹⁴C acetate, we studied the ability of G. Intraradices to synthesize its own lipid, in 3 physiological states (symbiosis, out of symbiosis, germinating spores). With some small differences according to the physiological status, G. Intraradices is able to synthesize de novo its lipid molecules : di plus triacylglycerols, phospholipids, fatty acids, sterols. Its metabolism is slow, but, we showed that this fungus synthesizes its sterol by the acetate/squalene/mevalonate/lanosterol pathway. Our results will contribute to the improvement of the knowledge of the physiology particularly the carbon metabolism of these atypical V. A. M. Fungi which can be economically important
Colin, Julie. "Le vieillissement membranaire cérébral : conséquences fonctionnelles et protection par les acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3 alimentaires". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0078/document.
Testo completoOne of the marked societal phenomena in recent decades is the aging of populations due to continually increasing lifespans and as a result, a considerable surge in the number and proportion of elderly, particularly in Western countries. In this demographic context, the rise of chronic diseases related to aging, including Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia, has become a major public health issue. The impact of modifiable environmental factors, evolution of the pathogenic mechanisms involved, and the lack of curative treatments illustrates the need for the development of interventions to prevent or delay the onset of these aging-related diseases. The present work demonstrates the importance of using age-adapted study models and experimental methods with the goal towards slowing or delaying age-related deleterious processes. Secondly, our results have identified membranes as an essential part for normal brain function. The composition and architectural changes in the neuronal membranes of elderly mice disrupt their functionality and reduce neuroprotective responsiveness such as those sought by anti-Alzheimer’s therapies. We also observed similar pro-aging-type changes in brain membranes of dyslipidemic mice fed a high-fat diet. Thus, disturbances of lipid homeostasis are correlated with an increased risk of developing aging-related cardiovascular and metabolic as well as neurodegenerative diseases. We finally demonstrated the preventive potential of dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid, the most abundant long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid in the brain, and observed its ability to restore a neuroprotective response that was impaired in older mice
Dayras, Paul. "Paracyclopina nana : un petit copépode à fort intérêt en écotoxicologie et en aquaculture". Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R074.
Testo completoThe cyclopoid copepod Paracyclopina nana plays a key role in the trophic chains of the aquatic environments of Eastern Asia. It has a small adult size (600 μm), a short life cycle, a high fecundity, and can be easily cultured under medium salinity (15 psu) and a wide range of temperatures. Its whole genome has also been recently sequenced, assembled and annotated. All these assets give it a very interesting double potential for current research: as a test organism for risk assessment associated with aquatic pollutants (bioindicator), and as a live prey in mass culture for the feeding of fish larvae in aquaculture.In the framework of this PhD project, we aimed: (i) to test the productive and qualitative potential of P. nana in aquaculture in relation to the nature of the ingested microalgae diet; (ii) to establish the profile of P. nana as an ecotoxicological model through metal contaminant exposure tests.The effects of seven different microalgal diets constituted by Rhodomonas salina (R), Tisochrysis lutea (T), and Pavlova lutheri (P) on P. nana productivity in culture were explored. The R+T and R diets induced the highest population growth and the greatest reproductive investment in ovigerous females. Those same diets also generated the highest total fatty acid content in copepods, and the highest total monosaccharide content has been found in copepods fed R+T+P. Overall results demonstrated that all the diets including R. salina lead to an increasing productivity of P. nana, and particularly when combined with T. lutea in a mixed diet.Another study examined the effects of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni), on two subpopulations of P. nana. A first experiment conducted on a regular P. nana culture showed a decreasing population growth but an increasing metal bioaccumulation in copepods. Cd was also more accumulated when it was alone than in the mixture with Cu and Ni, confirming the hypothesis of metal competition recently demonstrated in a calanoid copepod. A second experiment performed on a P. nana culture already exposed to a higher Cu concentration for several generations revealed a lesser impact on population growth and a lower metal accumulation in copepods. Increasing metal concentrations in the experimental water reflected the depuration happening in this metal-loaded population already acclimated to metal exposure.Overall results are the first ones showing that R. salina is a suitable microalga for productive mass culture of P. nana for use as live food for marine fish larval aquaculture, and to investigate the parameters influencing the bioaccumulation capacity of P. nana in response to metals in contaminated aquatic ecosystems
Akraim, Fowad. "Effet du traitement thermique des graines de lin sur la biohydrogénation ruminale des acides gras polyinsaturés et la qualité de la matière grasse du lait de vache". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2005. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7300/1/akraim.pdf.
Testo completoBoumhras, Mohamed. "Evaluation de la toxicité de moules de 2 sites de la Côte Atlantique Marocaine (Jorf Lasfar et Oualidia) utilisées comme bioindicateurs de contamination : étude in vivo et in vitro sur des rats et des cellules β-pancréatiques murines (MIN-6)". Thesis, Dijon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DIJOS118/document.
Testo completoToxic substances generated by various human activities are spilled on different area of the Moroccan coast. Shellfishes can concentrate pollutants and have some adverse effects on human health through the food chain. Despite the strengthening of food safety rules, the involvement of chemical pollution of food on metabolic disorders is not known. To predict the impact of pollutants on the aquatic ecosystem and human health, the development of appropriate biomonitoring tools is required.We quantified heavy metals (Cd, Cr and Pb) in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from two sites of Moroccan Atlantic coast (industrial site Jorf Lasfar (JL) and touristic site Oualidia (OL)) due to the proximity of a phosphate extraction platform, and further characterized their lipid profiles (fatty acids, cholesterol, oxysterols, phospholipids and phytosterols). Total lipid extracts of mussels were tested in vivo in rats to determine their effects on biochemical plasmatic parameters and in vitro on a β pancreatic murine cell line (MIN-6) in normo-and hyperglycemic conditions. The effects of JL and OL mussel extracts were compared to mussels from Spain (ES) used for human consumption in France. Heavy metals in JL mussels exceed international standard level. Metal concentrations in all lipid extracts are present in small quantity. JL and OL mussels are less enriched in unsaturated fatty acids, oxysterols and contain higher levels of phospholipids than ES mussels, suggesting an environmental stress. The lipid extracts of JL and OL mussels administered to rats induce a disruption of plasmatic parameters (glucose, creatinine, transaminases and triglycerides) with an increase of HDL-cholesterol. In vitro, only JL and OL lipid extracts induce MIN-6 cell death by a non-apoptotic process. This process is associated with mitochondrial depolarization, lysosomal destabilization and an increase of the cytoplasmic membrane permeability, parameters measured by flow cytométrie in a cytomic context. They also induce an overproduction of H2O2, an increase of catalase activity, a decrease of reduced glutathion, lipid peroxidation and a strong stimulation of insulin secretion with a more marked effect in presence of JL lipid extracts.Overall, JL mussel lipids induce various side effects in vivo and in vitro, which are more pronounced that those observed with OL and ES. A large-scale epidemiological study could be of interest to confirm the potential side effects of these mussels to favor metabolic disorders
Armougom, Pulchérie Rosanne. "Étude de la fraction lipidique des graines de Cucurbitacées tropicales des genres Lagenaria, Luffa, Momordica". Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00489158.
Testo completoGobé, Valérie. "Matière organique complexe du sol ; structure et rôle dans les processus d'humification du carbone xénobiotique". Poitiers, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998POIT2316.
Testo completoLescure, Régis. "Synthèse et propriétés de cétones aliphatiques à longue chaîne et de leurs dérivés azotés". Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20212.
Testo completoLampuré, Aurelie. "Relations entre l’attirance sensorielle des consommateurs pour le gras, le salé et le sucré et leurs comportements alimentaires et leur état nutritionnel. Rôle modulateur des facteurs démographiques, socioéconomiques, psychologiques, de mode de vie et de santé". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCD039/document.
Testo completoFats, sugars and sodium, nutrients involved in the development of chronic diseases, contribute to sensory properties of many foods in terms of taste, texture and palatability and also to the pleasure associated with their consumption. In addition, food supply has changed in recent decades, offering more foods containing high amounts of fats, sodium and sugars with strong sensory attractiveness. Still, in this context, the influence of sensory determinants on dietary intake and the development of obesity have been little explored.The main objective of this thesis was to investigate the associations between sensory liking for fat, salt and sweet and individual characteristics, and to assess its influence on food consumption and weight status, in a large population of French adults participating in the NutriNet-Santé cohort.According to the levels of liking for fat-and-salt, fat-and-sweet, salt and sweet, individual profiles based on demographic, socioeconomic, psychological, lifestyle and health factors have been highlighted.Liking for fat was associated with an increased risk of obesity over five years of follow-up, and unhealthier dietary intake contribute to explain this association However, liking for sweet was inversely associated with the risk of obesity and this relationship can be explained by one of the sub-factors which is “liking for natural sweetness”, along with a healthier diet. Finally, liking for salt was not associated with the occurrence of obesity.The structural equation models showed that dietary restriction was the major predictor of weight gain, and sensory liking for fat was an important determinant of food intake, ahead of the effect of other determinants, which are however well-known in the literature. Many relationships have also been confirmed, such as the influence of age, sex, socioeconomic status on dietary intake, as well as the impact of food consumption and physical activity on a reduce weight gain among non-overweight individuals.These results illustrate the important influence of sensory liking, especially fat liking, on food intake and weight status. Results also emphasize the need to focus on individual hedonic perception when investigating dietary habits
Koubaa, Mohamed. "Étude comparative du métabolisme des lipides dans les embryons de lin et de colza producteurs d'acides gras inhabituels ou non : modélisation des systèmes". Compiègne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012COMP1995.
Testo completoTwo oilseed plants (linseed and rape) were studied in this work. A collection of linseed plants were obtained by crossing two different parent varieties. A single line of linseed (198) presenting the lowest oil and C18:3 contents (25% and 2. 5%, respectively), was chosen. Transgenic rapeseed plants were obtained after introduction of one to three genes (td, pccase, ks) into their génome to promote the synthesis of branched chain fatty acids. However, this production was very low, not exceeding 0. 2 % at 15 DAF, and disappearing at maturity. In both cases, the aim of this study was to identify the reason of these low productions by exploring the metabolic changes that took place. A transcriptomic analysis, using NimbleGen microarrays, was carried out on developing linseed embryos. Our results show that the origin of these low oil content in line 198 would be probably due to an under-expression of the gene encoding the PDC, whereas the low C18:3 in line 198 is probably due to a dysfunction of the FAD3. Transcriptomic results were confirmed by enzyme assays. Genetic changes are often accompanied by metabolic redirections. These redirections can be identified by the analysis of metabolic fluxes in embryos during their development. In this work, we have developed all methodologies (isotopic labeling, selective extractions. . . ) leading to obtaining metabolic fluxes in rapeseed and linseed embryos. Our results show that the integration of enrichment data of sugars modifies fluxes; the flux differences in rapeseed embryos are not significant, while some flux differences in glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, were observed between flax lines
Lkassbi, Driss. "Les déterminants de la probabilité d'achat des aliments fonctionnels et des nutraceutiques : les cas du lycopène et des oméga-3". Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24770/24770.pdf.
Testo completoSautot, Pascale. "Propriétés d'auto-assemblage de phospholipides riches en acides gras polyinsaturés : caractérisation physico-chimique et simulation de bicouches par dynamique moléculaire". Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL032N/document.
Testo completoThe literature of recent decades is replete with references regarding the benefits of omega 3 fatty acids such as EPA (C20:5 n-3) and DHA (C22:6 n-3) which play an essential role in preventing many diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's type). The major sources of EPA and DHA are those of marine origin. It is within this context that this study chose to deal with phospholipids from salmon heads. The objective was to extract, purify phosphatidylcholine (PC) derived from the mixture of lipids and determine its properties of self-assembly into bilayers. An experimental approach by the physicochemical characterization of this PC was supplemented by a theoretical study of the same compound using the techniques of molecular dynamics simulation that allowed a molecular-scale characterization of lipid bilayers. The characterization resulted in detailed profile of the mixture composition of salmon PC, to draw up the phase diagram of PC-water, to determine the packing and hydration properties of this lipid. The parameters chosen for the study of molecular dynamics have faithfully reproduced the experimental results, thus validating the model and simulation conditions determined in advance. The characterization of structural properties of the PC as a multilayer salmon has deepened the understanding of interaction mechanisms at the molecular level between unsaturated lipids themselves
Rancourt-Bouchard, Maryka. "Impacts de la consommation de produits laitiers faibles et riches en gras sur la tension artérielle et autres facteurs de risque cardiométabolique". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33493.
Testo completoCardiovascular disease remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide and hypertension is a major risk factor. Healthy eating plays a key role in blood pressure (BP) management. Data from observational studies suggest that consumption of dairy products, particularly those low in fat, is associated with lower BP and lower risk of developing hypertension. However, the results of clinical studies suggest a neutral effect of dairyproductconsumption on office BP. The controlled feeding study conducted as part of this memoiraimed to evaluate the effect of milk and cheese consumption on daytime ambulatory BP and other cardiometabolic risk factors. In a cross-over design, 55 participants were randomly assigned to a sequence of 3 experimental isoenergetic diets of 6 weeks each : 1) a control dairy-freediet; 2) a diet comprising 3 portions of 1% low-fat milk; and 3) a diet comprising 1 portion of cheddar cheese (31% fat) naturally enriched in -aminobutyric acid. Both ambulatory and clinical BP values were similar after each diet. In subjects with baseline ambulatory diastolic BP below the median, the milk diet significantly decreased the daytime ambulatory diastolic BP by 2 mmHg compared with the control diet. These results suggest that short-term milk and cheese consumption has an overall neutral effect on BP.
Secondi, François. "Croissance, développement tissulaire et composition lipidique des tissus musculaires et adipeux chez le porc de Corse". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999CLF2A002.
Testo completoGarcia, Cyrielle. "Molécules bioactives du lait maternel, relation à l'alimentation et application à la prise en charge du nouveau-né prématuré". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX20732.
Testo completoHuman milk is considered as the gold standard to newborn development. However, in case of very preterm infants who have particularly high nutrients needs, it does not always provide optimal quantities of several bioactive molecules, due to composition or supply conditions.We investigated the relationship between current maternal nutrition and polyunsatured fatty acids (PUFA) composition of human milk. Human milk from mothers of South and North-West of France had imbalance PUFA composition to the detriment of n-3 PUFA, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This was linked to low consumption of fish and seafood products, and to an important n-6 PUFA intake.A second part of our work was focused on bioactive compounds of human milk and newborn intestinal development. Nutritional care of preterm infants leads to low intake of bioactive compounds (PUFA n-3, phospholipids and plasmalogens, sCD14, acid sphingomylinase), insufficient to cover the needs of HAD and to ensure optimal intestinal health during the first weeks of life. A shorter time to reach digestive maturity was associated with PUFA consumption during the first two weeks of life, and with phospholipids (sphingomyelin and plasmalogens) from the second week. sCD14 intake by preterm fed only with donor human milk was inversely correlated with digestive maturity time. This molecule influences the inflammatory response of fœtal intestinal cells to chronic bacterial stimulation.We had also investigated the physicochemical properties of milk from different animal species potentially interesting for improving infant formula or milk fortifier. Camel milk showed sphingomyelin and plasmalogen contents close to human milk. Technological treatments, such as pasteurisation or homogenisation, lead to alteration of milk properties, either in bioactive molecules content (sCD14, acid sphingomyelinase) or in fat globule structure.In conclusion, this work provides new possibilities for the conception of infant formula and fortifier to improve newborn care
Portelli, Berangere. "Biologie systémique et intégrative pour l'amélioration de l'accumulation et de la sélectivité des acides gras accumulés dans les espèces levuriennes". Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAT0031/document.
Testo completoLipid accumulation by the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica wT was characterized by dynamic and systemic analysis of different metabolic states in a microbial culture under fully controlled environmental conditions with high cell concentration and under two different strategies:Glucose as the substrate and phosphorus limitation as an inducer of lipid accumulation, an original strategy for lipid accumulation in Y. lipolytica wT.A co-substrate strategy with glucose and oleic acid and without any nutritional limitation.These strategies allowed showing the following points:- Phosphorus limitation triggers a lipid accumulation and a non-transient accumulation of reserve polysaccharide that can be consumed by biomass when necessary, contrary to nitrogen limitation- Phosphorus rate in catalytic biomass shows great variations. Catalytic growth rate cannot be governed by phosphorus input. - Phosphorus has a role in regulating cellular glucose uptake and allows avoiding citric acid production due to overflow of carbon input over a large range of C/P ratios (0 to 8000 Cmol.mol-1)- Maximum capacity of reserve carbon accumulation in Y. lipolytica wT is similar for any culture strategy tested (under nitrogen limitation, phosphorus limitation or with glucose and oleic acid co-substrates) and is equal to 0,5 Cmol/CmolX-1. There is an unknown phenomenon of carbon regulation limiting reserve carbon accumulation in Y. lipolytica wT. Results allowed identifying key points in reserve carbon accumulation in this particular yeast strain and suggesting an original process, claim of a patent
Hervé, Cécile. "Bases moléculaires de la réponse au stress et à la défense chez l'algue rouge Chondrus crispus et caractérisation d'une nouvelle classe de glutathion S-transférases". Rennes 1, 2006. http://hal.upmc.fr/tel-01115423.
Testo completoCotonnec, Gwenaëlle. "Les lipides, marqueurs des relations trophiques planctoniques dans les écosystèmes pélagiques côtiers". Littoral, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DUNK0060.
Testo completoThe objective of this work was to study the trophic relationships between the phytoplankton and the zooplankton in the Eastern English Channel durong the spring bloom dominated by Phaeocystis sp. These relationships were studied using the fatty acids and the phytoplanktonic pigments as biomarkers. The POM (particulate organic matter) and copepods were analyzed by HLPC and GC to : characterize the composition of the nutritive pool, estimate the physiological state and the nutritive quality of the phytoplankton, characterize the diet of copepods. Jointly, microscopic counting was done to determine more accurately the phytoplankton composition and measure the cell size. A spatial study was conducted through the strait of Dover to : point out the qualitative and quantitative changes of the nutritive pool in the Strait of Dover ; localise the zone of high production during the phytoplankton spring bloom : the French coastal waters where the trophic relationships were detailed. A temporal study was conducted between Boulogne/Mer and the Bay of Authie in March, May and June 1998 to describe the qualitative and quantitative variations of the copepod nutritive pool. During the phytoplankton spring bloom, a development of Phaeocystis sp. Was observed jointly to a declining of diatoms, Cryptophytes, Dinophytes and Cyanophytes. In the same way, the nutritive quality of the POM decreased. During the phytoplankton growth, the nutrients are depleted in the water column. Thus, the phytoplankton production was totally regenerated. The trophic relationships were studied through the Dover Strait and in a retention zone localise in front of the Bay of Somme. The lipid biomarkers pointed out the diet and the alimentary behaviour of copepods : A. Clausi, P. Elongatus and T. Longicornis. In this study, T. Longicornis was the most selective species whereas A. Clausi was the most opportunistic. The daily ratios were sufficient for A. Clausi and P. Elongatus by contrast to T. Longicornis. Nevertheless, the fatty acid reserves were mobilised in the three species indicating that the Phaeocystis sp bloom was inadequate
Aguiar, Prado Lucas De Ofeu. "Prédiction de la production et de la composition de la matière grasse du lait par modélisation : rôle des flux de nutriments absorbés". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLA015/document.
Testo completoMilk fatty acids (FA) composition in dairy cows results from lipid metabolism in rumen and mammary gland. In the context of renewing the INRA feed unit system, the objective of this work is to predict, by a quantitative approach using metaanalysis, duodenal flows of FA in ruminants, FA transfer from the intestine to the mammary gland, and the secreted FA flows in the milk. Predictive equations for duodenal and absorbed saturated FA, odd and branched FA, and a large number of unsaturated FA isomers were obtained by integrating the effects of experimental factors such as the nature of the forage, the concentrate percentage, supplementation with oleaginous oils and seeds, and marine products, and their interactions.These equations are function of ingested FA and their interfering factors (forage conservation mode and botanical family, diet composition, animal factors).For the transfer of FA from duodenum to the mammary gland, the equations favor the prediction of their respective duodenal flows, but they also use ruminal digestive parameters (pH, acetate, butyrate) or dietary characteristics for odd and branched FA, or de novo synthesized FA (C4 :0 to C14 :0).Models validation was done with an external database, which allowed coupling the two models and evaluate their accuracy. Finally, we propose predictive equations for specific FA as well as FA groups of nutritional interest that can provide an approach to the INRA feed unit system to predict their milk yield responses according to different types of rations
Degraeve, Guilbault Charlotte. "Caractérisation des glycérolipides et de la dynamique de remodelage en chaines acyles chez Ostreococcus tauri". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0825/document.
Testo completoThe marine green picoalga Ostreococcus tauri is a minimal eukaryote implemented as model system that has been used as gene resource for lipid biology. Detailed information about its lipidic features was however missing. During my PhD, I characterized O. tauri glycerolipidome and associated dynamics under environmental stresses such as nutrient starvations and chilling and investigated transcriptional variations of putative target enzymes responsible for these changes. O. tauri which could be validated as model for related species of the class Mamiellophyceae, was found to display unique lipidic features related to both green and Chromalveolates microalgae. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is confined to presumed extraplastidial lipids i.e. phosphatidyldimethylpropanethiol (PDPT) and the betaine lipid diacylglyceryl-hydroxymethyl-trimethyl-β-alanine (DGTA); all of these compounds are hallmarks of Chromalveolates. Plastidial lipids found to be of prokaryotic type are characterized by the overwhelming presence of C18 n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), 18:5 n-3 being restricted to galactolipids. C16:4 n-3, an FA typical of green microalgae galactolipids, also was a major component of O. tauri extraplastidial lipids. Triacylglycerols (TAGs) display the complete panel of FAs, and their molecular combinations designate a major plastidial origin of DAG precursors. Nitrate starvation greatly increases TAG content, in particular 18:X/16:X (sn-1/sn-2) combinations, and was associated with the transfer of carbon from phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) to TAG indicating an increased contribution of the plastidial pathway to the TAG synthesis. Preliminary RT-qPCR experiments on TAG metabolism genes revealed an important transcriptional activation of some diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT). Nutrient starvations severely repress Δ6 desaturase activity and result in the inversion of the 18:3/18:4 ratio in plastidial lipids that was feedback into TAG. The fine-tuning and dynamic regulation of the 18:3/18:4 ratio suggests an important physiological role of these FAs in photosynthetic membranes. Chilling generates an increase of 18:5 in galactolipids. The active quest for the desaturases responsible for this phenotype was achieved by expressing candidate genes in homologuous and heterologous (S. cerevisiae, N. Benthamiana) systems and led to the identification of two yet uncharacterized plastidial Δ6 desaturases. These desaturases display original and non-redundant specificity between each other and with the previously characterized in O. tauri Δ6 acyl-CoA desaturase
Bougouin, Adeline. "Identification of milk fatty acids as proxies of the enteric methane emissions in dairy cows". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC036/document.
Testo completoMethane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas coming from the anaerobic microbial fermentation of the diet in the rumen. One of the main current challenge for the dairy sector is to find CH4 mitigation strategies (diets or genetics) without altering animal performance. Enteric methane measurement methods are costly and very difficult to apply on a large scale on field. Thus, there is a need to develop alternative measurement methods, such as equations based on proxies to predict CH4 emissions. Milk fatty acids (FA) have been identified as potential predictors of the methanogenesis in dairy cattle, but the prediction ability of extant published CH4 equations must be improved, and their domain of applicability must be enlarged to a wide range of diets. The objective of this PhD thesis was to confirm the potential of milk FA as proxies to predict enteric CH4 emissions in dairy cows fed a wide range of diets. Two databases (based on individual and mean data, respectively) were built thanks to an international collaboration, and gathered data on CH4, milk FA composition, dairy performances, diet and animal characteristics. Two in vivo experiments were conducted with the aim to study the effect of dietary strategies poorly documented, on methanogenesis and milk FA. The data from these experiments were included in the created database. Firstly, simple CH4 prediction equations were developed [g/d, g/kg of DMI (DMI), and g/kg of milk] based only on milk FA, and secondly other variables related to cow intake or characteristics, and dairy performance were added and constituted complex equations. Relationships between CH4 and several milk FA (C10:0, iso C17:0 + trans-9 C16:1, iso C16:0, cis-11 C18:1, cis-15 C18:1, cis-9,cis-12 C18:2, and trans-11,cis-15 C18 :2) were found, confirming common rumen metabolic pathways between methanogenesis and lipid metabolism. Equations were also closely related to the diets included in the database used for their development. Simple equations were less accurate than complex ones (prediction error of 58.6 g/d, 2.8 g/kg DMI and 3.7 g/kg milk vs 42.8 g/d, 2.5 g/kg DMI and 3.3 g/kg milk, respectively). A minimum difference of 16% in CH4 emissions between mitigating strategies can be evidenced with the best prediction equation developed in this PhD. Methane prediction equations based on milk FA well determined by infrared spectrometry methods need to be developed in order to be used on a routine basis and on a large scale. These prediction equations would allow studying the effect of novel mitigation strategies of enteric CH4 emissions in dairy cows
Huang, Bing. "Réponses physiologiques et biochimiques à une limitation nutritive en phosphore ou en azote sur la réorientation métabolique des lipides polaires chez différentes espèces de microalgues marines". Thesis, Le Mans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LEMA1021/document.
Testo completoBetaine lipids (BL) are P-free polar lipids, conversely to phospholipids (PL). The metabolic reorientation induced by phosphorus (P) limitation in microalgae producing BL (Tisochrysis lutea and Diacronema lutheri, Haptophyta) or producing low levels of BL (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Bacillariophyta) was compared to that induced by nitrogen (N) limitation. The carbon destiny and flow in different biosynthetic pathways were studied with a multidisciplinary approach. P or N limitation differently affected carbon metabolism according to microalgal species. P limitation highly decreased photosynthetic activity and respiration of P. tricornutum and T. lutea. Consequently, carbon accumulation was higher than under N limitation in these two species. Both limitations stimulated the synthesis of neutral lipids and / or carbohydrates. Replacement of PL by BL was observed in P. tricornutum under P limitation. This result is in agreement with a transcription increase of the gene encoding BL synthase. On the other hand, this limitation did not modify BL contents in reference with carbon in T. lutea or D. lutheri. Fatty acid composition of the different lipid classes was modified according to the microalgal species and the limiting nutrient. Particular attention was paid to the fatty acids of the omega-3 series, notably eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 ω3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 ω3), the proportions of which vary according to the limiting element, species and lipid class. The increase in the production of neutral lipids and / or polar lipids, especially betaine lipids, rich in DHA and / or EPA induced by nutritive stress suggests a valorization of these molecules of interest in various areas including nutrition and health